In the ships of last year, and by way of_The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 — Volume 24 of 55 1630-34 Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, As Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Close of the Nineteenth Century

Majesty how expedient it was to charge five per cent duty on the

silver and reals that are sent annually from Nueva España, as no

remedy has been found whereby that commerce can be adjusted to the

permission of only five hundred thousand pesos, which your Majesty

has conceded to these islands. Past times can ill be compared with

the present; and granting the accidents which oblige the viceroys of

Nueva España not to practice the rigor which they themselves make the

governors of Philipinas overlook, and considering the present thing,

and watching out for the greater service of your Majesty, I am grieved

because the royal officials of the ships enjoy this advantage--which

as I have seen, amounts to more than one hundred thousand pesos per

year--and, notwithstanding this new tax, the inconvenience of the

quantities of money passing from those regions will increase; for it

is most certain that those to whom belongs the trade of Philipinas

always find a way by which to attain their objects; and because the

viceroy of Mexico undertook to check it this year, by only threats,

the inhabitants of these islands are ruined and left without their

capital, which remained in Nueva España. May our Lord preserve and

prosper the royal person of your Majesty, as we your vassals desire

and need. Manila, August 10, 1634.

_Don Juan Cerezo Salamanca_

_Government affairs_

Sire:

I have given your Majesty an account on all occasions of my coming

to these islands, and of the condition of affairs in them, although

with limitations, and with the caution of a new arrival. But now,

after having governed them a year, I shall be able to discuss their

affairs with experience and more freedom, so that your Majesty, having

been informed, may enact what is most advisable for your royal service.

The disputes which generally arise between the governor and the

auditors of this royal Audiencia are usually more prejudicial in these

islands than in the rest of your Majesty's monarchy, as these are

the most remote; for their preservation lies in the governor being

obeyed and respected, and in his orders being executed and entirely

observed, without the auditors hindering him, or casting any doubt

on his supremacy, as they are often wont to do.

The jurisdiction of this Audiencia is set at rest from the

ecclesiastical fuerzas and the litigations of these inhabitants--who,

as is seen from the chart which I am sending under other covers, amount

in all to 151 married men, 81 single men, 45 widows, and 160 children,

besides fifty other men who live in other places. All the rest are

paid sailors and soldiers, with whom the Audiencia has nothing to do;

and from that one can infer how few affairs of justice arise. That

is the cause of the disputes, and of the auditors actually deciding

the affairs of government under pretext of appeals, without waiting

until the governors grant or deny them, in accordance with law--to

the considerable discredit, of the authority that your Majesty has

conceded to the government. That results in nothing that is ordered

being executed. And although your Majesty has provided a remedy for

these accidents with decrees, so that, in case of doubt, the governor

may declare what occurs to him, and that the auditors may pass for

this purpose into Philipinas, still that has not sufficed; for they

take care to give the decrees a different meaning, and will not be

subdued by any means that I have used. In proof of this I cite the

following examples.

Your Majesty has prohibited the Audiencia from trying causes concerning

the Sangleys of the Parián, and ordered that they be tried only by

the alcalde-mayor and the governor, reserving only the sin against

nature to the Audiencia. Nevertheless, they meddle by taking the

[trial of] first instance from the alcaldes-mayor.

Your Majesty permits only four thousand Sangleys in these islands,

but a greater number has been tolerated because of the advantage of

the licenses that they pay, and in order not to disturb the trade

with China. In respect to these and many other troubles, the former

governors have endeavored very earnestly to assure that nation,

charging the justices to be very attentive in their jurisdictions,

and not allowing them to grant passage from one part to another

without permission. Especially is it charged upon the alcalde-mayor

of the jurisdiction of Vinondo--the point where the Sangleys fortified

themselves during the insurrection. For this so laborious occupation,

in a special meeting fees were assigned for each license, at the

rate of one real and a quarter for him and his clerk. This has been

the practice for many years. This Audiencia having begun to govern

these islands because of the death of Don Juan Niño de Tavora, the

Order [104] of St. Dominic endeavored to alter these licenses and

the fee, by representing the injury that was done the Sangleys. But

the auditors, in consideration of the above so superior reasons,

confirmed to the letter the last act made concerning this matter

by the deceased governor; and when I succeeded to the government in

accordance with your Majesty's order, the said religious endeavored to

do the same thing. Upon becoming thoroughly familiar with the matter,

I confirmed the said governmental acts, enacted by the Audiencia and

by Don Juan Niño de Tavora. Nevertheless, from this they have stirred

up this pretension, trying the subterfuge of having recourse to the

Audiencia for an affair of justice--where they are admitted without

these same auditors heeding that they have [already] cast their votes

for the government measure.

In the month of September of the past year, five Sangley ships

were wrecked on this coast of the province of Ilocos, with a great

amount of silver. When preparing to send a person to look for it,

the fiscal presented a petition in the Audiencia, although he ought

to have presented it to the government. Not to confuse matters by

withdrawing them from his charge, and to avoid controversy, and in

order that what was to be done be accomplished quickly, I tolerated

this mode of despatching the business through the Audiencia, hoping

that the alcalde-mayor, to whom the matter would be committed, would

make diligent efforts. But seeing that he sent to this treasury but

little more than three thousand pesos, I am left with deserved pain

for having allowed the jurisdiction of the government to be usurped. I

have sent a new alcalde-mayor, with new ordinances for the purpose.

Geronimo de Fuentes bid at auction [for the position of regidor],

and the judges of the auction knocked it down to him; and after he

had paid to the treasury the price and the half-annat, his title

as regidor was made out in the ordinary form. When he went to take

possession of his post, some regidors opposed him, appealing to the

Audiencia, as is their custom, with the intention that the royal

decrees and the orders of the government should never be fulfilled;

and, in order not to open the door so that those alcaldes-mayor of

the provinces might attempt the same thing with their successors,

I had possession of his post given to him, reserving to the party

concerned his right, safe and in full force.

Your Majesty has prohibited any one from sending money to Macan,

and the governors order the same by their edicts under penalty of

confiscation. Antonio Fiallo gave information of over thirteen thousand

pesos sent him by Bartolome Tenorio, chief-constable of the court,

making a gift to your Majesty of the portion which pertained to him

as denouncer. And although this cause originated from the edicts of

the government, the auditors tried it, acquitting the said Bartolome

Tenorio--commenting on the suit in examination and review during my

absence, without carrying it to the regular session.

The ordinances governing the cabildo of this city were given

by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, governor of this island, with the

command that none of them be altered without an order from the

governors. One of them prescribes the form of the election of

alcaldes-in-ordinary. Although time has somewhat vitiated it, the

order that the regidors should give account to the governor of all that

occurred has been observed. Consequently, they send him annually two

commissaries from their last cabildo meeting with the nomination of

eighteen or more persons, on whom they have cast their eyes for the

choice of two alcaldes. This year, while separated into factions,

the regidors--finding one of them favored by an auditor who was

trying for his own private ends to oust an alcalde in opposition

to the community--tried to pervert the said custom of sending me

the nomination. I did not allow that, because of the innovation and

because of the difficulty involved therein that, in a presidio that

is open to so many enemies, alcaldes may be chosen to whom the city

cannot be entrusted--for the alcaldes are captains of the inhabitants

when occasion arises--declaring, besides, the more than thirty years

of this practice. They obeyed, and proposed eleven persons who were

satisfactory in every respect. The other new regidors, who had offered

the said auditor more than they could perform, opposed the nomination,

appealing to the Audiencia, and refusing to make the election on

the following day, the first of January. As it was vacation time,

I gave one of the auditors commission to preside in the cabildo,

in accordance with that fact. He excused himself on account of

sickness; whereupon I gave it next to the other remaining auditor,

who also excused himself. In default of both of them, I gave the same

commission to him who performs the duties of fiscal, basing my reason

for it on the grounds that, according to the ordinance he has a vote in

a deadlock; and on the fact that one of the auditors usually presides

in that act, although there are precedents of some unprofessional

men having presided. Don Juan Sarmiento, a creole, and Admiral Don

Fernando Galindo, of España, a man of great worth, were elected.

After the vacations were past, the two auditors and the fiscal

conspired together, in order to annul the said election and to make

another new one. They offered the necessary support to the regidors of

their party, in order to have them present themselves in the Audiencia

under pretext of appeal. This they did, heaping up nullities in order

to make a suit of suits for the purpose of constituting themselves

judges of what my delegate did in virtue of a commission of the

government, without allowing it to be returned to the delegate, who

was ignorant of what had happened in the election. They carried the

matter so far that they actually tried to take the cause from me. That

compelled me to censure their procedure, and to tell them that the

appeals would be granted according to law--but not by violence;

giving boldness to the litigants so that those who remained without

due punishment because of the support that they were giving them,

should become disrespectful, as they had done; and that I would

consult the lawyers and learned persons of this city, so that, if

that suit did not belong to the government, I might refer the cause

[to the other court]. The lawyers gave me their opinions, saying

that that matter pertained to the government. On that I founded my

declaration in virtue of royal decrees which so ordered, especially

one of November 4, 1606. However they did not refrain from it on that

account--as they are obliged to do, even if I should go further; and,

prosecuting the matter in accordance with the dangerous argument of

time, I remitted the case as definitive to Doctor Arias de Mora,

advocate of this Audiencia. With him I gave sentence, confirming

the said election of alcalde as according to law. As such, the

said Don Juan Sarmiento and the senior regidor--because of the

absence of Admiral Don Fernando Galindo, who has been occupied in

the service of your Majesty--are in the exercise of their offices;

and this has resulted in the quiet and peace of this community and

that of the appellants themselves. The latter already confess their

error, although lately, and as a matter of form, they have presented

themselves in appeal from the definitive act; while the other party

has refused the two auditors, and there is talk of settling the cause.

[_Words illegible in MS._ The assembly hall?] has been shut often

because of the sickness of these auditors, and more than two months

have gone by without any session. Although the business that arises

is but slight, it is well for the governors to know what is their

obligation when there is a deficiency of auditors in a district so

remote from your Majesty; and whether the progress of the suits ought

to be stopped on account of death or long illness, for three or four

years, until the remedy comes from España; or whether one can proceed

as was done when there was no Audiencia. Also it is desirable to

know whether it is exactly and legally necessary for an auditor to

preside every year at the elections of alcaldes; or whether it will

be sufficient, in the absence of auditors, to appoint a person from

the number of the influential persons of Filipinas, since the auditor

did not _per se_ possess jurisdiction to preside, except by virtue

of the commission given him by the government; or whether the said

election of alcaldes must cease because there is no one to preside.

By decree of June 8, 1621, your Majesty orders, under severe penalties,

that those who still owe anything of the proceeds from saleable

offices can neither vote nor be elected as alcaldes-in-ordinary. This

has been observed; but certain persons, because of their revengeful

dispositions and passions, have extended the decree to [cover] other

and different debts. Especially this year has the fiscal tried to

prevent the votes of some regidors by obtaining statements [of their

accounts] from the accountancy department--some of which debts the

visitor brought forward, although that had not been done hitherto,

except when only royal officials have (and only in a few years)

given a memorandum of those disqualified by evident debts; and in

the three preceding years none of these same exhibits were of this

sort. They were a disqualification while the visitor was present here,

and the interested parties demanded a declaration as the said royal

decree did not concern them, and these statements were not obtained

from the visit; they have made an appeal, in regard to these points,

and they are pending in the royal Council. None of those debts are

regarded as evident while they are in litigation, and while the royal

officials do not begin to investigate them. I referred their petitions

to the said royal officials, so that they could investigate and give

their opinions. Having examined it, I declared that those therein

contained were able to vote and to be elected, in accordance with

the aforesaid; and that, in a community so limited as this, it is

not right to give permission to avenge one's passions under pretext

of this royal decree. That extends, according to its terms, only

to the debts for saleable offices. Few would be the former regidors

and alcaldes who would not be included; and it is advisable for your

Majesty to be pleased to have the proper decision made known.

During disputes in this Audiencia, it is the president's privilege

to appoint judges; and when the auditors are challenged, he alone

remains unchallenged. Moreover, he has appointed them without any

opposition, basing his action on the old custom of this Audiencia, and

on the words of the law: "The president, the members of my Council,

and the auditors who shall remain unchallenged, shall appoint

lawyers." But recently they have tried to make an innovation and

to read the petitions of the recusants and to ascertain the causes

that they give. That they did in opposition to the accountant, Martin

Ruiz de Zalazar, in regard to a plea of appeal. As they were not in

harmony, I appointed as judge an advocate of this royal Audiencia,

who having been summoned to the session, and being asked whether the

case had right of appeal, declared in favor of the said accountant:

without allowing him to vote the auditors made him leave the session,

and proceeded by act against the party. The said accountant again

challenging him, because of these and other injuries, the said auditor,

without allowing him to read the appeal, declared that his associate

was not challenged; and the latter, as his alternate, proceeded to try

the new challenge, without its being sufficient to contradict it in

writing in the session. The so open enmity between the Audiencia and

the royal officials being evident, I have withdrawn the papers until

your Majesty be pleased to provide the remedy. A similar difficulty

has happened to me in regard to the appointment of a lawyer in the

challenge of the said Don Juan Sarmiento; and it is necessary for

the governors to know what pertains to them in such cases, since the

appointment of lawyers is not a point of law, but of the direction of

that Audiencia as president; and when he is not there they appoint,

without considering whether or not there have been judges in the cause.

The two auditors whom Don Francisco de Rojas suspended have died. Those

who are left will attend better to the service of your Majesty

anywhere else than in Philipinas. That will mean the cessation of many

challenges and other indignities, as well as the vengeance feared by

those who have made depositions against them during the visit.

Your Majesty orders me, by a decree of August 26 of the past year,

that in matters of government and expenses of the royal treasury,

when at the request of part of my [_word illegible_], I refer them

to the fiscal, so that he may advise according to his judgment. I

have observed that from the commencement of my government, and I

shall observe it with greater care in the future; but it will be

advisable to have the fiscal ordered to defend, in the disputes with

the Audiencia over jurisdiction, the royal decrees which are in favor

of the jurisdiction of the government.

Your Majesty orders me by another royal decree of the same date to see

that the ships which are despatched from all these islands to Nueva

España leave every year from this port in the beginning of June. That

is advisable, but it is impossible to establish it this year; for never

have these ships left without having to wait for the arrival of the

others [from Nueva España], in order that [the inhabitants] answer

their agents in regard to their [commercial] relations, and because

no other opportunity for this arises during the year. Consequently,

although the ships have been, as far as I am concerned, prepared in

time with all that is necessary, the inhabitants have not begun to lade

them until they have seen those which arrived safely on the twentieth

of July. Since that, the fulfilment of this royal decree touching

the two per cent has been discussed, as appears more in detail from

the sworn statement of the acts, which I enclose. From now on I have

commenced to order that the ships in the coming year are to set sail

without those which are now departing; and that the royal decree of

your Majesty must be inviolably kept and observed; but even with this

warning in advance the early despatch has many inconveniences.

This year no ships have come from Macan, so that the Chinese have

brought more merchandise than usual. Their main deficiency has been

that of not coming laden with woven stuffs; but with the fair treatment

that has been given them, it is hoped that a great abundance of cloth

of all kinds will come in the first champans.

The loan of 60,000 [pesos] made to the royal treasury by the

inhabitants of Macan, which I ordered to be paid, was opposed by the

fiscal, because the Portuguese have kept a quantity of the goods of

our citizens. Consequently that sum remains on deposit, in a separate

account, so that, when the account is adjusted, their money may be

returned to them.

The reënforcements for the island of Hermosa, which left here during

the last part of August of last year, sought shelter because of bad

weather, and went to anchor at Macan, for there was no other place

wherein to take shelter. Although the ship bore the [new] governor

of the island of Hermosa, namely, the sargento-mayor Alonso Garcia

Romero, with his wife and family, and the provincial of the Order of

St. Dominic, Fray Domingo Gonçalez, together with other religious,

the Portuguese attempted their accustomed discourtesy, endeavoring

to give it color by the pretext that the ship had put in there in

order to invest a quantity of money that they were carrying. And

although [the said Romero] maintained his men at a great expense,

only awaiting suitable weather to carry aid to the island of Hermosa,

the Portuguese maliciously detained your Majesty's ship, and did not

allow it to depart until the first of April, when the said governor

determined to leave the port at all hazards. He put his determination

into effect with the secret permission of the captain-general [of

Macan], who, as was right, assisted him; but the Portuguese render

so little obedience toward him that they fired twenty-three pieces

charged with balls, and it was only by good fortune that the vessel

was not sunk. That is the usual practice of the Portuguese toward all

the vessels that arrive there from these islands. That is the reason

why the governors of Philipinas refuse to send any ships there for

supplies, except in a case of extreme necessity. Will your Majesty be

pleased to order the inhabitants of Macan to give a different welcome

to the vassals of your Majesty who belong to the crown of Castilla.

I have until the present refrained from writing about the island

of Hermosa; but now, after a year of residence here, I am obliged

to do so. [_Word illegible in MS._] that it was settled, and some

forts have been built. They are occupied by three companies of

infantry, and together with the Pampango soldiers and the other men

of service they number more than four hundred, counting the rations

which are given them. During the year two pataches ply back and

forth in August and April with the reënforcements, and carry what is

necessary for the said presidio. The climate is mild, as the island

lies in twenty-five degrees of latitude. The soil is fertile, but the

natives so intractable that they do not allow us to avail ourselves of

the fruits of it; and as yet the religious have not reduced a single

reasonable person to holy baptism. They are so treacherous a race that,

when we believe that they are most peaceful, they suddenly revolt,

and kill whomever they meet unprepared.

On its northern side, this island is about one hundred and twenty-five

leguas from the Philipinas; and so near to China that only a channel

of thirty leguas separates it from the province of Ucheo. Sailing

even farther north, Japon is 195 leguas away. The men are well built,

and not so brown as other Indians. The island lacks ports, and only

small vessels can reach our forts. The Dutch fortified themselves

on the same island first, and in a better place than we; and it was

as easy to drive them from it [then] as it is now difficult. From

their location to our settlement is a distance of fifty leguas by

sea, and there is no road overland or by the other sea. There was no

resistance offered to our settlement, although that is the usual thing

that happens when one desires to fortify himself in these regions.

The motive for settlement was the desire to be able to enjoy the

trade with China near at hand, which would redound to the advantage

and profit of the surrounding islands. That has not had the desired

effect, because of the difficulties that have arisen, distinct from

the facilities of the first plan--to which are added new accidents,

which are being continually experienced. The chief of all is that your

Majesty has more than two thousand infantry-men in various presidios,

while in this camp [_i.e._, Manila] those who remain do not exceed

six hundred. From this place are sent out all the reënforcements for

all parts. If it were necessary to fit out six or eight galleons,

it would be very difficult to do so without the infantry now in the

island of Hermosa; and yet, with that infantry, they could attempt

great things. In my opinion, even if all the purposes for which the

island of Hermosa had been settled had come to pass, it would result

in loss to the rest of Philipinas; for it is advisable for the good

of these islands, that the Chinese, Japanese, and other nations bring

their merchandise from their lands to this city at their own account

and risk, and never at ours; and permission should not be given to make

a way-station, or to maintain anyone to buy their goods. The advantage

of that will be little, and the scarcity [of goods] general. I am not

bold enough to say that the forts of the island of Hermosa should be

abandoned, but I affirm stoutly that it would be well had they never

been commenced.

In the letter touching military matters, I write at length of what

has occurred in the forts of Terrenate, and I refer you to that

letter. This is where we can now give the greatest care.

As for the kingdoms of Japon, I am informed that the persecution of

Christians was greater than ever last year, and that more than twenty

religious from all the orders were martyred, and that even those most

carefully concealed were betrayed by their confidants for the reward of

one thousand taes which was promised by edict for each religious. Later

they write here, but with little foundation, that that fury had ceased,

and that the king was proving more humane; but the fact is that it is

advisable to prohibit (so that what the provincials for the present

are applying as the suitable remedy may have the desired effect)

all religious from passing to the said kingdom. For, besides the

little or no result that they obtain, that trade is shut to these

islands for that reason; and that is what we ought most to desire,

and what is of greatest importance to your Majesty's service and to

the conversion of Japon itself.

By virtue of your Majesty's decree in which you are pleased to

grant authority to those governors to take the residencia of their

predecessors, because of the inconvenience experienced in their

going away without giving it, the decree was presented to me in

behalf of Governor Don Juan Niño de Tabora, deceased. By virtue of

it I have taken his residencia, and send the same to your Majesty. I

have not discovered that there is any charge to make against him,

as he has lived honorably, and in the praiseworthy manner that his

obligations demanded.

The Sangleys celebrate their festival, according to their custom,

every year in the month of March, in their Parián. They are very fond

of gambling, and, by the advice of all the orders, they are permitted

to play during their pastimes. The money given by the winners has been

distributed among the servants of the governors, because they do not

have any means of livelihood, and because the obligation of the charge

is so great that the pay is scarcely able to support them decently. But

I have distributed this money among the retired captains, the poor, the

widows, and worthy men who suffer necessity. The Order of St. Dominic

is the only one that dissents from the opinions of the orders.

When the Audiencia was governing, there was a change in the method of

collecting the licenses of the Sangleys; but it resulted in so much

loss that, as has been found by experience, this [year's] collection

has exceeded by many thousand [pesos] the collections made last year.

They have tried to establish the same policy in the inspection of the

Sangley ships, contrary to all good government; for it is fitting that

those people have many to protect them, as I tell more at length in

the section treating of the licenses given by the alcalde-mayor of

Tondo. In no year have they been less humbled than in this.

The wheat used by the inhabitants comes from China, because these

islands do not grow it. Consequently, the common sustenance is

rice. Formerly, as a policy of good government, the past governors

assigned a place where the bread ovens were gathered together, and

prohibited the baking of bread in any other place. In order to make

this bread near at hand, the city made a contract with Captain Andres

Fernandez de Puebla, so that it might be made on a site belonging to

him--with the provision that he, spending in the building what then

seemed sufficient, should enjoy half of the income of the said ovens,

while the other half should remain for the city. All the governors

have confirmed this, as it appeared of utility to the community. This

is what I have to inform you of, according to your Majesty's orders

in your royal decree.

The post of protector of the Sangleys is vacant, as your Majesty has

ordered that account be given of it, and that six suitable persons

be proposed for it, who must be lawyers. It is impossible to find

so many in this community, because of the few inhabitants here; and

some do not care for the said post of protector on these terms. I

propose to your Majesty the person of Captain Matheo de Heredia, who,

besides having served for many years in various exercises, is one of

the best lawyers in Philipinas. The royal Audiencia entrusts business

of importance to him, and he possesses ability and merits for things

of greater worth, and this favor will be well bestowed on him.

The viceroy of Nueva España has sent abundant reënforcements this

year, with three hundred thousand pesos in money and the materials

for the clothing of the soldiers (the best that have ever come here);

this has been of great relief for the present needs.

The captain-general of the artillery claims that he can issue

warrants on the treasury as well as I, because of his office. The

royal officials oppose that, as there is no money assigned for it,

and they are not subordinate to any other but the governor, and that

was not done in the time of his predecessor. It will be fitting for

your Majesty to declare what is your pleasure, considering the fact

that this treasury is poor, and that it is troublesome to have many

giving warrants on it. May God preserve the royal person of your

Majesty, as is needful to us your vassals. Manila, August 10, 1634.

_Don Juan Cereso Salamanca_

_Military affairs_

Sire:

On the twenty-second of October, I informed your Majesty of military

affairs. Now I shall do the same in detail, with the zeal of a true and

faithful vassal; in accordance with which I say that the conservation

of these islands consists in not embarking in new enterprises, but in

keeping the presidios well defended which cannot be dispensed with,

and to abolish those of least importance. By so doing there will be

men in this camp for undertaking great things, as has been done in

other times by your Majesty's governors; while the contrary is true

now, for the aforesaid reason, and the governors content themselves

with not losing anything that is in their charge.

I imagine that there will be difficulty in abandoning the

forts of the island of Hermosa; nevertheless, by my remarks in

my letter on government affairs, to which I refer, that seems

advisable. Accordingly, that can be reduced to but two posts, thus

saving most of the rations which are consumed; but in my opinion all

that may be done is superfluous.

The fort of this city is in a state of defense, although not in the

perfection that is practiced in these times; but the fortification

of the city is ruinous, to the degree of which your Majesty is

informed. On the other hand, the location of its settlement is

admirable, for more than half of it extends along the seashore where

it cannot be approached by any enemies; while another part of the

wall is bathed by the river. But on the land side it has a height,

and a location suitable for opening trenches up to the walls. The

latter has no terreplein, and is seven palmos in height. The redoubts

are smaller and have no regularity; on the contrary, the casements of

three cavaliers of the said wall are in the way. The moat is filled

up, and there is scarcely a sign of there having been one. This is

no cause of blame to the past governors, for without doubt much was

done in walling the city; for the only purpose then was to assure

themselves from the domestic enemy from China and Xapon, and from

the natives of the land, without imagining that Europeans would be

able to cause any anxiety in parts so remote. But the governors who

have successively come here, having experienced the armed wars with

which the Dutch have appeared in this port, have tried to repair and

improve somewhat the old wall, as is proved by three cavaliers of

great importance that they had built. With slight repair the requisite

completeness was given to it. Considering the great importance of

this post and that building is very cheap and costs less than in any

other part, I resolved, after gathering up the remains of what stood

there to repair the fortifications, to build a royal cavalier in the

modern style at the weakest part of the wall. Without troubling the

royal treasury, I began the work some four months ago, and now I hope

to have it finished in two more. At the same time, we are opening a

suitable moat, and we shall reduce the defense of the city to fewer

posts. That it may be more strongly fortified, all the redoubts

that impede communication between the cavaliers will be torn down,

so that the wall will consist of only four stout bulwarks.

What most surprised me in Philipinas is the careless way in which

the powder is kept; for all that there is in the islands is kept in

one room in the fort at Manila, and that in a very prominent part

of it, that overlooks the wall. And if that powder should explode

through any accident (which may God forbid), besides the danger to

the city, there would be no powder in the islands, or any material

for its manufacture. In order to obviate so extremely great a danger,

two towers will be built in one of the four cavaliers, in order to

separate and preserve a goodly portion of it.

One of the motives which compelled me to fortify the wall is because

the orders have built very near it churches so large that two of them

in particular are commanding eminences; and because between one of the

churches (which is called Minondo) and the church of the Parián there

is generally a settlement of twenty thousand or more Sangleys during

the year. They are the people who formerly rose in rebellion. By

suitable measures, those of the Parián have aided me in this work,

with forty thousand pesos from their communal fund.

I have informed your Majesty of the little importance of the galleys,

and that only that of Terrenate was suitable to be maintained; but,

having considered the matter more fully, I am of a different opinion,

and I say that they are necessary so that we may aid Terrenate in

any perilous need. However, they are not of any use in this port of

Cavite, where they are kept, as they would be if sent to the province

of Pintados at Oton or Cibu, in sight of the domestic enemy, namely,

the Mindanaos, Joloans, and Camucones. These people are the ones who

pillage the natives; and because we have had only twenty oared vessels

in those districts this year, not any of those enemies have left

their lands, although they generally render the provinces disquieted

and fearful.

The person whom your Majesty has in these islands of the greatest

service, and fit for any important mission, is Don Lorenzo de Olaso,

master-of-camp of this army, who became captain-general at the death

of Don Juan Niño de Tavora. He has assisted me greatly in everything,

especially in the work of the cavalier which is being built. While the

Audiencia was governing, he carried himself prudently; for by their

quarrels over jurisdiction they occasioned him great troubles, which

with any one else might have been more embarrassing and far-reaching.

On August 14 and October 22 of the past year I wrote to your Majesty

concerning a matter of importance, namely, that a governor be sent to

Terrenate, for Pedro de Heredia is old and rich. I say the same now,

and by what has since occurred it will be recognized that only your

Majesty's royal service moved me [to advise thus], having understood

the dangerous state in which those forts are found to be, on account

of their [present] condition.

On August thirteen of the same year, the said Pedro de Heredia

advised me that many soldiers of that presidio were about to mutiny,

but that he was making the best of it, as well as he could, until

the reënforcements should arrive. This, he said, had happened

because Father Manuel Rinto, [105] commissary of the Holy Office,

had published an edict regarding the sin against nature, in which

many had been included. The father had given them two months in

which to seek absolution. To this was joined their understanding

that the governor would make an examination of those who should be

absolved, from which arose their desperation. He also said that,

both on this account and because the Dutch had a galleon of great

strength in Malayo and were awaiting other galleons from Chacatra, it

was advisable that the usual reënforcements come, and be well guarded;

for if it came in the usual manner it would infallibly be lost.

That despatch found me already preparing two galleons and one patache

for that purpose, for the conjectures that occupied my mind gave me

greater anxiety than did the enemy themselves. In a council that I

summoned, some thought that I should not risk or weaken our forces;

and that I should send that aid in light vessels, and in the usual

way. But, considering the condition and danger of those forts, I

resolved to reënforce them in a creditable manner by sending the said

two galleons, manned with good infantry and with first-class troops;

taking for that purpose one company of volunteer soldiers from the

camp. That was a move of importance, and one that it is advisable

to make every year, so that no soldiers should be forced to go;

and, knowing that they will be exchanged, many will go willingly. I

appointed as commander Admiral Don Jeronimo de Tremonte. He filled

this post extremely well, and observed his orders not to turn aside

for other enterprises, but to place the reënforcements in Terrenate,

and to defend himself from whomever tried to hinder him, but nothing

more. The two [Dutch] ships that the enemy were expecting were boarded

and burned by the Botunes [106] Indians of the kingdom of Macassar, who

found them anchored and their crews ashore; they killed those who were

on land. But the ship of Malayo, confident in its strength and great

swiftness, attempted to drive away the reënforcements alone--risking

itself because of the great importance of this matter to the Dutch, for

they knew that the soldiers of our presidio were watching the outcome

[of this battle] in order to decide upon the murder of the governor

and the chief officers, in accordance with the plot that they had

made. It fought with our ships for eight hours, and then took flight,

disabled and with great loss. Seven persons were killed in our ships,

including the chief pilot. Accordingly, the reënforcements arrived

in safety, when the said Pedro de Heredia had arrested one hundred

and fifty persons; [of these] he had burned and garroted eleven men,

while many had died in prison, and [only] forty were left alive. These

he sent to me by the same ships that brought, the reënforcements. At

present their trial is proceeding, in the first instance, under Don

Juan Lorenzo Olaso, master-of-camp of the army of Philipinas. Inasmuch

as the charges against them are insufficiently substantiated, there

are opinions expressed that we should overlook their acts. But,

considering that if those forty soldiers are guilty, they may infect

the presidios where they may be stationed; and since the matter is so

public, and open to the gaze of so many barbarians--especially of the

Sangleys, who are more liable [to this sin] than any other nation,

this wretched affair ought to be punished with great severity and

vigor. [_In the margin_: "His Majesty has ordered, by a decree of

the past year 635, that convict soldiers be not sent to Terrenate;

and that those who are there be removed every three years, so that

they may serve with greater comfort and good will."]

The volunteer soldiers remained in Terrenate, and more than one

hundred and forty were changed. To these was given one installment

of pay that was sent them; and it had been many years since they had

received any pay. The rest were provided with materials for clothing,

and with food; and, since they know that the same thing is to be done

every year, that presidio remained happy and safe.

But the said governor, Pedro de Heredia, lately writes me that the

natives of the island of Terrenate, who have until now recognized

Cachil Varo as king of Tidore, have refused to obey him; and they have

crowned another Moro in his place, a chief named Cachil Borotalo,

as they say that the latter is the true heir of that kingdom,

and that Cachil Varo was an intruder. That makes me most anxious,

because, besides that it is not my duty to disinherit kings, the

new one who claims to be king has, until now, been living in Malayo

under the protection of the Dutch and serving in the post of naval

commander. Although he has sent ambassadors to me, and promises to be

faithful, there is little trust to be placed in his word, while Cachil

Varo is a very valiant Moro, and a true servant to your Majesty. Every

year, hitherto, a present has been sent to him, as well as to his

father before him; and besides being very much of a Spaniard, he has

retired into his fort of Tidore (which is of greater importance than

the forts that we ourselves hold), and the great mass of the people,

with more than two thousand chiefs, obey him.

The governor [of Terrenate], Pedro de Heredia, tells me that he has not

meddled in any way with these disturbances, but that he is neutral. But

the said king of Tidore complains of him, and attributes to him the

insurrection of his vassals and the summoning of a Dutchman to be new

king. That does not change him, and he will remain faithful to your

Majesty. He knows that you are ignorant of the injuries that are being

done him because of the governor's greed for the ransom of the damage.

Such is the condition of the affair at present. I do not blame the king

or clear the governor, notwithstanding the many years during which

affairs have been going badly. But that the latter has been found

lacking in the alliance, and has neglected to aid the king, has not

furnished any reason why the other allies should not take warning by

this and renounce our friendship. These are schemes of which the Dutch

avail themselves. Those who are acquainted with the king of Tidore,

and know of his services, grieve, and think that it is necessary to

protect him. I am now reflecting on the way in which these matters

can be settled, so that they may not fall into a worse condition,

by making use of the relationship between them. But in case of need

I shall not be found lacking to Cachil Varo; and because this matter

demands expedition, and so much expense cannot always be incurred as in

the past reënforcements, I shall send this aid in October, in galleys

and pataches; for that is the time when the enemy have gone away.

Last year the Audiencia wrote that one galleon and one galley had

been finished. It is a fact that more than thirty thousand pesos have

been spent in their construction, having been commenced in the time

of Don Juan Niño de Tavora.

There is nothing of so great importance in this government, as that

the port of Cavite be well provided with the necessary naval supplies;

and that this matter be charged to a competent and very intelligent

person; for the other offices are bestowed as favors, but for this one

we are looking for a person whom we can ask to accept it. Accordingly,

we have found him, in the person of him who is commander of the

fort there and river-master, namely, Captain Juan de Olaez. He has

so borne himself that the port has never for many years been found

so well supplied and more faithfully administered--which is quite

different from the utterly destitute condition in which I found it.

The rewards of Philipinas are poor, and especially those

which I have had to give, because I have had no power to provide

encomiendias. Consequently, on this account, and because of the events

that have occurred in my time, I have promoted some worthy soldiers

with the titles of infantry captains, in consideration of the fact that

they are those who have toiled in what is most necessary, and who have,

besides their pay, only their simple posts, as before. Some, under

warrant of this honor, have become married and settled as citizens;

that is a matter that ought to receive much attention. The sons of

influential men have been encouraged to enlist as soldiers, and have

begun to serve in the infantry, which was considerably in decline. I

have taken special precautions not to appoint my servants to these

posts, except in the case of my captain of the guard, as was done by

all the other governors. The judicial posts have been bestowed upon

the worthy and old settlers, but those who ask for them are very few,

for they do not care to go far from the city; and it is at times

necessary to beg them to accept those posts which are far away.

No ship has come from Yndia as yet, for they are late. That causes

us to doubt whether we may expect the return of three citizens [who

have gone] from this place, besides those who generally cross these

seas. I think that they are detained in Malaca, and that they have

not gone past that place, because they found the enemy on the sea. At

least, I am assured by letters from the king of Macasar that fourteen

urcas were on his coasts on the tenth of January of last year, where

they remained for forty days. They asked him for refreshment, but he

denied it to them. He said that the enemy had returned to the strait

with another ship (with which they had succored Malayo), and the

one that had fought. At that same time the king of Cochinchina wrote

me that twelve other urcas had left his shores, which on their way

from coasting along China, brought at least six which had been lost

in a storm; but that they were rich with the booty captured from the

Sangley prizes they had made. All those ships took their station in

the strait of Malaca, and consequently, I do not expect any from Yndia

this year. May our Lord preserve and prosper the royal person of your

Majesty, as we your vassals desire and need. Manila, August 10, 1634.

_Don Juan Cereso Salamanca_

[_In the margin_: "This letter is accompanied by the plans of the

old and the new city of Manila."]

_Ecclesiastical affairs_

Sire:

There is but little for me to mention in ecclesiastical matters;

for the orders are conducting themselves in an exemplary manner,

except that they often usurp the royal jurisdiction, under pretext

of defending the natives; and they take away the authority from the

alcaldes-mayor, so that nothing that the latter order is carried out,

so that sometimes a layman is obeyed better than they. It is advisable

to correct this, and to order that the bishops live in their dioceses,

and not in this city. [107]

The bishop of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus is governing this metropolitan

see during the vacancy. He is an apostolic man. I have consulted with

him in regard to the appointments for the prebends that have become

vacant by the death of the archdean and precentor. The prebends

have only been changed by promotion; and the only one to enter new

is Don Juan de Olaso Aclotequi, whom--because of his great virtue,

and because he is the uncle of Don Lorenzo Olasso, master-of-camp of

these islands and formerly captain-general of them--I presented as

treasurer. He had before been canon. With that this holy church is

well administered, and has good subjects. In particular, the bachelor,

Pedro Diaz de la Rivera, is considered a good ecclesiastic; and his

gray hairs are worthy of whatever favor your Majesty will be pleased

to show him. May our Lord preserve the royal person of your Majesty,

as is necessary to us your vassals. Manila, August 10, 1634.

_Don Juan Cereso Salamanca_

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The following documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo general

de Indias, Sevilla:

1. _Letter from bishop of Cebú._--"Simancas--Secular; Audiencia de

Filipinas; cartas y espedientes de los obispos sufragáneos de Manila;

años de 1598 á 1698; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 34."

2. _Letters from Tavora._--"Simancas--Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;

cartas y espedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo;

años de 1629 á 1639; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 8."

3. _Letter from cabildo._--"Simancas--Eclesiastico; Audiencia de

Filipinas; cartas y expedientes del cabildo eclesiastico de Filipinas

vistos en el Consejo; años de 1568 á 1670; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 35."

4. _Papal bull._--"Simancas--Eclesiastico; Audiencia de Filipinas;

cartas y espedientes de religiosos misioneros de Filipinas vistos en

el Consejo; años de 1617 á 1642; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 38."

5. _Letters from Salamanca_, 1633 and 1634.--The same as No. 2.

6. _Report of archbishop on bakery._--"Simancas--Eclesiastico;

Audiencia de Filipinas; cartas y espedientes de los arzobispos de

Manila; años de 1579 á 1697; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 32."

_Royal letters_, 1630.--The second of these is in "Audiencia

de Filipinas; registro de oficio, reales ordenes dirigidas á las

autoridades del distrito de la Audiencia; años 1597 á 1634; est. 105,

caj. 2, leg. 1." The others are found in the Archivo Historico

Nacional, as noted below.

The following documents are obtained from the "Cedulario Indico"

of the Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid:

8. _Royal letters, 1630._--The first and third of these are in tomo

40, fol. 71 verso and 76 verso respectively.

9. _Royal orders, 1632-33._--The first is in tomo 40, fol. 86 verso,

no. 99; the second is in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla,

the same as No. 7; the third, in tomo 31, fol. 145 verso.

The following documents are obtained from MSS. in the Academia Real

de la Historia, Madrid, in the collection "Papeles de los Jesuitas:"

10. _Events in Filipinas, 1630-32._--In tomo 84, no. 15; the additional

paragraph is from another copy of this document in the same collection,

in tomo 114, no. 401.

11. _News from Far East._--In tomo 114, no. 587 (copied from a pamphlet

printed at Sevilla in 1633).

12. _News from Felipinas, 1634._--In tomo 146, no. 113.

NOTES

[1] See _Vol. VIII_, p. 217, note 32; also _Vol. XIII_, p. 292,

note 39.

[2] Fray Juan de Montesdoça went to Mexico with his parents who gave

him a good education. He professed in the Augustinian convent in 1575,

and went to the Philippines in 1582. He quickly mastered the Pampanga

dialect, and ministered in the villages of Bacolór (1590), Mexico

(1593), and Macabebe (1596). He was elected subprior and procurator

of the Manila convent in 1594, provincial secretary in 1597, and

prior provincial in 1599. He was missionary at Apálit in 1602, and

prior of Guadalupe in 1605. He died at Malate in 1612, having gone

thither in 1608. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 30, 31.

[3] Fray Mateo Mendoza, born of noble stock, was intended for

the profession of arms. Having gone to the Philippines, he was

received into the Augustinian order at Manila in 1575. He was sent

to Mexico to receive holy orders, as there was then no bishop in the

islands. He was missionary at Malolos in 1580, Arévalo (in 1584),

San Pablos de los Montes (in 1586), and Pórac (in 1594). Although

elected definitor-general in 1596, he resigned that office to go

to Japan. Returning to Manila in 1598, he became first definitor in

1599, and presided at the provincial chapter in 1602; and labored at

Parañaque in 1603, and Tondo in 1605, dying that same year.

Fray Agustín de Tapia was a native of Burgos, and professed in the

convent at the same city. He had charge of the mission which arrived at

Manila in June, 1595; was preacher and confessor in September of the

same year; preacher-general in 1597; missionary in Panay in 1599; at

Guagua in 1601; definitor and prior of Cavite in 1602. He died in 1604.

For brief sketch of Fray Bernabé Villalobos see _vol. xxiii_, note 32.

Fray Diego Cerrabe was a native of Burgos, professing in the convent

of that city in 1584. On going to the islands he became confessor

and preacher in 1595, examiner in 1596, and lecturer and minister

at Pásig in 1600-1602, going to Europe as definitor of the general

chapter in the last year, and probably remaining in Spain.

Fray Pedro(_not_ Diego) Salcedo was born of an illustrious family

in Mexico, and took his vows at that city in 1583 at the age of

twenty-five. He went to the Philippines in 1598, where he exercised the

care of souls in Bay in 1600, in Hagonoy in 1607 and 1617, in Bulacán

in 1614, and in Malolos in 1618. He was definitor in 1602 and 1608,

and prior of Manila in 1605 and 1611. His death occurred at Malolos

in 1619.

Fray Juan Bautista de Montoya was a native of Castilla, and after

professing at the convent in Burgos went to the Philippines, where

he was subprior and master of novitiates in the Manila convent

(1581-1583), and missionary in Cagayán (1583-1586), after which he

returned to Manila, but the same year went to Macao, where he remained

until 1591. He acted as definitor that same year, and afterward was

missionary at a number of villages, where he lived a busy life, his

death occurring in 1632. He wrote sermons in Tagál, and translated

the catechism into the same language, and wrote a history of the

Augustinian order in the Philippines.

Fray Francisco Serrano professed at San Felipe el Real in 1574. After

going to the islands he labored at Macabebe, Lubao, Candaba, and Guagua

until 1596, when he was appointed provincial secretary. At the end of

his term in that office, he was chosen subprior of the Manila convent,

visitor, and finally definitor. He died in 1613.

The above notices are taken from Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[4] Fray Pedro Solier was born in the town of Barajas in 1578, and

began his studies in Toledo. Me entered the Augustinian convent at

Salamanca in 1593, where he remained until 1598, when he went to

the Philippines. He was appointed provincial reader, and retained

that office until 1603, when he returned to Spain as commissary

procurator. After three years he went again to the islands, laden

with honors; and after ministering for two years at Bacolór, was

elected provincial in 1608, governing until 1610, when on account of

the deposition of Fray Lorenzo de León, he went to Spain to give a

report of that matter. He was appointed bishop of Puerto Rico in 1614

and took possession of his see in 1615. In 1619 he became archbishop

of Santo Domingo. He died in 1620. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 57.

[5] Fray Hernando Guerrero, a native of Alcaráz, professed in the

convent of San Felipe el Real in 1588. After his arrival at the

Philippines, he labored in various Bisayan villages (1599-1613). In

1613, he went to Spain, whence he returned in 1617. He went again

to Spain and Rome in 1625. In 1628 he was appointed bishop of Nueva

Segovia, and, in 1635, archbishop of Manila. His term in the latter

office was marked by contests with the Jesuits, and he was finally

excommunicated by a secular priest, and then exiled to Mariveles by

the governor, Corcuera--only leaving that island on signing certain

conditions. He died July 1, 1641, at seventy-five years of age. See

Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 48, 49; and Buzeta and Bravo's _Diccionario_,

ii, p. 275.

[6] Innumerable are the names which might be cited here of religious

who have given proofs of the keenest patriotism, defending the islands

with the cross in one hand and the sword in the other: Father Agustín

de San Pedro, a discalced Augustinian, called "Father Captain" for his

prowess against the Mindanao Moros; the no less famous Father Pascual

Ibañez de Santa Filomena, Augustinian Recollect, who died while bravely

assaulting the fort of Abisi, Jolo, in 1857; the Jesuit, Father Ducos;

the fathers of all the orders, especially the Augustinians in the war

with the English; the Augustinian fathers who accompanied General

Malcampo on his expedition to Jolo in 1875; Father Ramón Zueco,

Recollect, of imperishable memory, besides innumerable others.--_Coco_.

Continuing his note, Father Coco quotes from Father Fabián Rodriguez

in _Revista Agustiniana_ for January 5, 1886, the remarkable defense

and military record of the Augustinian Father Julián Bermejo in Cebú,

from the latter part of the eighteenth century until his death in 1851.

[7] Fray Hernando de San José, the Japanese martyr, whose family

name was Ayala, was born at Vallesteros, in 1575, and took his vows

in the Augustinian convent of Montilla, May 19, 1593. He arrived in

the Philippines in August, 1604, and was soon sent to Japan, whence

he returned in 1607 to Manila as procurator. On his return to Japan,

he labored in various places, and founded the convent at Nagasaki,

of which he was made prior in 1613. He was martyred June 1, 1617. See

Diaz's _Conquistas_ (Valladolid, 1890), pp. 76-103.

[8] Fray Hernando Morales, a native of Montilla, in the province

of Córdoba, professed in the Córdoba convent, and on his arrival at

the Philippines was sent to labor among the Aetas in Panay. He was

minister of Sibucao in 1611, and of Laglag in 1618, in which year he

took charge of San Nicolás de Cebú, going later to Dumalag. He died

in the last place in 1647.

Fray Felipe Tallada was born in Estepa, in the province of

Sevilla. Professing in the city of Sevilla, he was sent to the

Philippines, where he labored in the province of Pampanga at various

periods from 1605 to 1645. He was definitor and examiner in 1617,

and procurator to Spain and Rome in 1618. His death occurred in

Betis in 1645. He wrote a life of St. Nicholas of Tolentino in the

Pampanga dialect.

Fray Pedro del Castillo became a conventual of Pototan in 1605, and

was minister of Dingle in 1611 and 1633, of Jaro in 1614, of Laglag in

1617, and of San Nicolás de Cebú in 1621. He was also subprior of the

convent of San Pablo in Manila in 1623, and minister of Santa Cruz

in Ilocos the same year; was procurator-general; and exercised the

care of souls in Bacarra in 1626, and in Purao in 1629, dying in 1642.

Fray Martín de San Nicolás was a native of Osma, and made his

profession in the convent of Puebla de los Angeles. He was a missionary

in Maluco and Japan for some years. While vicar at Guimbal in 1617,

he accompanied the troops on an expedition against the Moros of

Mindanao. He died at Manila in 1630.

See Perez's _Catálogo_.

[9] Fray Estéban Carrillo was a native of the city of Écija and

made his profession in the Córdoba convent, where he obtained

a professorship. On going to the Philippines he spent four years

among the highlands of Ilocos. He was preacher-general (1602-1609),

provincial secretary (October 31, 1603), prior of Manila (December 24,

1603), definitor (1605), and procurator-commissary to Madrid (1607). He

was one of the foremost orators in Manila, which city he left in 1609

for Spain, where he died in 1617. See Perez's _Catálogo_, p. 52.

[10] Fray Pedro de Aguirre took his vows in the convent at Mexico. He

was, after his arrival at the islands, a conventual in Pásig and

Bombón until 1600, in which year he went to Taguig, whence he

passed to Calumpit in 1602. He was prior of Santo Niño in 1603,

and commissary-procurator to Spain and Rome in 1607, dying in 1631.

Fray Roque de Barrionuevo, a native of Lubia, took his vows in the

convent of Agreda in 1589. In 1597 he was laboring in Tanauan, and

in Malolos in 1600. In 1606, while in Hagonoy, he went to Ternate

at the request of Pedro de Acuña, whence he returned in 1608. He was

definitor and minister of Malolos in 1609, of Tondo in 1612. He died

in 1649. He wrote a grammar and dictionary of the Márdica dialect.

Fray Miguel de Sigüenza professed at the Burgos convent in 1579. From

1581 to 1599 he labored at various missions in the Visayas and in

Luzon. He was provincial secretary in 1602 and visitor to the Tagáls

the same year, after which (1605) he exercised the care of souls in

Hagonoy and in Calumpit until 1607, in which year he died.

Fray Mateo de Peralta was a conventual at Lubao in 1584, of Pangasinan

in 1587, of Calumpit in 1590; after which he was at the missions in

Mexico (1591 and 1607), Pórac (in 1594), Candaba (in 1597), Lubao

(in 1602), Betis (in 1608), and Apálit in 1609, where he died in the

same year.

See Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[11] The text reads _puerta_, "gate," which is probably an error for

_huerta_, "garden." See account of their establishment, in _Vol_. xxi,

p. 269.

[12] The Franciscans now (1893) have charge of Sampaloc.--_Coco_.

[13] Ceded to them by the Augustinians.--_Coco_.

[14] Fray Jerónimo de Salas was born in Olias and professed in

the convent at Madrid in 1590. He was missionary in the Philippine

villages of Guagua (1602-1611) and Macabebe (1605). He served as

definitor and visitor, and in 1617 was elected provincial, but died

May 17 of the same year.

Fray Fernando de Santa Maria Trujillo was conventual at Calumtian

in 1596, prior at Barutao in 1598, missionary at Bacarra in 1599

and 1605, at Lingayén and Laoag in 1600, at Bantay in 1602, and at

Candón 1605-1611, when he was appointed definitor. After his term,

he labored in Tagál villages, and died in 1618.

See Perez's _Catálogo_.

[15] Fray Diego Uribe del Castillo was missionary in the Ilocan

villages of Purao (1613), Santa Cruz (1614), Tagudín (1612), and Agoó

(1621). He was examiner in the native language and reader of the

province for some time. He died in 1622. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 79.

[16] Ezekiel xviii, 21, 22.--_Coco_.

[17] See Pérez's _Catálogo_ for sketches of these religious.

[18] Fray Juan Pineda was preacher and confessor in 1598, missionary at

Apálit in 1602, of México in 1603, of Hagonoy in 1605, and vicar-prior

of Cebú the same year. Later he returned to Manila, where he became

reader, and afterward procurator until 1609. He then went to Rome

to take part in the general chapter, where he obtained the degree

of master of sacred theology. He died probably in 1611. See Pérez's

_Catálogo_, p. 64.

[19] Fray Lucas Atienza was missionary in Ibahay in 1608, of Dumalag

in 1614, and prior of the convent of Ternate 1615-1617. Returning

in the latter year to the islands, he was in charge of the mission

of Parañaque in 1623 and of Tayabas in 1624. He was assigned to

the island of Formosa, but did not go. He died at Tiaong (Tayabas)

in 1631. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 188.

[20] Fray Eustaquio Ortíz was born in Alpechín in Mexico, making his

profession in the City of Mexico. On arriving at the Philippines he was

given the office of conventual procurator; and later was missionary

among the Zambales. In 1602, when prior of Bolinao, he went to Japón

with Father Guevara, remaining there six years. On returning to the

islands he became provincial secretary (1609), prior of Santo Niño

of Cebú (1614) and of Manila (1623), minister of Tondo (1626), and

lastly prior of Guadalupe, where he completed the convent in 1629. He

died May 4, 1636. He wrote two books or treatises in the Japanese

language. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 45, 46.

[21] Ecclesiasticus x, 2.--_Coco_.

[22] Fray Francisco de Bonifacio, a native of Sevilla, took his vows in

the Salamanca convent in 1586. He was fluent in the language of Cebú,

and labored in various missions among the Bisayas (1596-1611). The

latter year he was chosen definitor, and in 1614 presided over the

chapter. He was minister at Pásig in 1617, at Tondo in 1618, and at

Bulacán in 1620. In 1621 he went to Otón, as his presence there was

necessary. In 1626, while definitor, he acted as provincial because

of the death of Father Becerra, after which period he had care of

missions in Luzón, until his death in Manila in 1645. Two manuscripts

written by him were conserved in the convent at Cebú.

Fray Vicente Sepúlveda was a native of Castilla, and professed

in that province. In the Philippines he became chief sacristan of

the Manila convent, and learned thoroughly the Pampanga dialect,

ministering in that province for five years. He was definitor in 1611,

and provincial in 1614. His term was one of discord because of his

rigorous enforcement of the laws passed by the father visitor. In 1617,

he was chosen to fill out the term of provincial, that office becoming

vacant by the death of Jerónimo de Salas. He was killed August 21,

1617, as the result of a conspiracy of brother Augustinians who were

opposed to him.

Fray Diego Gutiérrez was a native of Sigüenza in the province of

Guadalajara, and professed in the convent of Agreda in 1574. He went

to the Philippines in 1578, where he had charge of various missions

in Luzón. He served as definitor during the chapters of 1578 and

1590. His death occurred at Lubao in 1613.

Fray Antonio de Porras was born in Sevilla and professed in the convent

of that city. He arrived at Manila in 1598, where he exercised the duty

of master of novitiates in the convent. He went to Bisayas instead

of Japan which was his chosen field, working there from 1600 to 1639

(the year of his death). He held several important ecclesiastical

offices in the Bisayas.

See Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[23] Definitors are the fathers who compose the council of the

provincial. Aditos are those who are to be substituted for any

definitor because of his death.--_Coco_.

[24] Fray Fernando Becerra was born in Valladolid and took his vows

in the convent of Salamanca, where he read sacred theology. On going

to the Philippines he was missionary in Bantay in 1611, preacher and

reader in 1613, provincial secretary in 1614, missionary at Hagonoy in

1615, at Pásig, 1617, 1620, and 1623, after having served as visitor

and definitor. He was elected provincial by acclamation in 1626,

but died July 31 of the same year. He left several writings. See

Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 81, 82.

[25] Fray Alonso Méntrida, an illustrious Bisayan missionary and a

noted writer, was born in the city of Méntrida, and took his vows in

the convent of Casarrubios in 1590, where he became reader for some

time, later exercising the same duty at Manila and Lubao until he went

to the Bisayas, where most of his work thereafter lay, although he

ministered in some of the Luzón missions. He served as definitor in

1614, as prior of Manila in 1618, and as provincial in 1623. He died

at the age of seventy-eight, on March 22, 1637. He compiled a grammar

and dictionary in Bisayan dialects. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 53-55.

[26] For sketches of these religious, see Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[27] Juan Enriquez was a professed religious of the Toledo

convent. After going to the Philippines he labored in San Pablo de

los Montes in 1607, in Taal in 1608, and in Malate in 1611. He was

definitor in 1617, and visitor and provincial in 1620. In 1625 he went

to Spain as procurator, and died there in 1631. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

p. 77.

[28] Fray Juan de Villalobos was a conventual in Panay in 1593,

prior of Santo Niño de Cebú in 1599, first prior of the convent of

Guadalupe in 1602 and 1605, and later visitor and definitor. He died

in 1620. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 45.

[29] Fray Pedro García Serrano, a native of the town of Chinchón, in

the province of Madrid, took his vows in the province of Castilla. He

had considerable reputation as an orator, and was given the title

of master in sacred theology some time after his arrival at the

islands in 1613. He filled many posts in the order, among them that of

vicar-provincial, definitor (1629), and prior of Guadalupe (1624-1629),

as well as that of commissary of the Inquisition and _calificador_

of the Holy Office in the archbishopric of Manila. He died in Mexico

in 1631, while on a voyage to Spain, having been appointed definitor

of the general chapter and commissary-procurator. He wrote some moral

sermons in the Pampanga dialect, while exercising the care of missions

in that province. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 90.

[30] Fray Alonso Ruiz was a native of Coimbra, Portugal, and professed

in the Salamanca convent in 1574. He was minister of the village of

Aclán in 1602, and of San Nicolás de Cebú in 1607, sub-prior of the

convent of Manila and master of novitiates in 1611, definitor and

prior of Guadalupe in 1617, and prior of Taal in 1620. He afterward

served in a number of Pampanga villages, and died in that of Minalin

in 1640. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 70.

[31] Possibly an error for Jerónimo Cavero, who ministered in certain

Luzon villages from 1596 to 1611, and attained great fluency in the

Ilocan language. He became definitor, and examiner and president of the

provincial chapter of 1617. He died in 1622. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

p. 51.

[32] Guimarás, opposite Iloilo.--_Coco_.

[33] Fray Juan de Lecea was a native of Mondragón in the province

of Vizcaya, and took his vows in the convent of Burgos. Arriving at

the Philippines he was destined for the Bisayas, laboring in various

missions in that district from 1600 to 1618, during which time he

filled several ecclesiastical offices. He died in 1618 at Otón. See

Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 56.

[34] Fray Silvestre Torres, a native of Córdoba, was missionary in

Japan in 1616, subprior of the convent of San Pablo in Manila in

1617, minister of Malate in 1618, and prior of Ternate 1620-1623. On

returning to Manila he had charge of the convent of Batangas, and

died in the Manila convent in 1626. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 86.

[35] Fray Diego Oseguera was a choir student in 1607, minister of

Mambúsao in 1611 and of Baong in 1614. He was especially useful in

quieting the Indians who were in rebellion in the Bisayas. He died

in 1615. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 187, 188.

[36] Francisco Encinas, S.J., was born at Avila in 1570, and took his

vows in 1596. After going to the Philippines, he taught grammar for

some time, and then spent more than thirty years in the Bisayas. Having

been sent to Rome as procurator for his order, in 1626, he was captured

by the Dutch; but, after ransom, returned to the Philippines in 1632,

and died at Manila, January 11, 1633. He was equally versed in Tagál

and the Bisayan speech. See Sommervogel's _Bibliothèque_.

[37] Fray Juan de Montemayor was confessor to Governor Juan de

Silva and a prominent orator. He was stationed at Malate 1614-1620,

being appointed provincial secretary in the latter year. He was

procurator-general in 1621, prior of Santo Niño de Cebú in 1623,

missionary at Pásig, 1625-1629, of Parañaque in 1626, provincial

chronicler in 1630, and prior of Guadalupe in 1635. He died at Manila

in 1638. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 88.

[38] Fray Agustín Mejía was a Mexican missionary, and after going to

the Philippines served in mission work in México in 1608, in Bacolór

in 1611, in Guagua in 1614, and in México in 1617. He was prior of

Manila in 1615, definitor, visitor, and vicar-provincial; and died

in 1630, leaving a volume of Ilocan verses, the "Life of San Barlám

y Jósaphat," which remained many years in the convent of Bantay. See

Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 79.

[39] Fray Pedro Lasarte (_not_ Lesarte) professed in the convent

of Toledo in 1572. He was missionary in Purao in 1600, in Bacarra

in 1602, in Bauang in 1605, 1611, 1614, and 1620, and in Bantay in

1608 and 1611. He was definitor in 1617, prior of Manila in 1626, and

again missionary of Bantay in 1629, dying in that place in 1636. See

Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 50.

[40] For sketches of these Augustinians, see Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[41] Pérez mentions no missionary by this name.

[42] Evidently an error for Fray Miguel de Suárez. He was from the

branch of the order in India. In the Philippines, he served as a Tagál

and Visayan missionary, laboring in Batan in 1605, in Masbate in 1607,

in Ibahay in 1611, in Aclán in 1614, in Panay in 1617, in Batangas in

1621 and 1633, in Tanauan in 1623, in Tambobong in 1626, in Taal in

1629, in Bugason in Bisayas in 1630, in Guiguinto in 1632 and 1639,

in San Pablo de los Montes in 1636, and in Caruyan in 1641. He was

also procurator-general in 1620, and prior of the convent of Cebú in

1638, dying in 1642. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 186.

[43] In the unfortunate event which Father Medina mentions with

as much minuteness as candor, two important points must not be

overlooked by the judicious reader, which were the cause of this

unfortunate deed. One was the extreme harshness of the provincial in

his government, which must have been very excessive.... The imposition

of new commands must have been very heavy for the religious, since

even laymen intervened with the provincial, either for him to moderate

unnecessary harshness or to renounce the provincialate. The second

fact which also enters strongly into this case, is human passion

exasperated even to obscuring the intelligence, and personified in

Father Juan de Ocadiz, ... a man peevish and melancholy.... Hard beyond

measure must he have thought the measures taken against him. He saw

in the distance his perpetual dishonor, yet did not have the virtue

sufficient to resign himself; and, instigated by the spirit of evil,

perpetrated the crime which he expiated with his own life.--_Coco_.

[44] Literally, a sack containing one thousand pesos in silver.

[45] There were eleven Augustinians martyred, and they received

beatification from Pius X in 1867.--_Coco_.

[46] Equivalent to the English proverb, "Misfortunes never come

singly."

[47] Fray Antonio Ocampo was of the province of Castilla, and was a

religious of great activity. He was missionary to Bulacán in 1618,

to Tondo and Hagonoy in 1626, and definitor in 1620. He was sent

to Spain as procurator in 1632, but died at Acapulco on the way

thither. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 91.

[48] Fray Juan Ennao took his vows in the Toledo convent, and became

an excellent preacher. He was stationed at San Pablo de los Montes

in 1609; at Bulacán in 1611 and 1613; at Bay in 1613 and 1617; and

at Taal in 1614. He was provincial in 1615, and prior of Guadalupe

the same year, definitor in 1620, visitor and provincial in 1629,

returning for the third time after his provincialate to the village of

Bulacán (1635), where he died in 1636. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 77.

[49] Fray Lúcas de la Peña was very fluent in the Bisayan language,

and labored in the missions of the Bisayan group from 1600 to 1630,

probably dying soon after the last named year. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

pp. 184, 185.

[50] Spanish, _del tropel de los caballos_--literally, "from the

trampling of the horses."

[51] "He said that those were true monks who, stifling their own wills,

wished or refused nothing, but desired only to obey the commands of

the abbot."

[52] Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews, x, 30.--_Coco_.

[53] Psalms civ, 15.--_Coco_.

[54] Fray Alonso Rincón professed in the convent of San Felipe el Real,

and after going to the Philippines became preacher at Arévalo in 1607,

and was minister in Betis in 1609 and 1626. After administering the

villages of Pórac in 1611, Macabebe in 1614, and Guagua in 1615, he

was appointed definitor, visitor, and prior of the convent of Manila

in 1617. He was commissary-procurator to Spain and Rome in 1618, and

returned to Manila in 1622. He was elected definitor for the second

time in 1629, and died at Manila in 1631. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

p. 77.

[55] The native dish of rice.

[56] See Pérez's _Catálogo_ for sketches of these friars.

[57] Spanish, _Rutenos_--a now obsolete name for _Ruso_

("Russians"). The term Ruthenians is applied to the people of Little

Russia (also known as Ukrania and Ruthenia), dwelling in the steppes

of Southern Russia, mainly in the valley of the Dnieper River;

they have also extended into Hungary and Galicia. The reference

in the text to "Russians" probably indicates only somewhat vague

or erroneous notions as to the geography and political condition of

Western Asia at that time: for it was not until 1722 that the Russians

advanced beyond the Black Sea into Asia, conquering the province of

Caucasus. Medina's "Diego Rodrigo" apparently means Fray Rodrigo de

San Miguel (_Vol. XXI_, p. 116), who spent some time in Persia and

Chaldea, and converted many "schismatic Christians" there to the Roman

Catholic Church. On his return to Rome, he carried a letter addressed

to the pope, from "the Chaldean Christians of Bassora." See _Vol. XXI_,

note 62.

[58] Fray Diego del Aguila, a master of the number in the

ecclesiastical province of Andalucía, was, in spite of his protests,

elected superior of the province of Mechoacán in Mexico while en route

for the Philippines; but he finally followed his first determination,

and sailed for the islands in 1618. He there became visitor, definitor

(1623), vicar-provincial, prior of Guadalupe (1620), and president of

the provincial chapter in 1626. He died at Manila in 1628. See Pérez's

_Catálogo_, p. 98. Pérez has evidently confused Diego del Aguila with

Lúcas de Aguilar, who was definitor in 1650. See Diaz's _Conquistas_

(Valladolid, 1890), p. 516.

[59] Fray Hernando Cabrero professed at the Córdoba convent in

1601. He became sub-prior of Manila in 1609, and of San Pablo de

los Montes in 1618, 1626, and 1629. He also acted as definitor,

examiner, and definitor-general, and died at sea while en route to

Nueva España. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 78, 79.

[60] Fray Francisco Coronel was a native of Torija in the province of

Guadalajara, and took the habit in Mexico. He went to the Philippines

in 1606 as deacon. He had charge of the parish mission of México in

1611, and officiated later in Lubao (1613), Bacolór (1617, 1629),

and Macabebe (1620, 1626). He was definitor twice, and also visitor

and prior of the convent of Guadalupe in 1619. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

p. 80.

[61] For sketches of these friars, see Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[62] Fray Francisco Villalón was minister at Tondo in 1630, and labored

later in the villages of Tambolong, Tanauan, Caruyan, Bay, Hagonoy, and

Guiguinto, until 1653. He was twice definitor (1638, 1653), and prior

of the convent of Santo Niño (1645). He died in Guiguinto in 1655. He

was well versed in the Tagál language. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 104.

[63] Fray Estéban Peralta held various charges in the province of

Castilla before going to the Philippines. He was stationed in the

islands at the mission in Cebu, being proposed several times as

provincial. In 1623 he was procurator-general, in 1626 definitor,

and was at the missions at Tondo (1629) and Hagonoy (1632), where he

died. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 98.

[64] Fray Jerónimo Medrano was a native of Estella, and took his vows

at the convent of Soría in 1604. He labored in the missions of Caruyan

(1615), Quingua (1617), Malolos (1620), Taal (1621), Hagonoy (1623),

Parañaque (1629), and Tondo (1638 and 1647). He was definitor and

visitor, and three times provincial (1632, 1641, and 1650). His death

occurred in 1656. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 88.

[65] Fray Alonso Carbajal was a native of Salamanca, and professed in

the province of Castilla, where he read sacred theology and obtained

the degree of master. Dates regarding his life are meager. He was

prior of Manila in 1623 and 1653; of Guadalupe, 1638; definitor, 1626

and 1653; visitor and provincial, 1644; while he renounced several

bishoprics. Besides this he had charge of mission work in Guagua in

1620, Macabebe in 1632, and Bacolór in 1650, after which he served

in the Bisayas until his death. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 96, 97.

[66] Kings III [_i.e._, Kings I of the Protestant version], v,

4.--_Coco_.

[67] Fray Pedro de Torres was born in Andalucía. He ministered in

the Philippines in Mambúsao in 1629, and at Oton in 1632, dying in

Manila about 1633. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 100.

[68] Fray Juan Gallegos was a native of Mancha, and took his vows in

the convent at Burgos. He was Ilocan minister at the town of Narvacán

(1620) and Laoag (1623). He refused an appointment (1625) as procurator

to Spain and Rome, preferring to devote himself to his ministry. He

was at Bantay in 1626 and 1630; at the villages of Candón in 1629,

1635, and 1644; and Bauang in 1633. He was subprior in 1617, and twice

definitor and visitor, dying in 1648 at Candón. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

p. 94. He is to be distinguished from the other Augustinian religious

of the same name who died while definitor in 1581.

[69] Fray Francisco del Portillo was one of the best orators of his

time. He died in 1628 after exercising the care of souls in Purao in

1626, and taking possession of the land necessary to found a convent

in Formosa. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 103, 104.

[70] "They hanged them on gibbets in the sight of the sun."

[71] Fray Francisco de Santa Maria Oliva took his vows in the Toledo

convent in 1581. He was minister of Dumaguete in 1599, and later

of Potól, Ibabay, Mambusao, and Jaro, until 1628, when he died. See

Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 38.

[72] In the text, _actuanse_, which is apparently a misprint for

_actuante_.

[73] Pérez (_Catálogo_, p. 107) says that this friar, whom he calls

Bartolomé Blas Esterlich, was from Flanders. He was a confessor and

preacher in Manila, and ministered in the Ilocan villages of Bangui

(1633) and Agoó (1635), dying in 1640.

[74] For sketches of these friars, see Pérez's _Catálogo_.

[75] Fray Nicolás de Herrera was a missionary in Sesmoan (1618), Lubao

(1623 and 1626), and Bacolór (1632). He was definitor in 1629, prior

of Manila in 1635, and president of the provincial chapter in 1638,

dying in 1647. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 89.

[76] Fray Martín de Errasti was a native of Vizcaya, and professed

in the convent of Burgos. After going to the Philippines, he became

missionary in Pórac, Apálit, and Bacolór (1635). He acted as definitor

and prior of Manila. He was elected provincial in 1638, but died in

1639. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 93.

[77] Cristóbal de Miranda was a missionary in the villages of México

in 1614, and of Apálit, Betis, Sesmoan, Guagua, Minalin, Candaba,

Macabebe, and Bacolór until 1641. He was definitor in 1632 and died

in 1646. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 88.

[78] Fray Lorenzo (_not_ Alonso) Figueroa labored in the villages of

Caruyan, Parañaque (1620), Santa Cruz (1626), and Agoó (1626). He

was elected prior of the convent of Santo Niño de Cebú in 1629,

after which he was sent to the villages of Lipa, Bigaá, Malate,

Sala, Malalos, and San Pablo de los Montes (1653). His death is not

recorded. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 96.

[79] Doubtless masses for the deaths of Father Pedro García and

Father Cabrera.

[80] Fray Pedro de la Peña was born in Burgos, and professed in the

convent of Badaya in 1599. He worked in the Ilocan villages of Bantay,

and Narvacán (1617). After laboring also in the villages of Apálit and

Macabebe (1626), he was chosen commissary-procurator to Madrid (1630),

dying in the following year, aboard ship. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,

p. 86.

[81] St. Luke, i, 37.--Coco.

[82] Fray Pedro de Quesada, a native of Jaen, took his vows in the

province of Castilla. He was appointed preacher-general and reader of

theology in 1630, and labored afterward in the villages of Malolos

(1632), Lipa (1636), and Bulacán (1638). In 1639 he went to Spain

as procurator-commissary of Madrid and definitor-general; but the

intermediary chapter having annulled his appointment, he set out

again for the islands as president of a mission of religious, dying

in Mexico in 1645. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 107.

[83] Paul's Epistle to the Romans, viii, 37.--Coco.

[84] Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, vi, 14.--Coco.

[85] Blumentritt in his _List of Native Tribes of the Philippines_

(Mason's translation, Washington, 1901), says of the people of

this name: "In a chart of the Philippines for 1744, by P. Murillo

Velarde, S. J., this name is to be seen west of Caraga and Bislig

(Mindanao). English authors speak of the Tagaboloyes, Waitz mentions

their clear color, and Mas calls them Igorrotes. Others add that they

were Mestizos of Indians, and more fables to the same effect. Their

region has been well explored, but only Manabos and Mandayas have

been found there. The last named are clear colored, so Tagaboloyes

seems to be another name for Mandayas. The name sounds temptingly

like Tagabalíes."

[86] This was Balthasar Carlos, born in 1630; he died in 1646. He

was betrothed to Mariana of Austria, but his father, Felipe IV,

married her in 1649.

[87] In 1552 Felipe II ordered a royal monopoly on playing-cards to

be established throughout his western dominions. All cards were to be

stamped with the royal arms. The manufacture and sale of them was sold

in 1578 to Hernando de Caseres, who paid a royalty of one real for each

pack. The value of the privilege gradually increased as well as the

price of cards paid by the public. (Bancroft's _History of Mexico_,

iii, pp. 663, 664.)

This monopoly was established in the Philippines in 1591, by Gomez

Perez Dasmariñas; see _Vol. VIII_, pp. 169, 271; and _IX_, p. 62.

[88] Apparently a reference to the capture of the Japanese junk by

Spaniards, frequently referred to in previous documents.

[89] The Oriental commerce of Denmark began with the despatch of

an expedition in 1618 to open trade with Ceylon. Being unfavorably

received there, the Danes went to the Coromandel coast of India, and

founded a trading-post at Tranquebar, one hundred and forty miles

southwest of Madras, defended by the fortress of Dansbourg. For

some time this post and its trade had considerable prosperity,

but European wars prevented its fitting support and the commercial

company was unable to maintain it. In 1670 a new company resumed this

enterprise, but was even more unfortunate than the other, and finally

expired in 1730. Two years later a third company was formed, which

was liberally endowed with privileges and subsidies, and was highly

successful. Tranquebar remained in possession of Denmark until 1846,

when it was purchased by England.

See account of this colony and the Danish trade in the East, in

_Establecimientos ultramarinos de las naciones Europeas_, by Malo

de Luque (Madrid, 1784-90), iv, pp. 9-31. See map of "District of

Tranquebar," in Bellin's _Atlas maritime_, iii, fol. 36.

[90] This was Father Jerónimo Medrano; he was again elected to the

dignity of provincial in 1641 and in 1650.

[91] Christoval Ferreira was born in Portugal, in 1580. At the age

of sixteen he entered the Jesuit order, and in 1609 was sent to the

Japan mission; he remained there through many years of persecution,

and was long the provincial of his order in Japan. In 1633 he was

seized and imprisoned, and finally, under the strain of cruel tortures,

recanted his faith--being, it is claimed, the only Jesuit who in all

those fierce persecutions, became an apostate. His life was spared,

but he was compelled by the Japanese to witness the martyrdom of his

brethren, and even to decree their fate. At last Ferreira, tormented

by remorse and shame, surrendered himself to the authorities as being

still a Christian, and died (1652) as a martyr, suffering long and

extreme torments. See Crétineau-Joly's account of his career, in

_Hist. Comp. de Jésus_, iii, pp. 161-164.

Murdoch and Yamagata say of this Jesuit (_Hist. Japan_, p. 633): "As to

the story that Ferreyra repented and was _fossed_ at Nagasaki in 1653

(at the age of seventy-four), there seems to be no foundation for it."

[92] Apparently a corrupt Spanish pronunciation of the Japanese Jodo

(also written Jíôdo, and Jodo), the name of one of the Buddhist sects

which flourish in Japan. It was founded in 1174 _A.D._--by one Honen,

according to Griffis; by Genku, according to Rein. Iyeyasu and his

successors were adherents and benefactors of this sect. "Its priests

strictly insisted upon celibacy, and abhorred the eating of flesh. They

taught that the health of the soul depends less upon virtue and

moral perfection than upon the strict observance of pious practices"

(Rein). See Griffis's account of Buddhism in Japan, in his _Mikado's

Empire_, pp. 158-175; and the chapter on religious systems in Rein's

_Japan_, pp. 442-464.

[93] This is the volcanic mountain called Onzenga-take, situated in

the northern part of Shimábara peninsula--noted for the terrible

massacre of Christians, in 1637, at Arima, a town in the south of

the peninsula--and east of Nagasaki. The last great eruption of this

volcano took place in 1791-93, in which, it is said, fifty-three

thousand people lost their lives. Its height is estimated at one

thousand meters, and at its base are numerous hot springs. See Rein's

_Japan_, pp. 17, 43, 54, 86.

[94] Regarding this letter, see note in brackets at end of this

document.

[95] Probably Sendai, in the province of Satsuma.

[96] This would seem to be Otsu, the chief town of the province of Omi;

it lies northeast of Ozaka (the Ojaca of the text).

[97] This must have been some gossip or canard cited by the writer;

for Iyemidzu (grandson of Iyeyasu), who was then shogun, reigned

from 1623 to 1651. The death of the "King" (_i.e._, tono or daimio)

of Arima is also related, in more detail, by La Concepción (_Hist. de

Philipinas_, v, pp. 160, 161); he says that a multitude of foxes

surrounded Bugandono on the road from Nangasaqui, accompanying him,

leaping and barking about his litter "until he reached Ximabara,

where they suddenly disappeared. Immediately that wretched man was

overpowered by a fury against himself, so great that, sword in hand,

he compelled his servants to beat him soundly with bamboos. They dealt

him so many blows that they inflicted upon him a wretched death"--a

punishment for his cruelties against the Christians.

"The great Shinto temple of Inari [the goddess of rice] at Kyoto is the

model of all other shrines dedicated to this popular divinity, for on

this lonely hillside twelve hundred years ago Inari was supposed to

manifest herself to mortals. A colossal red gateway and a flight of

moss-grown steps lead to the main entrance flanked by the great stone

foxes which guard every temple of Inari, and symbolize the goddess

worshipped under their form. Japanese superstition regards the fox

with abject terror; his craft and cunning are celebrated in legendary

ballads; and a condition of mental disorder, known as 'possession by

the fox,' is a common belief, bringing crowds of devotees to Inari's

temples, either to pray for the exorcism of the demoniac influence, or

to avert the danger of falling under the dreadful spell." (_Macmillan's

Magazine_, December, 1904, p. 117.)

[98] Thus in the transcript, but evidently should be 1633; for the

reference to the _ad interim_ government of Lorenzo de Olasso, past

the middle of this document, shows that it was written in 1632.

[99] From this point to nearly the end of the bull, I have found

it necessary to simplify the phraseology considerably, while

carefully preserving the sense. The passage in question, while not

hard to understand in Latin, would be, if translated literally,

almost unintelligible in English--a long, wordy repetition of

revocatory and annulling clauses, for many of which there is no

precise and brief equivalent in English. Nor is the Latin itself

elegant; and a few words and phrases can only be guessed at--these,

however, not affecting the real sense, or involving any matter of

importance.--_Rev. T. C. Middleton_, translator.

[100] Juan García (afterward named "de la Cruz") came to the

Philippines in 1632; he must therefore have sent to Sevilla almost

immediately after his arrival in the islands the letter from which

this document was printed. He spent four years laboring in the

Formosa mission; and in 1636 went to China, where he spent most of his

remaining years. Persecuted in that country as a Christian preacher,

he finally was seized by Chinese soldiers, and so maltreated that

his injuries caused his death December 8, 1665, at Fogan; he was then

sixty years of age. See _Reseña biog. Sant. Rosario_, i, pp. 411-414,

for sketch of his life.

[101] Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera. See vol. xvii, p. 291.

[102] See account of the founding of the Jesuit missions in China,

_vol. vi_, p. 208. The work begun by Ricci (see _vol. xv_, p. 178)

was continued by Johann Adam Schall von Bell, a German Jesuit, who

entered China in 1622, remaining there until his death in 1669. He was

a noted astronomer and mathematician, and for his learning and talents

was greatly esteemed by the Chinese, especially at the imperial court;

the reformation of the Chinese calendar was entrusted to him, and

rank and emoluments were conferred upon him. The missions in China

were not molested by the authorities after 1622; but the conflicts

between the Chinese and Tartars, which ended in the overthrow of the

Ming dynasty, greatly injured the work of the missionaries from 1630 to

1660. At the time of our text, the Jesuits were on friendly terms with

the authorities, and their work prospered especially in Peking. See

account of Catholic missions in China, in Williams's _Middle Kingdom,_

ii, pp. 290-325; and in Crétineau-Joly's _Hist. Comp. de Jésus_, iii,

pp. 165-184.

[103] _Medias anatas_: half of the first year's income; a tax which

was paid to the crown upon entering any office, pension, or grant. It

was introduced into the Indias by a law of 1632. See _Recopilación

leyes de Indias_, lib. viii, tit. xix.

[104] Spanish, _Religion_. This word was first used in the sense of

"monastic order" or "monastery" in the sixth century, in France. This

narrower sense was used along with the broader one, until the latter

was gradually crowded out (during the second half of the fourteenth

century); being, however, finally recovered during the epoch of the

Reformation; The term "man of religion" (_homo religionis_, _homme de

religion_) was never used in Latin, French, or English to mean a pious

man, but exclusively for a man belonging to a religious order. See

"History of the word _religio_ in the Middle Ages," by. Professor Ewald

Flügel, of Leland Stanford Junior University--an abstract of which

is printed in _Transactions_ of American Philological Association,

1902, pp. ci, cii.

[105] Thus in our transcript; but in the king's answer to this letter

(_post_) the name appears as Rivero.

[106] Probably referring to the people of Butung or boeton, a large

island off the southeastern peninsula of Celebes; their state of

civilization is similar to that of the Macassar and Bugis of that

island.

[107] This recommendation was thus answered by the king, in a despatch

to Corcuera dated Madrid, December 1, 1636: "Inasmuch as it is proper

that all the prelates take personal charge of the government of their

churches, thus fulfilling their so stringent obligations for that, I

have thought it best--notwithstanding that I charge them by a decree

of the same date as this that, if they should be absent from their

churches, they shall without fail go to reside in them--to order

you, as I am doing, to see for your part by repeated urgings that

they go to reside at and to serve their churches, in case that any

of them should be absent." This is found in the "Cedulario Indico,"

at Madrid--pressmark, "Tomo 39, fol. 228."

The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 — Volume 24 of 55 1630-34 Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, As Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Close of the Nineteenth Century · 第 16 / 16 章

In the ships of last year, and by way of Yndia, I informed your