THE END.
Failure of the Jesuits • What their Success would have involved • Future
of the Mission
With the fall of the Hurons, fell the best hope of the Canadian mission.
They, and the stable and populous communities around them, had been the
rude material from which the Jesuit would have formed his Christian
empire in the wilderness; but, one by one, these kindred peoples were
uprooted and swept away, while the neighboring Algonquins, to whom they
had been a bulwark, were involved with them in a common ruin. The land
of promise was turned to a solitude and a desolation. There was still
work in hand, it is true,--vast regions to explore, and countless
heathens to snatch from perdition; but these, for the most part, were
remote and scattered hordes, from whose conversion it was vain to look
for the same solid and decisive results.
In a measure, the occupation of the Jesuits was gone. Some of them went
home, "well resolved," writes the Father Superior, "to return to the
combat at the first sound of the trumpet;" [1] while of those who
remained, about twenty in number, several soon fell victims to famine,
hardship, and the Iroquois. A few years more, and Canada ceased to be a
mission; political and commercial interests gradually became ascendant,
and the story of Jesuit propagandism was interwoven with her civil and
military annals.
[1] Lettre de Lalemant au R. P. Provincial (Relation, 1650, 48).
Here, then, closes this wild and bloody act of the great drama of New
France; and now let the curtain fall, while we ponder its meaning.
The cause of the failure of the Jesuits is obvious. The guns and
tomahawks of the Iroquois were the ruin of their hopes. Could they have
curbed or converted those ferocious bands, it is little less than
certain that their dream would have become a reality. Savages tamed--not
civilized, for that was scarcely possible--would have been distributed
in communities through the valleys of the Great Lakes and the
Mississippi, ruled by priests in the interest of Catholicity and of
France. Their habits of agriculture would have been developed, and their
instincts of mutual slaughter repressed. The swift decline of the Indian
population would have been arrested; and it would have been made,
through the fur-trade, a source of prosperity to New France. Unmolested
by Indian enemies, and fed by a rich commerce, she would have put forth
a vigorous growth. True to her far-reaching and adventurous genius, she
would have occupied the West with traders, settlers, and garrisons, and
cut up the virgin wilderness into fiefs, while as yet the colonies of
England were but a weak and broken line along the shore of the Atlantic;
and when at last the great conflict came, England and Liberty would have
been confronted, not by a depleted antagonist, still feeble from the
exhaustion of a starved and persecuted infancy, but by an athletic
champion of the principles of Richelieu and of Loyola.
Liberty may thank the Iroquois, that, by their insensate fury, the plans
of her adversary were brought to nought, and a peril and a woe averted
from her future. They ruined the trade which was the life-blood of New
France; they stopped the current of her arteries, and made all her early
years a misery and a terror. Not that they changed her destinies. The
contest on this continent between Liberty and Absolutism was never
doubtful; but the triumph of the one would have been dearly bought, and
the downfall of the other incomplete. Populations formed in the ideas
and habits of a feudal monarchy, and controlled by a hierarchy
profoundly hostile to freedom of thought, would have remained a
hindrance and a stumbling-block in the way of that majestic experiment
of which America is the field.
The Jesuits saw their hopes struck down; and their faith, though not
shaken, was sorely tried. The Providence of God seemed in their eyes
dark and inexplicable; but, from the stand-point of Liberty, that
Providence is clear as the sun at noon. Meanwhile let those who have
prevailed yield due honor to the defeated. Their virtues shine amidst
the rubbish of error, like diamonds and gold in the gravel of the
torrent.
But now new scenes succeed, and other actors enter on the stage, a hardy
and valiant band, moulded to endure and dare,--the Discoverers of the
Great West.
INDEX
The Roman Numerals refer to the introduction.
A.
Abenaquis, where found, xxii; ask for a missionary, 321.
Abraham, Plains of, whence the name, 335 note.
Adoption of prisoners as members of the tribe, lxvi, 223, 309, 424, 444.
Adventures and sufferings of an Algonquin woman, 309-313; of another,
313-316.
Agnier, a name for the Mohawks, xlviii note.
Aiguillon, Duchess d', founds a Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec, 181.
Albany, formerly Rensselaerswyck, its condition in 1643, 229.
Algonquins, a comprehensive term, xx; regions occupied by them in 1535,
xx; the designation, how applied, ib. note; found in New England, xxi;
their relation to the Iroquois, xxi; numbers, ib.; Algonquin missions,
368.
Allumette Island, xxiv, 45; its true position, 46.
Amikouas, or People of the Beaver, lxviii note; supposed descent from
that animal, ib.
Amusements of the Indians, xxxvi; the Jesuits require them to be
abandoned, 136.
Andacwandet, a strange method of cure, xlii.
Andastes, where found in the early times, xx, xlvi; fierce warriors,
xlvi; identical with the Susquehannocks, ib. note; their aid sought by
the Hurons, 341; the result unsatisfactory, 344 seq.; war with the
Mohawks, 441; assisted by the Swedes from Delaware River, 442; repulse
an attack of the Iroquois, ib.; a party of Andaste boys defeat the
Senecas and Cayugas, 443; finally subdued by the Senecas, ib.
Aquanuscioni, or Iroquois, xlviii note.
Areskoui, the god of war, lxxvii; human sacrifices offered to him, ib.;
a captive Iroquois sacrificed to him, 81.
Armouchiquois, a name applied to the Algonquins of New England, xxi; a
strange account of them given by Champlain, xxii note.
Arts of life, as practised by the Hurons, xxxi.
Assistaeronnons, or Nation of Fire. See Nation of Fire.
Ataentsic, a malignant deity; the moon, lxxvi.
Atahocan, a dim conception of the Supreme Being, lxxiv.
Atotarho of the Onondagas, liv, lvii.
Attendants of the Jesuits, 112 note, 132. See Donnés.
Atticamegues, xxiii, 286, 293; attacked by the Iroquois, 420.
Attigouantans. See Hurons.
Attiwandarons, or Neutral Nation, why so called, xliv; their country,
ib.; ferocious and cruel, xlv; licentious, ib.; their treatment of the
dead, ib. See Neutral Nation.
B.
Baptism of dying men, 89, 124; clandestine, of infants, 96, 97, 116,
117; of an influential Huron, 112; conditions of baptism, 134; baptisms,
number in a year, 136 note.
Birch-bark used instead of writing-paper, 130.
Bourgeoys, Marguerite, her character, 201; foundress of the school at
Montreal, 202.
Bradford, William, governor of Plymouth, kindly entertains the Jesuit
Druilletes, 327.
Brébeuf, Jean de, arrives at Quebec, 5, 20, 48; commences his journey to
the Huron country, 53; suffers great fatigue by the way, 54; his
intrepidity, 54 note, 56; arrives in the Huron country, 56; his previous
residence there, ib.; his misgivings as to his future treatment by the
Indians, 57 note; the Indians build a house for him, 59; the house
described, 60; its furniture, ib.; Brébeuf witnesses the " Feast of the
Dead," 75; witnesses a human sacrifice, 80 seq.; his uncompromising
manner, 90; "the Ajax of the mission," 99; his dealings with beings from
the invisible world, 108; sees a great cross in the air, 109, 144; his
courage, 120; his letter in prospect of martyrdom, 122; harangues the
Hurons at a festin d'adieu, 123; commences a mission in the Neutral
Nation, 143; sees miraculous sights, 144; at the Huron mission, 370;
taken by the Iroquois, 381; his appalling fate, 388; his intrepid
character, 390; his skull preserved to this day at Quebec, 391; his
visions and revelations, 392 note; a saint and a hero, ib.
Bressani, Joseph, attempts to go to the Hurons, 251; taken by the
Iroquois, 252; terrible sufferings from his captors, 253-255; his
escape, 256; at the Huron Mission, 370.
Brulé, Étienne, murdered by the Hurons, 56; the murder supposed to be
avenged by a raging pestilence, 94.
Bullion, Madame de, founds a hospital at Montreal, 266.
Burning of captives alive, instances of, xlv note, 80-82; 249, 250; 309,
339, 385; 436 note, 439, 441 note.
Buteux, Jacques, his toilsome journey, 421; waylaid by the Iroquois and
slain, 422.
C.
Cannibalism of the Hurons, xxxix, 137, of the Miamis, xl; other
instances, 247.
Canoes, Indian, xxxi.
Capuchins, unsuccessful attempt to introduce them into Canada, 159 note;
a station of them on the Penobscot, 322.
Cayugas, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv. See Iroquois.
Cemeteries of Indians lately opened, 79; description of them, ib.
Chabanel, Noël, joins the mission, 105; among the Hurons, 370; recalled
from St. Jean, 408; his journey, ib.; murdered by a renegade Huron, 409;
his vow, 410 note.
Champfleur, commandant at Three Rivers, 277, 285.
Champlain, Samuel de, resumes command at Quebec, 20; his explorations,
45; introduces the missionaries to the Hurons, 48; assists the
missionaries at their departure, 50; his death, 149.
Chatelain, Pierre, joins the mission, 86; his illness, ib.; his peril,
126.
Chaumonot, Joseph Marie, his early life, 101-104; his gratitude to the
Virgin, 103, 105; becomes a Jesuit, and embarks for Canada, 105, 181;
narrowly escapes death, 124; goes with Brébeuf to convert the Neutrals,
142; his extreme peril, 145; saved by the interference of Saint Michael,
ib.; among the Hurons, 370; with a colony of Hurons, near Quebec, 431;
builds Lorette, 432.
Choctaws, like the Iroquois, have eight clans, lvi note.
Clanship, system of, l-lii.
Clock of the Jesuits an object of wonder to the Hurons, 61; an object of
alarm, 115.
Colonization, French and English, compared, 328, 329.
Condé, in his youth writes to Paul Le Jeune, 152.
Conestogas. See Andastes.
Converts, how made, 133, 162 seq.
Couillard, a resident in Quebec, 3, 334, 335.
Councils of the Iroquois, their power, lvii-lx.
Council, nocturnal, of the Hurons, relative to the epidemic in 1637,
118.
Couture, Guillaume, a donné of the mission, 214; a prisoner to the
Iroquois, 216; tortured by them, 216, 223; adopted by them, 223; assists
in negotiations for peace, 284, 287; returns with the Iroquois, 296.
Crania of Indians compared with those of Caucasian races, lxiii.
Credulity and superstition of the Indians, 301.
Crime, how punished, lxi.
Cruelties, Indian, xlv note, 80, 216 seq., 248, 253, 254, 277, 303 seq.,
308 seq., 313, 339, 350, 377, 381, 385, 388 seq., 436 note, 439, 441
note.
Custom, with the Indians, had the force of law, xlix.
D.
Dahcotahs, found east of the Mississippi, xx note; their villages, xxvi.
D'Ailleboust de Coulonges, Louis, lands at Montreal, 264; history, 265;
fortifies Montreal, 266; becomes governor of Canada, 330, 332.
Daily life of the Jesuits, 129; their food, ib.; how obtained, 130.
Dallion, La Roche, visits the Neutral Nation in 1626, xliv; exposed to
great danger among them, xlvi note, 146.
Daniel, Antoine, 5, 20, 48; commences his journey to the Huron country,
53; disasters by the way, 55; his arrival in the Huron country, 58; his
peril, 126; returns to Quebec to commence a seminary, 168; labors with
success among the Hurons, 374; slain by the Iroquois, 377.
Dauversière, Jérôme le Royer de la, described, 188; hears a voice from
heaven, 189; has a vision, 191; meets Olier, 192; plans a religious
community at Montreal, ib.; one of the purchasers of the island, 195;
his misgivings, 197.
Davost at Quebec, 5, 20, 48; sets out on his journey to the Huron
country, 53; robbed and left behind by his conductors, 54; his arrival
among the Hurons, 58.
De Nouë, Anne, a missionary, 5, 14; perishes in the snow, 257-260.
Des Châtelets, an inhabitant of Quebec, 334, 335.
Devil, worshipped, lxxiv, lxxvi, lxxvii; his supposed alarm at the
success of the mission, 113; consequences, 114 seq.
Dionondadies. See Tobacco Nation.
Disease, how accounted for, xl, xli; how treated, ib.
Divination and sorcery, lxxxiv, lxxxv.
Dogs sacrificed to the Great Spirit, lxxxvi; used at Montreal for
sentinels, 271; very useful, 272.
"Donnés" of the mission, 112 note, 214, 364.
Dreams, confidence of the Indian in, lxxxiii, lxxxiv, lxxxvi;
"Dream-Feast," a scene of frenzy, 67.
Dress of the Indians, xxxii; scarcely worn in summer, xxxiii.
Druilletes, Gabriel, his labors among the Montagnais, 318; among the
Abenaquis on the Kennebec, 321, 323; visits English settlements in
Maine, 322; again descends the Kennebec, and visits Boston, 324, 325;
object of the visit, 324; visits Governor Dudley at Roxbury, 326; and
Governor Bradford at Plymouth, 327; spends a night with Eliot at
Roxbury, ib.; visits Endicott at Salem, ib.; his impressions of New
England, 328; failure of his embassy, 330.
Dudley, Thomas, governor of Massachusetts, kindly receives the Jesuit
Druilletes, 326.
Du Peron, François, his narrow escape, 124; his journey, 127; his
arrival, 128; his letter, 130; at Montreal, 263.
Du Quen, journeys of, xxv note, 318.
Dutch at Albany supply the Iroquois with fire-arms, 211, 212; endeavor
to procure the release of prisoners among the Mohawks, 230.
E.
Eliot, John, the "apostle," has a visit from the Jesuit Druilletes, 327.
Endicott, John, visited by the Jesuit Druilletes, 327.
Enthusiasm for the mission, 85 note.
Erie, Lake, how early known as such, 143.
Eries, or Nation of the Cat, xlvi; where found in the early periods, xx,
xlvi; why so called, xlvi note; war with the Iroquois, 438; its cause,
439; a sister's revenge, ib.; utter destruction of the Eries, 440.
Etchemins, where found, xxii.
Etienne Annaotaha, a Huron brave, destroys an Iroquois war-party,
427-429; slain, 431.
Exaltation, mental, of the priests, 146.
Excursions, missionary, 132.
F.
Faillon, Abbé, his researches in the early history of Montreal, 193
note; their value, ib.
Fancamp, Baron de, furnishes money for the undertaking at Montreal, 193;
one of the purchasers of the island, 195.
Fasts among the Indians, lxxi.
"Feast of the Dead," 72.
Feasts of the Indians, xxxvii.
Female life among the Hurons, xxxiii.
"Festins d'adieu," 123.
Festivities of the Hurons, xxxvii.
Fire, Nation of, attacked by the Neutral Nation, 436.
Fire-arms sold to the Iroquois by the Dutch, 211, 212; given to converts
by the French, 269.
Fish, and fishing-nets, prayers to them, lxix.
Fortifications of the Hurons, xxix; of the Iroquois, ib. note; of other
Indian tribes, xxx note.
Fortitude, striking instances of, 81, 250, 339, 389.
French and English colonization compared, 328, 329.
Funeral among the Hurons, 75; funeral gifts, 76.
Fur trade, xlv, 47, 155, 331.
G.
Gambling, Indian, xxxvii.
Garnier, Charles, joins the Huron mission, 86; his sickness, ib.; his
character, 99; his letters, 101, 133; his journey to the Tobacco Nation,
140; at the Huron mission, 370; slain by the Iroquois, 405; his body
found, 406 note; his gentle spirit, 370, 407; his absolute devotion to
the mission, 407 note.
Garnier, Julien, liv note.
Garreau, missionary among the Hurons, his danger, 410.
Gaspé, Algonquins of, their women chaste, xxxiv.
George, Lake, its first discoverer, 219; its Indian name, ib. note;
called St. Sacrament, 299; a better name proposed, ib. note.
Gibbons, Edward, welcomes the Jesuit Druilletes to Boston, 325.
Giffard, his seigniory of Beauport, 155, 157; at Quebec, 334.
Gluttony at feasts, xxxviii; practised as a cure for pestilence, 95.
Godefroy, Jean Paul, visits New Haven on an embassy from the governor of
Canada, 330.
Goupil, René, a donné of the mission, 214; made prisoner by the
Iroquois, 216; tortured, 217, 221; murdered in cold blood, 224.
Goyogouin, a name for the Cayugas, xlviii note.
Great Hare, The. See Manabozho.
Green Bay, visited by the French in 1639, 166.
H.
Habitations, Indian, xxvi; internal aspect in summer, xxvii; in winter,
xxviii.
Hawenniio, the modern Iroquois name for God, lxxviii.
Hébert, Madame, an early resident of Quebec, 2, 15.
Hell, how represented to the Indians, 88, 163; pictures of, 163.
Hiawatha, a deified hero, lxxvii, lxxviii.
Hodenosaunee, the true name of the Iroquois, xlviii note.
Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec founded, 181; one at Montreal, 266.
Hundred Associates, the, a fur company, its grants of land, 156; their
quit-claim of the island of Montreal, 195; transfer their monopoly to
the colonists, 331.
Hunters of men, 307.
Huron mission proposed, 42; the difficulties, 43; motives for the
undertaking, 44; route to the Huron country, 45; the missionaries
baffled by a stroke of Indian diplomacy, 51; they commence their
journey, 53; fatigues of the way, ib.; reception of the missionaries by
the Hurons, 57; mission house, 60; methods taken to awaken interest, 61;
instructions given, 62; the results not satisfactory, 64; the Jesuits
made responsible for the failure of rain, 68; they gain the confidence
of the Huron people, 70; the mission strengthened by new arrivals, 85;
kindness of the Jesuits to the sick, 87; their efforts at conversion,
88; the Hurons slow to apprehend the subject of a future life, 89; terms
of salvation too hard, 90; an elastic morality practised by the Jesuits,
97; conversions promoted by supernatural aid, 108; the new chapel at
Ossossané described, 111; first important success, 112; persecuting
spirit aroused, 115; the Jesuits in danger, 116; their daily life, 129;
number of converts in 1638, 132; backsliding frequent, 135; partial
success, 147; great subsequent success of the mission, 349; the mission
encounters slander and misrepresentation, 352, 353; prosperity, 366;
successful agriculture, ib.; number of ecclesiastics and others in the
Huron mission, 1649, ib.; the mission removed to an island in Lake
Huron, 397; a multitude of refugees, 399; their extreme misery, 400; the
priests fully occupied, 401; the mission abandoned, 415; failure of the
Jesuit plans in Canada, 446; the cause, 447; the consequences, 448. See
Jesuits.
Hurons, origin of the name, xxxiii note; their country, xx, xxiv, xxv;
had a language akin to the Iroquois, xxiv; their disappearance, ib.;
vestiges of them still found, xxv; supposed population, xxv, xxvi; their
habitations, xxvi, xxviii note; extravagant accounts, xxvi note;
internal aspect of their huts in summer, xxvii; in winter, xxviii; their
fortifications, xxix; their agriculture, xxx; food, ib.; arts of life,
ib.; dress, xxxii; dress scarcely worn in summer, xxxiii; female life,
ib., xxxv; an unchaste people, xxxiv; marriages, temporary, ib.;
shameless conduct of young people, xxxv note; employments of the men,
xxxvi; amusements, ib.; feasts and dances, xxxvii; voracity, xxxviii;
cannibalism, xxxix; practice of medicine, xl; Huron brains, xliii; the
Huron Confederacy, lii; their political organization, ib.; propensity of
the Hurons to theft, lxiii, 131; murder atoned for by presents, lxi;
proceedings in case of witchcraft, lxiii; their objects of worship, lxix
seq.; their conceptions of a future state, lxxxi; their burial of the
dead, ib.; hostility of the Iroquois, 45, 52, 62; visit Quebec, 46; the
scene after their arrival described, 47; their idea of thunder, 69;
Huron graves, 71; their origin, ib.; disposal of the dead, 73; "Feast of
the Dead," 75 seq.; disinterment, 73; mourning, 74, 78; funeral gifts,
76; frightful scene, 77; a pestilence, 87; cannibals, 137; attacked by
the Iroquois, 212, 337; defeat them, 338; torture and burn an Iroquois
chief, 339; on the verge of ruin, 341; apply for help to the Andastes,
342; specimen of Huron eloquence, 355; Hurons defeat the Iroquois at
Three Rivers, 374; fatuity of the Hurons, 379; their towns destroyed,
379 seq.; ruin of the Hurons, 393; the survivors take refuge on Isle St.
Joseph, 399; their extreme misery, 411 seq.; they abandon the island,
415; endeavor to reach Quebec, 416; the Iroquois waylay them, 417; a
fight on the Ottawa, ib.; they reach Montreal, 418; and Quebec, ib.; a
Huron traitor, 419; a portion of the Hurons retreat to Lake Michigan and
the Mississippi, 425; others become incorporated with the Senecas, 424;
their country desolate, ib.; afterwards known as the Wyandots, 426; a
body of the Hurons left at St. Joseph destroy a party of Iroquois,
427-429; a colony of Hurons near Quebec, 430.
I.
Ihonatiria, a Huron village, 57; Brébeuf takes up his abode there, 59;
ruined by the pestilence, 137.
Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, 110.
Incarnation, Marie de l', at Tours, 174; her unhappy marriage, 175; a
widow, ib; self-inflicted austerities, ib.; mystical espousal to Christ,
176; rhapsodies, ib.; dejection, 177; abandons her child and becomes a
nun, 178; her talents for business, 179; her vision, 180; the vision
explained as a call to Canada, 181; embarks for that country, ib.;
perilous voyage, 182; her arduous labors at Quebec, 185; her
difficulties, 186; extolled as a saint, 177, 186.
Indian population mutable, xix; its distribution, xx; two great
families, ib.; superstitions and traditions, lxvii-lxxxvii; dreamers,
lxxxiii; sorcerers and diviners, lxxxiv, 93; their religion fearful yet
puerile, lxxxviii, 94; an Indian lodge, 141; Indian manners softened by
the influence of the missions, 319; Indian infatuation, 336.
Indians, their arts of life, xxx; amusements, xxxvi; festivals, xxxvii;
social character, xlviii; self-control, xlix; influenced by custom, ib.;
hospitality and generosity, ib. note; fond of society, 1; their division
into clans, li; the totem, or symbol of the clan, 39 ib.; Indian rule of
descent and inheritance, ib.; vast extent of this rule, lii; their
superstitions, lxvii et seq.; their cosmogonies, lxxiii, lxxv; degrading
conceptions of the Supreme Being, lxxviii; no word for God, lxxix;
obliged to use a circumlocution, ib.; their belief in a future state,
lxxx; their conceptions of it dim, ib.; their belief in dreams, lxxxiii;
the Indian Pluto, ib. note; the Indian mind stagnant, lxxxix; savage in
religion as in life, ib.; no knowledge of the true God, ib.; scenes in a
wigwam, 30; their foul language, 31; not profane, ib.; hardships and
sufferings, 39; a specimen of their diplomacy, 51; an Indian masquerade,
66; Indian bacchanals, 67; their idea of thunder, 69; Indian mind not a
blank, 134; specimen of Indian reasoning, 135; Indians received benefit
from the Jesuit missions, 164.
Initiatory fast for obtaining a guardian manitou, lxxi.
"Infernal Wolf," the, 117; a name for the Devil, ib. note.
Influence of the missions salutary, 319.
Instructions for the missionaries to the Hurons, 54.
Intrepid conduct of the Jesuits, 125.
Iroquois, or Five Nations, origin of the name, xlvii; where found in
early times, xx, xlvi, 278 note; their dwellings, xxvii note., xxviii
note; a licentious people, xxxiv note; have capacious skulls, xliii
note; burn female captives, xlv; their character, xlvii; their eminent
position and influence, ib.; their true name, xlviii note; divided into
eight clans or families, lv; symbols of these clans, ib. note; the
chiefs, how selected, lvi; the councils, lvii; how and when assembled,
lviii; how conducted, lix; their debates, ib.; strict unanimity
required, ib.; artful management of the chiefs, lx note; the professed
orators, lxi; military organization, lxiv; and discipline, ib.; spirit
of the confederacy, lxv; attachment to ancient forms, ib.; their
increase by adoption, lxvi; population at different times, ib. note;
have no name for God, lxxviii; a captive Iroquois sacrificed by the
Hurons to the god of war, 80; supplied by the Dutch with fire-arms, 211;
make war on the French in Canada, 212, 269 seq.; extreme cruelty to
Jogues and other prisoners, 217-222, 228; cannibalism, 228, 250;
audacity, 241; attack Fort Richelieu, 244; spread devastation and terror
through Canada, 245, 251; horrible nature of their warfare, 246-250;
torments inflicted on prisoners, 248 seq., 271; an Iroquois prisoner
tortured by Algonquins, 277; treaty of peace with the French and
Algonquins, 284 seq.; numbers of the Iroquois, 297 note; the Iroquois
determination to destroy the Hurons, 336; their moral superiority, 337;
a defeat sustained by them, 338; their shameless treachery, 339; invade
the Huron country and destroy the towns, 379; their atrocious cruelty,
385; their retreat, 386; they pursue the remnants of the Huron nation,
412, 425; attack the Atticamegues, 420; attack the Hurons at
Michilimackinac, 425; exterminate the Neutral Nation, 437; exterminate
the Eries, 438-440; terrible cruelty, 441 note; their bloody supremacy,
444; it cost them dear, ib.; tyrants of a wide wilderness, 445; their
short-sighted policy, 434.
J.
Jesuits, their founder, 8; their discipline, 11; their influence, 12;
salutary, 319; the early Canadian Jesuits did not meddle with political
affairs, 323; denounced cannibalism, but faint in opposing the burning
of prisoners, 351; were engaged in the fur-trade, 365 note; purity of
their motives, 83, 85; benevolent care of the sick, 87, 98, 267; accused
of sorcery, 120; in great peril, 121; their intrepidity, 125; their
prudence, 134; their intense zeal, 146. See Huron Mission.
Jogues, Isaac, his birth and character, 214; joins the mission, 86; his
illness, ib.; his character, 106, 304; his journey to the Tobacco
Nation, 140; visits Lake Superior and preaches to the Ojibwas, 213;
visits Quebec, 214; taken prisoner by the Iroquois, 216; tortured by
them, 217, 218, 221, 222; in daily expectation of death, 224, 225; his
conscientiousness, 226, 229, 232; his patience, 226; his spirit of
devotion, 227; longs for death, 228; his pious labors while a captive,
ib.; visits Albany, 229; writes to the commandant at Three Rivers, 230;
escapes, 234; voyage across the Atlantic, 236; reception in France, 237;
the queen honors him, 238; returns to Canada, 239, 286; his mission to
the Mohawks, 297; misgivings, 298; has a presentiment of death, ib.;
goes as a civilian, ib; visits Fort Orange, 299; reaches the Mohawk
country, ib.; his reception, ib.; returns to Canada, 300; his second
mission to the Mohawks, 301; warned of danger, ib.; his cruel murder,
304.
Joseph, Saint, his interposition in a case of childbirth, 90; his help
much relied on by the Jesuits, 70, 95, 96; fireworks let off in his
honor, 160. See Saint Joseph.
Jouskeha, a beneficent deity, the sun, the creator, lxxvi, lxxix.
K.
Kennebec, visited by a Jesuit, 322.
Kieft, William, governor of New Netherland, his kindness to Jogues, 235;
his letter to the governor of Canada, 304 note.
Kiotsaton, envoy of the Iroquois, 284 seq.; his speech, 287 seq.; the
French delighted with him, 291; another speech, 292.
L.
Lafitau, his book on the Iroquois, liv note; describes the council of
the Iroquois, lvii, lviii.
Lalande, an assistant in the mission, 301; tortured by the Mohawks, 303;
killed by them, 304.
Lalemant, Gabriel, at the Huron mission, 126, 371; taken by the
Iroquois, 381; tortured with fire, 388; his death, 390.
Lalemant, Jerome, brother of Gabriel, assailed by an Algonquin, 127;
visits Three Rivers, 294; becomes Superior of the missions, 301.
Lauson, president of the Canada Fur Company, 156; sells the island of
Montreal to the Jesuits, 194.
Le Berger, a Christian Iroquois, 304; endeavors to save Jogues, ib.
Le Borgne, chief of Allumette Island, hinders the departure of the
missionaries, 50; his motives, 51; converted, 268.
Le Jeune, Paul, Father Superior, his voyage, 15; his arrival in Quebec,
2, 15; begins his labors there, 16; joins an Indian hunting-party, 23;
adventures in this connection, 25-39; his description of a winter scene,
26 note; grievances in an Indian lodge in winter, 27; experience with a
sorcerer, 30; suffers the rude banter of the Indians, ib.; doubts
whether the Indian sorcerers are impostors or in league with the devil,
32; relates what he had been informed of the devil's proceedings in
Brazil, 33 note; attempts to convert a sorcerer, 37; disappointment, 39;
returns to Quebec, 40; rejoices at the advent of the new governor, 150
note; rejoices at the interest in the mission awakened in France, 151;
has for a correspondent the future Condé, 152; is invested with civil
authority, 154; sends for pictures of the torments of hell, 163.
Le Mercier, Francis Joseph, joins the mission, 85; his peril, 125.
Le Moyne, among the Hurons, 126; among the Onondagas, 438, 440.
Licentiousness of the Indians, xxxiv note; xxxv note, xlv.
Life in a wigwam, 27-31.
Loretto, in Italy, 102, 105, 432; Old Lorette, in Canada, 431; New
Lorette, in Canada, 432; settlement of Hurons there, ib.
Loyola, Ignatius, his story, 8; founds the order of Jesuits, 9; his book
of Spiritual Exercises, 10.
M.
Maisonneuve, Chomedey, Sieur de, military leader of the settlement at
Montreal, 196; spends the first winter at Quebec, 202; poorly
accommodated there, 203; has a quarrel with the governor, 204; beloved
by his followers, 205; compared to Godfrey, the leader of the first
crusade, 207; lands at Montreal, 208, 261; plants a cross on the top of
the mountain, 263; his great bravery, 275.
Manabozho, a mythical personage, lxviii; the chief deity of the
Algonquins, yet not worshipped, lxxii, lxxix; his achievements, lxxiii.
Mance, Jeanne, devotes herself to the mission in Canada, 198; embarks,
201; impressive scene before embarking, ib.; lands at Montreal, 208,
261.
Manitous, a generic term for super-natural beings, lxix; extensive in
its meaning, lxx; process for obtaining a guardian manitou, ib.
Marie, a Christian Algonquin, her adventures and sufferings, 309-313.
Marriage among the Hurons often temporary and experimental, xxxiv.
Mass, neglect of the, a punishable offence, 154, 157.
Masse, 5, 20; "le Père Utile," ib.; his death, 260.
Medical practice among the Indians, xli, xlii note; lxxxiv, 66.
"Medicine," or Indian charms, lxxi.
"Medicine-bags," lxxi; "medicine-men," or sorcerers, lxxxiv, lxxxv,
32-38; a "medicine-feast," 66; the religion taught by the Jesuits
supposed to be a "medicine," 90.
Megapolensis, Dutch pastor at Albany, 229; his account of the Mohawks,
ib.; befriends Jogues, 235.
Memory, devices for aiding the, lxi.
Messou. See Manabozho.
Mestigoit, an Indian hunter, 21, 24, 29, 34; his skill and courage, 40;
helps Le Jeune to reach Quebec, ib.
Mexican fabrics found in Indian cemeteries, 79 note.
Miamis, cannibalism among them, xl.
Michabou. See Manabozho.
Micmacs in Nova Scotia, xxii.
Minquas. See Andastes.
Miracles in the Huron mission, 108; how to be accounted for, 109; why
miracles were expected, 210 note.
Miscou, mission at, 317.
Mission to Hurons. See Huron Mission.
Mission-house near Quebec described, 4.
Mohawks, xlviii note, liv; number of warriors, 212, 297; their towns,
222; make peace with the French, 296; credulity and superstition, 301;
their causeless rage, 303; renew the war with the French, 306; their
perfidy, 308; cruelty, ib.; torture of prisoners, 309; invade the Huron
country, 379; furious battle near St. Marie, 384; war with the Andastes,
441; and Mohicans, ib. note. See Iroquois.
Montmagny, Charles Huault de, succeeds Champlain as governor of New
France, 149; his zeal for the mission, 150, 161; meets the Ursulines at
their landing, 182; quarrels with the leader of the Montreal settlement,
204; delivers Montreal to Maisonneuve, 208; builds a fort at Sorel, 242;
called Onontio by the Iroquois, 283; negotiates a peace with the
Iroquois, 284 seq.
Montagnais, an Algonquin tribe, where found, xxiii; their degradation,
ib.; Le Jeune essays their conversion, 19; concerned in a treaty of
peace, 286, 293; salutary changes from the influence of the mission,
319.
Montreal, island of, purchased for the site of a religious community,
195; part of the money given by ladies, 198; consecrated to the Holy
Family, 201; the enterprise compared with the crusades, 207; first day
of the settlement, 209; motives of the enterprise, as stated by the
leaders themselves, 210 note; infancy of the settlement, 261; rise of
the St. Lawrence checked by a wooden cross, 263; arrival of D'Ailleboust
and others, 264; pilgrimages, 267; hospital built, 266; Indians fed,
268; attacks by the Iroquois, 269 seq.; sally of the French, 273;
condition of Montreal in 1651, 333.
Moon, the, worshipped, lxxvi.
Morgan, Lewis H., his account of the Iroquois, liv note.
Murder atoned for by presents, lxi, lxii, 354; a grand ceremony of this
sort, 355 seq.
N.
Nanabush. See Manabozho.
Nation of the Bear, liii.
Nation of Fire, an Algonquin people, attacked by the Neutral Nation,
436.
Neutral Nation, their country, xx, xliv, 142; their cruelty and
licentiousness, xlv; representations made to them respecting the French,
xlvi note; a ferocious people, 143; their excessive superstition, ib.; a
mission among them attempted, 142; but in vain, 146; kindness of a
Neutral woman, ib.; destroy a large town of the Nation of Fire, 436;
their ferocious cruelty, ib. note; themselves exterminated by the
Iroquois, 437.
New England, Indians in, xxi; a Jesuit's impressions of, 328.
Niagara, called the River of the Neutrals, xliv; described by the
Jesuits, 143 note.
Nicollet, Jean, visits Green Bay in 1639, 166.
Nipissings, xxiv.
Notre-Dame des Anges, at Quebec, 5, 155; Notre-Dame de Montreal, 193.
O.
Ochateguins. See Hurons.
Ojibwas, how differing in language from Algonquins, xx; visited by
Jogues, 213.
Okies, or Otkons, objects of worship among the Iroquois, lxix.
Olier, Jean Jacques, Abbé, suspected of Jansenism, 189; has a
revelation, 190; meets Dauversière, 192; their schemes, ib.
Oneidas, or Onneyut, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv. See
Iroquois.
Onondagas, or Onnontagué, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv (see
Iroquois); their inroad on the Hurons, 343; their jealousy of the
Mohawks, 344; their embassy to the Hurons, 345; suicide of the
ambassador, 347.
Ononkwaya, an Oneida chief, a prisoner to the Hurons, 338; his
marvellous fortitude under torture, 339.
Onontio, Great Mountain, name given to the Governor of Canada among the
Iroquois, and why, 283.
Ontitarac, a Huron chief, his speech, 119.
Orators of the Iroquois, lx.
Ossossané, chief town of the Hurons, 74; great Huron cemetery there, 75;
mission established there, 110, 129; abandoned, 139.
Ouendats, or Wyandots. See Hurons.
P.
Parker, Ely S., an educated Iroquois, liv note.
Passionists, convent of, a singular incident there, 108 note.
Peace concluded between the French and Iroquois, 284-295; defects of the
treaty, 296; the peace broken and why, 302.
Peltrie, de la, Madame, her birth, 168; her girlhood, 169; a widow, ib.;
religious schemes, 170; resolves to go to Canada, ib.; her sham
marriage, 172; visits the Ursuline Convent at Tours, 173; results of
that visit, 174; embarks for Canada, 181; perilous voyage, 182; her
character, 186; thirst for admiration, 187; leaves the Ursulines and
joins the Colony of Montreal, 206, 261; receives the sacrament on the
top of the mountain, 264; at Quebec, 334.
Penobscot, a station on it of Capuchin friars, 322.
Pestilence among the Hurons, 87; its supposed origin, 94.
Persecution of the Jesuits, 116 seq.
Pictures requested for the mission, 133; of souls in perdition, many,
ib.; of souls in bliss, one, ib.; how to be colored, ib.; Le Jeune
describes the pictures of Hell which he wants, 163.
Picture-writing by the Indians, 243.
Pierre, an Algonquin, 17; teacher of Le Jeune, 18; runs away, 21;
returns, 22; frantic from strong drink, 24; repents and assists Le
Jeune, 38; another of this name, a converted Huron, 122.
Pijart, Pierre, joins the mission, 85; his clandestine baptisms, 96, 97;
establishes a mission at Ossossané, 110.
Piskaret, an Algonquin brave, 278; his exploits, 279; his successes
against the Iroquois, 281; assists in a treaty of peace, 291; murdered
by Mohawks, 308.
Poncet, father, his pilgrimage to Loretto, 104; embarks for Canada, 181;
his peril, 126.
Price of a man's life, lxii; of a woman's, ib.
Prisoners, cruel treatment of, xxxix, xlv, 80, 216 seq., 248 seq., 253,
277, 339, 388 seq., 436 note, 439, 441 note.
Processions, religious, at Quebec, 161.
Q.
Quatogies. See Hurons.
Qualifications for success in an Indian mission, 134 note.
Quebec in 1634, 1; its first settler, 3; condition in 1640, 154; its
aspect half military, half monastic, 158; its very amusements acts of
religion, 160; state of things in 1651, 331; New-Year's Day, 1646, 334.
R.
Ragueneau, Paul, missionary among the Hurons, 123, 124, 126; relates
proceedings of a council held respecting a murder, 355; Father Superior,
370.
Raymbault, Charles, enters Lake Superior with Jogues, 213.
Religion and superstitions of the Indians, lxvii et seq.; worship of
material objects, inanimate no less than animate, ib.; the Indians
attribute their origin to beasts, birds, and reptiles, lxviii; all
nature full of objects of religious fear and dread, lxxxiv; sacrifices,
lxxxvi.
Remarkable instance of Indian forgiveness, 319.
Rome, Church of, her strange contradictions, 84; self-denial of her
missionaries, ib.
S.
Sacrifice, a human, by fire, witnessed by a missionary, 80 seq.
Sacrifices of the Indians, lxxxv, lxxxvi note.
St. Bernard, Marie de, a nun at Tours, 174; embarks for Canada, 181.
St. Ignace, town, taken by the Iroquois, 380; furious battle with the
Hurons, 384; the town and its inhabitants destroyed by fire, 385;
vestiges still remaining, ib. note.
St. Jean, town in the Tobacco Nation, attacked by the Iroquois, 405;
destroyed by fire, 406.
St. Joseph, a town in the Huron country, 137, 374; surprised by the
Iroquois, 375; and destroyed, 377; another station of this name on an
island, 395; the Huron refugees repair thither, 399; their extreme
misery, ib.; famine, 400.
St. Louis, town in the Huron country, attacked, 380; severe struggle,
381; destroyed by the Iroquois, ib.
Ste. Marie, in the Huron country, a mission established there, 139; the
place described, 362 seq.; a bountiful hospitality exercised towards the
converts and others, 367; alarm and anxiety at the Iroquois invasion,
382; the station abandoned, 394; stripped of all valuables, and set on
fire, 396.
Schoolcraft, Henry R., his Notes on the Iroquois, liv note; his
mistakes, lxxviii, lxxx; his collection of Algonquin tales, lxxxviii;
his unsatisfactory speculations about Huron graves, 71.
Seminary, Huron, at Quebec, 167.
Senecas, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv. See Iroquois.
Sepulture among the Hurons, lxxxi, 71 seq.
Sillery, Noël Brulart de, becomes a priest, 182; founds the settlement
which bears his name, 183.
Sioux punish adultery, xxxiv; harass the Hurons, 425.
Sorcerer, a dwarfish, deformed one, troubles the Jesuits, 91; his
account of his origin, 92; sorcerers, several, in time of mortal
sickness, 93.
Sorcery, as practised among the Indians, lxxxiv, 32-38.
Speech-making, Indian, 287, 292-294.
Sun worshipped, lxxvi.
Supernaturalism of the Jesuits, 106; supposed efficacy of relics and
prayers to relieve pain and cure disease, 107; conversions effected in
this manner, 108; such views still entertained, as illustrated in a
curious incident, ib.
Superstitions of the Indians, lxvii seq., 68.
Superstitious terrors, lxxxiv, 115, 141.
Susquehannocks. See Andastes.
Swedish colonists on the Delaware assist the Andastes, 442.
T.
Tarenyowagon, a powerful deity, lxxvii.
Tarratines, the Abenaquis so called, xxii note.
Tattooing practised, xxxiii; a severe process, ib.
Teanaustayé, 137. See St. Joseph.
Tessouat, or Le Borgne, converted, 268.
Tionnontates. See Tobacco Nation.
Tobacco Nation, or Tionnontates, in league with the Hurons, xliii;
raised tobacco, 47; mission among them, 140; reception of the
missionaries, 141; perils of the missionaries, 142; some of the Hurons
seek an asylum there, 393, 404.
Tobacco, none in Heaven, a sad thought to the Indian, 136.
Totems, emblems of clans, li, lxviii, 375.
Trade in furs, xlv, 47, 155.
Traffic of the Indians, how conducted, xxxvi.
Treatment of women, xxxiv, xxxv; of prisoners, xxxix, xlv, 80, 216 seq.,
248 seq., 253, 254, 277, 339, 388, 439, 441 note.
Tuscaroras, in Carolina, xxi; unite with the Five Nations, xxi, lxvi.
U.
Unchastity of the Indians, xxxiv note, xlv.
Ursulines at Tours, 173; at Quebec, their labors, 184; their
instructions, 185.
V.
Villemarie de Montreal, a three-fold religious establishment, 201, 261.
Vimont, father, embarks for Canada, 181; makes a vow to Saint Joseph,
182; visits Montreal, 208; Superior of the Canadian Mission, 286;
assists in a treaty of peace, 292.
Visions and visitations from Heaven and from Hell frequent occurrences
in the lives of the missionaries, 108; the subject illustrated by a
curious incident, ib. note.
W.
Wampum, its material and uses, xxxi; served the purpose of records,
xxxii, lxi.
War-dance, often practised for amusement, xxxix.
Wigwam, how built, xxvii; inconveniences in one, 27, 28.
Winnebagoes, their residence when first known to Europeans, xx; known to
the Jesuits in 1648, 368.
Winslow, John, kindly receives the Jesuit Druilletes at Augusta, 322,
325; his name in the Relations, how spelled, 323 note.
Winter in Canada, 18, 26, 28.
Witchcraft, proceedings in case of, lxiii.
Women, their condition, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xiv.
Wyandots, a remnant of the Hurons, xxiv, 426. See Hurons.
The End.
Francis Parkman
France and England in North America
1. Pioneers of France in the New World (1865, 1885)
2. The Jesuits in North America in the seventeenth century (1867)
3. The Discovery of the West (1869)
La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1879)
4. The Old Régime in Canada (1874, 1894)
5. Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. (1877)
6. A Half Century of Conflict (1892)
Volume 1
Volume 2
7. Montcalm and Wolfe (1884)
The year that each book was published is printed and enclosed by
parenthesis after the title of each volume. In some cases, there are two
years in parenthesis. These indicate that a volume with major revisions
was published.
The revised version of Pioneers of France contains new descriptions of
Florida and some changes to the section on Samuel Champlain. Parkman
revised Discovery of the West after obtaining access to Margry's
collection. The revised version of The Old Régime includes three new
chapters regarding La Tour and D'Aunay.
Volume 3 was not only revised, but the title was altered. Parkman first
released Volume 3 as The Discovery of the West. His updated version of
Volume 3 was entitled La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West.
Other Principal Works
• The Oregon Trail (1849)
• The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851)
Appendix
Transcription notes:
This book was originally transcribed from Volume 20. While making a
batch of corrections, a decision was made to base this etext on Volume 1
for three reasons: 1) Parkman's subsequent revisions were virtually
insignificant; 2) Volume 1, released in 1867, is available at the New
York Public Library through Hathitrust, and thus, can readily be
consulted for future claims of errata, and 3) In the Notes on the Texts
prepared for the The Library of America reprint (1983), David Levin
opined that using Volume 1 for this title was the best choice to
approximate Parkman's own conception of France and England in North
America.
In resolving errors and questions that came up during transcription,
Parkman's Seventh volume of The Jesuits in North America from 1872 was
consulted (from the Library of Congress, available through Hathitrust),
as well as the aforementioned The Library of America edition of this
work. When these notes refer to a mistake in all the volumes, they refer
to Volumes 1, 7, and 20. These volumes were produced during Parkman's
lifetime, and assume that changes met with Parkman's approval.
The 8-bit version of this etext, with accented French characters, is
produced using Windows Code Page 1252. Most of the accented characters
will also display correctly if you view the text using any of the ISO
8859 character sets. However, the "oe" ligature--œ--will only display
correctly if using Windows 1252.
The footnotes have been produced using the Project Gutenberg™ standard.
Footnotes follow the paragraph in which they were mentioned. Footnotes
have been set in smaller print and have larger margins than regular
text. Footnotes are numbered sequentially and the numbers are reset
after each change in chapter. There are a total of 548 footnotes in this
book. Please note that we have made no emendations to the content of
footnotes to preserve the antiquated orthography and accentuation of the
contents.
This text generally preserved the italicization of words, phrases, and
the titles of references which are presented in italics in the printed
book. The standard of the book is to use italics when citing Relations,
1650; and not to use them when writing Relations of 1650. There were
some cases that did not observe the standard: they were treated as
errata, and changed. Small capitalization has also been retained--used
primarily for the first word of each chapter.
Detailed notes describe problems or issues in transcribing a specific
portion of the text: the reconciliation of variances between the topics
list in the contents and the topics list preceeding each chapter; other
modifications applied while transcribing the printed book to an e-text;
emendations; and other issues in transcribing the text.
You will see changed text underlined by dotted silver lines. In some
versions (like the HTML version) of this document, you can hover your
cursor over the changed text and see details in a small box. Those
details are repeated, and sometimes elaborated upon, in the Detailed
Notes Section of this Appendix.
Detailed Notes Section:
Contents
• Chapter 5: Capitalize Thwarted and Begun in the topics list.
• Chapter 16: Capitalize Tortured in the topics list.
• Chapter 19: Capitalize Confirmed in the topics list.
• Chapter 26: Capitalize Destroyed in the topics list.
Introduction:
• Page xix, add Indian before "Social and Political Organization" to
match topics list in Table of Contents.
• Page xxxv, in footnote 0-18, the word "come" is printed with a
straight line over the "o," not only in Volume 1, but also in Volume 7.
The Library of America version of the book assumes that the line
resulted from an imperfection in the plates. The assumption is not only
reasonable but practical, and it is adopted here, too.
• Page xlviii, place period after the clause "which they had so promptly
assented" This period was also missing in Volume 7.
• On Page li, Parkman added the qualifier "in most cases" to the clause
"The child belongs to the clan," in the eighth volume of this title. The
new clause is, "The child belongs, in most cases, to the clan,"
• On Page lii, Parkman used the less precise "usually belonging to it"
instead of "inseparable from it" in the eighth volume of this title. The
new sentence reads, "This system of clanship, with the rule of descent
usually belonging to it, was of very wide prevalence."
• On Page lxv, Un doubtedly is not hyphenated and split between two
lines as if two words, not just in Volume 1, but in Volume 7. There
should have been a hyphen after Un-. The clause was transcribed:
"Undoubtedly there was a distinct and definite effort of legislation;"
Chapter 3:
• Changed "Mission-house" to "Mission-House" in topics list beginning
Chapter 3 to match topics list for Chapter 3 in the Contents.
• Page 18: footnote 3-3 does not end the last sentence with a period:
"et sa bonté n'a point de limites" The period was also missing in Volume
7. We did not make an emendation because of Parkman's statement in the
Preface.
• Page 21: add period to end the sentence with the clause "sorcerer, in
the tribe of the Montagnais" The period was added in Volume 7.
Chapter 4:
• Page 24: In footnote 4-1, add beginning quote before Iamais: "Iamais
il ne fut ..."
• Page 26: In footnote 4-2, text is missing a period after ceinture, in
all volumes. This was not changed, as it was in the footnote.
• Page 30-Page 31: Confirmed the spelling of "fumeé" and "fumée;" in
footnote 4-5.
• Page 31: Confirmed the spelling of "mais" in footnote 4-6.
• Page 31: Confirmed the apostrophe in "qu'à" in footnote 4-6.
• Page 33: In footnote 4-8: the correct word is "laisse," but "laiss"
remains unchanged in accordance with Parkman's statement in the preface.
• Page 37: footnote 4-11 in Volume 1 refers back to no page number in
the introduction. Volume 7 & Volume 20 have the page number xliv. We
replaced the blank space for the page number left in volume 1 with the
page number specified in later volumes.
Chapter 6:
• On Page 62, Footnote 6-4 was not marked clearly in the original book
used for transcription. The footnote appeared fine in Volume 1, and is
rendered appropriately.
Chapter 7:
• Page 76, Footnote 7-5 contains the word "Atsatone8ai". The "spelling
is correct." See The Old Regime in Canada for similar usage, such as
"8ta8aks."
Chapter 8:
• Page 85, confirmed the spelling of "i'auoüe" and the phrase "qui ne
cherche que Dieu," which were unclear in footnote 8-1 from the book
originally used for transcription.
• Page 87: small-pox is hyphenated and split between two lines for
spacing. There are two other occurrences of the word, and the hyphen was
used, so the hyphen was retained here, too.
Chapter 9:
• Page 105, Change gain to again in the clause "the offending limb
became sound again." The text was incorrect in Volume 1, and corrected
in Volume 7.
Chapter 12:
• Page 147: By volume 7, Parkman broke this long, compound sentence into
two not-quite-as-long sentences. The colon before "or" was changed to a
period, and Or began the next sentence: "... between him and the home of
his boyhood. Or rather ..."
Chapter 13:
• Page 157: Near the end of the page, precarious is split between two
lines without a hyphen. "All these were supported by a charity in most
cases precari ous." The hyphen was missing, and the word was split for
spacing. We transcribed the word without the hyphen, but omitted the
space. This error was found in all volumes.
Chapter 14:
• Page 171-Page 172: In footnote 14-5, add quotation mark before Enfin.
The leading quotation mark was missing in all volumes.
• Page 175: See the sentence "Like Madame de la Peltrie, she married, at
the desire of her parents. in her eighteenth year." The comma after
parents was either malformed because of the quality of the plates, or
mistyped as a period. We used a comma after parents. In volume 7, the
punctuation mark after parents was visibly a comma.
Chapter 15:
• Changed Bourgeois in topics list of Chapter 15 to Bourgeoys. Not only
does the correction match the spelling in the topics list for Chapter 15
in the contents, but it matches the spelling of Marguerite Bourgeoys in
seven other instances of Chapter XV. In no other instance in this book
was her name spelled differently.
• Page 195--Confirmed that year in footnote 15-8 is 1659.
Chapter 16:
• Page 237: By volume 7, the narrative describing the return of Jogues
says "He reached the church in time for the early mass..." instead of
the evening mass.
Chapter 18:
• Page 263: poorly printed word in footnote, appears to be "de."
Footnote 18-3 has two uses of de in italics, and both appear clearly in
Volume 1. We believe this issue is resolved.
Chapter 19:
• Page 281: fixed typo ("die", should be "dine"). Volume 7 also has the
phrase "We must die before we run." This typo does not fall under
Parkman's caveat in the Preface, and could confuse if preserved.
Therefore, the spelling was corrected.
• Page 281: Add missing comma after effect in the clause "and fired with
such good effect, that, of seven warriors, all but one were killed."
This comma was added by Volume 7.
Chapter 22:
• In Volume 1, Parkman cited page 166 in Hutchinson, Collection of
Papers in Footnote 22-18, but changed the page number to 240 in later
volumes.
• Page 333: fixed typo ("Govornor"), spelled incorrectly in all volumes.
Chapter 25:
• Page 364: footnote 25-10, add missing close-quotes after cœur.
• Page 368: In footnote 25-18, add comma after Algonquin. There is a
space reserved for the comma but it didn't appear in the text: "Besides
these tribes, the Jesuits had become more or less acquainted with many
others, also Algonquin on the west and south of Lake Huron;" The comma
was missing in all volumes.
• Page 371: A colon appears at the end of the page, after "at least in
the flesh:"
• Page 372: In footnote 25-20, après is correctly spelled with a grave
accent, but the text had an acute accent, and this was preserved in
accordance with Parkman's statement in the preface.
• In footnote 25-20, verified the colon (":") after "dit-il" in the
final paragraph. In three quotations that follow, we changed the double
quotes to single quotes, because they were quotations embedded within a
quotation.
Chapter 28:
• Changed "unconquerable" to "Unconquerable" in topics list beginning
Chapter XXVIII to match topics list for Chapter 28 in the Contents.
Chapter 29:
• Page 397, footnote 29-4, add missing close-quotes after cœur. Parkman
put the quotes around the extract from the letter, but just omitted the
closing quote after cœur. This mistake does not come under the caveat of
Parkman stated in the Preface, so we made the change. This error can be
found in all volumes.
• Page 401, footnote 29-10, add comma after Ragueneau in reference
"Ragueneau Relation des Hurons, 1650." This comma is missing in all
volumes.
Chapter 30:
• Page 407: "mâitre" (which should be maître) is preserved with the
wrong character circumflexed in the second paragraph of footnote 30-4,
for reasons described in Parkman's Preface.
Chapter 31:
• Page 412: "neges" in footnote 31-2 should be "neiges," but it is part
of quoted text from the Relations, so the spelling has been preserved.
• Page 418-Page 419: war-party is split between the pages, and
hyphenated, so the transcription can only be war-party or warparty. We
chose the former.
Chapter 32:
• Page 426: By volume 7, Parkman described neighboring Point St. Ignace,
"now Graham's Point, on the north side of the strait."