Serauee, 812b
Sercase, Serchis, 31b, 438a
Serendeep, Serendīb, Serendiva, 182b, 813a, 181b
Serian, 886b
Seringapatam, 813a
Serinjam, 877b
Serious, 289a
Seris, 842a
Serishtadar, 826b
Serof, 832b
Serpaw, 808b
Serpent's-stone, 848a
Serpeych, 813a, 484a
Serpow, 808b, 939b
Serraglio, 811b
Serrapurdah, 877a
Serray, 812a
Serre, 808a
Serribaff, 829b
Serristadar, 826b
Serwân, 689a, 877b
Serye, 811b
Set, 813b
Setewale, 979b
Seth, 813b
Setlege, 878a
Sett, 813b, 189b
Settlement, 813b
Settre'a, 482b
Setuni, 797b
Setweth, 980a
Seutó, 829a
Seven Brothers, 814a;
Pagodas, 814a;
Sisters, 814a, 607b
Severndroog, 814a
Sewalick, Sewálik, 845b
Sewary, 858a Seychelle, Islands, 814b
Seydra, 853b
Seyjan, 782b
Sezawul, 894a
Sha, 816a
Shaal, 798b
Shaan, 823a
Shabander, Sha-Bander, 187a, 645a
Shabash, 816a
Shabunder, 816b, 127a
Shackelay, 217a
Shaddock, 817b, 721b
Shade, 818a
Shadock, 817b
Shagreen, 818a
Shāhbandar, Shahbunder, 816b, 817a
Shahee, Shahey, 194a, 389b
Shah Goest, 831a
Shahr-i-nao, Shaher-ul-Nawi, 796a, 914a, 867b
Shaii, 216a
Shaikh, 693a, 825b
Shaitan, 818b
Shaivite, 783a
Shakal, 444a
Shakī, 442a
Shalbaft, 708b
Shalee, 818b, 183a
Shaleeat, 183a
Shalgramŭ, 785b
Shalie, 819b
Shāliyāt, 183a, 819a, 829a
Shaloo, 818b
Shalwār, 833b
Shālyāt, 183a
Sham, 823a
Shama, 819b
Shaman, Shamanism, 820a, 119a
Shambogue, 820b
Shameanah, Shameeana, 821a
Shampoeing, Shampoing, Shampoo, 821b, a
Shamsheer, 804b
Shamyana, Shāmyānah, 821a
Shan, 821b, 504a
Shanaboga, 820b
Shānārcash, 193b
Shānbāf, Shanbaff, 823b, a
Shanbague, Shanbogue, 820b
Shandernagor, 146b, 184b
Shank, 184b
Shanscrit, 793a
Sharáb, 826a
Sharovary, 833b
Shashma, 798a
Shastah, Shaster, 823b, 963a
Shastree, 824a
Shataludr, 878a
Shatree, 389b
Shaṭ-shashṭi, 787a
Shaul, 824b
Shawbandaar, Shawbunder, 817a, 696b
Shawl, 824a;
Goat, 831a;
Shawool, 824a
Shay, 389b
Sheah-maul, 825b
Shebander, 816a
Shecarry, 827b
Sheeah, 824b
Sheek, 825a
Sheelay, 819b
Sheer mahl, Sheermaul, 825b, 51a
Shēētŭlŭpatēē, 809a
Sheeut, 825b
Sheher-al-Nawi, 796a
Sheek, 825b
Sheik, 836b
Sheikh, 825b, 693a
Shekar, 827b;
Shekarry, 827b
Shekho, 828b
Shela, Shelah, 819a, b
Shell, 824a
Shella, 818b
Sherash, Sheraz, 829b
Sherbet, 825b
Shereef, 826b, 170a
Sherephene, 975a
Sheriff, 832a
Sheristadar, 826b
Shervaraya, 826b
Sheúl, 211a
Shevaroy Hills, 826b
Shewage, 803b
Shewalic, 846a
Sheyah, 871b
Sheybar, 826a
Sheykh, 825b
Shia, 824b
Shian, 834b
Shibar, Shibbar, 827a, 550a
Shickar, 827b
Shiekul-ghur, 835b
Shigala, 828b
Shigram, Shigrampoe, 827a, 474b
Shikar, 827b;
Shikaree, 827b;
Shikar-gah, 828a;
Shikārī, 828a
Shikhó, 828a
Shilin, Shilingh, 847a
Shilla, 819b
Shinattarashan, 197b
Shinbeam, Shinbeen, Shinbin, 828b
Shinkala, Shinkali, Shinkli, 829a, 828b
Shinsura, 146b, 201a
Shintau, Shintoo, 829b, a
Shiraz, 829b
Shireenbaf, Shīrīnbāf, 829b, 823b
Shirry, 220b
Shisham, 830a, 842a
Shisha-mahal, Shish-muhull, 830a
Shitan, 818b
Shoaldarree, 831b
Shoe, of Gold, 830a;
flower, 830b;
goose, 831a
Shoke, 831a
Shola, 831a
Shoo, of Gold, 830b
Shoocka, 831b
Shooldarry, 831b, 688b
Shooter-sowar, -suwar, 857b
Shoukh, Shouq, 831a
Shoyu, 859a
Shraub, 831b
Shreif, 826b
Shrobb, 831b
Shroff, Shroffage, 831b
Shrub, 826b, 832b
Shudder, 217b
Shuddery, 482b, 853b
Shukha, 831b
Shulwaurs, 832b, 707b
Shurbát, 826a
Shuta Sarwar, Shutur Sowar, Suwar, 858a, 857b
Shwé Dagon, 291b
Shyrash, 829b
Siagois, 831a
Siam, 833b, 852b
Siamback, 186a
Siamotra, 867a
Sian, Sião, 834b, 796a
Si-a-yoo-tha-ya, 466a
Sibbendy, 805b
Σιβὼρ, 876b
Sica, Sicca, 835a, 834b, 73b, 775b
Sicchese, 31b
Sickman, 835b
Sicktersoy, 708b
Sicleegur, 835b
Sicque, 836a
Siddee, Siddy, Sidhi, 806b
Sieledēba, Sielediba, 176a, 181b, 184b, 547a
Siẽm, Sien, Sieng, 822b, 834a
Sihala, 181b
Sike, Sihk, Sikh, 836a, 835b
Sikka, Sikkah, 835a
Siḳlāṭūn, 861b
Sikunder's grass, 877a
Sílán, 182a
Silboot, 836b
Silebis, 180b
Siling, 847a
Silīpat, 836b
Silladar, Sillahdar, 836b, 69a
Sillah-posh, 836b
Sillan, 182b
Sillaposh, 836b
Silledar, 836b
Sillahposh, 836b
Silmagoor, 836b
Silon, 182b
Silpet, 836b
Simkin, 836b
Simmul, Simul, 807a
Σίμυλλα, 211a
Ṣīn, 455a;
-Masin, 531b
Sinabafa, Sinabáffo, Sinabafo, Sinabaph, 823b, a, 12b
Sinae, 197b
Sinasse, Sinassy, 872b
Sincapore, Sincapura, Sincapure, 839a, 840a
Sind, Sinda, 837a, 435b, 453b
Sindābūr, Sindabura, Sindaburi, 837b, 838a, 379a, 828b
Sindān, 782b, 211a
Sindāpūr, 838a
Sinde, 837b
Sindhee, 806b
Sindo, Sindu, Sindy, 320b, 837b
Singalese, 838b
Singapoera, Singapore, Singapura, 840a, 839b
Singara, Singerah, Singhara, 840a, 425b
Singuyli, 829a
Sini, Sīnīy, Sīnīya, 198a, b, 199a
Sīn Kalān, 531b
Sinkaldíp, 182a
Sinnasse, 872b
Sinternu, 201a
Sinto, Sintoo, 829b, a
Sion, 834b
Sipae, Sipahee, Sipāhī, 810b, 809b
Sipah-Salaar, Sipāhsālār, Sipahselar, 840b, 569a
Sipai, 810b
Sipasalār, 612b
Sipoy, 810b
Siqua, 835a
Sirash, 829b
Sircar, 840b, 63a, 856a
Sirdar, 841b;
-bearer, beehrah, 841b, 78a;
Sirdaur, 841b
Sirdrars, 841b
Sirian, 886a
Siring, 829b
Sirkar, 841a, 222b
Sirky, 841b, 877a
Sirpeach, 813a
Sirrakee, 842a
Sirris, 842a
Sisee, 886a
Sissoo, 842a
Sītal-paṭṭī, 809a
Sitti, 190a
Sitting-up, 842b
Sittringee, Sittringy, 843a
Sitty, 190a
Siturngee, 843a
Siválik, Siwálik, Siwalikh, 845b, 843a, 844a
Si-yo-thi-ya, 466a
Size-da, 494a
Sjaharnouw, 796a
Sjahbandar, 817a
Sjoppera, 220a
Skeen, 846a
Slam, 439b, 440a
Slave, 845a
Sling, 846b
Slippet, 836b
Sloth, 847b
Snake-stone, 847b, 7b, 24a, 90b
Sneaker, 849a
Snow rupee, 849b
Soacie, Soajes, 854b
Soay, 778b
Soco, 804b
Sodagar, 857a
Sodoe, 790b
Sofāla, 849b
Soffi, Sofi, 855b
Sogwan, 911b
Sohali, 883a
Sola, 850b
Solamaṇḍalam, 257a
Solar, 850b;
topee, 851a
Solda, Soldan, Σολδανὸς, Soldanus, 865a
Solgramma, 785b
Soliolum, Solinum, 951b
Solmandala, Solmondul, Solmundul, 85a, 258a
Somana-Kotamo, 366b
Somba, Sombay, 851a
Sombra, 951b;
Sombreiro, Bóy de, 851a, b, 569a;
Sombrero, Channel, 851a, 852a;
Sombreyro, Somerera, 952a, 851b, 852a
Somma Cuddom, Sommona-Codom, 366b, 729a
Sonahparínda, Sonaparanta, 852a, b
Sonaut, 775b
Sonda, 869a
Sonni, 871a
Sonthal, Sonthur, 852b, 853a
Soobadar, 856a
Soobah, 856a
Sooder, Soodra, 853a
Soofee, 856a
Soojee, 853b
Sooju, 859a
Soojy, 853b
Sooklaat, Sooklat, 861b, 862a
Soonderbund, 870a
Soonnee, 871a
Soontaar, 853a
Soontara, 643a, 870b
Soopara, 873b
Sooparie, 689b
Soorky, 854a
Soorma, 854a
Soorsack, 857a
Soosey, Soosie, 855a, 854b, 708b
Sootaloota, 221b
Sopara, 873b
Sophi, Sophius, Sophy, 855a
Sōrath, 876a
Sorbet, 826a
Soret, Soreth, 876b, a
Sornau, 795b
Sorrabula, 833b
Sorroy, 812b
Soüalec, 844b
Souba, 856a;
Soubadar, 856b;
Soubah, 856b;
Soubahdar, 856b
Soucan, 804b
Soucar, 777b, 858b
Souchong, 909b
Soudagur, 857a
Soudan, Soudanc, 865a
Soudra, 853b
Sou-la-tch'a, 876b
Sou-men-t'ala, 867b
Σουπάρα, Σούππαρα, Σουφείρ, 873a
Sourâchtra, 876b
Souray, 812b
Soure, 874a
Souret, 875b
Sour Sack, Soursop, 857b, a
Souy, 859a
Sowar, 857b, 858a;
Shooter, 857b
Sowarree, Sowarri, Sowary, 858a, 719a
Sowcar, 858a
Soy, 858b
Spachi, Spahee, Spahi, Spahiz, Sphai, Spie, 811a
Spin, 859a
Sponge Cake, 859a
Spotted-Deer, Deare, 859a
Squeeze, 859b
Stange, Stank, 899a
Station, 859b
Stevedore, 859b
Stick-insect, 859b;
-lac, 860a
Stink-wood, 860a
Streedhana, 860a
Streights of Governadore, 391a
Stridhan, Stridhana, 860a
Stupa, 860a
Suákin, 860a
Sually, Sualybar, 883a, b
Suami, 883b
Subadar, 856b
Subah, 856a
Subahdar, 856b
Subárá, 873a
Subidar, 856b
Sublom, Subnom, 708b
Sucar, Succare, 863a, 864a
Succatoon, 708b
Suckat, 861a
Sucker-Bucker, 860b
Sucket, 860b
Suckette, 175a
Suclát, 861a
Sudden Death, 862a
Sudder, 862a;
Adawlut, 4b;
Ameen, 17b, 862a;
Board, 862a;
Court, 862a;
Station, 862b
Sudkāwān, 203b
Sudrung Puttun, 779b
Sufâlah, Sufârah, 873b
Sufeena, 862b
Suffavean, Suffee, 856a, 855b
Suffola, 850b
Suffy, Sufi, 855b, a
Sugar, 862b;
Candie, Candy, 156a;
Suger, candy, 864b
Sujee, Suji, 854a, 853b
Sūḳ, 214a
Sukkāngīr, 804b
Suklat, 862a
Sukor, 860b
Sukte, 861a
Ṣūlī, 752b
Ṣūlia, 207a
Suldari, 831b
Sulky, 854a
Sullah, 819b
Sulmah, 854a
Sultan, 864b
Sumatra, 865b
Sumbrero, 851b
Sumjao, 868a
Su-men-ta-la, 867a
Summerhead, 851a, b
Summiniana, 821a
Sumoltra, Sumotra, 867a, 866b
Sumpitan, 868a, 781b, 795a
Sumuthra, Sūmūtra, 867a, 866b
Sun, 871a
Sunáparanta, 852a
Sunbūk, 788a
Sunda, Sunda Calapa, 868a, 869a
Sundarbans, Sunderbunds, Sundrabund, 870a, b, 869a
Sungar, Sungha, 870b
Sungtara, 870b
Sunn, 871a
Sunnee, Sunni, 871a, b, 825a
Sunnud, 871b
Sunny, 871a
Sunny Baba, 42b
Súntarah, 643a, 871a
Sunyásee, Sunyasse, 871b, 872b
Supára, 872b
Suparij, 689b
Supera, 873a, 895b
Supervisor, 5a, 235b
Suppâraka, 873a
Suppya, 809b
Supreme Court, 873b
Sura, 874a, 36b
Surahee, Surāhī, 812b, 382a
Συραστρηνή, 874b
Surat, 874a
Sūrath, 876a
Suray, 812a
Sure, 874a
Surkunda, 876b, 841b
Surma, 854a
Surnasa, 378b
Surpage, Surpaish, 279a, 813a
Surpâraka, 873a
Surpoose, 877a, 195b
Surrapurda, 877a
Surrat, 875b
Surrinjaum, 877b;
Surrinjaumee Gram, 877b
Surrow, 877b
Surroy, 812a
Sursack, Sursak, 857a, b
Surwaun, 877b
Surwar, 857b
Sury, 874a, 739a
Susa, 855a
Sutee, 882b, 883a
Sutledge, Sutlej, 877b, 878a
Suttee, 878b
Suursack, 857b
Suwar, 857b;
Suwarree, 858a
Suzan, 782b
Swalloe, 883a
Swallow, 883a, b
Swally, Hole, Marine, Roads, 883a
Swamee-house, 884a;
Swāmī, Swamme, 884a, 882b;
Swamy, -house, jewelry, pagoda, 883a, 884a
Swangy, 969a
Swatch, 884a
Sweet Apple, 884b;
Oleander, 884b;
Potato, 884b;
Sweetsop, 857b
Syagush, Syah-gush, 831a
Syam, Syão, 834b
Syc, 836a
Syce, 885b
Sycee, 886a
Syddy, 806b
Syer, 800b
Sykary, 827b
Syke, 836a
Syklatoun, 861b
Symbol, 807a
Syncapuranus, 839b
Sypae, 809b
Syrang, 813a
Syras, 886a, 289a
Syre, 798b
Syriam, Syrian, 886a
Syricum, 452b
Syud, 886b
Taalima, 893a
Taaluc, 384a
Tabacca, Tabacco, Tabako, 925a, 924b, 926b
Tabasheer, Tabāshīr, Tabaxer, Tabaxiir, Tabaxir, 887a, b, 54b, 863a
Tabby, 887b
Table-shade, 818a
Taboot, 887b
Tacavi, 940b
Tack, 897b
Tack-ravan, 887b
Tacourou, 915a
Tacque, 898a
Tact-ravan, 888a
Taddy, Tadee, Tadie, 927a, b
Tael, Taey, 888a, 155a, 690b
Taffatshela, Taffaty, 4b, 708b
Tagadgeer, 334a
Tahe, 888b
Tah-Qhana, 947a
Tahseeldar, Tahsildar, 888b, 889a
Taie, 888a, 155a
Taikhana, 947a
Taile, 888b
Tailinga, 913b
Tailor-bird, 889a
Tainsook, 708b
Tair, 912a
Tair, 950b
Taj, Mehale, 889a, b
Táká, 940b
Takávi, 941a
Takht revan, 888a
Taksaul, 947a
Tal, 892b
Tala, 927a
Talacimanni, 893b
Talagrepos, 891a
Talaing, 889b
Talang, Talanj, 912b
Talapoi, Talapoin, Talapoy, 891a, 890b, 663b, 724a
Talavai, 292b
Tale, Talee, Tali, 892a, 891b
Taliar, 892a
Talien, 890b
Talinga, Talingha, 913a
Talipoi, 891a
Talipot, 892b, 140a
Talisman, Talismani, Talismanni, 893a, b
Talius, 892a
Tāliyamār, 894a
Talkiat, 941a
Tallapoy, 891a
Talleca, 497b
Talliar, Talliari, 892b
Tallica, 894a
Tallipot, 893a, 771a
Tallopin, 891b
Talman, 894a
Talook, Talookdār, 894a, b
Talpet, 892b
Talpooy, 891a
Tam, 294b
Tam, 930a
Tamachar, 941b
Tamalapatra, 544a
Tamarai, Tamarani, 895b
Tamarind, 894b;
Fish, 895a, 808a
Tamar-al-Hindi, Tamarinde, Tamarindi, 894b, 895a
Tamasha, 941a
Tambákú, 926b
Tambanck, 929b
Tamberanee, Tambiraine, 895b
Tamboli, Tambul, 914a, 942a
Tamerim, 895a
Tamgua, 897b
Tamil, 326b, 539b
Tāmpadewa, Tampadeeva, 852a, b
Tamralipti, 941b
Tamtam, 930a
Tana, 896a
Tana, 895b, 244b;
Mayambu, 896a
Tanabaré, 322b, 360b
Tanacerin, 914b
Tanadar, Tanadaria, 896a, 686a, 787a, 782b
Tanah, 895b
Tanasary, Tanaser, Tanasery, Tanassaria, Tanassarien, 914a, b, 627a
Tanaw, 896a
Tanck, Tancke, Tancho, 899b
Tandail, 569a, 612b
Tandar, 896b
Tandīl, 923b
Tanga, 896b, 677b
Tangan, 898a
Tangár, 923b
Táng'han, 898a, 387a
Tango, Tangu, 897b, 758a
Tangun, 898a, 923b
Tanjeeb, 708b
Tanjore, 898b;
Pill, 898b
Tank, Tanka, 898b, 900a
Tanka, 942b
Tanka, Tankah, Tankchah, 897a, b
Tanksal, 947a
Tankun, 898a
Tanna, 895b
Tannadar, 896a
Tannaserye, Tannaserim, 914b
Tannie Karetje, 930b
Tannore, Tanor, Tanoor, 900b
Tanque, 899b
Tany Pundal, 221b
Tapi, 901a
Tappal, Tappaul, 901a, 900b
Tappee, 901a
Taprobane, 181a, 547a
Tapseil, 708b
Taptee, Tapty, 901a
Tar, Tara, 901a, 673b
Tarakaw, 937b
Tarboosh, Tarbrush, 877a
Tare, 901a
Tare and Tret, 901b
Tarega, Tarege, Tareghe, 901b, 902a
Taren, Tarent, 901b
Targum, 327a
Tarhdár, 13b
Tari, Tarif, 927a, b
Tariff, Tariffa, 902a
Tarnassari, 914b
Tarnatanne, 708b
Tarouk, Taroup, 902a
Tarr, 901b
Tarranquin, 937b
Tarrecà, 902a
Tarree, 927a
Tarryar, 892a, 73b
Tartoree, 709a
Tasheriff, Tasheriffe, Tashreef, 902a, 808b, 939b
Tasar, 946a
Tasimacan, 889b
Tassar, 945b
Tat, 903a
Tat, 903b
Tatoo, Tatt, 903a
Tattee, 903b
Tattoo, Tattou, 902b, 903a
Tatty, 903a
Tatu, 903a
Taut, 903b
Tauwy, 904a
Tauzee, 904b
Tava, 315a
Tavae, Tavay, Tavi, Tavoy, 904a
Taweey, Taweez, 904a
Tawny-kertch, 930b
Tayar, 950b
Tayca, 911b
Taye, Tayel, 888a
Tayer, 950b
Tayl, 918b
Tazee, Tází, 904b
Tazeea, Ta'zia, Ta'ziya, Taziyu, 904b, 905a, 419b, 887b
Tazzy, 904b
Tchapan, 219b
Tchaukykane, 206a
Tchaush, 212b
Tchekmen, 219b
T'cherout, 189a
Tchilim, 748b
Tchi-tchi, 186b
Te, Tea, 907b, 905a;
Caddy, 909b;
early, 210b
Teak, 910a
Teapoy, 910a
Tébachir, 887a
Tebet, 918a
Teca, 911a
Teccali, 918b
Tecka, 911b
Tecul, 918b
Tee, 911b
Tee, 907b
Teecall, 919a
Teecka, 919a
Teek, 911b
Teek, 912a
Teeka, 919a
Teen, 155a
Teertha, Teerut, 912a
Tehr, 912a, 877b
Tehsildar, 889a
Teiparu, 924a
Tejpat, 912a
Teke, Tekewood, 911b
Telapoi, 891a
Telinga, Telingee, 912b, 913a, 124b, 488a, 889b
Tellicherry Chair, 931a
Tellinga, Tellingana, Tellinger, 913a, b
Teloogoo, Telougou, 913b, a
Telselin, 373b
Telunga, 913b
Tembool, Tembul, 913b, 914a, 89a
Tenaçar, 914a
Tenadar, 896a
Tenaseri, Tenasserim, Tenasirin, Tenazar, 914a, b
Tendell, 411b
Tenga, 229a
Tenga, 898a
Tenugu, Tenungu, 913b
Tepoy, 709a
Terai, 914b
Teraphim, 974a
Terindam, 709a
Terreinho, Terrenho, Terrheno, 503a
Terrai, 915a
Terranquim, 937b
Terry, 914b
Terry, 927b
Tershana, 37a
Terye, 914b
Teriz, 319a
Tessersse, 946a
Testury, 334a
Tey, 906b
Tēz-pāt, 912a
Thabbat, Thabet, 918b, a
Thacur, Thakoor, Thakur, 915a
Thalassimani, 893b
Thana, 895b
Thana, 896a;
Thanadar, 896a;
Thánah, 896a
Thè, Thea, Thee, 907b, a, 906b
Theg, 916b
Thêk, 912a
Thenasserim, 914a
Thermantidote, 915b
Theyl, 888b
Thibet, 918a
Thin, Thinae, 197a
Thistle, yellow, 299b
Thomand, 929a
Thonaprondah, 852b
Thonjaun, 931a
Thug, 915b
Thunaparanta, 852a
T,huseeldam, 889a
Tiapp, 209a
Tibat, Tibbat, Tibet, 917a, b, 918a
Tical, 918b
Ticca, 919a
Ticka, 919a
Tickeea, 209b
Ticker, 919a
Ticksali, 947a
Ticky, Ticky taw, Ticky-Tock, 919b
Tic-polonga, 720b
Tier-cutty, 919b
Tiff, Tiffar, Tiffen, Tiffin, Tiffing, 920a, b, 921a
Tifoni, 949b
Tiger, 921a
Tiggall, 918b
Tigre, 922a
Tigris, 921b, 101b
Tika, Tikawala, 919a
Tilang, Tiling, Tilinga, Tilingāna, 912b, 913a
Τίμουλα, 211a
Tincall, Tincar, 923b
Tindal, 923b
Tinkal, 923b
Tinnevelly, 924a
Tinpoy, 910a
Tipari, Tiparry, 924b, a
Tiphon, 949a
Tippoo Sahib, 924b
Tir, 924b
Tirasole, 487a
Tirishirapali, 939a
Tirkut, 924b
Tirt, Tirtha, 912a
Tiruxerapalai, 939a
Tisheldar, 889a
Titticorin, 946b
Tiutenaga, 933a
Tiva, Tiyan, 924b
Tiyu, 319b, 320a
Tma, 929a
Tobacco, 924b
Tobbat, 935b, 917b
Tobra, 926b
Toddy, 926a;
Bird, Cat, 928a
Toepass, 939b, 534a
Toffochillen, 376b
Toishik-khanna, 936a
Toko, 928a
Tola, Tole, 928b, 807b, 835b
Tuliban, 943b
Tolinate, 45b
Tólla, 641b, 928b
Tolliban, Tolopan, 943b
Tolwa, 941a
Tomacha, 941b
Tomān, Tomand, Tomandar, Tomano, 929a, 501a
Tomasha, Tomasia, 941b
Tomaun, 928b
Tombac, Tomback, 929b
Tombadeva, 852b
Tombaga, 929b
Tombali, 942a, 477a
Tomjohn, 930b
Tompdevah, 852b
Tom-tom, 929b
Tône, Toné, Tonee, 323a, b
Tonga, 930a
Tonga, 898a
Tongha, 930a
Tonicatchy, 930b
Tonjin, Tonjon, 931a, 930b, 463a, 883b
Tonny, Tony, 323a, b
Toofan, Toofaun, 950a
Toolsy, 931a
Toom, 567b
Toomongong, 931b
Toon, Toona, 932a
Toopaz, 328a
Toorkay, Toorkey, 932a
Toos, 847a
Toothanage, Tooth and Egg Metal, Toothenague, Tootnague, 933a, 932b
Top, 935a
Topas, Topass, Topassee, 934a, 933b, 604b
Topaz, 933b
Tope, 934b;
khana, khonnah, 935a, b
Topee, 935b;
wálá, walla, 935b, 936a
Topete, 935b
Tophana, 935b
Topi, 935b;
wálá, 936a
Topsail, 708b
Topscanna, 935b
Topseil, 13b
Torcull, 936a
Torii, 659a
Torunpaque, 940a
Tos-dan, 936b
Toshaconna, Toshekanah, Toshkhana, 936a
Tostdaun, 936a
Totti, 936b
Totucoury, 946a
Toty, 936b
Toucan, Toucham, 936b, 937a
Touffan, Touffon, 949a
Touman, 929a
Toung-gyan, 252a
Toupas, 933b
Τουπάτα, 918a
Towleea, 937a
Traga, 937a, 91b, 497b
Trangabar, Trangambar, 938a
Trankamalaya, 939b
Trankey, Tranky, 937b
Tranquebar, 938a
Travamcor, Travancor, Travancore, 938a
Treblicane, Treplicane, 939b
Tribeny, 938a
Triblicane, 939b
Tricalore, 936a
Tricandia, 376b
Tricinopoly, 938b
Trichy, 938b, 188b
Tricoenmale, 939a
Trifoe, 35a
Trikalinga, Trilinga, Τρίλιγγον, 489a, 912b, 913a
Trincomalee, Trinconomale, Trinkemale, Trinkenemale, Trinquenemale, 939a,
b
Tripang, 939b, 883a
Tripigny, Tripini, 938b
Triplicane, 939b
Trippany, 938b
Triquillimalé, Triquinamale, Triquinimale, 939a
Trisoe, Triste, 35a
Tritchenapali, 939a
Tritchy, 938b
Trivandrum, 939b
Trivelicane, 939b
Tropina, 326b
Truchinapolli, 939a
Trujaman, 327a
Trumpák, 940a
Truximan, 327b, 640a
Tryphala, Tryphera, 609a
Tsaubwa, 205a
Tschakelí, 217a
Tschollo, 218a
Tschuddirer, 853b
Tshaï, Tsia, 908a, 907b
Tsiam, 183b
Tsjannok, 2b, 3a
Tsjaus, 213a
Tual, 919a
Tuam, Tuan, 940b, a, 866a
Tubbatīna, 917b
Tucana, 936b
Tucka, 940b
Tuckávee, 940b
Tuckeah, 130a
Tuckeed, 941a
Tuckiah, 941a
Tufan, Tufão, Tufaon, Tuffon, Tuffoon, Tufões, 948a, 949a, b
Tugger-wood, 335b
Tuia, 924b
Tukaza, 316a
Tukha, 940b
Tulasī, 931a
Tulban, -oghlani, Tulband, Tulbangi, Tulbentar Aga, 944a
Tulce, 931b
Tuliban, 943b
Tulinate, 153a
Tulipant, 944a
Tulosse, 931b
Tulwar, Tulwaur, 941a, 212a
Tumān, 929a
Tumangong, 932a
Tumasha, 941a
Tumbalee, Tumboli, 942a
Tumlet, 941b
Tumlook, 941b, 477a
Tumtum, 942a
Tumung'gung, 932a
Tunca, Tuncah, Tuncar, Tuncaw, 942a, 761a
Tungah, 898a
Tunkaw, Tunkhwáh, 428a, 949b
Tunnee, 945b
Tunny, 323b
Tunnyketch, 930b
Tupay, 328a
Tuphan, Tuphão, 950a, 949a
Tupy, 935b
Tûra, 942b
Turaka, 943a
Turban, Turbant, Turbante, Turbanti, Turbat, 943a, b, 944a
Turchimannus, Turcimannus, Turgemanus, 327b, a
Turkey, 932a
Turkey, 944b
Turki, -koq, 932a, 945b
Turmeric, 549a
Turnee, 945b
Turpaul, 945b
Turquan, 932a
Turry, Turryani, 915a
Turumbake, Turumbaque, 940a
Turushka, 943a
Turveez, 904a
Turwar, 941a
Tūs, 792b
Tussah, 945b
Tusseeldar, 889a
Tusseh, Tusser, Tussur, 946a, b
Tutecareen, Tutecoryn, 946b
Tu-te-nag, Tutenague, Tutenegg, Tuthinag, 933a, 923b
Tut,hoo, 903a
Tuticorin, 946a
Tutinic, 933a
Tutocorim, 946b
Tutonag, 933a
Tutticaree, Tuttucorim, Tutucoury, 946b, a
Tutunaga, 933a
Tuxall, 947a
Twankay, 909b
Tyconna, Tyekana, 946b
Tyer, 950b
Tyger, Tygre, 923a, 922a
Tykhána, 947a
Tymquall, 923b
Typhaon, Typhon, Typhoon, 950a, 949a, 947a
Tyrasole, 487a
Tyre, 950b
Tzacchi, 442b
Tzinde, 837b
Tzinesthan, Tzinia, Tzinista, Tzinitza, 197b
Τζυκανιστήριον, 192b
Tzyle, 819b
Uddlee-budlee, 805a
Ugen, 639a
Ugentana, 940a
Ugger-wood, Uggur oil, 335b, 386a
Ugli, Ugolim, 423b, a
Ujantana, Ujongtana, Ujungtanah, 414b, 950b, 951a
Ulcinde, 320b
Ulock, 971b
Ulu balang, 639a
Umbarry, 17a
Umbrella, 951b
Umbra, 637b
Umbraculum, Umbrell, Umbrella, Umbrello, Unbrele, 951a, b, 952a
Uncalvet, 149b
Undra Cundra, 413b
Upa, Upas, 957a, 952b
Uplah, 639b
Uplot, Uplotte, 745b
Upper Roger, 959b
Uraca, 36a
Urizza, 867a
Urjee, Urz, Urzdaast, Urzee, 959b
Usbec, 960b
'Usfur, 780a
Ushrufee, 960a
Uspeck, 960b
Uspuck, 411a
Uspuk, 960a
Uzbeg, 960a
Vacca, 960b
Vaccination, 960b
Vackel, 961a
Vaddah, 963b
Vāgnīt, 365b
Vaidálai, 77a
Vaishnava, 961b
Vakea-nevis, 960b
Vakeea, 770b
Vakeel, Vakil, 961a, 334a
Valanga, 172a
Valera, 961a
Vali, 968a
Vanjārā, Vanjarrah, 114a, 115a
Varāha, 673b
Vârânaçi, 83a
Varanda, Varangue, 965a, 966a
Varela, Varella, Varelle, 961a, b, 292a
Vargem, 966b, 635b
Vatum, 73b
Vavidee, 109b
Vdeza, 645b
V[e]d, Veda, Vedam, Vedáo, 963a, 961b, 962b
Vedda, 963b
Vehar, 967a
Vehicle, Vekeel, 961a
Vellard, 964a, 357a
Vellore, 964a
Vendu, Vendue-Master, 964b, a, 214a
Venesar, Venezar, 114b
Venetian, 964b
Ventepollam, 709a
Veranda, Verandah, 964a, 966a
Verdora, 69b
Verdure, 966a
Verge, 966b
Verido, 265a, 567a
Vettele, 89b
Vettyver, 966b
Viacondam, 617b
Vidan, Vidana, 966b
Vidara, 77b
Viece, 918b, 967b
Viedam, 963a
Vgen, Vgini, 639a, 638b
Vihar, Vihara, 967a, 81a, 248a, 630a
Vikeel, 961a
Vinteen, 758a
Viontana, 951a, 87a
Vintin, 121b
Viranda, 966a
Vis, Visay, 919a, 967b
Visir, 967b
Viss, 967a
Vitele, 89b
Vizier, 967b
Vmbrello, 952a
Vmbra, Vmbraye, Vmrae, Vmrei, 637a
Vocanovice, 960b
Voishnuvu, 960b
Vomeri, 665a
Voranda, 966a
Vorloffe, 359b
Vraca, 36b
Vunghi, 522b
Vzbique, 960a
Vyse, 967b
Waaly, 968a
Wacadash, 967b
Wâin, 109a
Wakizashi, 968a
Waler, 968a
Wali, 968a, 692b
Walla, Wallah, 968b, 239b
Wall-shade, 818a
Wanghee, 969a
Wani, Wānia, 64a, 63b
Waringin, 66a
Water, buffalo, 122a;
-Chestnut, 969b;
Filter Nut, 223a
Wattie waeroo, 966b
Wāv, 109b
Weaver-bird, 969b
Weda, 963b
Wedda, 963b
Weli, Wely, 692b
West Coast, 969b
Whampoa, 969b
Whangee, 969a
Whinyard, 410b
Whistling-teal, 969b
White Ants, 969b;
Jacket, 969b
Whoolye, 425a
Wihāra, Wihare, 967a
Wilāyat, Willaut, 94a, 487a
Winter, 970a
Wistnouwa, 960b
Wollock, 971b
Wood-apple, 971a;
oil, 971a
Woolock, 971b
Wooly, 425a
Woon, -douk, -gyee, 972a
Woordie, Woordy Major, 972a
Wootz, 972a
Wrankiaw, 645a
Writer, 973a, 222b
Wug, 973b
Wullock, 971b
Wurdee wollah, 972a
Wuzeer, 967b
Xabandar, Xabunder, 816b, 503a
Xagara, 446a
Xanton, 616b
Xanxus, 185a
Xarab, 826a
Xarafaggio, Xaraffo, 832a
Xarafi, Xarafin, 974b
Xarave, 826a
Xarife, 974a
Xarife, 826b
Xarnauz, 796a, 87a
Xarrafo, 832a, 569a
Xastra, 823b, 724a
Xatigam, 204a, 766b, 623a
Xaxma, 523a, 798a
Xeque, 825b
Xerafim, Xerafine, Xerapheen, Xeraphin, 974a, b, 975a, 121b
Xercansor, 975a
Xiá, 825a
Xinto, 829b
Yaboo, Yabou, Yábú, 975b
Yak, 975b, 214b
Yam, 977a
Yamb, Yámbú, Yambucha, 830b
Yauboo, 975b
Yava-bhū, Ya-va-di, Yava-dvīpa, Yavākhya, Yava-koṭi, 455a, b
Ydu, 336b
Yerua, 393b
Ye-wun, 972a
Ymgu, 418b
Yodaya, 466a
Yogee, Yoguee, 462a
Yojana, 513a
Yoodra-shaan, 823a
Yoss, Yoss-house, 464a
Young Hyson, 909b
Yuthia, 465b
Zabád, 4a
Zābaj, 455a
Zabeta, Zabita, 977a
Zaboà, 205a, 823a
Zador, 979b
Zagaglie, Zagaye, 39a
Zaitūn, Zaitūnī, Zaitūnia, 797a, b
Zalaparda, 877a
Zâm, Zâmâ, 448b
Zamboorak, 986b
Zambuco, 35b, 612b, 788a;
Zambuquo, 733b, 788b
Zambúrak, 986a
Zamerhin, 978a, 164b
Zamgizara, 791b
Zamorim, Zamorin, Zamorine, 977a, 978a
Zampa, 879b
Zananah, 981b
Zanbuqo, 788b
Zand, 982b
Zang, Zanghibar, 978b
Zangomay, 450b
Zanguebar, Zanguy, Zanj, 978b, a
Zanjabīl, 374b
Zanzibar, 978a, 539b
Zarāfa, 378a
Zarbaft, 983b
Zarmanochēgas, 116b
Zaroogat, 123b
Zarvatana, 795a
Zatony, 797b
Zaye, 216a
Zayte, 886b
Zayton, 797a
Zebra, 979b
Zebt, Zebty, 985b
Zebu, 979a
Zecchino, 193b
Zedoaria, Zedoary, 979b
Zee Calappers, 231a
Zeilam, Zeilon, 182a, b
Zekoom, 568a
Zela, 255b, 819b
Zeloan, Zelone, 182b
Zemberec, 986a
Zemee, 451a, 823a
Zemidary, Zemindar, 980b, a
Zenana, Zenanah, 981a, b, 411b
Zenbourek, 985b
Zend, Zendavesta, 981b, 657b
Zenjebil, Zenzeri, Zenzero, 374b, 375a
Zequeen, 194a
Zequen, 825b
Zeraphim, 975a
Zerbaft, 983b
Zerbet, 826a
Zerumba, Zerumbet, 979b
Zerzalino, 373b
Zetani, 797b
Zezeline, 373b
Zhobo, 984b
Ziacche, 443a
Zierbaad, 984b
Zierjang, 886b
Zilah, Zillah, 983b
Zilm, 847a
Zimbiperi, 374b
Zimmé, 190b, 450b
Zinde, Zindi, 837b
Zingaçar, 791b
Zingari, 983b
Zingiberi, Ζιγγίβερις, 374b
Zingium, 978a
Zinguizar, 791b
Zinnar, 187a
Zinzin, 200b
Zirapha, 378b
Zīrbād, 984a, 144a, 914a
Zircon, 452a
Zirm, 847a
Zo, 985a
Zoame, 461b, 883b
Zobo, 984b
Zodoun, 382a
Zolan, 182a
Zombreiro, 851b
Zomo, 985a
Zomodri, 977b
Zonchi, 472b
Zouave, 985a
Zubt, Zubtee, Zupt, 985b
Zucanistri, 192b
Zucchara, Zuccheri, Zucchero, -Bambillonia, -Caffetino, Dommaschino,
Mucchera, -Musciatto, Candi, Canditi, Chandi, 863b, 864a, b, 156a
Zumatra, 867a
Zumbooruck, Zumbooruk, 985b, 986b
Zunana, 981a
Zuncus, 472a
Zundavastaio, Zundavastavv, Zundeuastavv, 982b, 983a
Zuratt, 875b
Zurkee, 854a
Zurnapa, 378b
Printed at
The Edinburgh Press,
9 and 11 Young Street.
Notes
[1] The dedication was sent for press on 6th January; on the 13th, G. U.
Y. departed to his rest.
[2] Three of the mottoes that face the title were also sent by him.
[3] See Note A. at end of Introduction.
[4] Professor Wilson's work may perhaps bear re-editing, but can hardly,
for its purpose, be superseded. The late eminent Telugu scholar, Mr.
C. P. Brown, interleaved, with criticisms and addenda, a copy of
Wilson, which is now in the India Library. I have gone through it,
and borrowed a few notes, with acknowledgment by the initials C. P.
B. The amount of improvement does not strike me as important.
[5] _Nautch_, it may be urged, _is_ admitted to full franchise, being
used by so eminent a writer as Mr. Browning. But the fact that his
use is entirely _misuse_, seems to justify the classification in the
text (see GLOSS., s.v.). A like remark applies to _compound_. See for
the tremendous fiasco made in its intended use by a most intelligent
lady novelist, the last quotation s.v. in GLOSS.
[6] GLOSS., s.v. (note p. 659, col. _a_), contains quotations from the
Vulgate of the passage in Canticles iii. 9, regarding King Solomon's
_ferculum_ of Lebanon cedar. I have to thank an old friend for
pointing out that the word _palanquin_ has, in this passage, received
solemn sanction by its introduction into the Revised Version.
[7] See these words in GLOSS.
[8] See this word in GLOSS.
[9] See A. Weber, in _Indian Antiquary_, ii. 143 _seqq._ Most of the
other Greek words, which he traces in Sanskrit, are astronomical
terms derived from books.
[10] Varthema, at the very beginning of the 16th century, shows some
acquaintance with Malayālam, and introduces pieces of conversation in
that language. Before the end of the 16th century, printing had been
introduced at other places besides Goa, and by the beginning of the
17th, several books in Indian languages had been printed at Goa,
Cochin, and Ambalakkāḍu.—(A. B.)
[11] "At Point de Galle, in 1860, I found it in common use, and also,
somewhat later, at Calecut."—(A. B.)
[12] See "Notices of Madras and Cuddalore, &c., by the earlier
Missionaries." Longman, 1858, _passim_. See also _Manual_, &c. in
BOOK-LIST, _infra_ p. xxxix. Dr. Carey, writing from Serampore as
late as 1800, says that the children of Europeans by native women,
whether children of English, French, Dutch, or Danes, were all called
Portuguese. _Smith's Life of Carey_, 152.
[13] See Note B. at end of Introductory Remarks. "Mr. Beames remarked some
time ago that most of the names of places in South India are greatly
disfigured in the forms used by Europeans. This is because we have
adopted the Portuguese orthography. Only in this way it can be
explained how Kollaḍam has become _Coleroon_, Solamaṇdalam,
_Coromandel_, and Tuttukkuḍi, _Tuticorin_." (A. B.) Mr. Burnell was
so impressed with the excessive corruption of S. Indian names, that
he would hardly ever willingly venture any explanation of them,
considering the matter all too uncertain.
[14] The nasal termination given to many Indian words, when adopted into
European use, as in _palanquin_, _mandarin_, &c., must be attributed
mainly to the Portuguese; but it cannot be entirely due to them. For
we find the nasal termination of _Achīn_, in Mahommedan writers (see
p. 3), and that of _Cochin_ before the Portuguese time (see p. 225),
whilst the conversion of _Pasei_, in Sumatra, into _Pacem_, as the
Portuguese call it, is already indicated in the _Basma_ of Marco
Polo.
[15] The first five examples will be found in GLOSS. _Banāo_, is
imperative of _banā-nā_, 'to fabricate'; _lagāo_ of _lagā-nā_, 'to
lay alongside,' &c.; _sumjhāo_, of _samjhā-nā_, 'to cause to
understand,' &c.
[16] This is in the Bombay ordnance nomenclature for a large umbrella. It
represents the Port. _sombrero_!
[17] Mr. Skeat's _Etym. Dict._ does not contain _mangrove_. [It will be
found in his _Concise Etymological Dict._ ed. 1901.]
[18] 'Buggy' of course is not an Oriental word at all, except as adopted
from us by Orientals. I call _sepoy_, _jungle_, and _veranda_, good
English words; and so I regard them, just as good as _alligator_, or
_hurricane_, or _canoe_, or _Jerusalem_ artichoke, or _cheroot_. What
would my friends think of spelling these in English books as
_alagarto_, and _huracan_, and _canoa_, and _girasole_, and
_shuruṭṭu_?
[19] Unfortunately, the translators of the Indo-Portuguese New Testament
have, as much as possible, preserved the Portuguese orthography.
[20] [In note "Luncheons."]
[21] _i.e._, not on the W. coast of the Peninsula, called _India_
especially by the Portuguese. See under INDIA.
[22] This alludes to the mistaken notion, as old as N. Conti (c. 1440),
that Sumatra = _Taprobane_.
[23] _Sir James Stephen_, in _Nuncomar and Impey_, ii. 221.
[24] These six were increased in 1781 to eighteen.
[25] This symbolical action was common among _beldars_ (BILDAR), or native
_navvies_, employed on the Ganges Canal many years ago, when they
came before the engineer to make a petition. But besides grass in
mouth, the beldar stood _on one leg_, with hands joined before him.
[26] Also see Dozy, s.v. _alcaduz_. _Alcaduz_, according to Cobarruvias,
is in Sp. one of the earthen pots of the _noria_ or Persian wheel.
[27] Query, from captured vessels containing foreign (non-Indian) women?
The words are as follows: "_As escravas que me diz que lhe mande,
tomãose de prezas, que as Gentias d'esta terra são pretas, e mancebas
do mundo como chegão a dez annos_."
[28] The _English Cyclop._ states on the authority of the Sloane MSS. that
the pine was brought into England by the Earl of Portland, in 1690.
[See _Encyl. Brit._, 9th ed., xix. 106.]
[29] _M_ is here a Suāhili prefix. See _Bleek's Comp. Grammar_, 189.
[30] This word takes a ludicrous form in _Dampier_: "All the Indians who
spake Malayan ... lookt on those _Meangians_ as a kind of Barbarians;
and upon any occasion of dislike, would call them _Bobby_, that is
Hogs."—i. 515.
[31] ["Mr Burke's method of pronouncing it."]
[32] At Lord Wellesley's table, Major Malcolm mentioned as a notable fact
that he and three of his brothers had once met together in India.
"Impossible, Malcolm, quite impossible!" said the Governor-General.
Malcolm persisted. "No, no," said Lord Wellesley, "if four Malcolms
had met, we should have heard the noise all over India!"
[33] See _Chinese Recorder_, 1876, vii. 324, and _Kovalefski's Mongol
Dict._ No. 1058.
[34] _Orient und Occident_, i. 137.
[35] _Waringin_ is the Javanese name of a sp. kindred to the banyan,
_Ficus benjamina_, L.
[36] In a Glossary of Military Terms, appended to _Fortification for
Officers of the Army and Students of Military History_, Edinburgh,
Blackwood, 1851.
[37] _Aurut-dar_ is _āṛhat-dār_, from H. _āṛhat_, 'agency'; _phorea_ = H.
_phaṛiyā_, 'a retailer.'
[38] The "Bahadur" could hardly have read Don Quixote! But what a curious
parallel presents itself! When Sancho is bragging of his daughter to
the "Squire of the Wood," and takes umbrage at the free epithet which
the said Squire applies to her (= _laundikā_ and more); the latter
reminds him of the like term of apparent abuse (hardly reproduceable
here) with which the mob were wont to greet a champion in the
bull-ring after a deft spear-thrust, meaning only the highest
fondness and applause!—Part ii. ch. 13.
[39] "The Greeks call it the _Araxes_, Khondamīr the _Kur_."
[40] On _benjuy de boninas_ ("of flowers"), see _De Orta_, ff. 28, 30, 31.
And on _benjuy de amendoada_ or _mandolalo_ (_mandolado_? "of
almond") _id._ 30_v._
[41] _Kamañan_ or _Kamiñan_ in Malay and Javanese.
[42] _Folium indicum_ of the druggist is, however, not _betel_, but the
leaf of the wild cassia (see MALABATHRUM.)
[43] "Terra e ilha de que El-Rei nosso senhor me fez mercê, aforada em
fatiota." _Em fatiota_ is a corruption apparently of _emphyteuta_,
_i.e._ properly the person to whom land was granted on a lease such
as the Civil Law called _emphyteusis_. "The emphyteuta was a
perpetual lessee who paid a perpetual rent to the owner."—_English
Cycl._ s.v. _Emphyteusis_.
[44] Naobihār = Nava-Vihāra ('New Buddhist Monastery') is still the name
of a district adjoining Balkh.
[45] This (_Sonamukhi_, 'Chrysostoma') has continued to be the name of the
Viceroy's river yacht (probably) to this day. It was so in Lord
Canning's time, then represented by a barge adapted to be towed by a
steamer.
[46] _I.e._ Pariah dog.
[47] "Mehtar! cut his ears and tail, quick; _fabricate_ a Terrier!"
[48] All new.
[49] "See, _I_ have _fabricated_ a Major!"
[50] The writer of these lines is believed to have been Captain Robert
Skirving, of Croys, Galloway, a brother of Archibald Skirving, a
Scotch artist of repute, and the son of Archibald Skirving, of East
Lothian, the author of a once famous ballad on the battle of
Prestonpans. Captain Skirving served in the Bengal army from about
1780 to 1806, and died about 1840.
[51] Forchhammer argues further that the original name was Ran or Yan,
with _m'_, _mā_, or _pa_ as a pronominal accent.
[52] In a note with which we were favoured by the late Prof. Anton
Schiefner, he expressed doubts whether the _Bakshi_ of the Tibetans
and Mongols was not of early introduction through the Uigurs from
some other corrupted Sanskrit word, or even of præ-buddhistic
derivation from an Iranian source. We do not find the word in
Jaeschke's Tibetan Dictionary.
[53] Thus: "_Chomandarla_ (_i.e._ Coromandel) he de Christãoos e o rey
Christãoo." So also _Ceylam Camatarra_, _Melequa_ (Malacca), _Peguo_,
&c., are all described as Christian states with Christian kings. Also
the so-called Indian Christians who came on board Da Gama at Melinde
seem to have been Hindu banians.
[54] It may be observed, however, that _kwāla_ in Malay indicates the
estuary of a navigable river, and denominates many small ports in the
Malay region. The _Kalah_ of the early Arabs is probably the Κῶλι
πόλις of Ptolemy's Tables.
[55] "Capitale des établissements Anglais dans le Bengale. _Les Anglais
prononcent et écrivent_ GOLGOTA"(!)
[56] Not 'a larger kind of cinnamon,' or 'cinnamon which is known there by
the name of _crassa_' (_canellae quae_ grossae _appellantur_), as Mr.
Winter Jones oddly renders, but _canella grossa_, _i.e._ 'coarse'
cinnamon, alias _cassia_.
[57] Sir J. Hooker observes that the fact that there is an acid and a
sweet-fruited variety (_blimbee_) of this plant indicates a very old
cultivation.
[58] Dr. R. Rost observes to us that the Arabic letter _ẓwād_ is
pronounced by the Malays like _ll_ (see also _Crawfurd's Malay
Grammar_, p. 7). And it is curious to find a transfer of the same
letter into Spanish as _ld_. In Malay _ḳāḍī_ becomes _ḳāllī_.
[59] These are probably the same as Milburn, under Tuticorin, calls
_ketchies_. We do not know the proper name. [See PUTTON KETCHIES,
under PIECE-GOODS.]
[60] The court for _chaugān_ is ascribed by Codinus (see below) to
Theodosius Parvus. This could hardly be the son of Arcadius (A.D.
408-450), but rather Theodosius III. (716-718).
[61] It may be well to append here the whole list which I find on a scrap
of paper in Dr. Burnell's handwriting (Y):
Pohālapura.
Chīnavallī.
Avantikshetra (_Ujjain_).
Nāgapaṭṭana (_Negapatam?_)
Pāṇḍyadeśa (_Madura_).
Allikākara.
Simhaladvīpa (_Ceylon_).
_Gopāka_sthāna (! ?).
Gujaṇasthāna.
Ṭhāṇaka (_Thana?_)
Aṇitavāta (_Anhilvād_).
Sunāpura.
Mūlasthāna (_Multan_).
Toṭṭideśa.
Pañchapaṭṭana.
Chīna.
Mahāchīna.
Kalingadeśa (_Telugu Country_).
Vaṅgadeśa (_Bengal_).
[62] I leave this passage as Dr. Burnell wrote it. But though limited to a
specific locality, of which I doubt not it was true, it conveys an
idea of the entire extinction of the ancient chintz production which
I find is not justified by the facts, as shown in a most interesting
letter from Mr. Purdon Clarke, C.S.I., of the India Museum. One kind
is still made at Masulipatam, under the superintendence of Persian
merchants, to supply the Ispahan market and the "Moghul" traders at
Bombay. At Pulicat very peculiar chintzes are made, which are
entirely _Ḳalam Kārī_ work, or hand-painted (apparently the word now
used instead of the _Calmendār_ of Tavernier,—see above, and under
CALAMANDER). This is a work of infinite labour, as the ground has to
be stopped off with wax almost as many times as there are colours
used. At Combaconum SARONGS (q.v.) are printed for the Straits. Very
bold printing is done at Wālājāpet in N. Arcot, for sale to the
Moslem at Hyderabad and Bangalore.
An anecdote is told me by Mr. Clarke which indicates a caution as to
more things than chintz printing. One particular kind of chintz met
with in S. India, he was assured by the vendor, was printed at W——;
but he did not recognize the locality. Shortly afterwards, visiting
for the second time the city of X. (we will call it), where he had
already been assured by the collector's native aids that there was no
such manufacture, and showing the stuff, with the statement of its
being made at W——, 'Why,' said the collector, 'that is where I live!'
Immediately behind his bungalow was a small bazar, and in this the
work was found going on, though on a small scale.
Just so we shall often find persons "who have been in India, and on
the spot"—asseverating that at such and such a place there are no
missions or no converts; whilst those who have cared to know, know
better.—(H. Y.)
[For Indian chintzes, see Forbes Watson, _Textile Manufactures_, 90
_seqq._; Mukharji, _Art Manufactures of India_, 348 _seqq._; S. H.
Hadi, _Mon. on Dyes and Dyeing in the N.W.P. and Oudh_, 44 _seqq._;
Francis, _Mon. on Punjab Cotton Industry_, 6.]
[63] There is no reason to suppose that Linschoten had himself been to
Chittagong. My friend, Dr. Burnell, in his (posthumous) edition of
Linschoten for the Hakluyt Society has confounded _Chātigam_ in this
passage with _Satgaon_—see PORTO PIQUENO (H. Y.).
[64] The _chātak_ which figures in Hindu poetry, is, according to the
dictionaries, _Cuculus melanoleucos_, which must be the pied cuckoo,
_Coccystes melanoleucos_, Gm., in Jerdon; but this surely cannot be
Sir William's "most beautiful little bird he ever saw"?
[65] Thus, in Shakspeare, "This is Monsieur Parolles, the gallant
militarist ... that had the whole theorie of war in the knot of his
scarf, the practice in the _chape_ of his dagger."—_All's Well that
Ends Well_, iv. 3. And, in the Scottish _Rates and Valuatiouns_,
under 1612:
"Lockattis and _Chapes_ for daggers."
[66] "... e quanto á moeda, ser _chapada de sua sica_ (by error printed
_sita_), pois já lhe concedea, que todo o proveyto serya del Rey de
Portuguall, como soya a ser dos Reis dos Guzarates, e ysto nas terras
que nos tiuermos em Canbaya, e a nós quisermos bater."—Treaty (1537)
in _S. Botelho, Tombo_, 226.
[67] H. _Ṭikiyā_ is a little cake of charcoal placed in the bowl of the
hooka, or hubble-bubble.
[68] See _Fergusson & Burgess, Cave Temples_, pp. 168 & 349. See also Mr.
James Campbell's excellent _Bombay Gazetteer_, xiv. 52, where reasons
are stated against the view of Dr. Burgess.
[69] _Stat. and Geog. Rep. of the 24 Pergunnahs District_, Calcutta, 1857,
p. 57.
[70] _Lingue di San Paolo_ is a name given to fossil sharks' teeth, which
are commonly found in Malta, and in parts of Sicily.
[71] I have seen more snakes in a couple of months at the Bagni di Lucca,
than in any two years passed in India.—H. Y.
[72] Duarte Pacheco Pereira, whose defence of the Fort at Cochin (c. 1504)
against a great army of the Zamorin's, was one of the great feats of
the Portuguese in India. [_Comm. Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 5.]
[73] MS. communication from Prof. Terrien de la Couperie.
[74] It may be noted that Theophrastus describes under the names of κύκας
and κόϊξ a palm of Ethiopia, which was perhaps the _Doom_ palm of
Upper Egypt (_Theoph. H. P._ ii. 6, 10). Schneider, the editor of
Theoph., states that Sprengel identified this with the coco-palm. See
the quotation from Pliny below.
[75] This mythical story of the unique tree producing this nut curiously
shadows the singular fact that _one_ island only (Praslin) of that
secluded group, the Seychelles, bears the _Lodoicea_ as an indigenous
and spontaneous product. (See _Sir L. Pelly_, in _J.R.G.S._, xxxv.
232.)
[76] _Kalāpā_, or _Klāpā_, is the Javanese word for coco-nut palm, and is
that commonly used by the Dutch.
[77] It is curious that Ducange has a L. Latin word _cahua_, 'vinum album
et debile.'
[78] See the extract in De Sacy's _Chrestomathie Arabe_ cited below.
Playfair, in his history of Yemen, says coffee was first introduced
from Abyssinia by Jamāluddīn Ibn Abdalla, Kāḍī of Aden, in the middle
of the 15th century: the person differs, but the time coincides.
[79] There seems no foundation for this.
[80] _i.e._ _Bacca Lauri_; laurel berry.
[81] There is here a doubtful reading. The next paragraph shows that the
word should be κομαρεὶ. [We should also read for βριάριον, φρούριον,
a watch-post, citadel.]
[82] I had this from one of the party, my respected friend Bishop
Caldwell.—H. Y.
[83] On the origin of this word for a long time different opinions were
held by my lamented friend Burnell and by me. And when we printed a
few specimens in the _Indian Antiquary_, our different arguments were
given in brief (see _I. A._, July 1879, pp. 202, 203). But at a later
date he was much disposed to come round to the other view, insomuch
that in a letter of Sept. 21, 1881, he says: "_Compound_ can, I
think, after all, be Malay _Kampong_; take these lines from a Malay
poem"—then giving the lines which I have transcribed on the following
page. I have therefore had no scruple in giving the same unity to
this article that had been unbroken in almost all other cases.—H. Y.
[84] "This elephant is a very pious animal"—a German friend once observed
in India, misled by the double sense of his vernacular _fromm_
('harmless, tame' as well as 'pious or innocent').
[85] _J.R.A.S._, N.S. v. 148. He had said the same in earlier writings,
and was apparently the original author of this suggestion. [But see
above.]
[86] See Bp. Caldwell's _Comp. Gram._, 18, 95, &c.
[87] See _Tennent_, i. 395.
[88] "This coast bears commonly the corrupted name of _Choromandel_, and
is now called only thus; but the right name is _Sjola-mandalam_,
after _Sjola_, a certain kingdom of that name, and _mandalam_, 'a
kingdom,' one that used in the old times to be an independent and
mighty empire."—_Val._ v. 2.
[89] _e.g._ 1675.—"Hence the country ... has become very rich, wherefore
the Portuguese were induced to build a town on the site of the old
Gentoo (_Jentiefze_) city _Chiormandelan_."—Report on the Dutch
Conquests in Ceylon and S. India, by _Rykloof Van Goens_ in
_Valentijn_, v. (Ceylon) 234.
[90] "It is characteristic of this region (central forests of Ceylon) that
in traversing the forest they calculate their march, not by the eye,
or by measures of distance, but by sounds. Thus a '_dog's cry_'
indicates a quarter of a mile; a '_cock's crow_,' something more; and
a '_hoo_' implies the space over which a man can be heard when
shouting that particular monosyllable at the pitch of his
voice."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 582. In S. Canara also to this day
such expressions as "a horn's blow," "a man's call," are used in the
estimation of distances. [See under GOW.]
[91] _Le Nord de la Sibérie_, i. 82.
[92] "... that Royal Alley of Trees planted by the command of
_Jehan-Guire_, and continued by the same order for 150 leagues, with
little Pyramids or Turrets erected every half league."—_Bernier_,
E.T. 91; [ed. _Constable_, 284].
[93] This gloss is a mistake.
[94] Note communicated by Professor Terrien de la Couperie.
[95] _Kāhan_, see above = 1280 cowries.
[96] A _Kāg_ would seem here to be equivalent to ¼ of a cowry. Wilson,
with (?) as to its origin [perhaps P. _kāk_, 'minute'], explains it
as "a small division of money of account, less than a _ganḍa_ of
Kauris." _Til_ is properly the sesamum seed, applied in Bengal,
Wilson says, "in account to 1/80 of a kauri." The Table would
probably thus run: 20 _til_ = 1 _kāg_, 4 _kāg_ = 1 _kauri_, and so
forth. And 1 rupee = 409,600 til!
[97] See _Madras Journal_, xiii. 127.
[98] _Ind. Ant._ iii. 309.
[99] _Camalli_ (= _facchini_) survives from the Arabic in some parts of
Sicily.
[100] Sir Joseph Hooker observes that the use of the terms Custard-apple,
Bullock's heart, and Sweet-sop has been so indiscriminate or
uncertain that it is hardly possible to use them with unquestionable
accuracy.
[101] _Mysore_ is nonsense. As suggested by Sir J. Campbell in the _Bombay
Gazetteer_, _Misr_ (Egypt) is probably the word.
[102] _Kumbha_ means an earthen pot, and also the "frontal globe on the
upper part of the forehead of the elephant." The latter meaning was,
according to Prof. Forchhammer, that intended, being applied to the
hillocks on which the town stood, because of their form. But the
Burmese applied it to 'alms-bowls,' and invented a legend of Buddha
and his two disciples having buried their alms-bowls at this spot.
[103] A correction is made here on Lord Stanley's translation.
[104] Probably not much stress can be laid on this last statement. [The
_N.E.D._ thinks that the Arabic word came from the West].
[105] We owe this quotation, as well as that below from Ibn Jubair, to the
kindness of Prof. Robertson Smith. On the proceedings of 'Omar see
also Sir Wm. Muir's _Annals of the Early Caliphate_ in the chapter
quoted below.
[106] At p. 6 there is an Arabic letter, dated A.D. 1200, from Abdurrahmān
ibn 'Ali Tāhir, '_al-nazir ba-dīwān Ifriḳiya_,' inspector of the
dogana of Africa. But in the Latin version this appears as _Rector
omnium Christianorum qui veniunt in totam provinciam de Africa_ (p.
276). In another letter, without date, from Yusuf ibn Mahommed _Sāhib
diwān Tunis wal-Mahdia_, Amari renders 'preposto della dogana di
Tunis,' &c. (p. 311).
[107] The present generation in England can have no conception how closely
this description applies to what took place at many an English port
before Sir Robert Peel's great changes in the import tariff. The
present writer, in landing from a P. & O. steamer at Portsmouth in
1843, after four or five days' quarantine in the Solent, had to go
through _five to six hours_ of such treatment as Ibn Jubair
describes, and his feelings were very much the same as the
Moor's.—[H. Y.]
[108] Ar. _takāẓā_, dunning or importunity.
[109] This is the date of the Penal Code, as originally submitted to Lord
Auckland, by T. B. Macaulay and his colleagues; and in that original
form this passage is found as § 283, and in chap. xv. of _Offences
relating to Religion and Caste_.
[110] The passage referred to is probably that where Cosmas relates an
adventure of his friend Sopatrus, a trader in Taprobane, or Ceylon,
at the king's court. A Persian present brags of the power and wealth
of his own monarch. Sopatrus says nothing till the king calls on him
for an answer. He appeals to the king to compare the Roman gold
denarius (called by Cosmas νόμισμα), and the Persian silver drachma,
both of which were at hand, and to judge for himself which suggested
the greater monarch. "Now the _nomisma_ was a coin of right good ring
and fine ruddy gold, bright in metal and elegant in execution, for
such coins are picked on purpose to take thither, whilst the
_miliaresion_ (or drachma), to say it in one word, was of silver, and
of course bore no comparison with the gold coin," &c. In another
passage he says that elephants in Taprobane were sold at from 50 to
100 _nomismata_ and more, which seems to imply that the gold
_denarii_ were actually current in Ceylon. See the passages at length
in _Cathay_, &c., pp. clxxix-clxxx.
[111] It will be seen that the Indian cry also appeals to the Prince
expressly. It was the good fortune of one of the present writers (A.
B.) to have witnessed the call of Haro! brought into serious
operation at Jersey.
[112] _Tagādāgīr_, under the Mahrattas, was an officer who enforced the
State demands against defaulting cultivators (_Wilson_); and no doubt
it was here an officer similarly employed to enforce the execution of
contracts by weavers and others who had received advances. It is a
corruption of Pers. _takāẓagīr_, from Ar. _takāẓā_, importunity (see
quotation of 1819, under DHURNA).
[113] [Mr. F. Brandt suggests that this word may be Telegu _Thumiar_,
_túmu_ being a measure of grain, and possibly the "Dumiers" may have
been those entitled to receive the _dustooree_ in grain.]
[114] Royle says "_Malayan agila_," but this is apparently a misprint for
_Malayālam_.
[115] We do not find information as to which tree produces the eagle-wood
sold in the Tenasserim bazars. [It seems to be _A. agallocha_: see
_Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 279 _seq._].
[116] This _lign aloes_, "genuine, black, heavy, very choice," is
presumably the fine kind from Champa: the _aguila_ the inferior
product.
[117] _Pīlu_, for elephant, occurs in certain Sanskrit books, but it is
regarded as a foreign word.
[118] See _Lassen_, i. 313; _Max Müller's Lectures on Sc. of Language_, 1st
S. p. 189.
[119] "As regards the interpretation of _habbim_, a ἅπαξ λεγ., in the
passage where the state of the text, as shown by comparison with the
LXX, is very unsatisfactory, it seems impossible to say anything that
can be of the least use in clearing up the origin of _elephant_. The
O. T. speaks so often of ivory, and never again by this name, that
_habbim_ must be either a corruption or some trade-name, presumably
for some special kind of ivory. Personally, I believe it far more
likely that _habbim_ is at bottom the same as _hobnim_ (ebony?)
associated with _shen_ in Ezekiel xxvii. 15, and that the passage
once ran 'ivory and ebony'"—(_W. Robertson Smith_); [also see
_Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 2297 _seq._].
[120] See _Zeitschr. für die Kie Kunde des Morgs._ iv. 12 _seqq._; also
_Ebehr. Schrader_ in _Zeitsch. d. M. Gesellsch._ xxvii. 706 _seqq._;
[_Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 1262].
[121] In _Journ. As._, ser. iv. tom. ii.
[122] In _Kuhn's Zeitschr. für Vergleichende Sprachkunst_, iv. 128-131.
[123] Detmold, pp. 950-952.
[124] See _Topography of Thebes, with a General View of Egypt_, 1835, p.
153.
[125] See _e.g._ _Brugsch's Hist. of the Pharaohs_, 2d ed. i. 396-400; and
_Canon Rawlinson's Egypt_, ii. 235-6.
[126] In _Z. für Aegypt. Spr. und Aetferth._ 1873, pp. 1-9, 63, 64; also
tr. by Dr. Birch in _Records of the Past_, vol. ii. p. 59 (_no date_,
more shame to S. Bagster & Sons); and again by Ebers, revised in
Z.D.M.G., 1876, pp. 391 _seqq._
[127] See Canon Rawlinson's _Egypt_, u.s.
[128] For the painting see _Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians_, edited by
Birch, vol. i. pl. 11 b, which shows the Rutennu bringing a chariot
and horses, a bear, an elephant, and ivory tusks, as tribute to
Thotmes III. For other records see _Brugsch_, E.T., 2nd ed. i. 381,
384, 404.
[129] _Die Inschriften Tighlathpileser's I., ... mit Übersetzung und
Kommentar von Dr. Wilhelm Lotz_, Leipzig, 1880, p. 53; [and see
Maspero, _op. cit._ 661 _seq._].
[130] _Lotz_, _loc. cit._ p. 197.
[131] See _J. R. As. Soc._ vol. xviii.
"Inde _boves Lucas_ turrito corpore tetros,
Anguimanos, belli docuerunt volnera Pœnei
Sufferre, et magnas Martis turbare catervas."
_Lucretius_, v. 1301-3.
Here is the origin of Tennyson's 'serpent-hands' quoted under HATTY.
The title _bos Luca_ is explained by St. Isidore:
"Hos _boves Lucanos_ vocabant antiqui Romani: _boves_ quia nullum
animal grandius videbant: _Lucanos_ quia in Lucania illos primus
Pyrrhus in prœlio objecit Romanis."—_Isid. Hispal._ lib. xii.
_Originum_, cap. 2.
[133] It is not easy to understand the bearing of the drawing in question.
[134] This use of _campo_ is more like the sense of COMPOUND (q.v.) than in
any instance we had found when completing that article.
[135] _Galeon_ is here the galliot of later days. See above.
[136] "A kind of boat," is all that Crawfurd tells.—_Malay Dict._ s.v.
["_Banting_, a native sailing-vessel with two masts"—Williamson,
_Malay Dict._: "_Bantieng_, soort van boot met twee masten"—Van
Eysinga, _Malay-Dutch Dict._]
[137] There is no justification for this word in the Latin.
[138] "Rheede says: 'Etiam in sylvis et desertis reperitur' (_Hort. Mal._
xi. 10). But I am not aware of any botanist having found it wild. I
suspect that no one has looked for it."—_Sir J. D. Hooker._
[139] _Gebeli_, Ar. "of the hills." _Neli_ is also read _dely_, probably
for _d'Ely_ (see DELY, MOUNT). The Ely ginger is mentioned by Barbosa
(p. 220).
[140] From Amari's Italian version.
[141] The two companies which escaladed were led by Captain Bruce, a
brother of the Abyssinian traveller. "It is said that the spot was
pointed out to Popham by a cowherd, and that the whole of the
attacking party were supplied with grass shoes to prevent them from
slipping on the ledges of rock. There is a story also that the cost
of these grass-shoes was deducted from Popham's pay, when he was
about to leave India as a major-general, nearly a quarter of a
century afterwards."—_Cunningham, Arch. Surv._ ii. 340.
[142] I.e. _ḥamāmī_, a bath attendant. Compare the _Hummums_ in _Covent
Garden_.
[143] _Hemāchal_ and _Hemakūt_ also occur in the Āīn (see _Gladwin_, ii.
342, 343; [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 30, 31]). _Karāchal_ is the name used
by Ibn Batuta in the 14th century, and by Al-Birūni 300 years
earlier. 17th century writers often call the Himālaya the "Mountains
of NUGGUR-COTE" (q.v.). [Mr. Tawney writes: "We have in Ṛig Veda (x.
121) _ime himavanto parvatāḥ_, 'these snowy mountains,' spoken of as
abiding by the might of Prajāpati. In the Bhagavadgītā, an episode of
the Mahābhārata, Kṛishṇa says that he is 'the _Himālaya_ among stable
things,' and the word _Himālaya_ is found in the Kumāra Sambhava of
Kālidāsa, about the date of which opinions differ. Perhaps the Greek
Ιμαος is _himavat_; Ἠμωδὸς, _himādri_."]
[144] In most of the important Asiatic languages the same word indicates
the Sea or a River of the first class; _e.g._ _Sindhu_ as here; in
Western Tibet _Gyamtso_ and _Samandrang_ (corr. of Skt. _samundra_)
'the Sea,' which are applied to the Indus and Sutlej (see _J. R.
Geog. Soc._ xxiii. 34-35); Hebrew _yam_, applied both to the sea and
to the Nile; Ar. _baḥr_; Pers. _daryā_; Mongol. _dalai_, &c. Compare
the Homeric Ὠκεανός.
[145] The Teutonic word _Corn_ affords a handy instance of the varying
application of the name of a cereal to that which is, or has been,
the staple grain of each country. _Corn_ in England familiarly means
'wheat'; in Scotland 'oats'; in Germany 'rye'; in America 'maize.'
[146] Afterwards M.-Gen. G. Hutchinson, C.B., C.S.I., Sec. to the Ch.
Missy. Society.
[147] "Ce sont des Maures qui exigent de l'argent sur les grands chemins,
de ceux qui passent avec quelques merchandises; souvent ils en
demandent à ceux mêmes qui n'en portent point. On regarde ces gens-là
à peu pres comme des voleurs."
[148] This remark is from a letter of Dr. Burnell's dd. Tanjore, March 16,
1880.
[149] _Paṭṭi_ is used here in the Mahratti sense of a 'contribution' or
extra cess. It is the regular Mahratti equivalent of the _abwāb_ of
Bengal, on which see Wilson, s.v.
[150] The same breed of elephants perhaps that is mentioned on this part of
the coast by the author of the _Periplus_, by whom it is called ἡ
Δησαρήνη χώρα φέρουσα ἐλέφαντα τὸν λεγόμενον Βωσαρή.
[151] It is possible that the island called Shaikh Shu'aib, which is off
the coast of Lār, and not far from Sirāf, may be meant. Barbosa also
mentions _Lār_ among the islands in the Gulf subject to the K. of
Ormuz (p. 37).
[152] Reg. I. of 1810 had empowered the Executive Government, by an
official communication from its Secretary in the Judicial Department,
to dispense with the attendance and FUTWA of the LAW OFFICERS of the
courts of circuit, when it seemed advisable. But in such case the
judge of the court passed no sentence, but referred the proceedings
with an opinion to the _Nizamut Adawlut_.
[153] See an interesting paper in the _Saturday Review_ of Sept. 29, 1883,
on _Le Mascaret_.
[154] Other names for the bore in India are: Hind. _hummā_, and in Bengal
_bān_.
[155] It is given in No. II. of _Selections from the Records of S. Arcot
District_, p. 107.
[156] In a letter from poor Arthur Burnell, on which this paragraph is
founded, he adds: "It is sad that the most Philistine town (in the
German sense) in all the East should have such a name."
[157] This _perhaps_ implies an earlier spread of northern influence than
we are justified in assuming.
[158] "The Portuguese ... sailing from Malabar on voyages of exploration
... made their acquaintance with various places on the eastern or
Coromandel Coast ... and finding the language spoken by the fishing
and sea-faring classes on the eastern coast similar to that spoken on
the western, they came to the conclusion that it was identical with
it, and called it in consequence by the same name—viz. MALABAR.... A
circumstance which naturally confirmed the Portuguese in their notion
of the identity of the people and language of the Coromandel Coast
with those of Malabar was that when they arrived at Cael, in
Tinnevelly, on the Coromandel Coast ... they found the King of Quilon
(one of the most important places on the Malabar Coast) residing
there."—_Bp. Caldwell_, u.s.
[159] This Port was immediately outside the Straits, as appears from the
description of Dom João de Castro (1541): "Now turning to the 'Gates'
of the Strait, which are the chief object of our description, we
remark that here the land of Arabia juts out into the sea, forming a
prominent Point, and very prolonged.... This is the point or
promontory which Ptolemy calls _Possidium_.... In front of it, a
little more than a gunshot off, is an islet called the _Ilheo dos
Roboeens_; because _Roboão_ in Arabic means a pilot; and the pilots
living here go aboard the ships which come from outside, and conduct
them," &c.—_Roteiro do Mar Roxo_, &c., 35.
The Island retains its name, and is mentioned as _Pilot Island_ by
Capt. Haines in _J. R. Geog. Soc._ ix. 126. It lies about 1½ m. due
east of Perim.
[160] See _Erdkunde_, v. 647. The Index to Ritter gives a reference to _A.
W. Schott, Mag. für die Literat. des Ausl._, 1837, No. 123. This we
have not been able to see.
[161] The excellence of the Goa Mangoes is stated to be due to the care and
skill of the Jesuits (_Annaes Maritimos_, ii. 270). In S. India all
good kinds have Portuguese or Mahommedan names. The author of _Tribes
on My Frontier_, 1883, p. 148, mentions the luscious _peirie_ and the
delicate _afoos_ as two fine varieties, supposed to bear the names of
a certain _Peres_ and a certain _Affonso_.
[162] See _Sayce, Principles of Comparative Philology_, 2nd ed. 208-211.
[163] "_Maund_, a kind of great Basket or Hamper, containing eight Bales,
or two Fats. It is commonly a quantity of 8 bales of unbound Books,
each Bale having 1000 lbs. weight."—_Giles Jacob, New Law Dict._, 7th
ed., 1756, s.v.
[164] This passage is also referred to under NACODA. The French translation
runs as follows:—"Cette princesse invita ... le _tendîl_ ou 'général
des piétons,' et le _sipāhsālār_ ou 'général des archers.'" In answer
to a query, our friend, Prof. Robertson Smith, writes: "The word is
_rijāl_, and this may be used either as the plural of _rajul_, 'man,'
or as the pl. of _rājil_, 'piéton.' But foreman, or 'praepositus' of
the 'men' (_muḳaddam_ is not well rendered 'général'), is just as
possible." And, if possible, much more reasonable. Dulaurier (_J.
As._ ser. iv. tom. ix.) renders _rijāl_ here "sailors." See the
article TINDAL; and see the quotation under the present article from
Bocarro MS.
[165] See _Cathay_, &c., pp. ccxlvii.-ccl.; and Mr. E. Thomas, _Pathán
Kings of Delhi_, _passim._
[166] The average was taken as follows:—(1). We took the whole of the
weight of gold in the list at p. 43 ("Table of the Gold Coins of
India") with the omission of four pieces which are exceptionally
debased; and (2), the first twenty-four pieces in the list at p. 50
("Supplementary Table"), omitting two exceptional cases, and divided
by the whole number of coins so taken. See the tables at end of
Thomas's ed. of _Prinsep's Essays_.
[167] Was this ignorance, or slang? Though slave-boys are occasionally
mentioned, there is no indication that slaves were at all the usual
substitute for domestic servants at this time in European families.
[168] Moodeen Sheriff (_Supplt. to the Pharmacopoeia of India_) says that
the _Mahwā_ in question is _Bassia longifolia_ and the wild Mahwā
_Bassia latifolia_.
[169] "Don Ricardo began to fret and fidget most awfully—'Beginning of the
_seasons_'—why, we may not get away for a week, and all the ships
will be kept back in their loading."—Ed. 1863, p. 309.
[170] Equal to 863 lbs. 12 oz. 12 drs.
[171] Hadley, however, mentions in his preface that a small pamphlet had
been received by Mr. George Bogle in 1770, which he found to be the
mutilated embryo of his own grammatical scheme. This was circulating
in Bengal "at his expence."
[172] The husband of the existing Princess of Tanjore is habitually styled
by the natives "_Mapillai Sāhib_" ("il Signor Genero"), as the
son-in-law of the late Raja.
[173] According to Pyrard _mesquite_ is the word used in the Maldive
Islands. It is difficult to suppose the people would adopt such a
word from the Portuguese. And probably the form both in east and west
is to be accounted for by a hard pronunciation of the Arabic _j_, as
in Egypt now; the older and probably the most widely diffused. [See
Mr. Gray's note in Hak. Soc. ii. 417.]
[174] Sir George Yule notes: "I can distinctly call to mind 6 mucknas that
I had (I may have had more) out of 30 or 40 elephants that passed
through my hands." This would give 15 or 20 per cent. of _mucknas_,
but as the stud included females, the result would rather consist
with Mr. Sanderson's 5 out of 51 males.
[175] Here the Kyendwen R. is regarded as a branch of the Brahmaputra. See
further on.
[176] "_Stupiva_ d'vdire tanta fragranza." The Scotchman is laughed at for
"feeling" a smell, but here the Italian _hears_ one!
[177] We have seen, however, somewhere an ingenious suggestion that the
word really came from _Maisolia_ (the country about Masulipatam,
according to Ptolemy), which even in ancient times was famous for
fine cotton textures.
[178] _Deotī_, a torch-bearer. Thus Baber: "If the emperor or chief
nobility (in India) at any time have occasion for a light by night,
these filthy _Deuties_ bring in their lamps, which they carry up to
their master, and stand holding it close by his side."—_Baber_, 333.
[179] One of them is generally identified with the seeds of _Moringa
pterygosperma_—see HORSE RADISH TREE—the Ben-nuts of old writers, and
affording _Oil of Ben_, used as a basis in perfumery.
[180] This article we have been unable to find. Dr. Hunter in _As. Res._
(xi. 182) quotes from a Persian work of Mahommed Husain Shirāzi,
communicated to him by Mr. Colebrooke, the names of 6 varieties of
_Halīla_ (or Myrobalan) as afforded in different stages of maturity
by the _Terminalia Chebula_:—1. _H. Zīra_, when just set (from
_Zīra_, cummin-seed). 2. _H. Jawī_ (from _Jau_, barley). 3. _Zangī_
or _Hindī_ (The Black M.). 4. _H. Chīnī._ 5. _H. 'Asfar_, or Yellow.
6. _H. Kābulī_, the mature fruit. [See Dr. Murray's article in _Watt,
Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. iv. 33 _seqq._]
[181] "_Confettiamo_," "make comfits of"; "preserve," but the latter word
is too vague.
[182] This is surely not what we now call _Cassia Fistula_, the long
cylindrical pod of a leguminous tree, affording a mild laxative? But
Hanbury and Flückiger (pp. 195, 475) show that some _Cassia bark_ (of
the cinnamon kind) was known in the early centuries of our era as
κασία συριγγώδης and _cassia fistularis_; whilst the drug now called
_Cassia Fistula_, L., is first noticed by a medical writer of
Constantinople towards A.D. 1300. Pegolotti, at p. 366, gives a few
lines of instruction for judging of _cassia fistula_: "It ought to be
black, and thick, and unbroken (_salda_), and heavy, and the thicker
it is, and the blacker the outside rind is, the riper and better it
is; and it retains its virtue well for 2 years." This is not very
decisive, but on the whole we should suppose Pegolotti's _cassia
fistula_ to be either a spice-bark, or solid twigs of a like plant
(H. & F. 476).
[183] This is probably _Balanitis aegyptiaca_, Delile, the _zak_ of the
Arabs, which is not unlike myrobalan fruit and yields an oil much
used medicinally. The negroes of the Niger make an intoxicating
spirit of it.
[184] Dozy says (2nd ed. 323) that the plural form has been adopted by
mistake. Wilson says 'honorifically.' Possibly in this and other like
cases it came from popular misunderstanding of the Arabic plurals. So
we have omra, _i.e._ _umarā_, pl. of _amīr_ used singularly and
forming a plural _umrāyān_. (See also OMLAH and MEHAUL.)
[185] The word is so misprinted throughout this part of the English
version.
[186] Qu. _boroughs_? The writer does injustice to his country when he
speaks of _burghs_ being bought and sold. The representation of
Scotch _burghs_ before 1832 was bad, but it never was purchasable.
There are no _burghs_ in England.
[187] [The late Mr. E. J. W. Gibb pointed out that _Chocarda_ is Turkish
_Chokadār_, a name given to a great man's lackey or footman. "High
functionaries have many _Chokadārs_ attached to their establishments.
In this case, probably the Pasha of the province through which Ives
was travelling, or perhaps some functionary at Constantinople,
appointed one of his _Chokadārs_ to look after the traveller. The
word literally means 'cloth-keeper,' and it is probable that the name
was originally given to a servant who had charge of his master's
wardrobe. But it has long been applied to a lackey who walks beside
his master's horse when his master is out riding."]
[188] The word _Nágá_ is spelt with a nasal _n_, "_Náñgá_" (p. 76).
[189] The "Hugly" River was then considered (in ascending) to begin at
Hooghly Point, and the confluence of the Rupnarain R., often called
the _Gunga_ (see under GODAVERY).
[190] Other terms applied have been _Numeralia_, Quantitative Auxiliaries,
Numeral Auxiliaries, Segregatives, &c.
[191] See Sir H. Yule's _Introductory Essay_ to Capt. Gill's _River of
Golden Sand_, ed. 1883, pp. [127], [128].
[192] Some details on the subject of these determinatives, in reference to
languages on the eastern border of India, will be found in Prof. Max
Müller's letter to Bunsen in the latter's _Outlines of the Phil. of
Universal History_, i. 396 _seqq._; as well as in W. von Humboldt,
quoted above. Prof. Max Müller refers to Humboldt's _Complete Works_,
vi. 402; but this I have not been able to find, nor, in either
writer, any suggested _rationale_ of the idiom.
[193] There seems to have been great oscillation of traffic in this matter.
About 1873, one of the present writers, then resident at Palermo,
sent, in compliance with a request from Lahore, a collection of
plants of many (about forty) varieties of _citrus_ cultivated in
Sicily, for introduction into the Punjab. This despatch was much
aided by the kindness of Prof. Todaro, in charge of the Royal Botanic
Garden at Palermo.
[194] In Reiske's version "poma stupendae molis et
excellentissima."—_Büsching's Magazin_, iv. 230.
[195] Prinsep's _Useful Tables_, by E. Thomas, p. 19.
[196] Giles, _Glossary of Reference_, s.v.
[197] "The prayer that they say daily consists of these words: '_Pacauta!
Pacauta! Pacauta!_' And this they repeat 104 times."—(Bk. iii. ch.
17.) The word is printed in Ramusio _pacauca_; but no one familiar
with the constant confusion of _c_ and _t_ in medieval manuscript
will reject this correction of M. Pauthier. Bishop Caldwell observes
that the word was probably _Bagavā_, or _Pagavā_, the Tamil form of
_Bhagavata_, "Lord"; a word reiterated in their sacred formulæ by
Hindus of all sorts, especially Vaishnava devotees. The words given
by Marco Polo, if written "_Pagoda! Pagoda! Pagoda!_" would be almost
undistinguishable in sound from _Pacauta_.
[198] Or our symbol (Et ligand), now modified into (&), which is in fact
Latin _et_, but is read 'and."
[199] "The peculiar mode of writing Pahlavi here alluded to long made the
character of the language a standing puzzle for European scholars,
and was first satisfactorily explained by Professor Haug, of Munich,
in his admirable Essay on the Pahlavi Language, already cited"
(_West_, p. xii.).
[200] In _Canticles_, iii. 9, the "ferculum _quod fecit sibi rex Salomon de
lignis Libani_" is in the Hebrew _appiryōn_, which has by some been
supposed to be Greek φορεῖον; highly improbable, as the litter came
to Greece from the East. Is it possible that the word can be in some
way taken from _paryañka_? The R.V. has _palanquin_. [See the
discussion in _Encyclopaedia Biblica_, iii. 2804 _seq._].
[201] "_Pagos do aljube._" We are not sure of the meaning.
[202] The writer is here led away by Wilford's nonsense.
[203] Query (i.) _rámún_ (Hind.) or _rama_ (Ladakhi) _chhelli_ = the _rama_
(special variety of goat) -goat; (ii.) or is Salbank mixing
_rama-shál_ (goat-shawl), the product, with the name of the animal
producing the raw material?
[204] This is the true reading, see note at the place, and _J. R. As. Soc._
N.S.
[205] See _Journ. As._, Ser. II., tom. viii. 352.
[206] See also _De Candolle, Plantes Cultivées_, p. 234.
[207] "_E foy dar no golfam_ do estreito de Magalhães." I cannot explain
the use of this name. It must be applied here to the Sea between
Banda and Timor.
[208] Antonio Nunez, "Comtador da Casa del Rey noso Senhor," who in 1554
compiled the _Livro dos Pesos da Ymdia e asy Medidas e Mohedas_, says
of Diu in particular:
"The moneys here exhibit such variations and such differences, that
it is impossible to write any thing certain about them; for every
month, every 8 days indeed, they rise and fall in value, according to
the money that enters the place" (p. 28).
[209] I invert the similar table given by Dr. Badger in his notes to
Varthema.
[210] The issues of FANAMS, q.v., have been infinite; but they have not
varied much in weight, though very greatly in alloy, and therefore in
the number reckoned to a pagoda.
"2 gunjās = 1 dugala
2 dugalas = 1 chavula (= the panam or fanam),
2 chavalas = 1 hoṇa (= the PRATAPA, máda, or _half pagoda_),
2 hoṇṇas = 1 Varāha (the hūn or pagoda)".
"The ganjā or unit (= ¼ fanam) is the rati, or Sanskrit raktika, the
seed of the _abrus_."—_Op. cit._ p. 224, _note_. See also Sir W.
Elliot's _Coins of S. India_, p. 56.
[212] 360 _reis_ is the equivalent in the authorities, so far as I know.
[213] Even the pound sterling, since it represented a pound of silver
sterlings, has come down to one-third of that value; but if the value
of silver goes on dwindling as it has done lately, our pound might
yet justify its name again!
I have remarked elsewhere:
"Everybody seems to be tickled at the notion that the Scotch Pound or
_Livre_ was only 20 pence. Nobody finds it funny that the French or
Italian _Livre_ or Pound is only 20 halfpence or less!" I have not
been able to trace how high the _rei_ began, but the _maravedi_
entered life as a gold piece, equivalent to the Saracen _mithḳāl_,
and ended—?
[214] I calculate all gold values in this paper at those of the present
English coinage.
Besides the gradual depreciation of the Portugal _rei_, so
prominently noticed in this paper, there was introduced in Goa a
reduction of the _rei_ locally below the _rei_ of Portugal in the
ratio of 15 to 8. I do not know the history or understand the object
of such a change, nor do I see that it affects the calculations in
this article. In a table of values of coins current in Portuguese
India, given in the _Annaes Maritimos_ of 1844, each coin is valued
both in _Reis of Goa_ and in _Reis of Portugal_, bearing the above
ratio. My kind correspondent, Dr. J. N. Fonseca, author of the
capital _History of Goa_, tells me that this was introduced in the
beginning of the 17th century, but that he has yet found no document
throwing light upon it. It is a matter quite apart from the secular
depreciation of the _rei_.
[215] Thus Alboquerque, returning to Europe in 1504, gives a "Moorish"
pilot, who carried him by a new course straight from Cannanore to
Mozambique, a BUCKSHISH of 50 _cruzados_; this is explained as £5—a
mild munificence for such a feat. In truth it was nearly £24, the
_cruzado_ being about the same as the sequin (see i. p. 17).
The mint at Goa was farmed out by the same great man, after the
conquest, for 600,000 _reis_, amounting, we are told, to £125. It was
really £670 (iii. 41).
Alboquerque demands as ransom to spare Muscat "10,000 xerafins of
gold." And we are told by the translator that this ransom of a
wealthy trading city like Muscat amounted to £625. The coin in
question is the _ashrafi_, or gold dīnār, as much as, or more than
the sequin in value, and the sum more than £5000 (i. p. 82).
In the note to the first of these cases it is said that the _cruzado_
is "a silver coin (formerly gold), now equivalent to 480 _reis_, or
about 2_s._ English money, but probably worth much more relatively in
the time of Dalboquerque." "Much more relatively" means of course
that the 2_s._ had much more purchasing power.
This is a very common way of speaking, but it is often very
fallaciously applied. The change in purchasing power _in India_
generally till the beginning of last century was probably not very
great. There is a curious note by Gen. Briggs in his translation of
Firishta, comparing the amount stated by Firishta to have been paid
by the Bāhmanī King, about A.D. 1470, as the annual cost of a body of
500 horse, with the cost of a British corps of Irregular horse of the
same strength in Briggs's own time (say about 1815). The Bāhmanī
charge was 350,000 Rs.; the British charge 219,000 Rs. A corps of the
same strength would now cost the British Government, as near as I can
calculate, 287,300 Rs.
The price of an Arab horse imported into India (then a great traffic)
was in Marco Polo's time about three times what it was in our own, up
to 1850.
The salary of the Governor at Goa, c. 1550, was 8000 _cruzados_, or
nearly £4000 a year; and the salaries of the commandants of the
fortresses of Goa, of Malacca, of Dio, and of Bassain, 600,000
_reis_, or about £670.
The salary of Ibn Batuta, when Judge of Delhi, about 1340, was 1000
silver _tankas_ or _dinārs_ as he calls them (practically 1000
rupees) a month, which was in addition to an assignment of villages
bringing in 5000 _tankas_ a year. And yet he got into debt in a very
few years to the tune of 55,000 _tankas_—say £5,500!
[216] Dr. D'Acunha has set this English traveller down to 1684, and
introduces a quotation from him in illustration of the coinage of the
latter period, in his quasi-chronological notes, a new element in the
confusion of his readers.
[217] "3 _plaghe_" in Balbi.
[218] "_Serafinno di argento_" (_ibid._).
[219] "_Quando si parla di pardai d'oro s'intendono, tanghe 6, di buona
moneta_" (Balbi). This does not mean the old _pardao d'ouro_ or
golden pagoda, a sense which apparently had now become obsolete, but
that in dealing in jewels, &c., it was usual to settle the price in
pardaos of 6 good tangas instead of 5 (as we give doctors guineas
instead of pounds). The actual _pagodas of gold_ are also mentioned
by Balbi, but these were worth, new ones 7½ and old ones 8 tangas of
good money.
[220] No doubt, however, foreign coins were used to make up sums, and
reduce the bulk of small change.
[221] Sir W. Elliot refers to the Aśoka inscription (Edict II.) as bearing
_Palaya_ or _Paraya_, named with Choḍa (or Chola), Kerala, &c., as a
country or people "in the very centre of the Dravidian group ... a
reading which, if it holds good, supplies a satisfactory explanation
of the origin of the Paria name and nation" (in _J. Ethnol. Soc._
N.S., 1869, p. 103). But apparently the reading has not held good,
for M. Senart reads the name _Pām̃dya_ (see _Ind. Ant._ ix. 287).
[Mr. V. A. Smith writes: "The Girnar text is very defective in this
important passage, which is not in the Dhauli text; that text gives
only 11 out of the 14 edicts. The capital of the _Pām̃diyan_ Kingdom
was Madura. The history of the kingdom is very imperfectly known. For
a discussion of it see _Sewell, Lists of Antiquities_, Madras, vol.
ii. Of course it has nothing to do with PARIAS."]
[222] "... great diversion is found ... in firing balls at birds,
particularly the _albitross_, a large species of the swan, commonly
seen within two or three hundred miles round the Cape of Good Hope,
and which the French call _Montons_ (Moutons) du _Cap_."—_Munro's
Narrative_, 13. The confusion of genera here equals that mentioned in
our article above.
[223] It is an easy assumption that this export trade from India was killed
by the development of machinery in England. We can hardly doubt that
this cause would have killed it in time. But it was not left to any
such lingering and natural death. Much time would be required to
trace the whole of this episode of "ancient history." But it is
certain that this Indian trade was not killed by natural causes: _it
was killed by prohibitory duties_. These duties were so high in 1783
that they were declared to operate as a premium on smuggling, and
they were _reduced_ to 18 per cent. _ad valorem_. In the year 1796-97
the value of piece-goods from India imported into England was
£2,776,682, or one-third of the whole value of the imports from
India, which was £8,252,309. And in the sixteen years between 1793-4
and 1809-10 (inclusive) the imports of Indian piece-goods amounted in
value to £26,171,125.
In 1799 the duties were raised. I need not give details, but will
come down to 1814, just before the close of the war, when they were,
I believe, at a maximum. The duties then, on "plain white calicoes,"
were:—
£ _s._ _d._
Warehouse duty 4 0 0 per cent.
War enhancement 1 0 0 "
Customs duty 50 0 0 "
War enhancement 12 10 0 "
----------
Total 67 10 0 per cent. on value.
There was an Excise duty upon British manufactured and printed goods
of 3½_d._ per square yard, and of twice that amount on foreign
(Indian) calico and muslin printed in Great Britain, and the whole of
both duty and excise upon such goods was recoverable as drawback upon
re-exportation. But on the exportation of Indian white goods there
was no drawback recoverable; and stuffs printed in India were at this
time, so far as we can discern, _not admitted through the English
Custom-house at all_ until 1826, when they were admitted on a duty of
3½_d._ per square yard. (See in the _Statutes_, 43 Geo. III. _capp._
68, 69, 70; 54 Geo. III. _cap._ 36; 6 Geo. IV. _cap._ 3; also
_Macpherson's Annals of Commerce_, iv. 426).
In Sir A. Arbuthnot's publication of _Sir T. Munro's Minutes_
(_Memoir_, p. cxxix.) he quotes a letter of Munro's to a friend in
Scotland, written about 1825, which shows him surprisingly before his
age in the matter of Free Trade, speaking with reference to certain
measures of Mr. Huskisson's. The passage ends thus: "India is the
country that has been worst used in the new arrangements. All her
products ought undoubtedly to be imported freely into England, upon
paying the same duties, and no more, which English duties [?
manufactures] pay in India. When I see what is done in Parliament
against India, I think that I am reading about Edward III. and the
Flemings."
Sir A. Arbuthnot adds very appropriately a passage from a note by the
late Prof. H. H. Wilson in his continuation of James Mill's _History
of India_ (1845, vol. i. pp. 538-539), a passage which we also gladly
insert here:
"It was stated in evidence (in 1813) that the cotton and silk goods
of India, up to this period, could be sold for a profit in the
British market at a price from 50 to 60 per cent. lower than those
fabricated in England. It consequently became necessary to protect
the latter by duties of 70 or 80 per cent. on their value, or by
positive prohibition. Had this not been the case, had not such
prohibitory duties and decrees existed, the mills of Paisley and of
Manchester would have been stopped in their outset, and could hardly
have been again set in motion, even by the powers of steam. They were
created by the sacrifice of the Indian manufactures. Had India been
independent, she would have retaliated; would have imposed preventive
duties upon British goods, and would thus have preserved her own
productive industry from annihilation. This act of self-defence was
not permitted her; she was at the mercy of the stranger. British
goods were forced upon her without paying any duty; and the foreign
manufacturer employed the arm of political injustice to keep down and
ultimately strangle a competitor with whom he could not contend on
equal terms."
[224] See details in the _Field_ of Nov. 15, 1884, p. 667, courteously
given in reply to a query from the present writer.
[225] Thomas Rastall or Rastell went out apparently in 1615, in 1616 is
mentioned as a "chief merchant of the fleet at SWALLY Road," and
often later as chief at Surat (see _Sainsbury_, i. 476, and ii.
_passim_).
[226] _Pera o sapal_, _i.e._ 'for the marsh.' We cannot be certain of the
meaning of this; but we may note that in 1543 the King, as a favour
to the city of Goa, and for the commodity of its shipping and the
landing of goods, &c., makes a grant "of the marsh inundated with
sea-water (_do_ sapal _alagado dagoa salgada_) which extends along
the river-side from the houses of Antonio Correa to the houses of
Afonso Piquo, which grant is to be perpetual ... to serve for a
landing-place and quay for the merchants to moor and repair their
ships, and to erect their BANKSHALLS (_bangaçaes_), and never to be
turned away to any other purpose." Possibly the fines went into a
fund for the drainage of this _sapal_ and formation of
landing-places. See _Archiv. Port. Orient._, Fasc. 2, pp. 130-131.
[227] We do not know what word is intended, unless it be a special use of
Ar. _baṭan_, 'the interior or middle of a thing.' Dorn refers to a
note, which does not exist in his book. Bellew gives the title
conferred by the Prophet as "_Pīhtān_ or _Pāthān_, a term which in
the Syrian language signifies a rudder." Somebody else interprets it
as 'a mast.'
[228] P. _pāsbān_ and _nigabān_, both meaning literally 'watch-keeper,' the
one from _pās_, 'a watch,' in the sense of a division of the day, the
other from _nigah_, 'watch,' in the sense of 'heed' or 'observation.'
[_Dusaud_ = _Dosādh_, a low caste often employed as watchmen.]
[229] Favre gives (_Dict. Malay-Français_): "_Duku_" (_buwa_ is = fruit).
"Nom d'un fruit de la grosseur d'un œuf de poule; il parait être une
grosse espèce de _Lansium_." (It is _L. domesticum_.) The _Rambeh_ is
figured by Marsden in Atlas to _Hist. of Sumatra_, 3rd ed. pl. vi.
and pl. ix. It seems to be _Baccaurea dulcis_, Müll. (_Pierardia
dulcis_, Jack).
[230] Müller and (very positively) Fabricius discard Βουτύρου for Βοσμόρου,
which "no fellow understands." A. Hamilton (i. 136) mentions "Wheat,
Pulse, and _Butter_" as exports from _Mangaroul_ on this coast. He
does _not_ mention _Bosmoron_!
[231] This is shown by a 17th century Dutch chart in I.O. to be a creek on
the west side, very little below Diamond Point. It is also shown in
Tassin's _Maps of the R. Hoogly_, 1835; not later.
[232] This also points to the locality of Diamond Harbour, and the Chingrī
Khāl.
[233] These ingots were called _saum_. Ibn Batuta says: "At one day's
journey from Ukak are the hills of the Rūs, who are Christians; they
have red hair and blue eyes, they are ugly in feature and crafty in
character. They have silver mines, and they bring from their country
_saum_, _i.e._ ingots of silver, with which they buy and sell in that
country. The weight of each ingot is five ounces."—ii. 414. Pegolotti
(c. 1340), speaking of the land-route to Cathay, says that on
arriving at Cassai (_i.e._ _Kinsay_ of Marco Polo or Hang-chau-fu)
"you can dispose of the _sommi_ of silver that you have with you ...
and you may reckon the _sommo_ to be worth 5 golden florins" (see in
_Cathay_, &c., ii. 288-9, 293). It would appear from Wasāf, quoted by
Hammer (_Geschichte der Goldenen Horde_, 224), that gold ingots also
were called _sum_ or _saum_. The ruble is still called _sūm_ in
Turkestan.
[234] The term _Sonaut_ rupees, which was of frequent occurrence down to
the reformation and unification of the Indian coinage in 1833, is one
very difficult to elucidate. The word is properly _sanwāt_, pl. of
Ar. _sana(t)_, a year. According to the old practice in Bengal, coins
deteriorated in value, in comparison with the rupee of account, when
they passed the third year of their currency, and these rupees were
termed _Sanwāt_ or _Sonaut_. But in 1773, to put a stop to this
inconvenience, Government determined that all rupees coined in future
should bear the impression of the 19th _san_ or year of Shāh 'Alam
(the Mogul then reigning). And in all later uses of the term _Sonaut_
it appears to be equivalent in value to the Farrukhābād rupee, or the
modern "Company's Rupee" (which was of the same standard).
[235] Like the Βαιτύλιον which the Greeks got through the Semitic nations.
In Photius there are extracts from Damascius (_Life of Isidorus the
Philosopher_), which speak of the stones called _Baitulos_ and
_Baitulion_, which were objects of worship, gave oracles, and were
apparently used in healing. These appear, from what is stated, to
have been meteoric stones. There were many in Lebanon (see _Phot.
Biblioth._, ed. 1653, pp. 1047, 1062-3).
[236] "It is curious that without any allusion to this work, another on the
Veterinary Art, styled _Sálotari_, and said to comprise in the
Sanskrit original 16,000 _slokas_, was translated in the reign of
Sháh Jahán ... by Saiyad 'Abdulla Khán Bahádur Firoz Jang, who had
found it among some other Sanskrit books which ... had been plundered
from Amar Singh, Ráná of Chitor."
[237] Of the birch-tree, Sansk. _bhurja_, _Betula Bhojpattra_, Wall., the
exfoliating outer bark of which is called _tōz_.
[238] In a Greek translation of Shakspere, published some years ago at
Constantinople, _this line is omitted_!
[239] _Corvina_ is applied by Cuvier, Cantor and others to fish of the
genus _Sciaena_ of more recent ichthyologists.
[240] "_Cybium_ (_Scomber_, Linn.) _guttatum_."—_Tennent._
[241] Not a general officer, but a letter from the body of the Council.
[242] On another B.M. copy of an earlier edition than that quoted, and
which belonged to Jos. Scaliger, there is here a note in his
autograph: "Id est _Caesar_, non est vox Tatarica, sed Vindica seu
Illyrica, ex Latino detorta."
"At pueri ludentes, _Rex eris_, aiunt,
Si recte facies."—_Hor. Ep._ I. i.
[244] On the probable indication of Great and Little used in this fashion,
see remarks in notes on _Marco Polo_, bk. iii. ch. 9.
[245] In both written alike, but the final _t_ in Arabic is generally
silent, giving _sharba_, in Persian _sharbat_. So we get _minaret_
from Pers. and Turk. _munārat_, in Ar. (and in India) _munāra_
[_manār_, _manāra_].
[246] "SEWALICK is the term, according to the common acceptation; but Capt.
Kirkpatrick proves, from the evident etymology of it, that it should
be SEWA-LUCK."—_Note by Rennell._
[247] This is apparently a mistake. The proposals were certainly original
with Mr. Yule.
[248] Here is an instance in which scarlet is used for 'scarlet
broadcloth':
c. 1665.—"... they laid them out, partly in fine Cotton Cloth ...
partly in Silken Stuffs streaked with Gold and Silver, to make Vests
and Summer-Drawers of; partly in English SCARLET, to make two Arabian
Vests of for their King...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 43; [ed. _Constable_,
139].
[249] Togrul Beg, founder of the Seljuk dynasty, called by various Western
writers _Tangrolipix_, and (as here) _Strangolipes_.
[250] "... hum rio ... que corta do mar todo aquelle terço de terra."... We
are not quite sure how to translate. Crawfurd renders: "This (river)
intersects the whole island from sea to sea," which seems very free.
But it is true, as we have said, that several old maps show Java and
Sunda thus divided from sea to sea.
[251] Apparently 30,000 quintals _every two years_.
[252] Sunda Kalapa was the same as Jacatra, on the site of which the Dutch
founded Batavia in 1619.
[253] These are mentioned in a copper tablet inscription of A.D. 1136; see
_Blochmann_, as quoted further on, p. 226.
[254] Basandhari is also mentioned by Mr. James Grant (1786) in his _View
of the Revenues of Bengal_, as the Pergunna of _Belia-bussendry_; and
by A. Hamilton as a place on the Damūdar, producing much good sugar
(_Fifth Report_, p. 405; _A. Ham._ ii. 4). It would seem to have been
the present Pergunna of Balia, some 13 or 14 miles west of the
northern part of Calcutta. See _Hunter's Bengal Gaz._ i. 365.
[255] So called in the German version which we use; but in the Dutch
original he is _Schouten_.
[256] This affair is alluded to in one of the extracts in _Long_ (p. 342):
"Agreed ... that the Fakiers who were made prisoners at the retaking
of Dacca may be employed as Coolies in the repair of the
Factory."—_Procgs. of Council at Ft. William_, Dec. 5, 1769.
[257] Williams (_Skt. Dict._ s.v.) gives SŪRPĀRAKA as "the name of a
mythical country"; but it was real enough. There is some ground for
believing that there was another _Sūrpāraka_ on the coast of Orissa,
Σιππάρα of Ptolemy.
[258] Ῥογχὸ perhaps is Tam. _lanha_, 'coco-nut.'
[259] MANGALORE (q.v.) on this coast, no doubt called _Sorathī_ Mangalor to
distinguish it from the well-known Mangalor of Canara.
[260] But it is worthy of note that in the Island of Bali one manner of
accomplishing the rite is called SATIA (Skt. _satyā_, 'truth,' from
_sat_, whence also _satī_). See _Crawfurd, H. of Ind. Archip._ ii.
243, and _Friedrich_, in _Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootschap._
xxiii. 10.
[261] The same poet speaks of Evadne, who threw herself at Thebes on the
burning pile of her husband Capaneus (I. xv. 21), a story which Paley
thinks must have come from some early Indian legend.
[262] _Hoggiae_ is of course Khwājas (see COJA). But in the B. Museum there
is a copy of Leunclavius, ed. of 1588, with MS. autograph remarks by
Joseph Scaliger; and on the word in question he notes as its origin
(in Arabic characters): "_Ḥujja(t)_ Disputatio"—which is manifestly
erroneous.
[263] These are sheets of the _Atlas of India_, within Bhawalpur and
Jeysalmīr, on the borders of Bikaner.
[264] Mr. Major, in his Introduction to Parke's _Mendoza_ for the Hak. Soc.
says of this embassy, that at their halt in the desert 12 marches
from Su-chau, they were regaled "with a variety of strong liquors,
_together with a pot of Chinese tea_." It is not stated by Mr. Major
whence he took the account; but there is nothing about tea in the
translation of M. Quatremère (_Not. et Ext._ xiv. pt. 1), nor in the
Persian text given by him, nor in the translation by Mr. Rehatsek in
the _Ind. Ant._ ii. 75 _seqq._
[265] Queen Catharine.
[266] This book was printed in England, whilst the author was in India;
doubtless he was innocent of this quaint error.
[267] This refers to an Arab legend that Samarkand was founded in very
remote times by Tobba'-al-Akbar, Himyarite King of Yemen, (see _e.g._
_Edrisi_, by _Jaubert_, ii. 198), and the following: "The author of
the _Treatise on the Figure of the Earth_ says on this subject: "This
is what was told me by Abu-Bakr-Dimashkī—'I have seen over the great
gate of Samarkand an iron tablet bearing an inscription, which,
according to the people of the place, was engraved in Himyarite
characters, and as an old tradition related, had been the work of
"Tobba."'"—_Shihābuddīn Dimashkī_, in _Not. et Ext._ xiii. 254.
[268] [Col. Temple notes that the pronunciation has always been twofold. At
present in Burma it is usual to pronounce it like _tickle_, and in
Siam like _tacawl_. He regards it as certain that it comes from
_takā_ through Talaing and Peguan _t'ke_.]
[269] Sir H. Rawlinson gives _tigra_ as old Persian for an arrow (see
_Herod._ vol. iii. p. 552). Vüllers seems to consider it rather an
induction than a known word for an arrow. He says: "Besides the name
of that river (Tigris) _Arvand_, which often occurs in the
_Shāhnāma_, and which properly signifies 'running' or 'swift';
another Medo-persic name _Tigra_ is found in the cuneiform
inscriptions, and is cognate with the Zend word _tedjao_, _tedjerem_,
and Pehlvi _tedjera_, _i.e._ 'a running river,' which is entered in
Anquetil's vocabulary. And these, along with the Persian _tej_ 'an
arrow,' _tegh_ 'a sword,' _tekh_ and _teg_ 'sharp,' are to be
referred to the Zend root _tikhsh_, Skt. _tij_, 'to sharpen.' The
Persian word _tīr_, 'an arrow,' may be of the same origin, since its
primitive form appears to be _tīgra_, from which it seems to come by
elision of the _g_, as the Skt. _tīr_, 'arrow,' comes from _tīvra_
for _tīgra_, where _v_ seems to have taken the place of _g_. From the
word _tīgra_ ... seem also to be derived the usual names of the river
Tigris, Pers. _Dizhla_, Ar. _Dijlah_" (Vüllers, s.v. _tīr_).
[270] Some notice of Major Yule, whose valuable Oriental MSS. were
presented to the British Museum after his death, will be found in Dr.
Rieu's Preface to the _Catalogue of Persian MSS._ (vol. iii. p.
xviii.).
[271] _St. Julien et P. Champion, Industries Anciennes et Modernes de
l'Empire Chinois_, 1869, p. 75. Wells Williams says: "The _peh-tung_
argentan, or white copper of the Chinese, is an alloy of copper 40.4,
zinc 25.4, nickel 31.6, and iron 2.6, and occasionally a little
silver; and these proportions are nearly those of German
silver."—_Middle Kingdom_, ed. 1883, ii. 19.
[272] The Pers. _partala_ is always used for a 'waist-belt' in India, but
in Persia also for a turban.
[273] Busbecq (1554) says: "... ingens ubique florum copia offerebatur,
Narcissorum, Hyacinthorum, et eorum quos Turcae TULIPAN
vocant."—_Epist._ i. Elzevir ed. p. 47.
[274] It must be kept in mind that though Rumphius (George Everard Rumpf)
died in 1693, his great work was not printed till nearly fifty years
afterwards (1741).
[275] Foersch was a surgeon of the third class at Samarang in the year
1773.—_Horsfield_, in _Bat. Trans._ as quoted below.
[276] This distance is probably a clerical error. It is quite inconsistent
with the other two assigned.
[277] Leschenault also gives the description of another and still more
powerful poison, used in a similar way to that of the _Antiaris_,
viz. the _tieute_, called sometimes _Upas Raja_, the plant producing
which is a _Strychnos_, and a creeper. Though, as we have said, the
name _Upas_ is generic, and is applied to this, it is not _the_ Upas
of English metaphor, and we are not concerned with it here. Both
kinds are produced and prepared in Java. The _Ipo_ (a form of _Upas_)
of Macassar is the _Antiaris_; the _ipo_ of the Borneo Dayaks is the
_Tieute_.
[278] I remember when a boy reading the whole of Foersch's story in a
fascinating book, called _Wood's Zoography_, which I have not seen
for half a century, and which, I should suppose from my recollection,
was more sensational than scientific.—_Y._
[279] Compare this vivid description with a modern notice of the same
pagoda:
1855. "This meridian range ... 700 miles from its origin in the Naga
wilds ... sinks in the sea hard by Negrais, its last bluff crowned by
the golden Pagoda of Modain, gleaming far to seaward, a Burmese
Sunium."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 272. There is a small view of it in
this work.
[280] So wrote A. B. I cannot find the book in the B. Museum Library.—_Y._
[A bibliographical account of this book will be found in "_Le Traité
des Trois Imposteurs, et précédé d'une notice philologique et
bibliographique par Philomneste Junior_ (_i.e._ Brunet), Paris and
Brussels, 1867. Also see 7 Ser. _N. &. Q._ viii. 449 _seqq._; 9 Ser.
ix. 55. The passage about the Vedas seems to be the following: "Et
Sectarii istorum, ut et _Vedae_ et Brachmanorum ante MCCC retro
secula obstant collectanea, ut de Sinensibus nil dicam. Tu, qui in
angulo Europae hic delitescis, ista neglegis, negas; quam bene videas
ipse. Eadem facilitate enim isti tua negant. Et quid non miraculorum
superesset ad convincendos orbis incolas, si mundum ex Scorpionis ovo
conditum et progenitum terramque Tauri capiti impositam, et rerum
prima fundamentis ex prioribus III. Vedae libris constarent, nisi
invidus aliquis Deorum filius haec III. prima volumina furatus
esset!"]
[281] This last remark is due to A. B.
[282] [The first part of this word is _thera_, Skt. _sthavira_. Hardy (_E.
Monachism_, p. 11) says the superior priests were called
_térunnánses_, from Pali _thero_, "an elder."]
[283] Ποηφάγος, whence no doubt Gray took his name for the genus.
[284] The tails usually brought for sale are those of the tame Yak, and are
_white_. The tail of the wild Yak is black, and of much greater size.