THE ASTEROIDS, OR MINOR PLANETS BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER.
1. Introductory.
PLANETARY DISCOVERIES BEFORE THE ASTEROIDS WERE KNOWN.
The first observer who watched the skies with any degree of care could
not fail to notice that while the greater number of stars maintained the
same relative places, a few from night to night were ever changing their
positions. The planetary character of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn was thus known before the dawn of history. The names, however, of
those who first distinguished them as "wanderers" are hopelessly lost.
Venus, the morning and evening star, was long regarded as two distinct
bodies. The discovery that the change of aspect was due to a single
planet's change of position is ascribed to Pythagoras.
At the beginning of the seventeenth century but six primary planets and
one satellite were known as members of the solar system. Very few, even
of the learned, had then accepted the theory of Copernicus; in fact,
before the invention of the telescope the evidence in its favor was not
absolutely conclusive. On the 7th of January, 1610, Galileo first saw
the satellites of Jupiter. The bearing of this discovery on the theory
of the universe was sufficiently obvious. Such was the prejudice,
however, against the Copernican system that some of its opponents denied
even the reality of Galileo's discovery. "Those satellites," said a
Tuscan astronomer, "are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore can
exercise no influence on the earth, and therefore would be useless, and
therefore do not exist. Besides, the Jews and other ancient nations, as
well as modern Europeans, have adopted the division of the week into
_seven_ days, and have named them from the seven planets; now, if we
increase the number of planets this whole system falls to the ground."
No other secondary planet was discovered till March 25, 1655, when
Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, was detected by Huyghens. About
two years later (December 7, 1657) the same astronomer discovered the
true form of Saturn's ring; and before the close of the century
(1671-1684) four more satellites, Japetus, Rhea, Tethys, and Dione, were
added to the Saturnian system by the elder Cassini. Our planetary
system, therefore, as known at the close of the seventeenth century,
consisted of six primary and ten secondary planets.
Nearly a century had elapsed from the date of Cassini's discovery of
Dione, when, on the 13th of March, 1781, Sir William Herschel
enlarged the dimensions of our system by the detection of a
planet--Uranus--exterior to Saturn. A few years later (1787-1794) the
same distinguished observer discovered the first and second satellites
of Saturn, and also the four Uranian satellites. He was the only planet
discoverer of the eighteenth century.
2. Discovery of the First Asteroids.
As long ago as the commencement of the seventeenth century the
celebrated Kepler observed that the respective distances of the planets
from the sun formed nearly a regular progression. The series, however,
by which those distances were expressed required the interpolation of a
term between Mars and Jupiter,--a fact which led the illustrious German
to predict the discovery of a planet in that interval. This conjecture
attracted but little attention till after the discovery of Uranus, whose
distance was found to harmonize in a remarkable manner with Kepler's
order of progression. Such a coincidence was of course regarded with
considerable interest. Towards the close of the last century Professor
Bode, who had given the subject much attention, published the law of
distances which bears his name, but which, as he acknowledged, is due to
Professor Titius. According to this formula the distances of the planets
from Mercury's orbit form a geometrical series of which the ratio is
two. In other words, if we reckon the distances of Venus, the earth,
etc., from the orbit of Mercury, instead of from the sun, we find
that--interpolating a term between Mars and Jupiter--the distance of any
member of the system is very nearly half that of the next exterior.
Baron De Zach, an enthusiastic astronomer, was greatly interested in
Bode's empirical scheme, and undertook to determine the elements of the
hypothetical planet. In 1800 a number of astronomers met at Lilienthal,
organized an astronomical society, and assigned one twenty-fourth part
of the zodiac to each of twenty-four observers, in order to detect, if
possible, the unseen planet. When it is remembered that at this time no
primary planet had been discovered within the ancient limits of the
solar system, that the object to be looked for was comparatively near
us, and that the so-called law of distances was purely empirical, the
prospect of success, it is evident, was extremely uncertain. How long
the watch, if unsuccessful, might have been continued is doubtful. The
object of research, however, was fortunately brought to light before the
members of the astronomical association had fairly commenced their
labors.[1]
On the 1st of January, 1801, Professor Giuseppe Piazzi, of Palermo,
noticed a star of the eighth magnitude, not indicated in Wollaston's
catalogue. Subsequent observations soon revealed its planetary
character, its mean distance corresponding very nearly with the
calculations of De Zach. The discoverer called it Ceres Ferdinandea, in
honor of his sovereign, the King of Naples. In this, however, he was not
followed by astronomers, and the planet is now known by the name of
Ceres alone. The discovery of this body was hailed by astronomers with
the liveliest gratification as completing the harmony of the system.
What, then, was their surprise when in the course of a few months this
remarkable order was again interrupted! On the 28th of March, 1802, Dr.
William Olbers, of Bremen, while examining the relative positions of the
small stars along the path of Ceres, in order to find that planet with
the greater facility, noticed a star of the seventh or eighth magnitude,
forming with two others an equilateral triangle where he was certain no
such configuration existed a few months before. In the course of a few
hours its motion was perceptible, and on the following night it had very
sensibly changed its position with respect to the neighboring stars.
Another planet was therefore detected, and Dr. Olbers immediately
communicated his discovery to Professor Bode and Baron De Zach. In his
letter to the former he suggested Pallas as the name of the new member
of the system,--a name which was at once adopted. Its orbit, which was
soon computed by Gauss, was found to present several striking anomalies.
The inclination of its plane to that of the ecliptic was nearly
thirty-five degrees,--an amount of deviation altogether extraordinary.
The eccentricity also was greater than in the case of any of the old
planets. These peculiarities, together with the fact that the mean
distances of Ceres and Pallas were nearly the same, and that their
orbits approached very near each other at the intersection of their
planes, suggested the hypothesis that they are fragments of a single
original planet, which, at a very remote epoch, was disrupted by some
mysterious convulsion. This theory will be considered when we come to
discuss the tabulated elements of the minor planets now known.
For the convenience of astronomers, Professor Harding, of Lilienthal,
undertook the construction of charts of all the small stars near the
orbits of Ceres and Pallas. On the evening of September 1, 1804, while
engaged in observations for this purpose, he noticed a star of the
eighth magnitude not mentioned in the great catalogue of Lalande. This
proved to be a third member of the group of asteroids. The discovery was
first announced to Dr. Olbers, who observed the planet at Bremen on the
evening of September 7.
Before Ceres had been generally adopted by astronomers as the name of
the first asteroid, Laplace had expressed a preference for Juno. This,
however, the discoverer was unwilling to accept. Mr. Harding, like
Laplace, deeming it appropriate to place Juno near Jupiter, selected the
name for the third minor planet, which is accordingly known by this
designation.
Juno is distinguished among the first asteroids by the great
eccentricity of its orbit, amounting to more than 0.25. Its least and
its greatest distances from the sun are therefore to each other very
nearly in the ratio of three to five. The planet consequently receives
nearly three times as much light and heat in perihelion as in aphelion.
It follows, also, that the half of the orbit nearest the sun is
described in about eighteen months, while the remainder, or more distant
half, is not passed over in much less than three years. Schroeter
noticed a variation in the light of Juno, which he supposed to be
produced by an axial rotation in about twenty-seven hours.
The fact that Juno was discovered not far from the point at which the
orbit of Pallas approaches very near that of Ceres, was considered a
strong confirmation of the hypothesis that the asteroids were produced
by the explosion of a large planet; for in case this hypothesis be
founded in truth, it is evident that whatever may have been the forms of
the various orbits assumed by the fragments, they must all return to the
point of separation. In order, therefore, to detect other members of the
group, Dr. Olbers undertook a systematic examination of the two opposite
regions of the heavens through which they must pass. This search was
prosecuted with great industry and perseverance till ultimately crowned
with success. On the 29th of March, 1807, while sweeping over one of
those regions through which the orbits of the known asteroids passed, a
star of the sixth magnitude was observed where none had been seen at
previous examinations. Its planetary character, which was immediately
suspected, was confirmed by observation, its motion being detected on
the very evening of its discovery. This fortunate result afforded the
first instance of the discovery of two primary planets by the same
observer.
The astronomer Gauss having been requested to name the new planet, fixed
upon Vesta, a name universally accepted. Though the brightest of the
asteroids, its apparent diameter is too small to be accurately
determined, and hence its real magnitude is not well ascertained.
Professor Harrington, of Ann Arbor, has estimated the diameter at five
hundred and twenty miles. According to others, however, it does not
exceed three hundred. If the latter be correct, the volume is about
1/20000 that of the earth. It is remarkable that notwithstanding its
diminutive size it may be seen under favorable circumstances by the
naked eye.
Encouraged by the discovery of Vesta (which he regarded as almost a
demonstration of his favorite theory), Dr. Olbers continued his
systematic search for other planetary fragments. Not meeting, however,
with further success, he relinquished his observations in 1816. His
failure, it may here be remarked, was doubtless owing to the fact that
his examination was limited to stars of the seventh and eighth
magnitudes.
The search for new planets was next resumed about 1831, by Herr Hencke,
of Driessen. With a zeal and perseverance worthy of all praise, this
amateur astronomer employed himself in a strict examination of the
heavens represented by the Maps of the Berlin Academy. These maps extend
fifteen degrees on each side of the equator, and contain all stars down
to the ninth magnitude and many of the tenth. Dr. Hencke rendered some
of these charts still more complete by the insertion of smaller stars;
or rather, "made for himself special charts of particular districts." On
the evening of December 8, 1845, he observed a star of the ninth
magnitude where none had been previously seen, as he knew from the fact
that it was neither found on his own chart nor given on that of the
Academy. On the next morning he wrote to Professors Encke and Schumacher
informing them of his supposed discovery. "It is very improbable," he
remarked in his letter to the latter, "that this should prove to be
merely a variable star, since in my former observations of this region,
which have been continued for many years, I have never detected the
slightest trace of it." The new star was soon seen at the principal
observatories of Europe, and its planetary character satisfactorily
established. The selection of a name was left by the discoverer to
Professor Encke, who chose that of Astræa.
The facts in regard to the very numerous subsequent discoveries may best
be presented in a tabular form.
TABLE I.
_The Asteroids in the Order of their Discovery._
-----------------+----------------+---------------+------------
Asteroids. | Date of | Name of | Place of
| Discovery. | Discoverer. | Discovery.
-----------------+----------------+---------------+------------
1. Ceres | 1801, Jan. 1 | Piazzi | Palermo
2. Pallas | 1802, Mar. 28 | Olbers | Bremen
3. Juno | 1804, Sept. 1 | Harding | Lilienthal
4. Vesta | 1807, Mar. 29 | Olbers | Bremen
5. Astræa | 1845, Dec. 8 | Hencke | Driessen
6. Hebe | 1847, July 1 | Hencke | Driessen
7. Iris | 1847, Aug. 14 | Hind | London
8. Flora | 1847, Oct. 18 | Hind | London
9. Metis | 1848, Apr. 26 | Graham | Markree
10. Hygeia | 1849, Apr. 12 | De Gasparis | Naples
11. Parthenope | 1850, May 11 | De Gasparis | Naples
12. Victoria | 1850, Sept. 13 | Hind | London
13. Egeria | 1850, Nov. 2 | De Gasparis | Naples
14. Irene | 1851, May 19 | Hind | London
15. Eunomia | 1851, July 29 | De Gasparis | Naples
16. Psyche | 1852, Mar. 17 | De Gasparis | Naples
17. Thetis | 1852, Apr. 17 | Luther | Bilk
18. Melpomene | 1852, June 24 | Hind | London
19. Fortuna | 1852, Aug. 22 | Hind | London
20. Massalia | 1852, Sept. 19 | De Gasparis | Naples
21. Lutetia | 1852, Nov. 15 | Goldschmidt | Paris
22. Calliope | 1852, Nov. 16 | Hind | London
23. Thalia | 1852, Dec. 15 | Hind | London
24. Themis | 1853, Apr. 5 | De Gasparis | Naples
25. Phocea | 1853, Apr. 6 | Chacornac | Marseilles
26. Proserpine | 1853, May 5 | Luther | Bilk
27. Euterpe | 1853, Nov. 8 | Hind | London
28. Bellona | 1854, Mar. 1 | Luther | Bilk
29. Amphitrite | 1854, Mar. 1 | Marth | London
30. Urania | 1854, July 22 | Hind | London
31. Euphrosyne | 1854, Sept. 1 | Ferguson | Washington
32. Pomona | 1854, Oct. 26 | Goldschmidt | Paris
33. Polyhymnia | 1854, Oct. 28 | Chacornac | Paris
34. Circe | 1855, Apr. 6 | Chacornac | Paris
35. Leucothea | 1855, Apr. 19 | Luther | Bilk
36. Atalanta | 1855, Oct. 5 | Goldschmidt | Paris
37. Fides | 1855, Oct. 5 | Luther | Bilk
38. Leda | 1856, Jan. 12 | Chacornac | Paris
39. Lætitia | 1856, Feb. 8 | Chacornac | Paris
40. Harmonia | 1856, Mar. 31 | Goldschmidt | Paris
41. Daphne | 1856, May 22 | Goldschmidt | Paris
42. Isis | 1856, May 23 | Pogson | Oxford
43. Ariadne | 1857, Apr. 15 | Pogson | Oxford
44. Nysa | 1857, May 27 | Goldschmidt | Paris
45. Eugenia | 1857, June 27 | Goldschmidt | Paris
46. Hestia | 1857, Aug. 16 | Pogson | Oxford
47. Aglaia | 1857, Sept. 15 | Luther | Bilk
48. Doris | 1857, Sept. 19 | Goldschmidt | Paris
49. Pales | 1857, Sept. 19 | Goldschmidt | Paris
50. Virginia | 1857, Oct. 4 | Ferguson | Washington
51. Nemausa | 1858, Jan. 22 | Laurent | Nismes
52. Europa | 1858, Feb. 4 | Goldschmidt | Paris
53. Calypso | 1858, Apr. 4 | Luther | Bilk
54. Alexandra | 1858, Sept. 10 | Goldschmidt | Paris
55. Pandora | 1858, Sept. 10 | Searle | Albany
56. Melete | 1857, Sept. 9 | Goldschmidt | Paris
57. Mnemosyne | 1859, Sept. 22 | Luther | Bilk
58. Concordia | 1860, Mar. 24 | Luther | Bilk
59. Olympia | 1860, Sept. 12 | Chacornac | Paris
60. Echo | 1860, Sept. 16 | Ferguson | Washington
61. Danaë | 1860, Sept. 9 | Goldschmidt | Paris
62. Erato | 1860, Sept. 14 | Foerster and | Berlin
| | Lesser |
63. Ausonia | 1861, Feb. 10 | De Gasparis | Naples
64. Angelina | 1861, Mar. 4 | Tempel | Marseilles
65. Maximiliana | 1861, Mar. 8 | Tempel | Marseilles
66. Maia | 1861, Apr. 9 | Tuttle | Cambridge, U.S.
67. Asia | 1861, Apr. 17 | Pogson | Madras
68. Leto | 1861, Apr. 29 | Luther | Bilk
69. Hesperia | 1861, Apr. 29 | Schiaparelli | Milan
70. Panopea | 1861, May 5 | Goldschmidt | Paris
71. Niobe | 1861, Aug. 13 | Luther | Bilk
72. Feronia | 1862, May 29 | Peters and | Clinton
| | Safford |
73. Clytie | 1862, Apr. 7 | Tuttle | Cambridge
74. Galatea | 1862, Aug. 29 | Tempel | Marseilles
75. Eurydice | 1862, Sept. 22 | Peters | Clinton
76. Freia | 1862, Oct. 21 | D'Arrest | Copenhagen
77. Frigga | 1862, Nov. 12 | Peters | Clinton
78. Diana | 1863, Mar. 15 | Luther | Bilk
79. Eurynome | 1863, Sept. 14 | Watson | Ann Arbor
80. Sappho | 1864, May 2 | Pogson | Madras
81. Terpsichore | 1864, Sept. 30 | Tempel | Marseilles
82. Alcmene | 1864, Nov. 27 | Luther | Bilk
83. Beatrix | 1865, Apr. 26 | De Gasparis | Naples
84. Clio | 1865, Aug. 25 | Luther | Bilk
85. Io | 1865, Sept. 19 | Peters | Clinton
86. Semele | 1866, Jan. 14 | Tietjen | Berlin
87. Sylvia | 1866, May 16 | Pogson | Madras
88. Thisbe | 1866, June 15 | Peters | Clinton
89. Julia | 1866, Aug. 6 | Stephan | Marseilles
90. Antiope | 1866, Oct. 1 | Luther | Bilk
91. Ægina | 1866, Nov. 4 | Borelly | Marseilles
92. Undina | 1867, July 7 | Peters | Clinton
93. Minerva | 1867, Aug. 24 | Watson | Ann Arbor
94. Aurora | 1867, Sept. 6 | Watson | Ann Arbor
95. Arethusa | 1867, Nov. 24 | Luther | Bilk
96. Ægle | 1868, Feb. 17 | Coggia | Marseilles
97. Clotho | 1868, Feb. 17 | Coggia | Marseilles
98. Ianthe | 1868, Apr. 18 | Peters | Clinton
99. Dike | 1868, May 28 | Borelly | Marseilles
100. Hecate | 1868, July 11 | Watson | Ann Arbor
101. Helena | 1868, Aug. 15 | Watson | Ann Arbor
102. Miriam | 1868, Aug. 22 | Peters | Clinton
103. Hera | 1868, Sept. 7 | Watson | Ann Arbor
104. Clymene | 1868, Sept. 13 | Watson | Ann Arbor
105. Artemis | 1868, Sept. 16 | Watson | Ann Arbor
106. Dione | 1868, Oct. 10 | Watson | Ann Arbor
107. Camilla | 1868, Nov. 17 | Pogson | Madras
108. Hecuba | 1869, Apr. 2 | Luther | Bilk
109. Felicitas | 1869, Oct. 9 | Peters | Clinton
110. Lydia | 1870, Apr. 19 | Borelly | Marseilles
111. Ate | 1870, Aug. 14 | Peters | Clinton
112. Iphigenia | 1870, Sept. 19 | Peters | Clinton
113. Amalthea | 1871, Mar. 12 | Luther | Bilk
114. Cassandra | 1871, July 23 | Peters | Clinton
115. Thyra | 1871, Aug. 6 | Watson | Ann Arbor
116. Sirona | 1871, Sept. 8 | Peters | Clinton
117. Lomia | 1871, Sept. 12 | Borelly | Marseilles
118. Peitho | 1872, Mar. 15 | Luther | Bilk
119. Althea | 1872, Apr. 3 | Watson | Ann Arbor
120. Lachesis | 1872, Apr. 10 | Borelly | Marseilles
121. Hermione | 1872, May 12 | Watson | Ann Arbor
122. Gerda | 1872, July 31 | Peters | Clinton
123. Brunhilda | 1872, July 31 | Peters | Clinton
124. Alceste | 1872, Aug. 23 | Peters | Clinton
125. Liberatrix | 1872, Sept. 11 | Prosper Henry | Paris
126. Velleda | 1872, Nov. 5 | Paul Henry | Paris
127. Johanna | 1872, Nov. 5 | Prosper Henry | Paris
128. Nemesis | 1872, Nov. 25 | Watson | Ann Arbor
129. Antigone | 1873, Feb. 5 | Peters | Clinton
130. Electra | 1873, Feb. 17 | Peters | Clinton
131. Vala | 1873, May 24 | Peters | Clinton
132. Æthra | 1873, June 13 | Watson | Ann Arbor
133. Cyrene | 1873, Aug. 16 | Watson | Ann Arbor
134. Sophrosyne | 1873, Sept. 27 | Luther | Bilk
135. Hertha | 1874, Feb. 18 | Peters | Clinton
136. Austria | 1874, Mar. 18 | Palisa | Pola
137. Melibœa | 1874, Apr. 21 | Palisa | Pola
138. Tolosa | 1874, May 19 | Perrotin | Toulouse
139. Juewa | 1874, Oct. 10 | Watson | Pekin
140. Siwa | 1874, Oct. 13 | Palisa | Pola
141. Lumen | 1875, Jan. 13 | Paul Henry | Paris
142. Polana | 1875, Jan. 28 | Palisa | Pola
143. Adria | 1875, Feb. 23 | Palisa | Pola
144. Vibilia | 1875, June 3 | Peters | Clinton
145. Adeona | 1875, June 3 | Peters | Clinton
146. Lucina | 1875, June 8 | Borelly | Marseilles
147. Protogenea | 1875, July 10 | Schulhof | Vienna
148. Gallia | 1875, Aug. 7 | Prosper Henry | Paris
149. Medusa | 1875, Sept. 21 | Perrotin | Toulouse
150. Nuwa | 1875, Oct. 18 | Watson | Ann Arbor
151. Abundantia | 1875, Nov. 1 | Palisa | Pola
152. Atala | 1875, Nov. 2 | Paul Henry | Paris
153. Hilda | 1875, Nov. 2 | Palisa | Pola
154. Bertha | 1875, Nov. 4 | Prosper Henry | Paris
155. Scylla | 1875, Nov. 8 | Palisa | Pola
156. Xantippe | 1875, Nov. 22 | Palisa | Pola
157. Dejanira | 1875, Dec. 1 | Borelly | Marseilles
158. Coronis | 1876, Jan. 4 | Knorre | Berlin
159. Æmilia | 1876, Jan. 26 | Paul Henry | Paris
160. Una | 1876, Feb. 20 | Peters | Clinton
161. Athor | 1876, Apr. 19 | Watson | Ann Arbor
162. Laurentia | 1876, Apr. 21 | Prosper Henry | Paris
163. Erigone | 1876, Apr. 26 | Perrotin | Toulouse
164. Eva | 1876, July 12 | Paul Henry | Paris
165. Loreley | 1876, Aug. 9 | Peters | Clinton
166. Rhodope | 1876, Aug. 15 | Peters | Clinton
167. Urda | 1876, Aug. 28 | Peters | Clinton
168. Sibylla | 1876, Sept. 27 | Watson | Ann Arbor
169. Zelia | 1876, Sept. 28 | Prosper Henry | Paris
170. Maria | 1877, Jan. 10 | Perrotin | Toulouse
171. Ophelia | 1877, Jan. 13 | Borelly | Marseilles
172. Baucis | 1877, Feb. 5 | Borelly | Marseilles
173. Ino | 1877, Aug. 1 | Borelly | Marseilles
174. Phædra | 1877, Sept. 2 | Watson | Ann Arbor
175. Andromache | 1877, Oct. 1 | Watson | Ann Arbor
176. Idunna | 1877, Oct. 14 | Peters | Clinton
177. Irma | 1877, Nov. 5 | Paul Henry | Paris
178. Belisana | 1877, Nov. 6 | Palisa | Pola
179. Clytemnestra| 1877, Nov. 11 | Watson | Ann Arbor
180. Garumna | 1878, Jan. 29 | Perrotin | Toulouse
181. Eucharis | 1878, Feb. 2 | Cottenot | Marseilles
182. Elsa | 1878, Feb. 7 | Palisa | Pola
183. Istria | 1878, Feb. 8 | Palisa | Pola
184. Deiopea | 1878, Feb. 28 | Palisa | Pola
185. Eunice | 1878, Mar. 1 | Peters | Clinton
186. Celuta | 1878, Apr. 6 | Prosper Henry | Paris
187. Lamberta | 1878, Apr. 11 | Coggia | Marseilles
188. Menippe | 1878, June 18 | Peters | Clinton
189. Phthia | 1878, Sept. 9 | Peters | Clinton
190. Ismene | 1878, Sept. 22 | Peters | Clinton
191. Kolga | 1878, Sept. 30 | Peters | Clinton
192. Nausicaa | 1879, Feb. 17 | Palisa | Pola
193. Ambrosia | 1879, Feb. 28 | Coggia | Marseilles
194. Procne | 1879, Mar. 21 | Peters | Clinton
195. Euryclea | 1879, Apr. 22 | Palisa | Pola
196. Philomela | 1879, May 14 | Peters | Clinton
197. Arete | 1879, May 21 | Palisa | Pola
198. Ampella | 1879, June 13 | Borelly | Marseilles
199. Byblis | 1879, July 9 | Peters | Clinton
200. Dynamene | 1879, July 27 | Peters | Clinton
201. Penelope | 1879, Aug. 7 | Palisa | Pola
202. Chryseis | 1879, Sept. 11 | Peters | Clinton
203. Pompeia | 1879, Sept. 25 | Peters | Clinton
204. Callisto | 1879, Oct. 8 | Palisa | Pola
205. Martha | 1879, Oct. 13 | Palisa | Pola
206. Hersilia | 1879, Oct. 13 | Peters | Clinton
207. Hedda | 1879, Oct. 17 | Palisa | Pola
208. Lachrymosa | 1879, Oct. 21 | Palisa | Pola
209. Dido | 1879, Oct. 22 | Peters | Clinton
210. Isabella | 1879, Nov. 12 | Palisa | Pola
211. Isolda | 1879, Dec. 10 | Palisa | Pola
212. Medea | 1880, Feb. 6 | Palisa | Pola
213. Lilæa | 1880, Feb. 16 | Peters | Clinton
214. Aschera | 1880, Feb. 26 | Palisa | Pola
215. Œnone | 1880, Apr. 7 | Knorre | Berlin
216. Cleopatra | 1880, Apr. 10 | Palisa | Pola
217. Eudora | 1880, Aug. 30 | Coggia | Marseilles
218. Bianca | 1880, Sept. 4 | Palisa | Pola
219. Thusnelda | 1880, Sept. 20 | Palisa | Pola
220. Stephania | 1881, May 19 | Palisa | Vienna
221. Eos | 1882, Jan. 18 | Palisa | Vienna
222. Lucia | 1882, Feb. 9 | Palisa | Vienna
223. Rosa | 1882, Mar. 9 | Palisa | Vienna
224. Oceana | 1882, Mar. 30 | Palisa | Vienna
225. Henrietta | 1882, Apr. 19 | Palisa | Vienna
226. Weringia | 1882, July 19 | Palisa | Vienna
227. Philosophia | 1882, Aug. 12 | Paul Henry | Paris
228. Agathe | 1882, Aug. 19 | Palisa | Vienna
229. Adelinda | 1882, Aug. 22 | Palisa | Vienna
230. Athamantis | 1882, Sept. 3 | De Ball | Bothcamp
231. Vindobona | 1882, Sept. 10 | Palisa | Vienna
232. Russia | 1883, Jan. 31 | Palisa | Vienna
233. Asterope | 1883, May 11 | Borelly | Marseilles
234. Barbara | 1883, Aug. 13 | Peters | Clinton
235. Caroline | 1883, Nov. 29 | Palisa | Vienna
236. Honoria | 1884, Apr. 26 | Palisa | Vienna
237. Cœlestina | 1884, June 27 | Palisa | Vienna
238. Hypatia | 1884, July 1 | Knorre | Berlin
239. Adrastea | 1884, Aug. 18 | Palisa | Vienna
240. Vanadis | 1884, Aug. 27 | Borelly | Marseilles
241. Germania | 1884, Sept. 12 | Luther | Dusseldorf
242. Kriemhild | 1884, Sept. 22 | Palisa | Vienna
243. Ida | 1884, Sept. 29 | Palisa | Vienna
244. Sita | 1884, Oct. 14 | Palisa | Vienna
245. Vera | 1885, Feb. 6 | Pogson | Madras
246. Asporina | 1885, Mar. 6 | Borelly | Marseilles
247. Eukrate | 1885, Mar. 14 | Luther | Dusseldorf
248. Lameia | 1885, June 5 | Palisa | Vienna
249. Ilse | 1885, Aug. 17 | Peters | Clinton
250. Bettina | 1885, Sept. 3 | Palisa | Vienna
251. Sophia | 1885, Oct. 4 | Palisa | Vienna
252. Clementina | 1885, Oct. 27 | Perrotin | Nice
253. Mathilde | 1885, Nov. 12 | Palisa | Vienna
254. Augusta | 1886, Mar. 31 | Palisa | Vienna
255. Oppavia | 1886, Mar. 31 | Palisa | Vienna
256. Walpurga | 1886, Apr. 3 | Palisa | Vienna
257. Silesia | 1886, Apr. 5 | Palisa | Vienna
258. Tyche | 1886, May 4 | Luther | Dusseldorf
259. Aletheia | 1886, June 28 | Peters | Clinton
260. Huberta | 1886, Oct. 3 | Palisa | Vienna
261. Prymno | 1886, Oct. 31 | Peters | Clinton
262. Valda | 1886, Nov. 3 | Palisa | Vienna
263. Dresda | 1886, Nov. 3 | Palisa | Vienna
264. Libussa | 1886, Dec. 17 | Peters | Clinton
265. Anna | 1887, Feb. 25 | Palisa | Vienna
266. Aline | 1887, May 17 | Palisa | Vienna
267. Tirza | 1887, May 27 | Charlois | Nice
268. | 1887, June 9 | Borelly | Marseilles
269. | 1887, Sept. 21 | Palisa | Vienna
270. | 1887, Oct. 8 | Peters | Clinton
271. | 1887, Oct. 16 | Knorre | Berlin
-----------------+----------------+---------------+------------
3. Remarks on Table I.
The numbers discovered by the thirty-five observers are respectively as
follows:
Palisa 60
Peters 47
Luther 23
Watson 22
Borelly 15
Goldschmidt 14
Hind 10
De Gasparis 9
Pogson 8
Paul Henry 7
Prosper Henry 7
Chacornac 6
Perrotin 6
Coggia 5
Knorre 4
Tempel 4
Ferguson 3
Olbers 2
Hencke 2
Tuttle 2
Foerster (with Lesser) 1
Safford (with Peters) 1
and Messrs. Charlois,
Cottenot,
D'Arrest,
De Ball,
Graham,
Harding,
Laurent,
Piazzi,
Schiaparelli,
Schulhof,
Stephan,
Searle,
and Tietjen, each 1
Before arrangements had been made for the telegraphic transmission
of discoveries between Europe and America, or even between the
observatories of Europe, the same planet was sometimes independently
discovered by different observers. For example, Virginia was found by
Ferguson, at Washington, on October 4, 1857, and by Luther, at Bilk,
fifteen days later. In all cases, however, credit has been given to the
first observer.
Hersilia, the two hundred and sixth of the group, was lost before
sufficient observations were obtained for determining its elements. It
was not rediscovered till December 14, 1884. Menippe, the one hundred
and eighty-eighth, was also lost soon after its discovery in 1878. It
has not been seen for more than nine years, and considerable uncertainty
attaches to its estimated elements.
Of the two hundred and seventy-one members now known (1887), one hundred
and ninety-one have been discovered in Europe, seventy-four in America,
and six in Asia. The years of most successful search, together with the
number discovered in each, were:
Asteroids.
1879 20
1875 17
1868 12
1878 12
And six has been the average yearly number since the commencement of
renewed effort in 1845. All the larger members of the group have,
doubtless, been discovered. It seems not improbable, however, that an
indefinite number of very small bodies belonging to the zone remain to
be found. The process of discovery is becoming more difficult as the
known number increases. The astronomer, for instance, who may discover
number two hundred and seventy-two must know the simultaneous positions
of the two hundred and seventy-one previously detected before he can
decide whether he has picked up a new planet or merely rediscovered an
old one. The numbers discovered in the several months are as follows:
January 13
February 23
March 19
April 35
May 21
June 13
July 14
August 28
September 46
October 28
November 26
December 5
This obvious disparity is readily explained. The weather is favorable
for night watching in April and September; the winter months are too
cold for continuous observations; and the small numbers in June and July
may be referred to the shortness of the nights.
4. Mode of Discovery.
The astronomer who would undertake the search for new asteroids must
supply himself with star-charts extending some considerable distance on
each side of the ecliptic, and containing all telescopic stars down to
the thirteenth or fourteenth magnitude. The detection of a star not
found in the chart of a particular section will indicate its motion, and
hence its planetary character. The construction of such charts has been
a principal object in the labors of Dr. Peters, at Clinton, New York. In
fact, his discovery of minor planets has in most instances been merely
an incidental result of his larger and more important work.
NAMES AND SYMBOLS.
The fact that the names of female deities in the Greek and Roman
mythologies had been given to the first asteroids suggested a similar
course in the selection of names after the new epoch of discovery in
1845. While conformity to this rule has been the general aim of
discoverers, the departures from it have been increasingly numerous. The
twelfth asteroid, discovered in London, was named Victoria, in honor of
the reigning sovereign; the twentieth and twenty-fifth, detected at
Marseilles,[2] received names indicative of the place of their
discovery; Lutetia, the first found at Paris, received its name for a
similar purpose; the fifty-fourth was named Alexandra, for Alexander von
Humboldt; the sixty-seventh, found by Pogson at Madras, was named Asia,
to commemorate the fact that it was the first discovered on that
continent. We find, also, Julia, Bertha, Xantippe, Zelia, Maria,
Isabella, Martha, Dido, Cleopatra, Barbara, Ida, Augusta, and Anna. Why
these were selected we will not stop to inquire.
As the number of asteroids increased it was found inconvenient to
designate them individually by particular signs, as in the case of the
old planets. In 1849, Dr. B. A. Gould proposed to represent them by the
numbers expressing their order of discovery enclosed in a small circle.
This method was at once very generally adopted.
5. Magnitudes of the Asteroids.
The apparent diameter of the largest is less than one-second of arc.
They are all too small, therefore, to be accurately measured by
astronomical instruments. From photometric observations, however,
Argelander,[3] Stone,[4] and Pickering[5] have formed estimates of the
diameters, the results giving probably close approximations to the true
magnitudes. According to these estimates the diameter of the largest,
Vesta, is about three hundred miles, that of Ceres about two hundred,
and those of Pallas and Juno between one and two hundred. The diameters
of about thirty are between fifty and one hundred miles, and those of
all others less than fifty; the estimates for Menippe and Eva giving
twelve and thirteen miles respectively. The diameter of the former is to
that of the earth as one to six hundred and sixty-four; and since
spheres are to each other as the cubes of their diameters, it would
require two hundred and ninety millions of such asteroids to form a
planet as large as our globe. In other words, if the earth be
represented by a sphere one foot in diameter, the magnitude of Menippe
on the same scale would be that of a sand particle whose diameter is one
fifty-fifth of an inch. Its surface contains about four hundred and
forty square miles,--an area equal to a county twenty-one miles square.
The surface attractions of two planets having the same density are to
each other as their diameters. A body, therefore, weighing two hundred
pounds at the earth's surface would on the surface of the asteroid weigh
less than five ounces. At the earth's surface a weight falls sixteen
feet the first second, at the surface of Menippe it would fall about
one-fourth of an inch. A person might leap from its surface to a height
of several hundred feet, in which case he could not return in much less
than an hour. "But of such speculations," Sir John Herschel remarks,
"there is no end."
The number of these planetules between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in
all probability can never be known. It was estimated by Leverrier that
the quantity of matter contained in the group could not be greater than
one-fourth of the earth's mass. But this would be equal to five thousand
planets, each as large as Vesta, to seventy-two millions as large as
Menippe, or to four thousand millions of five miles in diameter. In
short, the existence of an indefinite number too small for detection by
the most powerful glasses is by no means improbable. The more we study
this wonderful section of the solar system, the more mystery seems to
envelop its origin and constitution.
6. The Orbits of the Asteroids.
The form, magnitude, and position of a planet's orbit are determined by
the following elements:
1. The semi-axis major, or mean distance, denoted by the symbol _a_.
2. The eccentricity, _e_.
3. The longitude of the perihelion, _π_.
4. The longitude of the ascending node, ☊.
5. The inclination, or the angle contained between the plane of the
orbit and that of the ecliptic, _i_.
And in order to compute a planet's place in its orbit for any given time
we must also know
6. Its period, _P_, and
7. Its mean longitude, _l_, at a given epoch.
These elements, except the last, are given for all the asteroids, so far
as known, in Table II. In column first the number denoting the order of
discovery is attached to each name.
TABLE II.
_Elements of the Asteroids._
-----------------+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+--------
Name | _a_ | _P_ | _e_ | _π_ | ☊ | _i_
-----------------+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+--------
149. Medusa | 2.1327 | 1137.7d | 0.1194 | 246° 37´ | 342° 13´ | 1° 6´
244. Sita | 2.1765 | 1172.8 | 0.1370 | 13 8 | 208 37 | 2 50
228. Agathe | 2.2009 | 1192.6 | 0.2405 | 329 23 | 313 18 | 2 33
8. Flora | 2.2014 | 1193.3 | 0.1567 | 32 54 | 110 18 | 5 53
43. Ariadne | 2.2033 | 1194.5 | 0.1671 | 277 58 | 264 35 | 3 28
254. Augusta | 2.2060 | 1196.8 | 0.1227 | 260 47 | 28 9 | 4 36
72. Feronia | 2.2661 | 1246.0 | 0.1198 | 307 58 | 207 49 | 5 24
40. Harmonia | 2.2673 | 1247.0 | 0.0466 | 0 54 | 93 35 | 4 16
207. Hedda | 2.2839 | 1260.7 | 0.0301 | 217 2 | 28 51 | 3 49
136. Austria | 2.2863 | 1262.7 | 0.0849 | 316 6 | 186 7 | 9 33
18. Melpomene | 2.2956 | 1270.4 | 0.2177 | 15 6 | 150 4 | 10 9
80. Sappho | 2.2962 | 1270.9 | 0.2001 | 355 18 | 218 44 | 8 37
261. Prymno | 2.3062 | 1278.4 | 0.0794 | 179 35 | 96 33 | 3 38
12. Victoria | 2.3342 | 1302.7 | 0.2189 | 301 39 | 235 35 | 8 23
27. Euterpe | 2.3472 | 1313.5 | 0.1739 | 87 59 | 93 51 | 1 36
219. Thusnelda | 2.3542 | 1319.4 | 0.2247 | 340 34 | 200 44 | 10 47
163. Erigone | 2.3560 | 1320.9 | 0.1567 | 93 46 | 159 2 | 4 42
169. Zelia | 2.3577 | 1322.3 | 0.1313 | 326 20 | 354 38 | 5 31
4. Vesta | 2.3616 | 1325.6 | 0.0884 | 250 57 | 103 29 | 7 8
186. Celuta | 2.3623 | 1326.2 | 0.1512 | 327 24 | 14 34 | 13 6
84. Clio | 2.3629 | 1326.7 | 0.2360 | 339 20 | 327 28 | 9 22
51. Nemausa | 2.3652 | 1328.6 | 0.0672 | 174 43 | 175 52 | 9 57
220. Stephania | 2.3666 | 1329.8 | 0.2653 | 332 53 | 258 24 | 7 35
30. Urania | 2.3667 | 1329.9 | 0.1266 | 31 46 | 308 12 | 2 6
105. Artemis | 2.3744 | 1336.4 | 0.1749 | 242 38 | 188 3 | 21 31
113. Amalthea | 2.3761 | 1337.8 | 0.0874 | 198 44 | 123 11 | 5 2
115. Thyra | 2.3791 | 1340.3 | 0.1939 | 43 2 | 309 5 | 11 35
161. Athor | 2.3792 | 1340.5 | 0.1389 | 310 40 | 18 27 | 9 3
172. Baucis | 2.3794 | 1340.6 | 0.1139 | 329 23 | 331 50 | 10 2
249. Ilse | 2.3795 | 1340.6 | 0.2195 | 14 17 | 334 49 | 9 40
230. Athamantis | 2.3842 | 1344.6 | 0.0615 | 17 31 | 239 33 | 9 26
7. Iris | 2.3862 | 1346.4 | 0.2308 | 41 23 | 259 48 | 5 28
9. Metis | 2.3866 | 1346.7 | 0.1233 | 71 4 | 68 32 | 5 36
234. Barbara | 2.3873 | 1347.3 | 0.2440 | 333 26 | 144 9 | 15 22
60. Echo | 2.3934 | 1352.4 | 0.1838 | 98 36 | 192 5 | 3 35
63. Ausonia | 2.3979 | 1356.3 | 0.1239 | 270 25 | 337 58 | 5 48
25. Phocea | 2.4005 | 1358.5 | 0.2553 | 302 48 | 208 27 | 21 35
192. Nausicaa | 2.4014 | 1359.3 | 0.2413 | 343 19 | 160 46 | 6 50
20. Massalia | 2.4024 | 1365.8 | 0.1429 | 99 7 | 206 36 | 0 41
265. Anna | 2.4096 | 1366.2 | 0.2628 | 226 18 | 335 26 | 25 24
182. Elsa | 2.4157 | 1371.4 | 0.1852 | 51 52 | 106 30 | 2 0
142. Polana | 2.4194 | 1374.5 | 0.1322 | 219 54 | 317 34 | 2 14
67. Asia | 2.4204 | 1375.4 | 0.1866 | 306 35 | 202 47 | 5 59
44. Nysa | 2.4223 | 1377.0 | 0.1507 | 111 57 | 131 11 | 3 42
6. Hebe | 2.4254 | 1379.3 | 0.2034 | 15 16 | 138 43 | 10 47
83. Beatrix | 2.4301 | 1383.6 | 0.0859 | 191 46 | 27 32 | 5 0
135. Hertha | 2.4303 | 1383.8 | 0.2037 | 320 11 | 344 3 | 2 19
131. Vala | 2.4318 | 1385.1 | 0.0683 | 222 50 | 65 15 | 4 58
112. Iphigenia | 2.4335 | 1386.6 | 0.1282 | 338 9 | 324 3 | 2 37
21. Lutetia | 2.4354 | 1388.2 | 0.1621 | 327 4 | 80 28 | 3 5
118. Peitho | 2.4384 | 1390.8 | 0.1608 | 77 36 | 47 30 | 7 48
126. Velleda | 2.4399 | 1392.1 | 0.1061 | 347 46 | 23 7 | 2 56
42. Isis | 2.4401 | 1392.2 | 0.2256 | 317 58 | 84 28 | 8 35
19. Fortuna | 2.4415 | 1394.4 | 0.1594 | 31 3 | 211 27 | 1 33
79. Eurynome | 2.4436 | 1395.2 | 0.1945 | 44 22 | 206 44 | 4 37
138. Tolosa | 2.4492 | 1400.0 | 0.1623 | 311 39 | 54 52 | 3 14
189. Phthia | 2.4505 | 1401.1 | 0.0356 | 6 50 | 203 22 | 5 10
11. Parthenope | 2.4529 | 1403.2 | 0.0994 | 318 2 | 125 11 | 4 37
178. Belisana | 2.4583 | 1407.8 | 0.1266 | 278 0 | 50 17 | 2 5
198. Ampella | 2.4595 | 1408.9 | 0.2266 | 354 46 | 268 45 | 9 20
248. Lameia | 2.4714 | 1419.1 | 0.0656 | 248 40 | 246 34 | 4 1
17. Thetis | 2.4726 | 1420.1 | 0.1293 | 261 37 | 125 24 | 5 36
46. Hestia | 2.5265 | 1466.8 | 0.1642 | 354 14 | 181 31 | 2 17
89. Julia | 2.5510 | 1488.2 | 0.1805 | 353 13 | 311 42 | 16 11
232. Russia | 2.5522 | 1489.3 | 0.1754 | 200 25 | 152 30 | 6 4
29. Amphitrite | 2.5545 | 1491.3 | 0.0742 | 56 23 | 356 41 | 6 7
170. Maria | 2.5549 | 1491.7 | 0.0639 | 95 47 | 301 20 | 14 23
262. Valda | 2.5635 | 1496.4 | 0.2172 | 61 42 | 38 40 | 7 46
258. Tyche | 2.5643 | 1499.8 | 0.1966 | 15 42 | 208 4 | 14 50
134. Sophrosyne | 2.5647 | 1500.3 | 0.1165 | 67 33 | 346 22 | 11 36
264. Libussa | 2.5672 | 1502.4 | 0.0925 | 0 7 | 50 23 | 10 29
193. Ambrosia | 2.5758 | 1510.0 | 0.2854 | 70 52 | 351 15 | 11 39
13. Egeria | 2.5765 | 1510.6 | 0.0871 | 120 10 | 43 12 | 16 32
5. Astræa | 2.5786 | 1512.4 | 0.1863 | 134 57 | 141 28 | 5 19
119. Althea | 2.5824 | 1515.7 | 0.0815 | 11 29 | 203 57 | 5 45
157. Dejanira | 2.5828 | 1516.1 | 0.2105 | 107 24 | 62 31 | 12 2
101. Helena | 2.5849 | 1518.0 | 0.1386 | 327 15 | 343 46 | 10 11
32. Pomona | 2.5873 | 1520.1 | 0.0830 | 193 22 | 220 43 | 5 29
91. Ægina | 2.5895 | 1522.1 | 0.1087 | 80 22 | 11 7 | 2 8
14. Irene | 2.5896 | 1522.1 | 0.1627 | 180 19 | 86 48 | 9 8
111. Ate | 2.5927 | 1524.8 | 0.1053 | 108 42 | 306 13 | 4 57
151. Abundantia | 2.5932 | 1525.3 | 0.0356 | 173 55 | 38 48 | 6 30
56. Melete | 2.6010 | 1532.2 | 0.2340 | 294 50 | 194 1 | 8 2
132. Æthra | 2.6025 | 1533.5 | 0.3799 | 152 24 | 260 2 | 25 0
214. Aschera | 2.6111 | 1541.1 | 0.0316 | 115 55 | 342 30 | 3 27
70. Panopea | 2.6139 | 1543.6 | 0.1826 | 299 49 | 48 18 | 11 38
194. Procne | 2.6159 | 1545.4 | 0.2383 | 319 33 | 159 19 | 18 24
53. Calypso | 2.6175 | 1546.8 | 0.2060 | 92 52 | 143 58 | 5 7
78. Diana | 2.6194 | 1548.5 | 0.2088 | 121 42 | 333 58 | 8 40
124. Alceste | 2.6297 | 1557.6 | 0.0784 | 245 42 | 188 26 | 2 56
23. Thalia | 2.6306 | 1558.4 | 0.2299 | 123 58 | 67 45 | 10 14
164. Eva | 2.6314 | 1559.1 | 0.3471 | 359 32 | 77 28 | 24 25
15. Eunomia | 2.6437 | 1570.0 | 0.1872 | 27 52 | 188 26 | 2 56
37. Fides | 2.6440 | 1570.3 | 0.1758 | 66 26 | 8 21 | 3 7
66. Maia | 2.6454 | 1571.6 | 0.1750 | 48 8 | 8 17 | 3 6
224. Oceana | 2.6465 | 1572.6 | 0.0455 | 270 51 | 353 18 | 5 52
253. Mathilde | 2.6469 | 1572.9 | 0.2620 | 333 39 | 180 3 | 6 37
50. Virginia | 2.6520 | 1577.4 | 0.2852 | 10 9 | 173 45 | 2 48
144. Vibilia | 2.6530 | 1578.4 | 0.2348 | 7 9 | 76 47 | 4 48
85. Io | 2.6539 | 1579.2 | 0.1911 | 322 35 | 203 56 | 11 53
26. Proserpine | 2.6561 | 1581.1 | 0.0873 | 236 25 | 45 55 | 3 36
233. Asterope | 2.6596 | 1584.3 | 0.1010 | 344 36 | 222 25 | 7 39
102. Miriam | 2.6619 | 1586.3 | 0.3035 | 354 39 | 211 58 | 5 4
240. Vanadis | 2.6638 | 1588.0 | 0.2056 | 51 53 | 114 54 | 2 6
73. Clytie | 2.6652 | 1589.3 | 0.0419 | 57 55 | 7 51 | 2 24
218. Bianca | 2.6653 | 1589.3 | 0.1155 | 230 14 | 170 50 | 15 13
141. Lumen | 2.6666 | 1590.5 | 0.2115 | 13 43 | 319 7 | 11 57
77. Frigga | 2.6680 | 1591.8 | 0.1318 | 58 47 | 2 0 | 2 28
3. Juno | 2.6683 | 1592.0 | 0.2579 | 54 50 | 170 53 | 13 1
97. Clotho | 2.6708 | 1594.3 | 0.2550 | 65 32 | 160 37 | 11 46
75. Eurydice | 2.6720 | 1595.3 | 0.3060 | 335 33 | 359 56 | 5 1
145. Adeona | 2.6724 | 1595.4 | 0.1406 | 117 53 | 77 41 | 12 38
204. Callisto | 2.6732 | 1596.4 | 0.1752 | 257 45 | 205 40 | 8 19
114. Cassandra | 2.6758 | 1598.8 | 0.1401 | 153 6 | 164 24 | 4 55
201. Penelope | 2.6764 | 1599.3 | 0.1818 | 334 21 | 157 5 | 5 44
64. Angelina | 2.6816 | 1603.9 | 0.1271 | 125 36 | 311 4 | 1 19
98. Ianthe | 2.6847 | 1606.7 | 0.1920 | 148 52 | 354 7 | 15 32
34. Circe | 2.6864 | 1608.3 | 0.1073 | 148 41 | 184 46 | 5 27
123. Brunhilda | 2.6918 | 1613.2 | 0.1150 | 72 57 | 308 28 | 6 27
166. Rhodope | 2.6927 | 1613.9 | 0.2140 | 30 51 | 129 33 | 12 2
109. Felicitas | 2.6950 | 1616.0 | 0.3002 | 56 1 | 4 56 | 8 3
246. Asporina | 2.6994 | 1619.9 | 0.1065 | 255 54 | 162 35 | 15 39
58. Concordia | 2.7004 | 1620.8 | 0.0426 | 189 10 | 161 20 | 5 2
103. Hera | 2.7014 | 1621.8 | 0.0803 | 321 3 | 136 18 | 5 24
54. Alexandra | 2.7095 | 1629.1 | 0.2000 | 295 39 | 313 45 | 11 47
226. Weringia | 2.7118 | 1631.2 | 0.2048 | 284 46 | 135 18 | 15 50
59. Olympia | 2.7124 | 1631.7 | 0.1189 | 17 33 | 170 26 | 8 37
146. Lucina | 2.7189 | 1637.5 | 0.0655 | 227 34 | 84 16 | 13 6
45. Eugenia | 2.7205 | 1639.0 | 0.0811 | 232 5 | 147 57 | 6 35
210. Isabella | 2.7235 | 1641.7 | 0.1220 | 44 22 | 32 58 | 5 18
187. Lamberta | 2.7272 | 1645.0 | 0.2391 | 214 4 | 22 13 | 10 43
180. Garumna | 2.7286 | 1646.3 | 0.1722 | 125 56 | 314 42 | 0 54
160. Una | 2.7287 | 1646.4 | 0.0624 | 55 57 | 9 22 | 3 51
140. Siwa | 2.7316 | 1649.0 | 0.2160 | 300 33 | 107 2 | 3 12
110. Lydia | 2.7327 | 1650.0 | 0.0770 | 336 49 | 57 10 | 6 0
185. Eunice | 2.7372 | 1654.1 | 0.1292 | 16 32 | 153 50 | 23 17
203. Pompeia | 2.7376 | 1654.5 | 0.0588 | 42 51 | 348 37 | 3 13
200. Dynamene | 2.7378 | 1654.6 | 0.1335 | 46 38 | 325 26 | 6 56
197. Arete | 2.7390 | 1655.8 | 0.1621 | 324 51 | 82 6 | 8 48
206. Hersilia | 2.7399 | 1656.5 | 0.0389 | 95 44 | 145 16 | 3 46
255. Oppavia | 2.7402 | 1656.6 | 0.0728 | 169 15 | 14 6 | 9 33
247. Eukrate | 2.7412 | 1657.7 | 0.2387 | 53 44 | 0 20 | 25 7
38. Leda | 2.7432 | 1659.6 | 0.1531 | 101 20 | 296 27 | 6 57
125. Liberatrix | 2.7437 | 1660.0 | 0.0798 | 273 29 | 169 35 | 4 38
173. Ino | 2.7446 | 1660.8 | 0.2047 | 13 28 | 148 34 | 14 15
36. Atalanta | 2.7452 | 1661.3 | 0.3023 | 42 44 | 359 14 | 18 42
128. Nemesis | 2.7514 | 1666.9 | 0.1257 | 16 34 | 76 31 | 6 16
93. Minerva | 2.7537 | 1669.0 | 0.1405 | 274 44 | 5 4 | 8 37
127. Johanna | 2.7550 | 1670.3 | 0.0659 | 122 37 | 31 46 | 8 17
71. Niobe | 2.7558 | 1671.0 | 0.1732 | 221 17 | 316 30 | 23 19
213. Lilæa | 2.7563 | 1671.4 | 0.1437 | 281 4 | 122 17 | 6 47
55. Pandora | 2.7604 | 1675.1 | 0.1429 | 10 36 | 10 56 | 7 14
237. Cœlestina | 2.7607 | 1675.5 | 0.0738 | 282 49 | 84 33 | 9 46
143. Adria | 2.7619 | 1676.6 | 0.0729 | 222 27 | 333 42 | 11 30
82. Alcmene | 2.7620 | 1676.6 | 0.2228 | 131 45 | 26 57 | 2 51
116. Sirona | 2.7669 | 1681.1 | 0.1433 | 152 47 | 64 26 | 3 35
1. Ceres | 2.7673 | 1681.4 | 0.0763 | 149 38 | 80 47 | 10 37
88. Thisbe | 2.7673 | 1681.5 | 0.1632 | 308 34 | 277 54 | 16 11
215. Œnone | 2.7679 | 1682.0 | 0.0390 | 346 24 | 25 25 | 1 44
2. Pallas | 2.7680 | 1682.1 | 0.2408 | 122 12 | 172 45 | 34 44
39. Lætitia | 2.7680 | 1682.1 | 0.1142 | 3 8 | 157 15 | 10 22
41. Daphne | 2.7688 | 1682.8 | 0.2674 | 220 33 | 179 8 | 15 58
177. Irma | 2.7695 | 1683.5 | 0.2370 | 22 6 | 349 17 | 1 27
148. Gallia | 2.7710 | 1684.8 | 0.1855 | 36 7 | 145 13 | 25 21
267. Tirza | 2.7742 | 1687.6 | 0.0986 | 264 5 | 73 59 | 6 2
74. Galatea | 2.7770 | 1690.3 | 0.2392 | 8 18 | 197 51 | 4 0
205. Martha | 2.7771 | 1690.4 | 0.1752 | 21 54 | 212 12 | 10 40
139. Juewa | 2.7793 | 1692.4 | 0.1773 | 164 34 | 2 21 | 10 57
28. Bellona | 2.7797 | 1692.7 | 0.1491 | 124 1 | 144 37 | 9 22
68. Leto | 2.7805 | 1693.5 | 0.1883 | 345 14 | 45 1 | 7 58
216. Cleopatra | 2.7964 | 1708.0 | 0.2492 | 328 15 | 215 49 | 13 2
99. Dike | 2.7966 | 1708.3 | 0.2384 | 240 36 | 41 44 | 13 53
236. Honoria | 2.7993 | 1710.7 | 0.1893 | 356 59 | 186 27 | 7 37
183. Istria | 2.8024 | 1713.4 | 0.3530 | 45 0 | 142 46 | 26 33
266. Aline | 2.8078 | 1718.5 | 0.1573 | 23 52 | 236 18 | 13 20
188. Menippe | 2.8211 | 1730.7 | 0.2173 | 309 38 | 241 44 | 11 21
167. Urda | 2.8533 | 1760.4 | 0.0340 | 296 4 | 166 28 | 2 11
81. Terpsichore | 2.8580 | 1764.8 | 0.2080 | 49 1 | 2 25 | 7 55
174. Phædra | 2.8600 | 1766.6 | 0.1492 | 253 12 | 328 49 | 12 9
243. Ida | 2.8610 | 1767.5 | 0.0419 | 71 22 | 326 21 | 1 10
242. Kriemhild | 2.8623 | 1768.7 | 0.1219 | 123 1 | 207 57 | 11 17
129. Antigone | 2.8678 | 1773.9 | 0.2126 | 242 4 | 137 37 | 12 10
217. Eudora | 2.8690 | 1774.9 | 0.3068 | 314 41 | 164 10 | 10 19
158. Coronis | 2.8714 | 1777.2 | 0.0545 | 56 56 | 281 30 | 1 0
33. Polyhymnia | 2.8751 | 1780.7 | 0.3349 | 342 59 | 9 19 | 1 56
195. Euryclea | 2.8790 | 1784.2 | 0.0471 | 115 48 | 7 57 | 7 1
235. Caroline | 2.8795 | 1784.7 | 0.0595 | 268 29 | 66 35 | 9 4
47. Aglaia | 2.8819 | 1786.9 | 0.1317 | 312 40 | 40 20 | 5 1
208. Lachrymosa | 2.8926 | 1796.9 | 0.0149 | 127 52 | 5 43 | 1 48
191. Kolga | 2.8967 | 1800.8 | 0.0876 | 23 21 | 159 47 | 11 29
22. Calliope | 2.9090 | 1801.0 | 0.0193 | 62 43 | 4 47 | 1 45
155. Scylla | 2.9127 | 1815.7 | 0.2559 | 82 1 | 42 52 | 14 4
238. Hypatia | 2.9163 | 1819.0 | 0.0946 | 32 18 | 184 26 | 12 28
231. Vindobona | 2.9192 | 1821.7 | 0.1537 | 253 23 | 352 49 | 5 10
16. Psyche | 2.9210 | 1823.4 | 0.1392 | 15 9 | 150 36 | 3 4
179. Clytemnestra| 2.9711 | 1870.6 | 0.1133 | 355 39 | 253 13 | 7 47
239. Adrastea | 2.9736 | 1873.0 | 0.2279 | 26 1 | 181 34 | 6 4
69. Hesperia | 2.9779 | 1877.0 | 0.1712 | 108 19 | 187 12 | 8 28
150. Nuwa | 2.9785 | 1877.5 | 0.1307 | 355 27 | 207 35 | 2 9
61. Danaë | 2.9855 | 1884.2 | 0.1615 | 344 4 | 334 11 | 18 14
117. Lomia | 2.9907 | 1889.1 | 0.0229 | 48 46 | 349 39 | 14 58
35. Leucothea | 2.9923 | 1890.6 | 0.2237 | 202 25 | 355 49 | 8 12
263. Dresda | 3.0120 | 1909.3 | 0.3051 | 308 49 | 217 56 | 1 27
221. Eos | 3.0134 | 1910.7 | 0.1028 | 330 58 | 142 35 | 10 51
162. Laurentia | 3.0241 | 1920.8 | 0.1726 | 145 52 | 38 15 | 6 4
156. Xantippe | 3.0375 | 1933.7 | 0.2637 | 155 58 | 246 11 | 7 29
241. Germania | 3.0381 | 1934.0 | 0.1013 | 340 7 | 272 28 | 5 30
256. Walpurga | 3.0450 | 1940.8 | 0.1180 | 240 17 | 183 35 | 12 44
211. Isolda | 3.0464 | 1942.2 | 0.1541 | 74 12 | 265 29 | 3 51
96. Ægle | 3.0497 | 1945.3 | 0.1405 | 163 10 | 322 50 | 16 7
257. Silesia | 3.0572 | 1952.5 | 0.2555 | 54 16 | 34 31 | 4 41
133. Cyrene | 3.0578 | 1953.0 | 0.1398 | 247 13 | 321 8 | 7 14
95. Arethusa | 3.0712 | 1965.9 | 0.1447 | 32 58 | 244 17 | 12 54
202. Chryseis | 3.0777 | 1972.1 | 0.0959 | 129 46 | 137 47 | 8 48
268. ---- | 3.0852 | 1973.9 | 0.1285 | 184 48 | 121 53 | 2 25
100. Hecate | 3.0904 | 1984.3 | 0.1639 | 308 3 | 128 12 | 6 23
49. Pales | 3.0908 | 1984.7 | 0.2330 | 31 15 | 290 40 | 3 8
223. Rosa | 3.0940 | 1987.9 | 0.1186 | 102 48 | 49 0 | 1 59
52. Europa | 3.0955 | 1988.0 | 0.1098 | 106 57 | 129 40 | 7 27
245. Vera | 3.0985 | 1992.1 | 0.1950 | 25 29 | 62 37 | 5 10
86. Semele | 3.1015 | 1995.1 | 0.2193 | 29 10 | 87 45 | 4 47
159. Æmilia | 3.1089 | 2002.2 | 0.1034 | 101 22 | 135 9 | 6 4
48. Doris | 3.1127 | 2005.9 | 0.0649 | 70 33 | 184 55 | 6 31
196. Philomela | 3.1137 | 2006.8 | 0.0118 | 309 19 | 73 24 | 7 16
130. Electra | 3.1145 | 2007.7 | 0.2132 | 20 34 | 146 6 | 22 57
212. Medea | 3.1157 | 2008.8 | 0.1013 | 56 18 | 315 16 | 4 16
120. Lachesis | 3.1211 | 2014.0 | 0.0475 | 214 0 | 342 51 | 7 1
181. Eucharis | 3.1226 | 2015.4 | 0.2205 | 95 25 | 144 45 | 18 38
62. Erato | 3.1241 | 2016.9 | 0.1756 | 39 0 | 125 46 | 2 12
222. Lucia | 3.1263 | 2019.0 | 0.1453 | 258 2 | 80 11 | 2 11
137. Melibœa | 3.1264 | 2019.1 | 0.2074 | 307 58 | 204 22 | 13 22
165. Loreley | 3.1269 | 2019.6 | 0.0734 | 223 50 | 304 6 | 10 12
251. Sophia | 3.1315 | 2024.1 | 0.1243 | 77 7 | 157 6 | 10 20
24. Themis | 3.1357 | 2028.1 | 0.1242 | 144 8 | 35 49 | 0 49
152. Atala | 3.1362 | 2028.6 | 0.0862 | 84 23 | 41 29 | 12 12
10. Hygeia | 3.1366 | 2029.1 | 0.1156 | 237 2 | 285 38 | 3 49
259. Aletheia | 3.1369 | 2029.3 | 0.1176 | 241 45 | 88 32 | 10 40
227. Philosophia | 3.1393 | 2031.6 | 0.2131 | 226 23 | 330 52 | 9 16
147. Protogenea | 3.1393 | 2031.6 | 0.0247 | 25 38 | 251 16 | 1 54
171. Ophelia | 3.1432 | 2035.4 | 0.1168 | 143 59 | 101 10 | 2 34
209. Dido | 3.1436 | 2035.9 | 0.0637 | 257 33 | 2 0 | 7 15
31. Euphrosyne | 3.1468 | 2039.0 | 0.2228 | 93 26 | 31 31 | 26 27
90. Antiope | 3.1475 | 2039.7 | 0.1645 | 301 15 | 71 29 | 2 17
104. Clymene | 3.1507 | 2042.7 | 0.1579 | 59 32 | 43 32 | 2 54
57. Mnemosyne | 3.1510 | 2043.0 | 0.1145 | 53 25 | 200 2 | 15 12
250. Bettina | 3.1524 | 2044.3 | 0.1302 | 87 28 | 26 12 | 12 54
252. Clementina | 3.1552 | 2047.1 | 0.0837 | 355 8 | 208 19 | 10 2
94. Aurora | 3.1602 | 2052.0 | 0.0827 | 48 46 | 4 9 | 8 4
106. Dione | 3.1670 | 2058.6 | 0.1788 | 25 57 | 63 14 | 4 38
199. Byblis | 3.1777 | 2069.0 | 0.1687 | 261 20 | 89 52 | 15 22
92. Undina | 3.1851 | 2076.3 | 0.1024 | 331 27 | 102 52 | 9 57
184. Deiopea | 3.1883 | 2079.4 | 0.0725 | 169 22 | 336 18 | 1 12
176. Idunna | 3.1906 | 2081.6 | 0.1641 | 20 34 | 201 13 | 22 31
154. Bertha | 3.1976 | 2088.5 | 0.0788 | 190 47 | 37 35 | 20 59
108. Hecuba | 3.2113 | 2101.0 | 0.1005 | 173 49 | 352 17 | 4 24
122. Gerda | 3.2177 | 2108.2 | 0.0415 | 203 45 | 178 43 | 1 36
168. Sibylla | 3.3765 | 2266.2 | 0.0707 | 11 26 | 209 47 | 4 33
225. Henrietta | 3.4007 | 2277.8 | 0.2661 | 299 13 | 200 45 | 20 45
229. Adelinda | 3.4129 | 2302.9 | 0.1562 | 332 7 | 30 49 | 2 11
76. Freia | 3.4140 | 2304.1 | 0.1700 | 90 49 | 212 5 | 2 3
260. Huberta | 3.4212 | 2311.5 | 0.1113 | 313 22 | 168 48 | 6 18
65. Maximiliana | 3.4270 | 2317.2 | 0.1097 | 260 36 | 158 50 | 3 29
121. Hermione | 3.4535 | 2344.2 | 0.1255 | 357 50 | 76 46 | 7 36
87. Sylvia | 3.4833 | 2374.5 | 0.0922 | 333 48 | 75 49 | 10 55
107. Camilla | 3.4847 | 2376.0 | 0.0756 | 115 53 | 176 18 | 9 54
175. Andromache | 3.5071 | 2399.0 | 0.3476 | 293 0 | 23 35 | 3 46
190. Ismene | 3.9471 | 2864.3 | 0.1634 | 105 39 | 177 0 | 6 7
153. Hilda | 3.9523 | 2869.9 | 0.1721 | 285 47 | 228 20 | 7 55
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