Elasmobranchii, _31_;_The Vertebrate Skeleton

cranium, 118 f.;

clasper, 132;

general characters, 61;

pelvic fins, 131;

ribs, 125;

teeth, 109;

vertebral column, 113 f.;

visceral arches, 120

_Elasmotherium_, _46_;

mesethmoid, 470

Elephant, _47_;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

ribs, 491;

skull, 473 f., =474= and =475=;

tusks, 420;

see also _Glyptodon_

Gnathostomata _31_, _59_

Golden mole _49_;

see Chrysochloris

Goniopholidae _39_

_Goniopholis_ _39_;

vertebrae 275

Goose 334;

beak 329;

Spur-winged--41

_Gorilla_ _49_;

carpus 512;

ribs 493;

scapula 499;

skull =483=;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 450

Gruidae _41_;

see Cranes

Gruiformes _41_

Guinea-pig _48_;

tail 454

Gular shield, turtle 215

Gulls _42_, 335;

aftershaft 328

Gymnodontidae _33_;

beaks 111

Gymnophiona _35_;

branchial arches 180;

general characters 136;

ribs 182;

scales 168;

skull 177;

teeth 169;

vertebrae 172

_Gymnura_ _49_;

teeth 440;

zygomatic arch 481

_Gypogeranus_ _41_;

claws 330

_Gyrinophilus_ _35_;

vertebral column 171

Haddock _33_

Hadrosauridae _39_

_Hadrosaurus_ _39_;

skull 284

Hag or hag-fish _31_, 54 f.

Hair 3;

dog 374;

mammals 416

_Halicore_ _44_, _352_;

manus 505;

skull 460;

teeth 425;

see Dugong

Halicoridae _44_

Halitheriidae _44_

_Halitherium_ _44_, 352;

femur 518;

pelvis 514;

teeth 425

Hallux 26;

dog 415;

duck 327;

frog 167

Hamular process, dog 397

Hand, crocodile 266;

dog 408 f.;

duck 324;

frog 165;

newt 147;

turtle 233

_Hapale_ _49_

Hapalidae _49_, 372 f.;

teeth 441

Hare _48_, 366;

acetabular bone 515;

dental formula 435;

femur 520;

humerus 502;

pelvis 515;

scapula 497;

skull 476;

tail 454;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 449;

Cape jumping --, _47_;

see _Pedetes_

_Harpagus_, _41_;

serrated beak, 334

_Harriotta_, _32_, _66_

_Hatteria_, _37_, _197_;

see _Sphenodon_

Haversian canals, 10;

-- system, 10

Hawks, beak of, 330

Hedgehog, _49_, _370_;

auditory ossicles, 488;

humerus, 503;

presternum, 490;

skull, 480;

spines, 417;

see _Erinaceus_

Hemichordata, _30_, _50_

_Heptanchus_, _31_;

branchial arches, 63, =120=;

vertebrae, 114

Herbivorous dentition, 427, 430

Heron, _41_, 335;

interorbital septum, 333;

powder down feathers, 329

Herring, _33_

_Hesperornis_, _40_, _299_;

caudal vertebrae, 333;

clavicles, 338;

teeth, 330;

wing, 338

Heterocercal tail, 60, 116

Heterodont, 7

Heterostraci, _31_;

general character, 54

_Hexanchus_, _31_;

branchial arches, 63, 121

Hinge joint, 13

_Hipparion_, _46_;

manus, 508;

pes, =524=

Hippopotamidae, _45_

_Hippopotamus_, _45_, _359_;

dental formula, 427;

hair, 416;

mandible, 467;

manus, 506;

pes, 523;

scapula, 496;

skull, 467;

teeth, 345

Hoatzin, _41_;

see _Opisthocomus_

Holocephali, _32_, 65, 104;

clasper, 132;

spinal column, 113;

tail, 116;

teeth, 109

Holoptychiidae, _33_

_Holoptychius_, _33_;

scales, 105

Holostei, _33_;

general characters, 68;

teeth, 110;

see Bony Ganoids

Hominidae, _49_, _373_

_Homo_, _49_;

see Man

Homocercal tail, 60, 69, 117;

codfish, 87

Homodont, defined, 7

Hoofs, 3, 418

Hoopoe, _42_, 335

_Hoplopterus_, spur, 330

Hornbill, _42_, 331;

bony crest, 334;

interorbital septum, 333

Horns, 3, 417

Horny plates on palate, 418;

-- teeth, Lampreys, 4;

Myxinoids, 57;

_Ornithorhynchus_, 4

Horse, _46_, _360_;

fibula, 519;

malleus, 487;

manus, 507;

pes, =524=;

skull, 471;

teeth, 345, 430;

ulna, 501

Howling monkey, _49_;

see _Mycetes_

Humerals, duck, 303 f.

Humeral shield, turtle, 215

Humerus, 26;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 232;

wombat, =500=

Humming-birds, _42_, 335

Humpbacked whale, _44_, _357_

_Hyaena_, _48_, _369_;

hallux, 526;

pollex, 511;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

teeth, 437

Hyaenidae, _48_;

humerus, 502

_Hyaenodon_, _48_, _368_

Hyaenodontidae, _48_

Hyaline cartilage, 10

_Hydrochaerus_, _48_;

teeth, 437;

see Capybara

_Hydromys_, _47_;

dental formula, 436

Hydrophidae, _38_;

scales, 270

_Hydropotes_, _46_;

canines, 429

_Hyla_, _36_;

fronto-parietal fontanelle, 179;

sternum, 184

Hylidae, _36_

_Hylobates_, _49_;

ribs, 493;

skull, 482

Hyoid, 21;

alligator, =285=;

Amphibia, 180;

birds, 336;

cod, 100;

crocodile, 259;

dogfish, 77;

dog, 399;

duck, 320;

frog, 161;

newt, 144;

reptiles, 284;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 231, =285=

Hyomandibular, 23;

cod, 100;

dogfish, 78;

salmon, 94

_Hyomoschus_, _45_

Hyoplastron, turtle, 217

Hyostylic, 61, 119

_Hyotherium_, _45_;

teeth, 427

_Hyperodapedon_, _37_, _198_;

premaxillae, 284

_Hyperoödon_, _44_;

skull, 464;

sternum, 489;

thoracic vertebrae, 448

Hypo-branchial, cod, 101;

dogfish, 78

Hypo-hyal, cod, 100;

salmon, 95

Hypo-ischium, Lacertilia, 292

Hypoplastron, turtle, 217

Hyporachis, 328

_Hypsilophodon_, _39_;

predentary bone, 284

Hypsodont, defined, 345, 429

Hypural bone, cod, 85

Hyracidae, _47_

Hyracoidea, _47_;

femur, 519;

general characters, 362;

manus, 510;

nails, 418;

skull, 472;

teeth, 432

_Hyracotherium_, _46_;

manus, 508;

scapula, 496

_Hyrax_, _47_, _363_;

see _Procavia_

Hystricidae, _47_

Hystricomorpha, _47_;

auditory ossicles, 488

_Hystrix_, _47_;

auditory ossicles, 488;

see Porcupine

Ichthyodorulites, 106

Ichthyoidea, _35_;

general characters, 134

Ichthyopsida, _31_;

general characters, 59

Ichthyopterygium, 130

_Ichthyornis_, _40_;

mandible, 335;

pelvis, 341;

teeth, 330;

vertebrae, 332

Ichthyornithiformes, _40_, 300

Ichthyosauria, _37_;

general characters, 195;

ribs, 285

Ichthyosauridae, _37_

_Ichthyosaurus_, _37_, _197_;

limbs, 290;

palatines, 281;

pectoral girdle, 288;

position of limbs, 28;

skull, =196=;

teeth, 273;

vertebral column, 275

Ichthyotomi, _31_;

general characters, 62;

fins, 130 f.;

tail, 116

_Iguana_, _38_;

teeth, 273

Iguanidae, _38_;

zygosphenes, 200, 276

_Iguanodon_, _39_, 208 f.;

jaws, 292;

predentary, 284;

sternum, 288;

teeth, 272 f.;

vertebrae, 275

Iguanodontidae, _39_

Iliac surface of ilium, dog, 410

Ilium, 25;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 409;

duck, 325;

frog, 165;

mammals, 513 f.;

newt, 149;

reptiles, 291;

turtle, 235

Incisors, dog, 376 f.;

mammals, 344

Incus, dog, 393;

man, dog and rabbit, =485=

Infra-marginal shield, turtle, 215

Infra-pharyngeal bone, cod, 101

_Inia_, _45_;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

lumbar vertebrae, 448

Innominate bone, dog, 409;

mammals, 513

Insectivora, _48_;

arm bones, 503;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

general characters, 369 f.;

manus, 512;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 527;

sacrum, 452;

shoulder-girdle, 499;

skull, 480;

sternum, 490;

tail, 454;

teeth, 440;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Insectivora vera, _49_;

general characters, 370

inter centra, 15;

_Galeopithecus_, 370;

Ichthyosauria, 195;

Labyrinthodontia, 172;

_Sphenodon_, 198;

_Talpa_, 450

Interclavicle, 25;

crocodile, 263;

Monotremata, 494;

reptiles, 289

Intercondylar notch, dog, 412

Intergular shield, turtle, 215

Interhyal, cod, 100

Intermedium, 27;

see Carpus and Tarsus

Intermuscular bones, cod, 86

Internasal septum, dogfish, 76

Interorbital septum, birds, 333;

crocodile, 247;

duck, 317;

reptiles, 277

Interspinous bones, cod, 86

Intertarsal ankle joint, 190

Intervertebral discs, 15, 378

Ischial tuberosity, dog, 411

Ischium, 25;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 410;

duck, 325;

frog, 165;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

_Ischyodus_, _32_, _66_

Ivory, 5

Jacana, _42_;

see _Parra_

_Jacare_, _39_;

scutes, 271

Jaws, 21;

cod, 98 f.;

crocodile, 252 f.;

dog, 395 f.;

dogfish, 77;

duck, 317 f.;

frog, 158 f.;

newt, 143 f.;

salmon, 93 f.;

turtle, 229 f.

Jerboa, _47_;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

pes, 526

Joints, kinds of, 13

Jugal, 22;

crocodile, 255;

dog, 398;

duck, 318;

turtle, 229

Jugulares, 132

Kangaroo, _43_;

dental formula, 423;

lumbar vertebrae, 447;

pectineal process, 513;

pes, 522;

tail, 453;

teeth, 345

Kestrel, claws, 330

Killer, _45_;

see _Orca_

Kiwi, _40_;

see _Apteryx_

Knee-cap, see patella

Koala, _43_;

lumbar vertebrae, 447;

pes, 522;

tail, 453

Kükenthal, W., on teeth of Cetacea, 426;

on teeth of Marsupials, 422

Labial cartilage, dogfish, 77;

_Squatina_, 119

Labridae, _33_

_Labrus_, _33_;

see Wrasse

Labyrinthodontia, _35_;

buckler, 168;

general characters, 135;

interparietal foramen, 173;

pelvis, 187;

ribs, 182;

skull, 176;

teeth, 169

Lacertilia, _37_;

general characters, 199;

pectoral girdle, 288;

skull, 277;

vertebrae, 275

Lachrymal, 20;

cod, 97;

crocodile, 251;

dog, 394;

duck, 317;

salmon, 93

Lacunae, 10

_Lagenorhynchus_, _45_;

skull, 462

_Lagostomus_, _47_;

maxillae, 477

Lambdoidal crest, duck, 315

Lamella of malleus, dog, 393

Lamnidae, _32_

Lamprey, _31_, 55 f.

Lancelet, _30_;

see _Amphioxus_

Laridae, _42_;

see Gulls

Larks, _42_

Larvacea, _30_;

notochord, 51

_Latax_, _48_;

pes, 526

Lateral ethmoid, 21;

cod, 97;

salmon, 89 f.

Leathery turtle, _37_;

see _Dermochelys_

Lemuroidea, _49_;

caudal vertebrae, 454;

general characters, 372;

nails, 418;

ribs, 493;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 482;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450;

see Lemurs

Lemurs, carpus, 512;

pes, 527;

teeth, 441;

see Lemuroidea

Lenticular, 485;

dog, 393

_Lepidosiren_, _34_, _70_;

branchial arches, 125;

fins, 130

Lepidosteidae, _33_

_Lepidosteus_, _33_;

attachment of teeth, 108;

distribution, 66;

pectoral fins, 131;

scales, 67, 104;

skull, 123;

tail, 117;

vertebrae, 68

_Lepidotus_, _33_;

teeth, 110

Leporidae, _48_

Lepospondyli, _35_

_Lepus_, _48_;

see Hare

_Leptoptilus_, _41_;

see Adjutant

_Lialis_, _37_, 289

Limbs, general account, 26;

modifications in position of, 28;

reptiles, 289

Llama, _45_, 359;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

skeleton, =496=;

teeth, 428

Limicolae, _42_

Lingual apparatus, lampreys, 58;

myxinoids, 57

Lion, _48_

_Loemanctus longipes_, shoulder girdle and sternum, =287=

Loggerhead turtle, carapace, =216=

_Lophiodon_, _46_;

teeth, 345, 429

Lophiodontidae, _46_

Lophiomyidae, _47_

_Lophiomys_, _47_;

pes, 526;

skull, 476

_Lophius_, attachment of teeth, 107

Lower jaw, see Mandible

Lumbar vertebrae, 16;

crocodile, 242;

dog, 378 f.;

duck, 311

Lunar, 27;

dog, 408

_Macacus_, _49_;

cervical vertebrae, 446

_Machaerodus_, _48_;

upper canines, 437

_Macrauchenia_, _46_, 358;

calcaneum, 360;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

fibula, 519;

tarsus, 523;

ulna, 501

Macraucheniidae, _46_, 509

Macropodidae, _43_, _350_;

dental formula, 423;

pes, 522

_Macropus_, _43_;

see Kangaroo

Macroscelidae, _49_

_Macroscelides_, _49_;

skull, 480

Magnum, 27;

see Carpus

Malar, 22;

see jugal

Malleus, dog, 393;

man, dog and rabbit, =485=

Mammalia, _42_;

auditory ossicles, 485;

cervical vertebrae, 442;

exoskeleton, 416;

general characters, 343;

manus, 503;

Mesozoic --, 348;

pectoral girdle, 493;

pelvic girdle, 512;

pes, 521;

ribs, 490;

sacral and caudal vertebrae, 451;

skull, 455;

sternum, 489;

thigh and shin, 517;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Man, _49_;

arm bones, 503;

auditory ossicles, 488;

caudal vertebrae, 454;

cervical vertebrae 446;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 527;

ribs, 493;

scapula, 499;

skull, 483;

sternum, 490;

teeth, 441

Manatee, _44_;

see _Manatus_

Manatidae, _44_

_Manatus_, _44_;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

dental formula, 425;

humerus, 501;

manus, 505;

pelvis, 514;

skull, 460;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 345;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Mandible, birds, 335;

cod, 100;

crocodile, 258;

dog, 398;

duck, 319;

frog, 160;

Hippopotamus, =467=;

Isabelline bear, =438=;

newt, 144;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 230

Manidae, _44_;

see _Manis_

_Manis_, _44_;

auditory ossicles, 487;

manus, 504;

scales, 3, 417;

skull, 459;

_M. macrura_ xiphisternum, 489;

see Pangolin

Manubrium of malleus 486;

dog, 393;

-- sterni, dog 404

Manus, 26;

crocodile, 265;

dog, 408, =413=;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

mammalia, 503;

newt, 147;

Perissodactyles, =508=;

turtle, 233

Marginal plate, turtle 216;

-- ray, 131;

-- shield, turtle, 214

Marmoset, _49_, 372 f.

Marmot, frontals, 476

Marsipobranchii, _31_, _53_;

spinal column, 56

Marsupial bones, 513

Marsupial mole, 43;

see _Notoryctes_

Marsupialia, _43_;

arm bones, 499;

auditory ossicles, 486;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

general characters, 349;

manus, 504;

pectoral girdle, 494;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 521;

ribs, 491;

sacral vertebrae, 451;

skull, 456;

teeth, 422;

thigh and shin, 517;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

_Mastodon_, _47_, _365_;

teeth, 434

_Mastodonsaurus_, _35_, _136_;

pelvis, 187

Mastoid portion of periotic, dog, 391

Maxilla, 22;

cod, 98;

crocodile, 254;

dog, 397;

duck, 318;

frog, 159;

newt, 144;

turtle, 229

Maxillo-mandibular arch, 21

Maxillo-palatine, duck, 318

Maxillo-turbinal, dog, 395

Meatus, external auditory --, crocodile, 250;

dog, 393;

turtle, 228;

internal auditory --, crocodile, 251;

dog, 392, 400;

turtle, 228

Meckel's cartilage, 22;

cod, 100;

dogfish, 77;

salmon, 94

Median ethmoid, 21;

cod, 98;

Gymnophiona, 179;

salmon, 91;

-- fin, Amphibia, 52;

cod, 86;

dogfish, 79

Megachiroptera, _49_;

general characters, 371

_Megalobatrachus_, _35_, _135_;

carpus, 186;

skull, 175

Megalosauridae, _38_

_Megalosaurus_, _38_, _208_

_Megapodius_, spur, 330

_Megaptera_, _44_, _357_

Megatheriidae, _44_, 352;

humerus, 501;

leg bones, 517;

pelvis, 513;

sacrum, 452;

teeth, 424;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

_Megatherium_, _44_;

femur, 517;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pes, 522;

skull, 458

Megistanes, _40_, _299_

Membranous cranium, 17

Menobranchidae, _35_

_Menobranchus_, _35_, _135_;

carpus, 185;

pes, 188;

skull, 174;

teeth, 169

_Menopoma_, _35_;

see _Cryptobranchus_

Mento-meckelian, 22;

frog, 161;

reptiles, 284

Merganser, _41_;

beak, 329

_Mergus_, _41_

Merrythought, duck, 322

Mesethmoid, 20;

dog, 390;

duck, 317

_Mesoplodon_, _44_;

teeth, 427

Mesopterygium, 79

Mesosauridae, _37_

_Mesosaurus_, _37_

Mesosternum, dog, 404

Metacarpal quill, duck, 303

Metacarpo-digital, duck, 303

Metacarpus, 26;

see Manus

Metacromion, hares and rabbits, 497

Meta-pterygium, 79

Metatarsus 26;

see Pes

Metatheria, _43_;

general characters, 349

_Metriorhynchus_, _39_, 278

Microchiroptera, _49_;

general characters, 371

_Microgale_, _49_;

caudal vertebrae, 454

Mid-digital quill, duck, 303

Milk-teeth, 344;

dog, 377;

horse, 430

Moa, _40_, _299_;

aftershaft, 328;

pectoral girdle, 336;

wing, 338

Molar teeth, 344;

dog, 376 f.

Mole, _49_, _370_;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

humerus, 503;

manus, 512;

presternum, 490;

shoulder girdle, 499;

skull, 481;

teeth, 440;

Golden --, _49_;

see _Chrysochloris_;

Marsupial --, _43_;

see _Notoryctes_

_Molge_, _35_, _135_;

see Newt

Monitor, _38_;

see _Varanus_

Monkey, _49_, _373_;

see under Primates

Monodelphia, _43_;

characters of, 351

_Monodon_, _45_, _357_;

see Narwhal

Monophyodont, defined, 7, 344

Monopneumona, _34_

Monotremata, _42_;

arm bones, 499;

auditory ossicles, 486;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

general characters, 346;

manus, 504;

pectoral girdle, 493;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 521;

ribs, 490;

sacral vertebrae, 451;

skull, 455;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 422;

thigh and shin, 517;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

_Morosaurus_, _38_, _207_;

pes, 294

_Mosasaurus_, _38_, _204_

_Moschus_, _46_;

canines, 429

Mouse, _47_;

teeth, 437;

see _Mus_

Mud-fish, _34_

Multituberculata, _43_, _348_

Muntjac, _46_;

see _Cervulus_

Muraenidae, _33_

Muridae _47_

_Mus_, _47_;

_M. musculus_, teeth, 437;

_M. sylvaticus_, sternum and shoulder girdle, 498

Musk deer, _46_;

canines, 429

Mustelidae, _48_;

teeth 439

_Mycetes_, 49;

hyoid, 485;

mandible, 484;

skull, 482

Myliobatidae, _32_;

teeth, 109

Myomorpha, _47_

_Myrmecobius_, teeth, 423

_Myrmecophaga_, _44_;

manus 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

skull, 458

Myrmecophagidae, _44_, 424;

see Anteaters

Mystacoceti, _44_;

general characters, 356;

hind limb, 518;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

skull, 461;

teeth, 426

_Myxine_, _31_, 55;

fins, 115;

notochordal sheath, 9

Myxinoidei, _31_, 55

Nails, 3;

Amphibia, 168;

mammals, 417

Nares:

anterior --, crocodile, 252, 257;

dog, 401;

duck, 317;

newt, 143;

turtle, 225, 229;

posterior --, crocodile, 257;

dog, 402;

duck, 318;

frog, 158;

newt, 143;

turtle, 230

Narial cavity, salmon, 89;

-- passage, crocodile, 254;

dog, 395;

-- septum, dog, 401

Narwhal, _45_, _357_;

teeth, 427

Nasal 21;

crocodile, 252;

dog, 394;

duck, 317;

frog, 158;

newt, 143;

turtle, 228;

-- capsule, 20;

cod, 97;

crocodile, 252;

dog, 394;

dogfish, 74;

frog, 158;

newt, 143;

turtle, 228;

-- cavity, dog, 388;

-- fossae, salmon, 89;

-- horns, rhinoceros, 3

Navicular, 27;

dog, 414

Neornithes, _40_;

general characters, 298

_Nesodon_, _46_, _361_;

pes, 525;

teeth, 432

Nesodontidae, _46_

Neural arch, 14;

-- plate, turtle, 215;

-- spine, 14

Neuromere, defined, 112

Newt, _35_;

anterior limb, 147;

hyoid apparatus or visceral arches, 144, =181=;

pelvic girdle, 149;

ribs, 145;

shoulder girdle, =146=;

skull, 140;

sternum, 145;

vertebral column, 138

Notidanidae, _31_;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

pectoral fins, 130;

vertebral column, 113;

visceral arches, 63, 119 f.

Notochord, _Amphioxus_ 52;

Balanoglossus, 50;

dogfish, 72;

Tunicates, 51

_Nothosaurus_, _37_, _193_;

supratemporal fossae, 283

Nothosauridae, _37_

_Notoryctes_, _43_;

arm bones, 500;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

claws, 418;

dental formula, 423;

manus, 504;

pelvis, 513;

pectoral girdle, 494;

pes, 521;

ribs, 491;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 457;

sternum, 489;

thigh and shin, 517

Notoryctidae, _43_, _350_

Nuchal plate, turtle, 215;

-- shield, crocodile, 238;

turtle, 214

_Nyrania_, _35_;

palatines, 177

Occipital condyle, crocodile, 246;

dog, 386;

duck, 315;

frog, 154;

turtle, 224;

-- crest, dog, 386;

-- segment, crocodile, 246;

dog, 384;

turtle, 224

_Odontaspis_, _32_;

succession of teeth, =107=

Odontoblast, 7

Odontoceti, _44_;

general characters, 357;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

skull, 462;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 426

Odontolcae, _40_;

general characters, 299

_Odontopteryx_, _40_;

jaws, 334

_Ogmorhinus_, _48_;

mandibular ramus, =439=

Olecranon process, dog, 406;

duck, 323;

frog, 164

Olfactory capsule, see nasal capsule;

-- cavity, dog, 388;

-- chamber, dog, 395;

-- fossa, dog, 390

Olm, _35_

_Omosaurus_, exoskeleton, 272

Omosternum, frog, 163

_Onychodactylus_, _35_;

nails, 168

Operculum, cod, 101;

salmon, 95

Ophidia, _38_;

general characters, 202;

jaw bones, 280;

scales, 270;

skull, 277 f.;

vertebral column, 275

_Ophisaurus_, _38_;

limbs, 289;

pectoral girdle, 289

Opisthocoelous, defined, 14

_Opisthocomus_, 41;

skull, 334

Opisthotic, 20;

cod, 96;

crocodile, 250;

salmon, 89 f.;

turtle, 227

Opossum, _43_;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

teeth, 423

Optic capsule, 20;

crocodile, 251;

dog, 394;

turtle, 228

Orang, _49_;

carpus, 512;

ribs, 493;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Orbit, crocodile, 257;

dogfish, 74;

duck, 317

Orbital ring, cod, 97;

salmon, 93

Orbitosphenoid, 19;

dog, 388;

duck, 317;

newt, 141

_Orca_, _45_;

teeth, 427

_Oreodon_, _45_;

see _Cotylops_

Ornithodelphia, _42_;

general characters, 346

Ornithosauria, _212_

Ornithorhynchidae, _43_

_Ornithorhynchus_, _43_;

beak, 3, 418;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

manus, 504;

pelvis, 513;

sacral vertebrae, 451;

shoulder girdle, =347=;

skull, 455;

spur, 418;

tarsus, 27 n.;

teeth, 4, 346, 422;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Ornithopoda, _39_;

general characters, 209

Orthopoda, _39_;

general characters, 208;

pubes, 292

Orycteropodidae, _44_;

teeth 425

_Orycteropus_, _44_;

hair, 416;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 513;

skull, 459;

see Aard Vark

Osborn, H.F., on Mesozoic Mammals, 348

Os entoglossum, duck, 320

Osteoblast, 11

Osteoclast, 11

Osteodentine, 108

Osteostraci, _31_;

general characters, 54

_Ostracion_, _33_, 69;

plates, 105

Ostracionidae, _33_

Ostracodermi, _31_;

general characters, 54

Ostrich, _40_, _299_;

aftershaft, 329;

cervical vertebrae, =331=;

claws, 330;

foot, 342;

manus, 338;

pelvic girdle and sacrum, =340=;

pubis, 341;

tibio-tarsus, 341;

wing, =339=

_Otaria_, _48_;

dentition, 439;

tympanic bulla, 480

Otariidae, _48_, _369_;

auditory ossicles, 488;

scapula, 498;

skull, 480

Owen's apteryx, pelvic girdle and sacrum, =340=

Owen's chameleon, epidermal horns, 271

Owls, _42_, 335;

aftershaft, 329;

foot, 342

Owl-parrot, _42_;

see _Stringops_

Ox, _46_, 359;

atlas and axis, =445=;

three cervical vertebrae, =15=;

femur, =518=;

manus, 507;

teeth, 345;

two thoracic vertebrae, =449=

Paca, _48_

Paired fins, 127

Palaeoniscidae, _32_

_Palaeoniscus_, _32_;

scales, 67

Palaeospondylidae, _31_

_Palaeospondylus_, _31_, 58

_Palaeosyops_, _46_;

teeth, 432

Palaeotheriidae, _46_

_Palaeotherium_, 46;

skull, 471;

teeth, 430

_Palamedea_, _41_;

spur, 330, 338

Palamedeae, _41_

Palate, reptiles, 280 f.

Palatine, cod, 98;

crocodile, 254;

dog, 397;

duck, 318;

frog, 160;

salmon, 93;

turtle, 230

Palato-pterygo-quadrate bar, 22;

dogfish, 77;

fish, 120 f.;

salmon, 93

Palm civet, _48_

Pangolin, _44_;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 513;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

see _Manis_

Parachordals, 17

_Paradoxurus_, _48_;

tail, 454

Parasphenoid, 21;

cod, 97;

frog, 156;

newt, 141;

reptiles, 278;

salmon, 93

Parasuchia, _39_;

general characters, 211

Parethmoid, 21 n.

Pariasauria, _36_

_Pariasaurus_, _36_, _192_;

pectoral girdle, 289;

pelvis, 292;

supratemporal fossa, 283;

teeth, 273

Parietal, 19;

cod, 96;

crocodile, 247;

dog, 386;

duck, 314;

newt, 141;

salmon, 91;

turtle, 225;

-- segment, crocodile, 247;

dog, 386;

turtle, 225

Paroccipital process, dog, 386

_Parra_, _42_;

spur, 330

Parrots, 335;

aftershaft, 328;

beak, 330;

epiphyses of centra, 332;

foot, 342;

powder-down feathers, 329;

skull, 334

Parrot fish, _33_;

see _Scarus_

Passeres, aftershaft, 328

Passeriformes, _42_

Patella, dog, 412;

duck, 327

_Pavo_, _41_;

_P. cristatus_, shoulder girdle and sternum, =337=

Peacock, _41_;

see _Pavo_

Peccary, pes, 523

Pecora, _46_, _359_;

teeth, 429

Pectinated incisors, _Galeopithecus_, 370, 440;

_Procavia_, 362

Pectineal process, duck, 326

Pectoral fins, cod, 103;

dogfish, 79;

-- girdle, 24;

Amphibia, 184;

birds, 336;

cod, 101;

crocodile, 262;

dog, 404;

dogfish, 79;

duck, 321;

fish, 126;

frog, 162;

mammalia, 493;

newt, 145;

reptiles, 288;

turtle, 231;

-- shield, turtle, 215

_Pedetes_, _47_;

manus, 511;

tail, 454

Pelican, _41_, 335;

clavicles, 338

_Pelicanus_, _41_;

_P. conspicillatus_ shoulder girdle and sternum, =337=

_Pelobates_, _36_;

vertebrae, 172;

_P. cultripes_ teeth, 169

Pelobatidae, _36_

Pelvic fins, cod, 103;

dogfish, 82;

fish, 131;

-- girdle, 25;

Amphibia, 187;

birds, 339;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 409;

dogfish, 81;

duck, 324;

fish, 127;

frog, 165;

mammals, 512;

newt, 149;

Ratitae, =340=;

Reptilia, 291;

turtle, 235

Penguin, _40_;

distribution of feathers, 328;

fibula, 341;

foot, 342;

manus, 338;

metatarsus, 342;

pneumaticity of skeleton, 331;

skull, 333;

sternum, 336;

thoracic vertebrae, 332;

wing, 329, =339=

Penna, duck, 303

Pentedactylate, defined, 26

_Perameles_, _43_;

atlas, 443;

pectoral girdle, 494

Peramelidae, _43_, _350_;

auditory ossicles, 486;

pes, 522

_Perca_, _34_

Perch, _34_;

pelvic fin, 132;

urostyle, 117

Percidae, _34_

Perennibranchiata, _35_;

characters, 135

Perichondrium, 10

Perichordal sheath, 16

Periosteal ossification, 10

Periosteum, 10

Periotic, dog, 390;

-- capsule, see Auditory capsule

Perissodactyla, _46_;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

general characters, 359;

manus, 507;

pes, 523;

ribs, 491;

scapula, 496;

skull, 470;

teeth, 429;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Persistent pulps, 5

Pes, 26;

crocodile, 268;

dog, =413=, 414;

duck, 327;

frog, 166;

mammals, 521;

reptiles, 293;

turtle, 236;

of Tapir, Rhinoceros, _Hipparion_ and Horse, =524=

_Petromyzon_, _31_, 55 f.;

notochordal sheath, 9

Petromyzontidae, _31_, 55

Petrous portion of periotic, dog, 391

_Pezophaps_, _42_;

see Solitaire

_Phacochaerus_, _45_;

teeth, 428

_Phaëthon_, _41_;

metatarsals, 342

_Phalacrocorax_, _41_

Phalangeridae, _43_, 350

Phalanges, 26;

see Manus and Pes

Phaneroglossa, _36_

Pharyngo-branchial, cod, 101;

dogfish, 78;

salmon, 95

Pharyngognathi, _33_

_Phascolarctus_, _43_;

see Koala

Phascolomyidae, _43_, _350_

_Phascolomys_, _43_, 349;

see Wombat

_Phascolotherium_, _43_, 348

Phenacodontidae, _47_

_Phenacodus_, _47_, _362_;

caudal vertebrae, 454;

manus, =510=;

pes, 525;

scapula, 497;

skull, 472;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449

_Phocaena_, _45_, _357_;

skull, 462;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448;

_P. phocaenoides_, ossicles, 420

Phocidae, _48_, _369_;

scapula, 497;

tympanic bulla, 480

_Phoronis_, _30_, 50 f.

_Phororhacos_, _41_;

anterior nares, 333;

ischia, 341

_Physeter_, _44_;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

manus, 505;

skull, 464;

teeth, 426

Physeteridae, _44_;

ribs, 491;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

_Physodon_, _44_;

teeth, 426

Physodontidae, _44_

Physostomi, _33_

Phytosauridae, _39_

_Phytosaurus_, _39_;

see _Belodon_

Pici, _42_

_Picus_, _42_;

see Woodpecker

Pig, _45_, _359_;

skull, 465 f., =466=;

teeth, 345, 427

Pigeons, _42_, 334 f.;

aftershaft, 329;

pneumaticity of skeleton, 331

Pike, _33_;

pelvic fin, 132;

teeth, 107, 110

Pinnipedia, _48_;

arm bones, 502;

auditory ossicles, 488;

general characters, 369;

manus, 511;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 526;

skull, 480;

teeth, 439;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

_Pipa_, _36_;

hyoid apparatus, 182;

jaws, 169;

skull, 180;

sternum, 184;

vertebrae, 172

Pipidae, _36_

Pisces, _31_;

general characters, 60

Piscivorous dentition, 426, 440

Pisiform, 345, 504;

crocodile, 265;

dog, 408;

turtle, 233

Pituitary fossa, crocodile, 247;

-- space, 17

Placodontia, _36_

_Placodus_, _36_, _192_;

teeth 273

Placoid scale, 4, 60, 104

Plantigrade, defined, 358 n.

Plastron, _Dermochelys_, 272;

_Chelone midas_, 217, =218=, 271

Platanistidae, _45_

_Platanista_, _45_;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

skull, 464

Plectognathi, _33_;

vertebrae, 115

_Plectropterus_, _41_;

_P. gambensis_, spur, 330

Plesiosauridae, _37_;

limbs, 193;

parasphenoid, 192;

skull, 278

_Plesiosaurus_, _37_, _193_;

position of limbs, 28

Pleuracanthidae, _63_;

fins, 115

Pleurodira, _37_;

general characters, 195

Pleurodont, 159, 199, 273

Pleuronectidae, _33_

Pleuropterygii, _31_, 63

_Pliosaurus_, _37_, _193_

Plovers, _42_, 334;

thoracic vertebrae, 332

Pneumaticity of bird's skeleton, 331

_Polacanthus_, _39_;

exoskeleton, 272

Pollex, 26;

see Manus

_Polyodon_, _32_, 104;

distribution, 66;

pectoral fins, 131;

skull, 122;

spinal column, 112;

teeth, 110

Polyodontidae, _32_

_Polyonax_, _39_, _209_;

beak, 271;

frontals, 277;

jaw, 274;

predentary, 284

Polyprotodont, 423

Polyprotodontia, _43_;

general characters, 350

Polypteridae, _33_

_Polypterus_, _33_, _68_;

distribution, 66;

exoskeleton, 67;

pectoral fins, 131;

pelvic fins, 132;

pelvis, 127;

scales, 104;

skull, 122;

tail, 116

_Pontoporia_, _45_;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

teeth, 426

Porcupine, _47_;

pes, 526;

skull, 476, =477=;

spines, 417

Porpoise, _45_, _357_;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Postaxial, 28

Posterior cornu, duck, 320;

turtle, 231;

-- limb, 26;

Amphibia, 188;

birds, 341;

dog, 412;

duck, 326;

frog, 166;

newt, 149, =148=;

reptiles, 293;

turtle, 235, =234=

Postfrontal, 21;

crocodile, 250;

turtle, 225

Postorbital bar, crocodile, 250, 255 f.;

_Hatteria_, 283;

-- groove, dogfish, 76

Post-temporal, cod, 102;

reptiles, 283;

-- bar, crocodile, 256;

_Hatteria_, 283

_Potamogale_, _49_, 367, 370;

shoulder girdle, 499;

teeth, 440

Potamogalidae, _49_

Powder-down feathers, 329

Pre-axial, 28

Precoracoid, 25;

frog, 163;

newt, 147;

reptiles, 288;

turtle, 232

Predentary, reptiles, 284

Predigital quill, duck, 303

Prefrontal, 21;

crocodile, 249;

reptiles, 278;

turtle, 225

Prefronto-lachrymal, newt, 141

Prehallux, frog, 167 f.

Premaxilla, 22;

cod, 98;

crocodile, 252;

dog, 398;

duck, 314, 318;

frog, 158;

newt, 143;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 230

Premolar, dog, 370, 377;

mammals, 344

Prenasal process, frog, 158

Pre-orbital vacuity, reptiles, 283

Presphenoid, 19;

dog, 388

Prespiracular ligament, dogfish, 77

Presternum, dog, 404

Primaries, duck, 303

Primates, _49_;

arm bones, 503;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

general characters, 372;

manus, 512;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 527;

ribs, 493;

sacrum, 452;

shoulder girdle, 499;

skull, 482 f.;

sternum, 490;

tail, 454;

teeth, 441;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

_Priodon_, _44_;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

manus, 505;

stapes, 487;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 424

Pristidae, _32_

_Pristis_, _32_;

snout or rostrum, 109, 119

Proboscidea, _47_;

arm bones, 502;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

general characters, 364;

femur, 519;

manus, 511;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 526;

scapula, 497;

skull, 473;

teeth, 433;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449

_Procavia_, _47_, _363_;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

dental formula, 432;

humerus, 502;

manus, 510;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 525;

ribs, 491;

scapula, 497;

skull, 433, 472;

tarsus, 27;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449

Process, alinasal --, frog, 158;

basi-pterygoid --, birds, 334;

coracoid --, dog, 405;

coronoid -- (of mandible), dog, 398;

duck, 319;

coronoid -- (of ulna), dog, 408;

pectineal --, duck, 326;

postfrontal --, duck, 316;

postglenoid --, dog, 394;

postorbital -- (of frontal), dog, 388;

postorbital -- (of jugal), dog, 398;

posterior articular --, duck, 319;

zygomatic --, dog, 394

Processus brevis, 486;

-- gracilis, 486;

-- longus, 486;

dog, 393

Procoelous, defined, 14

_Prodelphinus_, _45_;

skull, 462

Proganosauria, _37_

Prone position, 29

Prongbuck, _46_;

horns, 417

Pro-otic, 20;

frog, 157;

turtle, 227

Pro-pterygium, dogfish, 79

Proteidae, _35_

_Proteles_, _48_;

teeth, 437

Protelidae, _48_

Proterosauridae, _37_

_Proterosaurus_, _37_;

teeth, 198, 274;

vertebrae, 197

_Proteus_, _35_, 135, 182;

branchial arches, 180;

digits, 187;

pes, 188;

skull, 174

_Protopterus_, _34_, _70_, 117;

branchial arches, 121, 124;

fins, 130;

skull, 124;

vestigial gill on pectoral girdle, 129

Prototheria, _42_;

general characters, 346

Proximal, defined, 23 n.

_Psephurus_, distribution, 66

_Pseudopus_, _38_;

limbs, 289

Psittaci, _42_;

see Parrots

_Pteranodon_, _39_, _274_;

pectoral girdle, 289

Pteranodontidae, _39_

_Pteraspis_, _31_, _54_

_Pterichthys_, _31_, _55_

_Pterocles_, _42_;

see Sandgrouse

Pteroclidae, _42_

Pterodactylidae, _39_

_Pterodactylus_, _39_, 213

Pteropidae, _49_;

skull, 481

_Pteropus_, _49_;

dental formula, 441;

tail, 454

Pterosauria, _39_;

general characters, 212;

ischia, 292;

limbs, 291;

pre-orbital vacuity, 284;

ribs, 285;

sternum, 287;

vertebrae, 275 f.

Pterotic, 20;

cod, 96;

salmon, 90 f.

Pterygoid, cod, 98;

crocodile, 255;

dog, 397;

duck, 318;

frog, 160;

newt, 144;

salmon, 93;

turtle, 230;

-- fossa, crocodile, 255;

-- plate, dog, 388

Pterylae, 328

Pubis, 25;

crocodile, 266 f.;

duck, 325;

dog, 411;

frog, 165;

newt, 149;

reptiles, 292;

turtle, 235

Pygal plate, turtle, 217;

-- shield, turtle, 214

Pygopodidae, _37_

Pygostyle, duck, 307, 312

_Python_, _38_;

ischio-pubis, 292;

jaws, 280;

vestiges of limbs, 289, 293

Pythonomorpha, _38_;

general characters, 204;

limbs, 290;

teeth, 273

Quadrate, 22;

cod, 98;

crocodile, 255;

duck, 319;

frog, 160;

newt, 144;

salmon, 93;

turtle, 229

Quadratojugal, 22;

crocodile, 255;

duck, 318;

frog, 160;

turtle, 229

Quill, duck, 302

Rabbit, _48_, 366;

pollex, 511

Raccoon, 369

Rachis, duck, 302

Rachitomous, defined, 171

Radiale, 27;

see Carpus

Radialia, 115;

dogfish, 79 f.

Radio-ulna, frog, 164

Radius, 26;

crocodile, 265;

dog, 406;

duck, 323;

newt, 147;

turtle, 233

_Raia_, _32_;

calcification of vertebrae, 114

Raiidae, _32_

_Rana_, _36_;

see Frog

Ranidae, _36_;

shoulder girdle, 185

Rat, pes, 526

Ratitae, 40;

caudal vertebrae, 333;

clavicles, 338;

foot, 342;

general characters, 298;

skull, 333;

sternum, 336;

vomers, 334;

wing, 338

Rattlesnake, _38_;

rattle, 3, 270

Ray, pectoral fin, 130;

Eagle --, Electric -- and Sting --, _32_

Rectrices, 303, 329

Reed-fish, _33_

Reindeer, antlers, 469

Remicle, duck, 304

Remiges, 303, 329

Reptiles, anterior limb, 290;

exoskeleton, 270;

fossae in skull, 281;

pectoral girdle, 288;

pelvic girdle, 291;

posterior limb, 293;

ribs, 285;

skull, 276;

sternum, 287;

teeth, 272;

vertebral column, 275

Reptilia, _36_;

general characters, 190;

see Reptiles

_Rhabdopleura_, _30_, 50

_Rhamphastos_, _42_;

see Toucan

Rhamphorhynchidae, _39_

_Rhamphorhynchus_, _39_, 213, 274

_Rhea_, _40_;

aftershaft, 329;

claws, 330;

ischia, 341;

manus, 338;

_R. macrorhyncha_, pelvic girdle and sacrum, =340=

Rheornithes, _40_

_Rhina_, _32_;

see _Squatina_

Rhinal process, frog, 158

_Rhinoceros_, _46_, 360, 419;

femur, =518=;

fibula, 519;

malleus, 487;

manus, 508;

nasal horns, 3, 417;

pes, 525;

skull, =421=, 470;

teeth, 430;

ulna, 501;

_R. antiquitatis_, 470

Rhinocerotidae, _46_

Rhinolophidae, _49_

Rhiptoglossa, _38_

Rhizodontidae, _33_

_Rhizodus_, _33_;

teeth, 110

Rhynchocephalia, _37_;

general characters, 197;

humerus, 290;

teeth, 273 f.;

vertebrae, 275

Rhynchosauridae, _37_;

maxillae, 198

_Rhytina_, _44_, 352, 425;

humerus, 501;

skull, =460=

Rhytinidae, _44_

Ribs, 23;

Amphibia, 182;

birds, 336;

cod, 86;

crocodile, 259;

dog, 402;

dogfish, 73;

duck, 320;

fish, 125;

frog, 153;

mammalia, 490;

newt, 145;

reptiles, 285

Ridge, supra-orbital and suborbital, dogfish, 74

Rodentia, _47_;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

dental formula, 435;

general characters, 365;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 526;

humerus, 502;

manus, 511;

ribs, 493;

sacrum, 452;

shoulder girdle, 497;

skull, 476;

sternum, 489;

tail, 454;

teeth, 421;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449

Roller, _42_, 335

Rooted teeth, defined, 5

Rorqual, _44_, 357;

cervical vertebrae, 444

Rostrum, crocodile, 247;

dogfish, 74;

duck, 316;

_Pristis_, 119;

-- of sternum, duck, 321

Röse, C., on teeth of Marsupials, 422

Ruminantia, _46_, _359_;

auditory ossicles, 487;

fibula, 519;

horny plates on palate, 418;

hyoid, 470;

manus, 507;

odontoid process, 445;

pes, 523;

scapula, 495;

teeth, 420, 429

Sabre-toothed lion, _48_;

see _Machaerodus_

Sacral ribs, crocodile, 243;

-- surface of ilium, dog, 409;

-- vertebrae, 16;

crocodile, 243;

dog, 383;

duck, 312;

frog, 153;

newt, 140;

turtle, 222

Sacrum, duck, 310;

see Sacral vertebrae

Sagittal crest, dog, 386

_Saiga_, skull, 468

Salamander, _35_

_Salamandra_, _35_, _135_;

antibrachium and manus of larva, =186=;

manus of larva, 185;

tarsus, 27

Salamandrina, _35_, _135_;

skull, 175;

sternum, 182

_Salmo_, _33_

Salmon, _33_;

branchial arches, 95;

chondrocranium, 87;

opercular bones, 95;

pectoral fins, 131;

skull, 87

Salmonidae, _33_

Sandgrouse, _42_, 335

_Sarcophilus_, _43_;

teeth, 423

Sauropoda, _38_;

general characters, 205;

teeth, 273;

vertebrae, 276

Sauropsida, _36_;

general characters, 189

Sauropterygia, _37_;

general characters, 192;

limbs, 290;

palate, 281;

pectoral girdle, 288;

vertebrae, 276

Saw-fish, _32_;

see _Pristis_

Scales, cod, 83;

crocodile, 237;

ctenoid, 8;

cycloid, 8;

duck, 302;

ganoid, 8;

Gymnophiona, 168;

mammals, 417

Scale-foot, 37

Scalpriform, 366

_Scaphirhynchus_, _32_, _104_;

distribution, 66;

exoskeleton, 67;

spinal column, 112

Scaphoid, 27;

mammals, 504 f.

Scapho-lunar, dog, 408

Scapula, 25;

cod, 103;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 404;

duck, 322;

frog, 162;

newt, 146;

turtle, 232

Scapular shield, armadillo, 419

Scapus, duck, 302

_Scarus_, _33_;

beaks, 111

Scelidosauridae, _39_

Schizognathous, defined, 335

Scincidae, _38_

_Scincus_, _38_;

scutes, 271

Sciuromorpha, _47_

Sclerotic, turtle, 228

Screamer, _41_;

spurs, 330

Scutes, armadillos, 419;

crocodile, 237;

reptiles, 271

Scylliidae, _32_

_Scyllium_, _32_;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

pectoral fins, 130;

suspensorium, 119;

see Dogfish

_Scymnus_, _32_, _118_;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

mandibular arch, 120;

pectoral fins, 130

_Scythrops_, _42_;

interorbital septum, 333

Sea leopard, _48_;

see _Ogmorhinus_;

-- lion, _48_;

manus, 511;

pes, 526;

position of limbs, 29;

-- otter, _48_;

pes, 526

Seal, _369_;

manus, 511;

pes, 526;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

scapula, 497

Secondaries, duck, 303 f.

Secretary-bird, _41_;

claws, 330

Selachii, _31_;

general characters, 63;

teeth, 108

Selenodont, defined, 345, 428

Sella turcica, crocodile, 247;

dog, 386

Semionotidae, _33_

Semiplumae, 328

Sense capsules, see Auditory, Nasal and Optic capsule

_Seps_, 38;

limbs, 289

Shagreen, 61

Shaft of feather, 302

Shark, 64;

Frill-gilled --, _31_;

see _Chlamydoselache_;

Port Jackson --, _32_;

see _Cestracion_

Sheep, _359_;

manus, 507;

teeth, 345

Shields of turtle, 214

Shin, 26;

see Crus

Shoulder girdle, see Pectoral girdle

Shrew, _49_, _370_;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

presternum, 490;

skull, 481; teeth, 440

Sigmoid notch, dog, 406

Siluridae, _33_;

plates, 105

_Simia_, _49_;

ribs, 493;

skull, 484;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Simiidae, _49_, _373_

Simplicidentata, _47_, 366

_Siphonops_, _35_;

_S. annulatus_, skull, =178=

_Siredon_, _35_;

skull, 175;

teeth, 169;

visceral arches, =181=

_Siren_, _35_, _135_, 188;

beaks, 168;

branchial arches, 180;

digits, 187;

skull, 174;

teeth, 169

Sirenia, _44_, 522;

arm bones, 501;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

general characters, 352;

hair, 416;

horny plates, 418;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 514;

ribs, 491;

skull, 459;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 425;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Sirenidae, _35_

Sirenoidei, _34_;

general characters, 70

_Sivatherium_, _46_;

skull, 469

Skate, _32_

Skeletogenous layer, 14, 16;

_Amphioxus_, 52, 112

Skeleton, defined, 1;

Cape Buffalo, =492=;

_Ceratodus_, =128=;

cod, 83 f.;

crocodile, 237 f.;

dog, 374 f.;

duck, 302 f.;

frog, 151 f.;

llama, =496=;

newt, 138 f.;

turtle, 214 f.

Skink, _38_;

see _Tiliqua_

Skull, 16 f.;

Amphibia, 173 f.;

Anura, 179 f.;

birds, 333 f.;

cod, 96 f.;

crocodile, 243 f.;

diagram of Mammalian, 385;

Dipnoi, 124;

dog, 383 f.;

dogfish, 73 f.;

donkey, =431=;

duck, 312 f.;

fish, 117;

frog, 154 f., =159=;

_Globicephalus_, =463=;

Gymnophiona, 177;

Indian elephant, =474=;

Mammalia, 455;

Marsipobranchii, 57;

pig, =466=;

_Procavia_, =433=;

reptiles, 276 f.;

Rhinoceros, =421=;

_Rhytina_, =460=;

sloth, =458=;

Tasmanian wolf, =456=;

Teleostei, 124;

turtle, 222 f.;

wombat, =456=

Sloth, _43_, _352_;

auditory ossicles, 487;

arm bones, 500;

claws, 418;

leg bones, 517;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 522;

ribs, 491;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 457;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 424;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Snake, _38_;

see Ophidia

Sole, _33_

_Solea_, _33_

_Solenodon_, _49_;

teeth, 440

Solenodontidae, _49_

Solitaire, _42_, _330_;

wing, 338;

wrist, 330

_Sorex_, _49_;

pelvis, 515;

see Shrew

Soricidae, _49_;

skull, 481

Spalacidae, _47_

_Spatularia_, _32_;

distribution, 66

_Spelerpes_, _35_;

branchial arches, 180;

ribs, 182;

_S. belli_ teeth, 169

Sperm whale, _44_, _357_;

see _Physeter_

_Sphargis_, _37_;

see _Dermochelys_

Sphenethmoid, frog, 156

Sphenisci, _40_;

see Penguins

Sphenisciformes, _40_

_Sphenodon_, _37_, 197 f.;

carpus, 291;

cervical vertebrae, 275;

fossae in skull, 281;

humerus, 290;

interparietal foramen, 277;

ribs, 286;

skull, =282=;

tarsus, 293;

teeth, 274

Sphenodontidae, _37_

Sphenoidal fissure, dog, 388

Sphenotic, 20;

cod, 97;

salmon, 89

Spider monkey, _49_;

see _Ateles_

Spinacidae, _32_

Spinal column, 13;

Dipnoi, 113;

fish, 112;

Holocephali, 113;

Marsipobranchii, 56

Spines, Elasmobranchs, 61;

mammals, 417

Spiny ant-eater, _43_;

see _Echidna_;

-- mouse, 47;

see _Acanthomys_

Splenial, 22;

crocodile, 258;

duck, 320;

turtle, 231

Spurs, birds, 330;

Monotremata, 418

Spur-winged goose, 330;

-- plover, 330

Squalidae _31_, _64_

_Squalodon_, _45_, _357_;

dental formula, 427

Squalodontidae, _45_

Squamata, _37_;

general characters, 198;

position of teeth, 272;

skull, 278

Squamosal, 21;

crocodile, 256;

dog, 394;

duck, 316;

frog, 160;

newt, 144;

turtle, 229

_Squatina_, _32_;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

labial cartilages, 119;

tail, 63;

vertebral column, 114

Squatinidae, _32_

Squirrels, frontals, 476;

pes, 526

Stapes, dog, 393;

frog, 157;

man, dog, rabbit, =485=;

newt, 141

Steganopodes, _41_

Stegosauria, _39_;

general characters, 209

Stegosauridae, _39_

_Stegosaurus_, _39_, _208_ f.;

exoskeleton, 272

Steller's sea-cow, _44_;

see _Rhytina_

Stereornithes, _41_

Stereospondyli, _35_

Sternal ribs, crocodile, 259;

dog, 402;

duck, 320;

mammals, 490 f.

Sternebra, dog, 404

Sternum, 24;

Amphibia, 182;

birds, 336;

crocodile, 260, =261=;

dog, =403=;

duck, 321;

frog, 163;

Mammalia, 489;

newt, 145;

reptiles, 287

Stork, 335;

White --, _41_

Striges, _42_;

see Owls

_Stringops_, _42_;

sternum, 336

_Struthio_, _40_, _299_;

see Ostrich

Struthiornithes, _40_, _299_

Sturgeon, _32_;

see _Acipenser_

Stylo-hyal, dog, 399

Suborbital bar, duck, 318;

-- ridge, dogfish, 76

Subplantigrade, defined, 358 n.

Subungulata, _46_;

arm bones, 502;

general characters, 360;

manus, 509;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 525;

shoulder girdle, 497;

skull, 471;

teeth, 432;

thigh and shin, 519

Suidae, _45_

Suina, _45_, 358 f.;

fibula, 519;

manus, 507;

odontoid process, 445;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 523;

ulna, 501

Sula, _41_;

see Gannet

Supinator ridge, dog, 406

Supine position, defined, 29

Supra-angular, 22;

crocodile, 258;

duck, 319;

turtle, 230 f.

Supracaudal shield, turtle, 214

Supraclavicle, cod, 102

Supra-occipital, 19;

crocodile, 247;

dog, 386;

duck, 315;

turtle, 224

Supra-orbital, 20;

crocodile, 251

Suprapharyngeal bone, cod, 101

Suprascapula, crocodile, 263;

frog, 162

Supratemporal arcade, crocodile, 256;

reptiles, 281

Surinam toad, _36_;

see _Pipa_

Sus, _45_;

dental formula, 428;

see Pig

Suspensorium, Amphibia, 173;

dogfish, 78;

duck, 319;

frog, 160;

newt, 144;

Pisces, 61

Sutures, 12

Swan, _41_;

cervical and thoracic vertebrae, 332

Swift, _42_, 335;

foot, 342

Symplectic, cod, 100;

salmon, 94

Tails, fish, 60

Talpa, _49_;

pelvis, 515;

see Mole

Talpidae, _49_

Tapir, _46_, 360;

malleus, 487;

pes, =524=, 525;

teeth, 345;

see _Tapirus_

Tapiridae, _46_;

dental formula, 429

_Tapirus_, _46_;

fibula, 519;

manus, =508=;

skull, 471;

see Tapir

Tarsier, _49_

Tarsiidae, _49_

_Tarsipes_, _43_, 349;

mandible, 457

_Tarsius_, _49_, 372;

pes, 527

Tarso-metatarsus, duck, 327

Tarsus, 26 f.;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 414;

frog, 166;

newt, 150;

turtle, 236

Tasmanian devil, _43_;

see _Sarcophilus_;

-- wolf, _43_;

see _Thylacinus_

_Tatusia_, _44_;

stapes, 487;

teeth, 424

Tectospondyli, 114

Tectrices, duck, 306

Teeth, =6=;

Amphibia, 169;

birds, 330;

cod, 83;

crocodile, 238;

development, 7;

dog, 374 f.;

fish, 106 f.;

frog, 158 f.;

horses, 5;

mammals, 344, 420 f.;

pharyngeal, 8;

reptiles, 272 f.;

structure, 4;

succession, 7

Teleosauridae, _39_

_Teleosaurus_, _39_;

palate, 281;

scutes, 271;

vertebrae, 275

Teleostei, _33_;

general characters, 69;

ribs, 126;

skull, 124;

tail, 117;

teeth, 110;

vertebral column, 115

Temnospondyli, _35_

Tenrec, _49_;

see _Centetes_

Tentorium, dog, 392

Terrapin, _37_

_Testudo_, _37_, _194_

_Tetraceros_, _46_;

horns, 417

_Thalassochelys_, carapace, =216=

Thecodont, defined, 273

Theriodontia, _36_

Theromorpha, _36_;

general characters, 191;

humerus, 290;

pectoral girdle, 288;

ribs, 285;

skull, 278;

teeth, 273;

vertebral column, 275 f.

Theropoda, _38_;

general characters, 207;

teeth, 273

Thoracic ribs, crocodile, 259;

see Ribs;

-- vertebrae, 16;

crocodile, 241, =242=;

dog, 381, =382=;

duck, 310;

turtle, 221

Thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, mammals, 447 f.

Thornback skate, 104

_Thylacinus_, _43_;

atlas, 443;

dental formula, 423;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 521;

skull, =456=

_Thylacoleo_, _43_;

skull, 457

Thyro-hyal, dog, 399

Tibia, 26;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 412;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Tibiale 27;

see Tarsus

Tibio-fibula, frog, 166

Tibio-tarsus, duck, 326

Tichorhine Rhinoceros, 470

Tiger, _48_

_Tiliqua_, _38_;

scutes, 200, 271

Tillodontia _47_, 365;

femur, 520;

manus, 511;

teeth, 435

Tinamidae 300;

caudal vertebrae, 333;

vomers, 334

Tinamiformes, _41_

_Tinamus_, _41_;

ischia, 341

Titanotheriidae, _46_;

skull, 470;

teeth, 432

_Titanotherium_, _46_;

humerus, 501;

manus, =508=;

pes, 525

Toad, _36_;

shoulder girdle, 185

Tope, _32_

Torpedinidae, _32_

_Torpedo_, _32_, 104

Tortoise, _37_;

position of limbs, 28

_Tortrix_, ischio-pubis, 292;

traces of posterior limb, 293

Toucan, _42_;

foot, 342

_Toxodon_, _46_, 361;

femur, 519;

pes, 525;

teeth, 432

Toxodontia, _46_;

general characters, 361;

manus, 509;

skull, 472;

teeth, 432

Toxodontidae, _46_

Trabeculae 11;

-- cranii, 17

Tragulidae, _45_

Tragulina, _45_, 359;

fibula, 519;

manus, 507;

odontoid process, 445;

pes, 523;

skull, 468;

teeth, 429;

ulna, 501

Transpalatine, crocodile, 255;

reptiles, 278

Trapezium, 27;

dog, 408

Trapezoid, 27;

dog, 408

Trichechidae, _48_, 369

_Trichechus_, _48_;

see Walrus

Trionychia, _37_;

general characters, 194

Trionychidae, _37_

_Trionyx_, _37_, 193 f.;

exoskeleton, 214, 270;

skull, 283;

vestiges of teeth, 274

_Trissolepis_, _32_;

scales, 104

_Tritylodon_, _43_;

teeth, 348

Trochanter, dog 412;

duck, 326

Trochilidae, _42_;

see Humming-birds

Trochlea, crocodile, 263;

dog, 405 f.;

duck, 323;

turtle, 232

Trogon, _42_;

foot, 342

Trogonidae, _42_

_Tropidonotus_, _38_;

jaws, 280;

skull, =279=

Trunk vertebrae, cod, 84;

see thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

_Trygon_, _32_;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

caudal spine, 106

Trygonidae, _32_

Tuberosities of humerus, dog, 405;

of ischium, dog, 411

Tunicata, _30_, 51

_Tupaia_, skull, 480;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Turbinals, dog, 395

_Tursiops_, _45_;

skull, 462

Turtle, _37_;

anterior limb, 232, =234=;

cranium, 222 f., =226=;

hyoid, 231, =285=;

mandible, 230;

pectoral girdle, 231;

pelvic girdle, 235;

pes, 236;

plastron, 217, =218=;

posterior limb, =234=, 235;

sense capsules, 227;

skull, 222;

vertebral column, 219;

Leathery --, see _Dermochelys_;

Snapping --, see _Trionyx_

Tylopoda, _45_, 359;

fibula, 519;

manus, 507;

odontoid process, 445;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 523;

skull, 468;

teeth, 428;

ulna, 502

Tympanic, dog, 392;

-- cavity, crocodile, 250;

diagram of mammalian, =391=;

dog, 393;

duck, 315 f.;

turtle, 228;

-- recess, duck, 315

Tympano-hyal, dog, 399

Typhlopidae, _38_;

scales, 270;

skull, 278

_Typhlops_, _38_;

ischio-pubis, 292;

traces of posterior limb, 293

Typotheriidae, _46_

_Typotherium_, _46_, 358, 361;

clavicle, 495, 497;

femur, 519;

pes, 525;

skull, 472;

teeth, 432

_Udenodon_, _36_, _192_;

beak, 271

Uintatheriidae, _47_;

skull, 364

_Uintatherium_, _47_;

dental formula, 433;

leg, 519;

limbs and limb girdles, =516=;

manus, 510;

pelvis, 514;

skull, 473

Ulna, 26;

crocodile, 265;

dog, 406;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 233

Ulnare, 27;

see Carpus

Umbilicus, inferior and superior, duck, 303

Uncinate process, 190;

crocodile, 259;

duck, 320

Unciform, 27, 345, 504;

dog, 408

Ungulata, _45_;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

general characters, 357;

manus, 506;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pes, 522;

ribs, 491;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 464 f.;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 427 f.;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Ungulata vera, _45_;

arm bones, 501;

general characters, 358;

manus, 506;

pelvis, 514;

thigh and shin, 519

Upper arm, 26;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 232

_Upupa_, _42_;

see Hoopoe

Urochordata, _30_, 51

Urodela, _35_;

general characters, 134;

pelvis, 187;

ribs, 182;

skull, 174

Urohyal, cod, 101;

duck, 320

Urostyle, Anura 172;

cod, 85;

frog, 153;

Teleostei, 117

Ursidae, _48_;

humerus, 502

_Ursus_, _48_;

dental formula, 439;

see Bears

Vacuities, anterior palatine --, crocodile, 252, 258;

-- in reptilian skull, 281;

posterior palatine --, crocodile, 254, 257;

pre-orbital --, reptiles, 283 f.

Vampire, _49_;

teeth, 441

Vane, of feather, 303

Varanidae, _38_

_Varanus_, _38_;

shoulder girdle, =202=;

skull, =201=

Vasodentine, 108, 272

Vertebral column, 14;

Amphibia, 170;

birds, 332;

cod, 83;

crocodile, 239;

dog, 378;

duck, 307;

Elasmobranchs, 113;

frog, 152;

mammals, 442;

newt, 138;

turtle, 219;

-- ribs, crocodile, 259;

dog, 402;

duck, 320;

-- shield, turtle, 214

Vertebrata, general characters, 53

Vexillum, of feather, 303

Vibrissae, dog, 374

Viscacha, _47_

Visceral skeleton, 21;

dogfish, 77;

Elasmobranchs, 119 f.

_Viverra_, _48_;

acetabular bone, 515

Viverridae, _48_

Vomer, 21;

cod, 98;

crocodile, 252;

dog, 395;

duck, 317;

frog, 158;

salmon, 93;

turtle, 229

Vomero-palatine, newt, 143

_Vultur_, _41_

Vulture, _41_;

Black --, shoulder girdle and sternum, =337=

Waders, 335

Walrus, _48_, 367, 369;

canines, 420;

manus, 511;

pes, 526;

position of limbs, 29;

skull, 480;

teeth, 440

Warblers, _42_

Wart hog, _45_;

teeth, 428

Weasel, _369_

Whale, baleen, 3, 418;

Ca'ing --, _45_,

see _Globicephalus_;

Humpbacked --, _44_, 357;

Right --, _44_, 357;

Sperm --, _44_, 357,

see _Physeter_;

True or Whalebone --, 356

Whiting, _33_

Wild duck, _41_;

see Duck

Wing, duck, 322;

Gannet, Ostrich, and Penguin, =339=

Wolf, _48_

Wombat, _43_;

atlas, 443;

pes, 521;

sacrum, 451;

skull, =456=;

tail, 453;

teeth, 423

Woodpecker, _42_, 335;

foot, 342;

hyoid, 336

Wrasse, _33_;

teeth, 111

_Xenacanthus_, _31_;

pectoral fins, 130

Xenopidae, _36_

_Xenopus_, _36_;

branchial arches, 182;

nails, 168;

pelvis, 188;

ribs, 182

Xiphiplastron, turtle, 217

Xiphisternal horn, crocodile, 260

Xiphisternum, dog, 404;

frog, 163

Xiphoid process, duck, 321

_Zeuglodon_, _44_, 353, 356;

dental formula, 426;

dermal plates, 420

Zeuglodontidae, _44_

Zygantra, defined, 199 n.;

reptiles, 276

Zygapophyses, cod, 84;

crocodile, 240 f.;

dog, 379 f.;

duck, 308 f.;

frog, 152 f.;

newt, 139;

turtle, 219 f.

Zygosphene, defined, 199 n.;

reptiles, 276

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book to all interested in the subject since it is indispensable

to them, and we will merely conclude by congratulating the

Cambridge University Press on having added to their admirable

series of Natural Science Manuals an eminently successful work

on so important and difficult a theme, and the author on having

written a treatise cleverly conceived, industriously and ably

worked out, and on the whole, well written.

=The Natural History of some Common Animals.= By OSWALD H. LATTER,

M.A., Senior Science Master at Charterhouse. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ _net_.

=The Classification of Flowering Plants.= By ALFRED BARTON RENDLE,

M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.), F.L.S., Assistant in the Department of

Botany, British Museum. Vol. I. Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons. Demy

8vo. With numerous illustrations. 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_.

=The Vertebrate Skeleton.= By SIDNEY H. REYNOLDS, M.A. Crown 8vo. With

110 Illustrations. 12_s._ 6_d._

=Manual of Practical Morbid Anatomy=, being a Handbook for the

Post-mortem Room. By H.D. ROLLESTON, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., and A.A.

KANTHACK, M.D., M.R.C.P. Crown 8vo. 6_s._

=Fossil Plants: for students of Botany and Geology.= By A.C. SEWARD,

M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Emmanuel College. In 2 vols. Demy 8vo. Vol. I.

12_s._ [Vol. II. _In the Press._]

_Revue Scientifique._ Nous ne pouvons entrer dans le détail;

mais il est évident que M. Seward, praticien distingué

lui-même, est très au courant des travaux des autres, il les

cite et utilise abondamment; et ceci est fait pour inspirer

confiance. Au total, son oeuvre est appuyée sur des bases

solides, et elle restera sans doute longtemps le bréviaire, le

manuel de ceux qui veulent, non pas seulement s'initier à la

paléobotanique, mais retrouver les renseignements qui sont

épars dans des centaines de monographies qu'on a souvent peine

à se procurer. Le livre de M. Seward fait partie des _Cambridge

Natural Science Manuals_, et il est digne de cette collection,

qui est elle-même digne du foyer scientifique universellement

réputé, où il a vu le jour.

_Guardian._ We have already alluded to the spirit of caution

which characterises the book, and we may add that it promises

to be most helpful to the botanist who would extend his

researches into the past.

_Natural Science._ A most successful treatment of a difficult

subject. All of importance is brought forward and impartially

discussed.... Such a book has long been a desideratum. Mr

Seward's style is clear and concise, and the many pitfalls into

which beginners are apt to stumble are clearly pointed out.

=Zoology. An Elementary Text-Book=. By A.E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S., and

E.W. MACBRIDE, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (London), Professor of Zoology in

McGill University, Montreal. Demy 8vo. With numerous Illustrations.

10_s._ 6_d._ _Net_.

_Pilot._ A very business-like and convenient manual of modern

Zoology.

_School World._ As a thoroughly trustworthy and instructive

text-book for serious students, the work can be strongly

recommended. Its value is enhanced by the large number of

excellent illustrations, many of which are delightfully fresh.

_Oxford Magazine._ It is readable, well arranged, well printed,

copiously and admirably illustrated, and it covers the whole

field of zoology.

_Nature._ There pervades the pages of the work a freshness of

style and unconventionality which render them pleasant reading

and attractive; while, in the frequent allusion to the

commonest occurrences of daily life and human affairs, the

interest of the reader is assured.

_Pall Mall Gazette._ Precisely the sort of book which, if it

came into a thoughtful boy's hands, would turn him from a

smatterer into a student.... One of the most instructive and

attractive books that could be put into the hands of a young

naturalist.

=Grasses=: a Handbook for use in the Field and Laboratory. By H.

MARSHALL WARD, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Sidney Sussex College,

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. With 81 figures.

Crown 8vo. 6_s._

_Pilot._ Brimful of matter.

_Field._ The work is essentially suited to the requirements of

those desirous of studying the grasses commonly grown in this

country, and it can fairly be said that it furnishes an amount

of information seldom obtained in more pretentious volumes.

_Athenaeum._ Botanists and Agriculturists alike have reason to

thank Prof. Ward for this very serviceable addition to the

literature of grasses.

=Trees=: A Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the

Laboratory. By H. MARSHALL WARD, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Sidney

Sussex College, Honorary Fellow of Christ's College and Professor of

Botany in the University of Cambridge. In six volumes. 1. Buds and

Twigs, 2. Leaves, 3. Inflorescences and Flowers, 4. Fruits and Seeds,

5. Seedlings, 6. General Characters. Vol. I. Buds and Twigs. Crown

8vo. Illustrated. 4_s._ 6_d._ _net_.

=A Treatise on the British Freshwater Algae.= By G.S. WEST, M.A.,

A.R.C.S., F.L.S., Professor of Natural History at the Royal

Agricultural College, Cirencester. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_.

=A Manual and Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns=. By J.C.

WILLIS, M.A., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. _Second

Edition._ Complete in one volume. Crown 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._

=Elementary Palaeontology--Invertebrate.= By HENRY WOODS, M.A., F.G.S.,

University Lecturer in Palaeozoology. Crown 8vo. _Third Edition._

Revised and enlarged, with 112 Illustrations. 6_s._

=Outlines of Vertebrate Palaeontology for students of Zoology.= By

ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD, M.A., F.R.S., Keeper of the Department of

Geology in the British Museum. Demy 8vo. With numerous Illustrations.

14_s._

_Athenaeum._ The author is to be congratulated on having produced

a work of exceptional value, dealing with a difficult subject in a

thoroughly sound manner.

_In preparation._

=Morphology and Anthropology.= By W.L.H. DUCKWORTH, M.A., Fellow and

Lecturer of Jesus College, University Lecturer in Physical Anthropology.

=The Origin and Influence of the Thorough-bred Horse.= By W. RIDGEWAY,

M.A., Disney Professor of Archaeology and Fellow of Gonville and Caius

College. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo.

=The Morphology of Plants.= By J.C. WILLIS, M.A.

=London=: C.J. CLAY AND SONS,

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,

AVE MARIA LANE,

AND

H.K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STREET, W.C.

=Glasgow=: 50, WELLINGTON STREET

* * * * *

Transcriber Notes

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal

signs=. Subscripts are represented using braces, e.g. V{1}, and

superscripts are introduced with a caret, e.g. 2^e

Obvious punctuation and spelling errors, and inconsistent hyphenation

have been corrected.

The oe ligature in the text has been replaced with the characters oe.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Vertebrate Skeleton, by Sidney H. Reynolds