METALS.
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METAL. │ Specific │ Weight of 1 │ Weight of 1
│ Gravity. │Cub. Ft. (Lb.).│Cub. In. (Lb.).
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Aluminium, Cast │ 2·56│ 160│ 0·0927
Aluminium, Bronze │ 7·68│ 475│ 0·275
Antimony │ 6·71│ 418│ 0·242
Bismuth │ 9·90│ 617│ 0·357
Brass, Cast │ 8·10│ 505│ 0·293
„ Wire │ 8·548│ 533│ 0·309
Copper, Sheet │ 8·805│ 549│ 0·318
„ Wire │ 8·880│ 554│ 0·321
Gold │ 19·245│ 1200│ 0·695
Gun metal │ 8·56│ 534│ 0·310
Iron, Wrought (mean) │ 7·698│ 480│ 0·278
„ Cast (mean) │ 7·217│ 450│ 0·261
Lead, Milled Sheet │ 11·418│ 712│ 0·412
Manganese │ 8·012│ 499│ 0·289
Mercury │ 13·596│ 849│ 0·491
Nickel, Cast │ 8·28│ 516│ 0·300
Phosphor Bronze, Cast│ 8·60│ 536·8│ 0·310
Platinum │ 21·522│ 1342│ 0·778
Silver │ 10·505│ 655│ 0·380
Steel (mean) │ 7·852│ 489·6│ 0·283
Tin │ 7·409│ 462│ 0·268
Zinc, Sheet │ 7·20│ 449│ 0·260
„ Cast │ 6·86│ 428│ 0·248
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MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES.
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SUBSTANCE. │ Specific │Weight of
│ Gravity. │1 Cub. In.
│ │ (Lb.).
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Asbestos │ 2·1–2·80 │·076-·101
Brick │ 1·90 │ ·069
Cement │2·72–3·05 │·0984-·109
Clay │ 2·0 │ ·072
Coal │ 1·37 │ ·0495
Coke │ 0·5 │ ·0181
Concrete │ 2·0 │ ·072
Fire-brick │ 2·30 │ ·083
Granite │ 2·5–2·75 │·051-·100
Graphite │ 1·8–2·35 │·065-·085
Sand-stone │ 2·3 │ ·083
Slate │ 2·8 │ ·102
Wood— │ │
Beech │ 0·75 │ ·0271
Cork │ 0·24 │ ·0087
Elm │ 0·58 │ ·021
Fir │ 0·56 │ ·0203
Oak │ ·62-·85 │·025-·031
Pine │ 0·47 │ ·017
Teak │ 0·80 │ ·029
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ULTIMATE STRENGTH OE MATERIALS.
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MATERIAL. │ Tension in │Compression │Shearing in │ Modulus of
│lb. per sq. │ in lb. per │lb. per sq. │ Elasticity
│ in. │ sq. in. │ in. │ in lb. per
│ │ │ │ sq. in.
──────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────
Cast Iron │ 11,000 to│ 50,000 to│ │ 14,000,000
│ 30,000│ 130,000│ │ to
│ │ │ │ 23,000,000
„ aver.│ 16,000│ 95,000│ 11,000│
Wrought Iron │ 40,000 to│ │ │ 26,000,000
│ 70,000│ │ │ to
│ │ │ │ 31,000,000
„ aver.│ 50,000│ 50,000│ 40,000│
Soft Steel │ 60,000 to│ │ │ 30,000,000
│ 100,000│ │ │ to
│ │ │ │ 36,000,000
Soft Steel aver.│ 80,000│ 70,000│ 55,000│
Cast Steel aver.│ 120,000│ │ │ 15,000,000
│ │ │ │ to
│ │ │ │ 17,000,000
Copper, Cast │ 19,000│ 58,000│ │
„ Wrought │ 34,000│ │ │ 16,000,000
Brass, Cast │ 18,000│ 10,500│ │ 9,170,000
Gun Metal │ 34,000│ │ │ 11,500,000
Phosphor Bronze │ 58,000│ │ 43,000│ 13,500,000
Wood, Ash │ 17,000│ 9,300│ 1,400│
„ Beech │ 16,000│ 8,500│ │
„ Pine │ 11,000│ 6,000│ 650│ 1,400,000
„ Oak │ 15,000│ 10,000│ 2,300│ 1,500,000
Leather │ 4,200│ │ │ 25,000
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POWERS, ROOTS, ETC., OF USEFUL FACTORS.
_n_ │(1)/(_n_)│ _n_^2 │ _n_^3 │ √_̅n_ │ (1)/(√_̅n_) │ ∛_̅n_ │ (1)/(∛_̅n_)
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π = 3·142 │ 0·318│ 9·870│ 31·006│ 1·772│ 0·564│ 1·465│ 0·683
2π= 6·283 │ 0·159│ 39·478│ 248·050│ 2·507│ 0·399│ 1·845│ 0·542
(π)/(2) = 1·571 │ 0·637│ 2·467│ 3·878│ 1·253│ 0·798│ 1·162│ 0·860
(π)/(3) = 1·047 │ 0·955│ 1·097│ 1·148│ 1·023│ 0·977│ 1·016│ 0·985
(4)/(3)π = 4·189│ 0·239│ 17·546│ 73·496│ 2·047│ 0·489│ 1·612│ 0·622
(π)/(4) = 0·785 │ 1·274│ 0·617│ 0·484│ 0·886│ 1·128│ 0·923│ 1·084
(π)/(6) = 0·524 │ 1·910│ 0·274│ 0·144│ 0·724│ 1·382│ 0·806│ 1·241
π^2 = 9·870 │ 0·101│ 97·409│ 961·390│ 3·142│ 0·318│ 2·145│ 0·466
π^3 = 31·006 │ 0·032│961·390│29,809·910│ 5·568│ 1·796│ 3·142│ 0·318
(π)/(32) = 0·098│ 10·186│ 0·0095│ 0·001│ 0·313│ 3·192│ 0·461│ 2·168
_g_ = 32·2 │ 0·031│1036·84│ 33,386·24│ 5·674│ 0·176│ 3·181│ 0·314
2_g_ = 64·4 │ 0·015│4147·36│ 267,090│ 8·025│ 0·125│ 4·007│ 0·249
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