HISTORY OF THE POTATO
“Next to wheat no plant in our part of the world is of so much
importance for food as the potato. Its use was not introduced into this
country until toward the end of the eighteenth century. The first
appearance of the potato among our people is a curious piece of
history. Why should I not relate it to you? It will show you what noble
efforts and perseverance are sometimes necessary to bring about the
adoption, on the part of those wedded to blind routine, of the
simplest, most natural idea, and one so rich in future possibilities.
“The potato is native to South America; it came to us from the high
plains of Colombia, Chile, and Peru. Its first appearance in Europe
dates from 1565. A century and a half later the potato flourished in
England. Its introduction into general use in France was slower. The
first dish of potatoes, then a high-priced rarity, was served at the
table of King Louis XIII in 1616.
“The royal dish is to-day at the command of the poorest; but this was
not effected without a good deal of trouble, as you will see. For a
long time the American tuber remained in our country a simple object of
curiosity to which were attributed injurious properties, and which
agriculture would have nothing to do with. Finally, toward the end of
the eighteenth century a worthy man succeeded in overcoming these
prejudices and popularized the culture of this valuable food plant. His
name is Parmentier. Remember this venerated name, my friends; he who
bore it banished famine by making the potato supply the deficiency of
wheat.
“Parmentier communicated his ideas to Louis XVI. ‘The potato,’ said he,
‘is bread already made and requiring neither miller nor baker. Take it
just as it comes out of the ground and bake it in hot ashes or cook it
in boiling water, and you will have a farinaceous food rivaling wheat.
Poor land unfit for other crops will raise it, and it will henceforth
relieve us of all fear of those terrible dearths that France has so
often suffered in the past.’
“Louis XVI listened to this proposal with eager attention, but the
difficulty was to make others listen also. In order to interest the
world of fashion in the culture of the disdained tuber the king
appeared at a public festival one day with a large bouquet of potato
blossoms in his hand. Curiosity was aroused at the sight of these white
flowers tinged with violet and set off by the dark green of the leaves.
They were talked of at court and in town; florists made imitations of
them for their artificial bouquets; in ornamental gardens they were
used for the borders; and as the surest way to royal favor the nobles
sent potatoes to their tenant farmers with orders to plant and
cultivate them.”
“Behold the potato fairly started on the right road!” interposed Jules.
“It cannot fail to become popular now, under the protection of king and
court.”
“Not so fast, my little friend. Persuasion is a good deal better than
command. The tubers patronized by royalty were thrown on the dunghill.
At most, here and there a farmer, afraid of being reprimanded, allowed
them to grow as best they could in some neglected corner.”
“And then?”
“Then the only thing to do was to convince, not the nobleman who cared
nothing for the potato except as a means for winning the king’s favor,
but the peasant himself directly interested in this affair. It was
necessary to overcome his repugnance, a repugnance that made him reject
the potato even as fodder for cattle; he must be taught by his own
experience that the tuber of ill repute, far from being a poison, is
excellent food. All this Parmentier thoroughly understood and he set to
work without delay.”
“This time he is sure to succeed.”
“Not at first and not without great pains. In the suburbs of Paris he
bought or rented for farming large tracts of land which he caused to be
planted with potatoes. The first year the harvest was sold at a very
low price. A few people bought some.”
“Now we are nearing the goal.”
“Not yet. Good is not accomplished so easily. The second year the
potatoes were given away for nothing. Nobody wanted them.”
“And Parmentier was left with the whole crop on his hands?”
“The excellent man could not find a welcome for a single basket of
potatoes. In the country they laughed maliciously at his obstinacy in
cultivating a vile root that no peasant would even feed to his pigs.
But Parmentier did not despair. A singular idea came to him: to see
whether the charm of forbidden fruit would not accomplish what he had
failed to effect by his writings, his advice, his personal example, and
his generous offers.
“A large field was planted with potatoes, and when the crop was ripe a
fence was built about the field as if to protect a most valuable
harvest. And more than this, Parmentier caused it to be trumpeted
abroad throughout the neighboring villages that it was expressly
forbidden to touch the potatoes under penalty of all the rigors of the
law against marauders. During the day the guards kept strict watch over
the field, and woe betide whoever should try to climb over the fence!”
“It seems to me,” said Emile, “that with all those prohibitions and
guards and fences Parmentier was more likely than ever to have all his
potatoes to himself.”
“Such was not his purpose; far from it. The guards kept good watch
during the day, but they had orders to stay at home at night and leave
unmolested any who might attempt to get into the field. ‘What, then, is
this plant that is guarded with such jealous care?’ the peasants asked
one another, attracted by the strictness of the prohibitory measures.
‘It must be very precious. Let us try to get some when the night is
dark.’
“Some bold marauders climbed the fence, hastily pulled up a dozen
tubers, and scampered off again, looking back to make sure they were
not pursued. Not a guard was to be seen. Word soon spread that the
field was not guarded at night. Then the pillage began in earnest: the
tubers hitherto so despised were carried off by sackfuls. In a few days
there was not a potato left in the ground.
“People came and told Parmentier of the devastation of his field. The
worthy man wept for joy; the one robbed blessed his robbers. By his
ruse he had endowed his country with an inestimable food-supply; for,
once placed in the hands of those who would consent to cultivate it,
the potato was valued at its true worth and spread rapidly.”
“Oh, what a curious story!” cried Louis, when Uncle Paul had finished;
“what a curious story! Who would have thought it took all that trouble
to make people accept a food that to-day is of such value to us? Is it,
then, so very hard to spread a good idea when it is new?”
“Very hard indeed,” replied Uncle Paul, “as those well know who make it
their mission to fight against prejudice and ignorance.”