Ages under the aristocratic systems which then prevailed, was that
the men who were efficient instruments of government were drawn from
the Church--from that great Church, that body we now distinguish
from other Church bodies as the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman
Catholic Church then, as now, was a great democracy. There was no
peasant so humble that he might not become a priest, and no priest
so obscure that he might not become a Pope of Christendom, and every
chancellory in Europe was ruled by those learned, trained and
accomplished men--the priesthood of that great and then dominant
Church; and so, what kept government alive in the Middle Ages was
this constant rise of the sap from the bottom, from the rank and
file of the great body of the people through the open channels of
the Roman Catholic priesthood."
{517}
The greatest surprise is to be found in Professor Draper's ignorance
of the history of his own profession. He says, "It had always been the
policy of the Church to discourage the physician and his art; he
interfered too much with the gifts and profits of the shrines."
Professor Draper apparently knew nothing of the magnificent medical
schools attached to the universities in the medieval period, whose
professors wrote great medical and surgical text-books, which have
come down to us, and whose faculties required a far higher standard of
medical education than was demanded in America in Professor Draper's
own day. For about 1871 anyone who wished might enter an American
medical school practically anywhere in the country, without any
preliminary education, and having taken two terms of ungraded
lectures, that is, having listened to the same set of lectures two
years in succession, might receive his degree of doctor of medicine.
In the Middle Ages he could enter the medical school only after having
completed three years of preliminary work in the undergraduate
department, and then he was required to give four years to the study
of medicine, and spend a year as assistant with another physician
before he was allowed to practise for himself. This is the standard to
which our university medical schools gradually climbed back at the
beginning of the twentieth century--a full generation after Draper's
time.
We know now that in those earlier centuries they had thorough clinical
teaching in the hospitals, that is, physicians learned to practise
medicine at the bedside of the patient, and not merely out of books
and by theoretic lectures. Clinical teaching had not developed in
Professor Draper's day to any extent. The medieval hospitals had
trained nurses and magnificent quarters, while the trained nurse was
only introduced into America in 1871, and our hospitals at that time
were almost without exception a disgrace to civilization, according to
our present standards of hospital construction. Our surgery was most
discouraging, because there were so many deaths in the unclean
hospital conditions. The medieval hospital surgeons operating under
anesthesia, boasted of getting union by first intention, and were in
many ways doing better work than their colleagues of 1870, Professor
Draper's own time, before Lister's great discovery. Of all this
Professor Draper had no inkling.
Draper's position is very like that of the specialist at all times.
Dean West of Princeton once said, I believe, that a specialist is a
man who knows so much more about one thing than he knows about
anything else that he is inclined to think that he knows more about
that than anyone else does. To which I once ventured {518} to add that
the specialist is also a man who thinks because of his recognized
attainments in one line, that if, for any reason, he should pay any
serious attention to any other subject he would know more about that
than anyone else does. Draper's views on universal history correspond
exactly to such a definition. He jumped to conclusions in a way that
he would surely have resented most bitterly and quite properly in
anyone who attempted after slight acquaintance with his own department
of science to express ultimate conclusions with regard to it, but he
himself with the most scanty information gleaned only for the purpose
of confirming some preconceived ideas, gathered entirely from
secondary authorities without even an attempt to confirm his views by
consultation of original documents, proceeded to tell the world just
what it ought to think about questions of all kinds that have
sometimes occupied historians for centuries and are by no means clear
even yet.
Above all, he failed to realize the relations of whatever knowledge he
had to the other facts of history. Deeply interested in science
himself to the exclusion of nearly everything else, he could not
understand how any generation and scarcely how any individual could
live a deeply intellectual life without an absorbing interest in
physical science. He seems to have had no conception of the fact that
physical science is only a passing phase of man's interest, and that
interests in philosophy, in art, in poetry, in literature are not only
quite equal to science as a mental discipline, but must probably be
considered to surpass it. Nothing can be so narrow as physical science
pursued alone,--as Draper himself furnishes the best possible proof,
but of this he seems to have had no hint. Fortunately humanity has
drawn away from that exaggerated idea of the value of physical science
as ultimate truth and we are able to judge a little more
dispassionately.
Professor Draper's prestige, and the fact that his book was published
in the International Scientific Series, led a great many people to
read it, and it found its way into many of the public libraries of the
country, on whose shelves it may still be found. Many of its readers
thought it could never be effectively answered. Scientists were
affected by it, or at least those interested in science, and it
represented one phase of that pronounced opposition to religion which
characterized what has been so well called the "silly seventies."
And if the seriously educated were willing to accept the ignorant and
prejudiced views of Professor Draper, what was to be expected of the
general reader? What has helped the position of the Church {519} in
this country during the past generations is knowledge, and ever more
knowledge. When those who are not of the fold know even a little of
the history of the Church, know a reasonable amount of the other side
of controversial problems, and, above all, when they have been brought
into personal touch with the Church itself, her pastors and the
hierarchy and religious men and women, prejudice disappears and
understanding grows. We still have the monks and nuns of the olden
time with us, but no one who knows them personally ever thinks for a
moment of lazy monks and idle nuns. After a man has met scholarly
Catholic clergymen, he has quite a different view of the relations of
the Church to education. That is all that the Church has ever
needed--to be known in order to be appreciated. Nothing emphasizes
this so much as the change that has come over the opinions of those
outside the Church as a result of growth in knowledge of the Church
and her institutions during the generation that separates us from the
writing of Professor Draper's book.
{520}
{521}
INDEX
A
A.A.A.S. 311
_Abditis de causis morborum_ 84
Accident of fevers 213
Achievement, human 306
Achillini 76, 86, 92, 105, 244
Achillinus (see above)
Addison 85
After-care of insane 371
Agenius, Otto 47
Agnostic 262
Agnus Dei 199
Albert (see Albertus)
Albertus Magnus 102, 134, 287, 295, 305, 324;
botany 318;
physical geography 318;
science 299;
scientific treatises 319;
scientific works 319
Albigenses 257
Albucasis 99
Alchemy 134, 135
Alderotti, Thaddeus 206
Alexander VI. 215, 231
Allbutt 83, 173, 185, 194, 196, 214, 506
Allston, Washington 391
Alma Mater Studiorum 94
Alphanus 228
America, discovery of 316
Amerigo Vespucci 283
Amalgam 135
Ampere 281
Anatomical preparations 46;
work at Rome 117
Anatomy,
history of 114, 62;
Father of 111;
Golden Age 30;
myths 61;
Renaissance of 112;
supposed prohibition 28
Anaxagoras 351
Aneurysms 243
Angelico 92
Angelo 90, 112
Angel butterfly 358
Angleworms dried 184
Annals of Anatomy and Surgery 116, 233
Annihilation 313
Anomalies 185
Antimony, Triumphal Chariot of 136
Antipodes 316
Ants 358
Applied science 329
Aquinas 135, 305, 323, 325
Arabisms 170
Arabs, surgical knowledge of 170, 192
Aranzi 245
Archives, Hospitalieres 253
Ardern, John 188
Argelata 76
Aristotle 218, 292;
a man 298;
errors of 298
Arnold of Villanova 135, 186, 210
Arts and architecture 329;
seven devilish 145
Arts and Sciences, Congress of 173
Astrology 158, 212
Astronomy 140
Auenbrugger 243, 403
Augsburg 251
Augustine, St. 112, 296, 327
Authors, second-rate 315
Autopsy
on a living person 117;
on Cardinals 58
Autopsy, legal 72
Avicenna 99, 183
Avignon 79, 164, 182, 211;
development of 139
Azarias, Brother 344
B
B. A. A. S. 311
Bacon, Francis 283, 332, 360
Bacon, Roger 134, 305, 321, 323, 327, 332
Baillie 85
Balliol College 95
Bartholomaeus Anglicus 338
Bartholomew the Englishman 336
Bartolo 270
Basel 105
Basil, Valentine 136
Bauhin 209
Baunette 308
Baverius de Baveriis 213
Bede 315
Bedlam 255, 372;
visitors' fees 373
Bedlamites 374
Bedlams 374
Bees 358
Belgium, Catholic 102
Bellinis 90
Benedict XIV. 218, 223
Benedictines and medicine 224;
of St. Maur 53, 54
Benivieni 83, 85, 99, 105
Berengar of Carpi 82, 86, 105, 115, 245, 399
Berengarius 77
Bertapaglia 77
Berthelot 132
Bertrand, M. 394
Bertrucci 92, 186
Besancon 254
Bethlehem Hospital 369, 372
Black Death 272
Blepharitis 208
Blood, shedding of 168, 191
{522}
Bodleian 95
Body-snatching 37, 75
Boerhaave 244
Bologna 19, 119, 152, 158, 174, 192, 222;
a Papal City 82
Bolognese Medical School 244
Boniface VIII. 56, 112
Boniface's, Pope,
Bull 29;
Bull, meaning of 59;
misinterpretation 35;
reason for 32;
text 31;
where found 31
Books, medical, dedicated to Popes 235
Borelli 217
Botany 140, 158;
medieval 318
Brethren of the Common Life 97
Bridewell 255
Bright 85
Broeck 178
Brother Potamian 288
Brothers 254
Butterfly 358
C
Caesalpino 319
Caesalpinus 18, 113, 119, 217, 236
Cahors 156, 162, appendix
Caius,
John 94;
College 94
Calendar, correction of 323
Cambridge Modern History 24
Cantharides 181
Carlyle 347
Cassiodorus 225
Catalepsy 214
Cataract 208, 230
Catarrh 180
Catherei 185
Catherine of Siena 272
Cecco di Ascolo 211
Charles V. 108, 116, 217
Chartres 228
Chauliac 45, 74, 176, 180, 181, 210;
self-made man 210
Chauvinism 237
Chemicum Theatrum 135
Chemistry, story of 134
Children attending schools 344
Chirurgia Magna 175, 187
Chirurgia Parva 187
Chlorosis, iron for 214
Christ's Hospital 255
Church and
art 21;
education 21;
letters 22;
science 22
Church, pressure of 190
Circulation of the blood 238
City Hospitals 248, 370
Classic histories misleading 25
Claude Bernard 233
Clavis Sanationis 209
Clavius, S. J., Father 217, 360
Cleanliness, surgical 279
Clement
V. 135, 150, 210;
VIII. 237;
XI. 242;
XIII. 219
Climate at Rome 243
Climatology 140
Cod liver oil 230
Cologne 251, 318, 325
Colony system 367, 372
Columbus 86, 90, 113, 216, 232
St. Come College 195
Committee
of inspection 373;
of investigation 378
Concordance 134
Conflict, supposed, between religion and science 393
Congregation of St. Maur 54
Conspiracy against the Truth 24
Constantine Africanus 170
Conservation of energy 312
Consultation, Vesalius's 107
Constanz 251
Contact, without human 386
Content of medieval teaching 314
Copenhagen, University of 97
Copper and gold 309
Coquelines 146
Coro Anatomico 246
Corpus Juris Canonici 124
Corradi 74
Coryza 180
Cosmos 355
Coulomb 282
Cruikshank 121
Crusades of surgery 192
Cycles of interest 131
D
Dante 341;
as a nature student 343;
architect 342;
like Goethe 348;
on education 361;
treatment of nature 347
Daremberg 188
Darwin 396
Daunou 54, 230;
Protestant tract 55
Decretals, sixth book of 56
Deduction 169, 200
Deductions in history 26
_De Magnete_ 285
DeMaistre 24, 165, 284
Democritus 351
Demonical possession 366
_De Motu Cordis_ 242
_De Natura rerum_ 338
Denifle 305
_De Re Anatomica_ 235
Desiderata for insane 371
Desiderius 227
Development of anatomy 63
Diabetes 180
Dillon, Arthur 266
Dino de Garbo 212
Director, surgical 183
Disease,
eradication 275;
What, Where 85
nothing 364
Disinterested scholars 302
Dissection
at Rome 59;
at Venice 38;
first 1302 37;
numerous 77;
hero of 111;
in public 58;
permissions 51;
practice of 63;
Rashdall on 37;
supposed prohibition 29;
systematic 76;
was it hampered? 36;
wounds 47
Documentary evidence 25
Doctorates 154
Dogmatism 395
Donatello 112
Donatus 305
Donkey, breath of 167, 183
Draper, Dr. 284
Dropsy, cause 174
Ducks, queerest 203
_Durities renum_ 174
{523}
Dungeon era 368
Dympna, St. 376
Dysuria 180
E
Earth, shape-size 315
Ecclesiastical institutions 339
Economics 412
Eddyism 364
Education
and Popes 19;
medical 65;
preliminary 141, 158;
Pope John XXII. and 141
Edward VI. 256
_Elementis, De Quatuor_ 208
Elizabeth, Queen 94, 285
Empyema 185
Encyclopedia,
first 334;
Britannica 133
Energy, conservation 314
Engineering, mechanical 330
Epilepsy 214
Epochs, four marvelous 161
Era of asylums 368
Erhardt 137
Erysipelas 276
Essays, educational 344
Etruscans 151
Eugenie, Empress 289
Eustachius 18, 86, 114, 119, 216
Evolution,
footsteps of 390;
in human affairs 332;
of science 93
Exaggeration, pious 203
Experimentalism 297
Experiment in optics 348
Exorcism 368, 374
Extravagantes 31, 124
Eye diseases 229
F
Fabrica, corporis humani 108
Fallopius 187
Falsification, crime of 125
Faraday 285
Father of electricity 265
Ferrara 243
Fevers 213
Finance 412
Firearms, wounds made by 215
Fisher, Dr. 233
Flies carry the plague 239
Florence 83
Fordham University Medical School 28, 267
Form 311
Fortune-teller 129
Foster, Sir Michael 107;
Prof. Med. 237
Fouarre, rue de 362
Foundation for modern thought 305
Foundling House 258
Fracassate 245
France 174
Franciscans 132, 287, 288, 290, 292, 327, 328, 369, 471, 514
Francis of Siena 213
Francis, Saint 328
Francis Speretis 381
Frankfort 251
Frederick II., body 34, 63
Free cities 333
Freind 187
Fulbert of Chartres 227
G
Gairdner 256
Galen 183, 194
Galileo 16, 19, 239, 306, 332, 385
Galvani 282
Gardner 270
Generation, spontaneous 92
Gentilis 77
Geography 140
Geology, foundation 401
Gerbert 227
Gesner 319
Gheel 367
Ghent 273
Gilbert 305;
of Colchester 285
Giordano Bruno 393
Giliani, Alessandra 46
Giotto 92
Gladstone 393
Glaucoma 230
God's hostelry 260
Goisbert 227
Gold, bricks 15;
from sea water 127
Gonorrhoea 180
Gordon 185
Gould, Dr. Geo. M. 405
Government interfered 279
Grandfather of Vesalius 110
Graves rifled 75
Grecisms 170
Gregory
VII. 227;
IX. 205;
XI. 212
Guido, or Guy of Montpelier 250
Guinicelli 308
Guyot de Provins 308
Guenther of Andernach 103
H
Habits,
religious 278;
of prayer 376
Haeckel 393
Haeser 182
Haly 183
Hangman, touch of 183
Harvey 96, 119, 234, 306, 396, 397
Health, Key of 209
Heart as a muscle 400
Hildebrand 227
Hildier 227
Hirsch's Biographical Lexicon 242
Histoire Litteraire de la France 31, 53, 54
History lies 120, 122, 286
History
of Science 16;
of the Court of Rome 55
Hoefer 132
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 277, 405
Holy Ghost, sin against 35
Honorius
III. 273;
IV. 274
Hooke, Robert 405
Hospital
organization 248;
of Holy Spirit 250;
nursing 262;
community 273;
Siena 269;
for erysipelas 277
Hounds, bites of mad 181
House of God 266
House signs 253
Hugo De Senis 77
Humanitarian institutions 264
Humboldt 316;
on medical science 20, 355
Huxley on Galileo 17;
Prof. 394
Hydrophobia 181
Hypodermics 197
Hysteria 214
{524}
I
Icterus 180
Ignatius Loyola 201
Ignorance,
sublime 26;
four grounds of 290
Il Convito 362
Image, waxen 145, 169
Indestructibility of matter 312
Induction 169
Infallibility 35, 143, 169
Ionization 311
Innocent
III. 249, 273, 276, 370;
XI. 240;
XII. 242
Inquisition 112, 118
Insane
colony 377;
non-violent 377;
brutally treated 378;
in the poor houses 378;
harmless 379
Insanity in Middle Ages 363
_Inter ceteras curas_ 160
Interference, spiritual 380, 385
Intestines 185
Institutions, large 367
Institutional system 377
Instruments, illustrations of 181, 185
Intuition 384
Inunctions, mercurial 215
Investigations by experiment 296
Italy, post-graduate work in 96
J
Jackson, Dr. Geo. 116
Jacques de Vitry 265
Janus 207, 228
Jelliffe 367
Jenner 402
Jesuitism 50
Jesuits 232
Joannes de Tornamira 212
John XXII. 121;
and education 143, 207, 223
John of Chartres 227
John of Vigo 214
Jordan, David Starr 390
Jordan, Pres. 395
Joubert 197
Julius II. 214
K
Kelly, Dr. Howard 239
Ken, Bishop 359
Kepler 385
Kircher 18, 238
Knights Hospitalers 261
Knowledge, advance 306
Kopp 131
Kropotkin 180, 332
Kuhns, Prof. L. Oscar 347
L
Lachrimal fistula 208
Laennec 403
Lancisi 241
Lane lectures 237
Lanfranc 68, 79, 173, 175
La Place 405
Lapponi, Dr. 214
Latin Empire 258
Lavoisier 393
Lead into silver 309
Leo
XIII. 138, 327;
X. 215
Leproseries 274
Le Sexte 56
Leyden 241
Liber Cosmographicus 317
Library of Canon and Civil Law 162
Linacre 93
Lionardo da Vinci 90
Lithium into copper 310
Livers, extracts 230
Lodge, Sir Oliver 383
Logic, groundwork of 64
Lombroso 383
Lords the Poor 260
Louis IX. 334;
body 34
Louvain 100;
University of 102
Lubbock, Sir John 359
Lucan 358
Lucretius 358
Lully, Raymond 308
Lunar rainbows 318
Lung Abscess 180
Lutheranism 102
Lyons Council 326
M
Macaulay 284
Magnet in surgery 178
Mail and Express 266
Maison Dieu 260
Malgaigne 182, 194
Malingerers 273
Malpighi 18, 85, 96, 119, 217, 240
Manipulations, surgical 185
Mantegna 112
Marguerite of Burgogne 266
Marie of Burgundy 109
Mary, Queen 94
Massa 86
Massari 246
Maximilian I. 109
Medical Library and Hist. Journal 40, 121
Medical Schools of Rome 222
Medieval scientific books 23
Mental and nervous diseases 363
Method,
deductive 281;
inductive 283
Meyer, Ernest von 132
Meyer 209
Michel Angelo 90
Milan's magnificent hospital 269
Mineralogy 140, 157
Minerals 135
Miracles
to medicine 167;
belief in 199
Mitchell 405
Mivart, St. George 394
Mondino 37
Montagnano 78
Monte Cassino 205, 225
Montpelier, University of 79, 177, 182, 192
Morgagni 99, 219;
forerunner of 83;
eighth daughter of 222;
son a Jesuit 221
Morgan, Augustus de, on Galileo 16
Morley, Henry 291
Muenchen 251
{525}
N
Naples 325
Natural
phenomena 340;
science 340
Nature,
interest in 335;
laws of 387
Naude 205
Neckam, Abbot 308
Necropsies 85
Newark 188
Newman, Cardinal, on Galileo 16
Newton 306
Nicaise 182
Nicholas,
Pope 137;
IV. 208;
V. 213
Nothingness 313
Novelty 392
Novum Organum 284, 293
Nueremberg 332
O
Observation, powers of 300
Ohm 282, 408
Open door 367, 371, 374
Opposition,
ecclesiastical 62;
popular 62
Opposition to the progress of science 396
Opus Tertium 134, 288;
Majus 292
Ordures 183
Ovid 358
Oxford 324
P
Padua 77, 83, 106;
University at 394
Palmist 129
Pagel 171, 177, 190, 319
Papal Medical School 26, 66, 89, 119, 222
Papal
bulls 26;
Curia 113;
Physicians 118, 202
Paracelsus 118, 137
Pare 174
Paris 152, 158, 192, 317, 325
Pasteur 289, 409
Pathology, father of 84
Patients scourged 375
Patron of students 331
Paul
III. 113, 232;
IV. 113, 114
Peregrinus 307
Permissions to dissect 51
Perugia University 149, 156, 161
Perugino 162, 243
Petella 207, 229
Peter of Chartres 227
Peter of Spain 207, 208
Pharmacology 158
Phenomena,
psychic 381;
occult 381
Philip Le Bel 177
Philip II. 217
Philosopher's stone 135, 308
Philosophy encouraged 22
Phosphorescence 355
Phreas, John 95
Phthisis 180
Physicians, Royal College of 93
Physicians,
thinking 201;
of educated people 203
Physical geography 317
Physics, treatise on 298
Piccolomini 216, 235
Pilcher, Prof., on Mondino 89, 45, 48, 64, 66
Pilgrimage for insane 375, 376
Pious Schools, Society of 218
Pius IV. 235
Poggendorf 286
Poissin 405
Polypus 85
Pope Clement 327
Popes encouraged anatomy and medical sciences 113
(For separate Popes see names)
Pope John and education 141
Popularizers in science 283
Possessed 368
Possession 380
Potamian, Brother 307
Practice of medicine 65
Prayer for mental diseases 376
Prerequisite for degree 159
President, our 143
Priestley 286
Prime matter 311
Prince Kropotkin 330, 345
Prospectus of Medical School 157
Protestant tradition 24
Psalms 178
Psychopathic wards 368
Ptolemaic 353
Public buildings 269
Puccinotti 69, 75
Puschmann 41, 58, 75, 171, 298, 819
Pythagoras 351
Q
Questions, medical 237
R
Rabies, treatment for 409
Ramsay, Sir Wm. 310
Raphael 90, 162
Rashdall 73;
History of Universities 37
Ratisbon, Bishop of 324
Reason for false tradition 24
Reed, Major Walter 239
Reformation, so-called 166, 190
Reform of philosophizing 293
Regius professors 193
Regulation of medical practice 65
Religious care for the sick 263
Renaissance 80
Renaissance of science 91
Resurrection of 91
Ricardus Anglicus 205
Ricardus Paresiensis 205
Richard the Englishman 205
Richet 383
Roger 170, 192
Rome 325;
Roman University 164
Rosarium 132
Rostock, University of 155
Roth 70, 76
Rovere, Cardinal Della 14
Ruskin 342
S
Saintsbury 303
Saladin 261
Salerno 65;
history of 130
{526}
Salicet 173, 221
Sanitarium 371
Sapienza 215
Sarti 67
Schacht 137
Scheit 137
Scholasticism 302, 303
Scholarship, profound 299
School street in Oxford 362
Science, Medieval 301, 335
Science
in modern universities 304;
chemical 120
Scientia Experimentalis 292
Scientists believers 282
Scirrhus 85
Scotus, Michael 102
Segregation, leprosy 275
Semmelweiss 407
Servetus 393, 399, 400
Shrines 375
Sicilies, dissection in 63
Siena, story of 270
Sighart 317
Simon Januensis 203
Sir Wm. Crookes 382
Sister of Holy Ghost 254
Skeleton of felon 104
Skeletons 105
Snake, bite of 181
Social ostracism 127
Sociology 412
South Pole 315
Speakman, Eliz. 259
Speculum Naturale 334
Sphericity of the earth 316
Spirit interference 385
Spiritist 129
Spiritual manifestations 381
Spiritual interference 366
Spiritual interference in human life 366
Spiritual world 380
Spondent pariter 122
St. Anthony's fire 272
St. Bartholomew's 255
St. Catherine of Siena 272
St. Charles Seminary 146
St. Come 194
St. Dympna 376
St. Francis 162, 328
St. Francis's fire 276
St. Gallen 251
St. Thomas's Hospital 256
St. Victor 205
Stagirite 292
Stars,
shooting 351;
fixed 352
Steinschneider 209
Steno 96, 400
Stensen 96
Stenosis 85
Stone, philosopher's 125
Strangury 180
Strasburg 72
Structural work 330
Students
clerics 339;
of medicine 157
Sturdy vagrants 274
Sudden Death 242
Suggestions, strong 375
Summa Theologiae 298
Super Illius specula 128
Superficiality of our education 21
Superstition 184
Surgeons
ecclesiastics 169;
dishonorable 171
Surgeons, Middle Ages 172
Surgery,
history of 68;
prohibition of 169
Surgery,
father of 193;
prejudice against 194
Swift, Dean 391
Sylvester II. 227
Syncope 214
Synonyma Medicinae 209
Synonymies 209
T
Taxes 185
Telepathy 384
Temporal power 55
Tents 183
Tertullian 112
Thaddeus 206
Theobald V., King 335
Theodoric 183
Theological discouragement 167
Theological opposition 167
Theophastus 319
Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries 322
Thomas of Cantimprato 336
Thomson 132, 135, 405
Thrombosis of the mesenteric vein 85
Thule 315
Tolerance for scientific investigation 116
Thomassetti 146
Tooth, dead man's 167, 183
Toeply 58, 67;
von 41
Tozzi 218, 240
Traditions, blood-fearing 192
Tramp 274
Transmutation of metals 309
Trent, Council of 204
Trephining 185
Trithemius 137
Trowbridge 343
Tuberculosis, crusade against 276
Turner 86, 115, 245, 304
Twelve, College of, Physicians 211
Tycho-Brahe 360
Tyndall 238
U
Ulcers, carcinomatous 183
Umbrian School 162
University curriculus, medieval 301, 303
University
books 304;
teaching 329
University, Papal 15
University of the City of Rome 223
Urban VI. 211
V
Valentine 136
Valsalva 99, 194
Van Swieten 241
Varolius 217
Vatican 88
Vecchetta 271
Venice 72, 88, 106
Verocchio 112
Verona 174
{527}
Vesalius 35, 51, 100;
great-grandfather 109;
inquisitive 101;
ancestry 109;
father 110;
as consultant 112;
life of 116, 216
Vibrations in the ether 384
Vienna Medical School 241
Villani 345
Villanova, Arnold of 210
Vincent of Beauvais 334