The name of Van Hogendorp has been frequently mentioned before. First of
all as the adviser of the Princess Wilhelmina during her attempt to
cause some spontaneous enthusiasm for her husband, who had been driven
out of his province of Holland by the Patriots. After the year 1795 we
have been able to call attention repeatedly to the conduct of this
excellent gentleman, who was most obstinate in his fidelity to his given
word and refused to consider himself freed from the oath of allegiance
which he once had sworn to the Stadholder. He simply refused all
overtures from the side of the revolution, and later from King Louis,
and lived a forgotten existence in a big and dignified house. He had a
brother, Charles, who thought him to be altogether too idealistic, and
who had accepted a position under the Emperor and was at this time a
well-known general. For the rest, and outside of his own family, Van
Hogendorp for many years did not associate intimately with a great
number of people. The last years had been very dangerous to those who
engaged conspicuously in social life. French spies might have wondered
why Mr. So and So was so very fond of the company of his neighbour, and
some fine night both gentlemen might have been lifted out of their beds,
their correspondence confiscated, and for weeks or even months they
might have been kept in jail. It was one of the measures of the Emperor
himself which directly drove a number of prominent Dutch families into a
closer union. The creation of the so-called Guards of Honour meant that
all the boys of the higher classes, who formerly had been often allowed
to send substitutes, now had to enter the army personally. There had
been very great opposition. The police had had to interfere and had been
obliged to drag many of the recruits to the barracks. Arrests had been
made and fines had been imposed, and out of sheer misery many families
who had not been intimate before now came to know each other more
closely. It was among those unfortunate people that Van Hogendorp first
seems to have looked for associates and confederates in his plans for a
revolution against the French Government. Of course, of a revolution
which even in the smallest degree shall resemble the rebellion against
Spain, we shall see nothing. Everything in Holland during those years
was on a small scale. The nation was old and weakened and tottered
around with difficulty. Not for a moment must we imagine a situation
where enthusiastic Patriots rush to the standard of rebellion. All in
all we shall see perhaps a dozen men who are willing to take the
slightest personal risk and who by sheer force of their character shall
compel the rest of the nation to follow their example. It was a
revolution in spite of the Dutch people, not through them.
It is not merely for convenience sake that we take Van Hogendorp as the
centre. He was really the man of imagination who, long before the French
had been beaten, understood that this Napoleonic empire, built upon
violence and deceit, could not survive--must inevitably perish, and that
soon the time would come for his own country to regain its independence.
He had studied the situation with such care that he was able to time his
uprising very precisely. When the news came of the battle of Leipzig,
Van Hogendorp was engaged upon a rough draft of a new constitution for
the benefit of the independent republic which he felt must soon
materialize.
Now the expected had happened. Napoleon had been beaten and was in full
flight. The allies were marching upon the French and Dutch frontiers.
The next weeks would decide everything. It was a period of the greatest
confusion. The Emperor, engaged in creating new armies out of almost
impossible material, had no time to give orders to his outposts. The
French army in the department formerly called Holland must help itself.
The result of this ignorance about the general affairs in France and
Germany was a hopeless diversity in false rumours. Every single hour,
almost, the prefects in the provinces and the governor-general in The
Hague were surprised by some new and terrible story. One moment a report
was spread throughout the town that the Emperor was dead. The next day
it was contradicted: the Emperor had merely gone crazy. The next day he
was in his right mind again, but had been taken prisoner by the
Cossacks, and the French had crossed the Rhine. After a while, however,
some definite orders came from Paris. The French army must concentrate
and try to defend the frontiers of France. Here was news indeed. On the
evening of the 14th of November, 1813, the French troops in Amsterdam
were packed in a number of boats and rowed away in a southern direction.
Amsterdam was without a garrison. Immediately there followed a terrific
explosion. The poor people, after so many years of misery and hunger,
after so many months in which they had tasted neither coffee nor sugar,
not to speak of tobacco, burst forth to take their revenge. The French
soldiers were gone. The only visible sign of the hated foreign
domination was the little wooden houses which up to that day had been
occupied by the French douaniers. Half an hour after the last Frenchman
had disappeared the air was red with the flames of those buildings, and
the infuriated populace was dancing a wild gallop of joy around the
cheerful bonfire.
But right here we come to one of the saddest parts of the year 1813.
These insurgents, rebels, hoodlums, or whatever you wish to call them,
received no support from above. The old spirit of the regents was still
too strong. The higher classes saw this wild carousal, but instead of
guiding it into an organized movement to be used against the French,
they were terribly scared, thinking only of danger to their own
property, and decided to stop the violent outbreak before further harm
could be done. With promises of the splendid things that might happen
to-morrow they got the people back into their slums. Then they quickly
organized a volunteer police corps and made ready to keep the people in
their proper place, and actually prevent further outbreaks. That the
time had come to throw off the French yoke does not seem to have been
apparent to the majority of the former regents, who hastened back to the
town hall the moment the French burgomasters had left. They were scared,
and they refused to budge. The French flag was kept flying on the public
buildings. Napoleon might come back, and the regents were not going to
be caught standing on a patriotic barricade waving Orange banners. The
fame for the first open outbreak goes to the poor people of Amsterdam.
But the old conservative classes of the city prevented the town from
actually becoming the leader of this great movement for Holland's
independence. Late in the evening of the 16th of November the news of
the burning of the French custom-houses in Amsterdam reached The Hague.
A few hours before the French governor had left the residence and had
gone to Utrecht to be nearer the centre of the country. But several
French troops and policemen had been left behind to keep order. At three
o'clock of the night of the 17th, while the town was asleep, Van
Hogendorp sent a messenger to the Dutch commander of the civic militia.
The commander came, but regretted to report that his militia had been
left entirely without arms by the French authorities, who suspected them
of treason. The mayor was then appealed to. He was told of the danger
that might occur should the common people attack the French troops. The
militia must have arms to keep order. The mayor, who was a Hollander,
readily gave the required permission. Just before sunrise the town
guards were assembled in front of the old palace of the Stadholders.
They were given arms and were told to keep themselves in readiness. That
was the moment for which Van Hogendorp had waited.
With a large orange-coloured bow upon his hat, General Leopold van
Limburg Stirum, the friend and chief fellow-conspirator of Van
Hogendorp, suddenly appeared upon the public street. Slowly, with a
crowd of admiring citizens behind him, he walked to the place where the
militia waited. There he read a proclamation which Van Hogendorp had
prepared beforehand:
"Holland is free. Long live the House of Orange. The French rule has
come to an end. The sea is open, commerce revives, the past is
forgotten. All old partisanship has ceased to be, and everything has
been forgiven."
[Illustration: PROCLAMATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT]
Then the proclamation went on to indicate the new form of government.
There would be founded a state in which all men of some importance would
be able to take part, under the high leadership of the Prince of
Orange. The militia listened with approval, then with beating drums and
waving the Orange colours, which had not been seen for almost a
generation, the soldiers marched through the excited town directly to
the city hall. The old flag of the republic was hoisted on the tower of
the church nearby. Within an hour the news of this wonderful event had
spread throughout the town. On all sides, from doors and windows and
upon roofs, the old red, white, and blue colours mixed with orange
appeared. Orange ribbons, still disseminating a smell of the moth-chest
in which they had lain hidden for so many years, appeared upon hats and
around sleeves, were waved on canes, and put around the collars of the
domestic canines. Spontaneous parades of orange-covered citizens began
to wander through the streets.
The House of Van Hogendorp became the centre of all activity. In the
afternoon of the same day Van Hogendorp and a number of his friends
assumed the Provisional government, to handle the affairs of the state
until the Prince of Orange should come to assume the highest leadership.
So far, the conspirators had been successful. The French soldiers showed
no desire to oppose this popular movement, but they were still present
in their barracks and constituted an element of grave danger. But in the
afternoon the fisherfolk of Scheveningen, ultra-Orangeists, began to
hear of the great doings in The Hague and enthusiastically made up their
minds to join. And when the influx of this proverbially hard-fisted
tribe became known to the French they decided that their number of five
hundred was not sufficient to suppress the popular excitement. Hastily
they packed their belongings and marched away in the direction of
Utrecht. But before they had been gone half an hour, some two hundred
Prussian grenadiers deserted and returned to The Hague, where they were
received with open arms, and where they joined the populace with loud
hoorays for the Prince of Orange and the hospitable Dutch nation.
Mere shouting, however, although a very necessary part of a revolution,
has never yet brought about a victory. It was necessary to do some more
substantial work than to cause a popular outbreak of enthusiasm. There
must be order and a foundation upon which the new authorities should be
able to construct a stable form of government. Van Hogendorp, therefore,
took the next necessary step and hastily called upon all the former
regents who could be reached to come and deliberate with him upon the
establishment of a legitimate provisional form of government. Right
there his difficulties began. The regents refused to come. They, like
their brethren in Amsterdam, were afraid. Napoleon was invincible. They
knew it. He was certain to regain the lost ground, and then he would
come and take his revenge. And as far as they were concerned, the
regents intended to stay at home. Only a few of them dared to come
forward.
Amsterdam at this first meeting was represented by one man. His name was
Falck. He was a _homo novus_, but by far the most capable of those who
appeared at the house of Van Hogendorp, and he was at once selected to
be the secretary of the meeting. Falck understood that such a poor
beginning was worse than no revolution at all. The country must not
return to the old bad conditions. The former regents had shown their
lack of interest. A meeting must be called together of men from among
all parties. Accordingly, on the 20th of November, a general meeting of
notabilities from among all the former political parties was called
together. It was not much more successful than the first one. The people
distrusted it profoundly. They thought that there was to be a repetition
of the old Estates General and that the conservative elements would
again be in the majority. What was worse, the members of this informal
convention had no confidence in themselves. Half a dozen were willing to
go ahead. The others hesitated. They wanted to proceed slowly until they
should know what would happen to the allies and what would become of
Napoleon. The country had no army, it had no money, it had no credit.
In vain did Van Hogendorp talk to each member individually, in vain did
he and his friends try every possible means of personal persuasion. The
conservative elements were still too strong. The regents preached
against more revolution. The French had been bad enough, but they did
not wish to come once more under the domination of their own common
people.
In this emergency all sorts of desperate remedies were resorted to. A
British merchantman appeared before the coast near Scheveningen. At once
Van Hogendorp sent word to the captain and asked him to put on his full
uniform as a British militia officer and with a few of his men parade
the streets of The Hague and Rotterdam. In this way the report would
become current that a British auxiliary squadron had appeared before the
coast. The captain did his best, and put on all his spangles. He did
some good, but not so very much. Next, the leaders in The Hague asked
for volunteers to form a Dutch army. Six hundred and thirty men answered
the summons. Badly equipped and armed, they were marched to Amsterdam,
where they were joined by a company of militia under the ever-active
Falck. They arrived just in time. The next day the first advance guard
of the army of the allies, a company of Cossacks, appeared before the
gates of the town, and it was by the merest piece of luck that Amsterdam
could welcome them as friends and need not open her gates to them as
conquerors.
But withal, the situation was most precarious. In the north Verhuell
held the fleet and threatened the Dutch coast. In the south all the
principal cities were in French hands. In the centre of the country the
French had fortified themselves considerably and even made frequent
sallies upon the territory of the rebels, which cost the latter
considerably in men and money. Finally, in the far east, Bluecher was
preparing to invade the republic and make her territory the scene of his
battles. For a moment it seemed that all the trouble had been for no
purpose. Only one thing could save the situation. The Prince of Orange
must come, must inspire the people with greater diligence for the good
cause, and must take command of the disorganized forces.
Question: Where is the Prince? Nobody knew. He might be in England, but
then, again, he might be with the allies somewhere along the Rhine.
Messengers had been sent to London and to Frankfort. Those who went to
Frankfort did not find the Prince, but they found the commanders of the
allies and had the good sense to tell a fine yarn--how Holland had freed
itself, and how the French had been ignominiously driven out. As a
matter of fact, the Prince was in England, and in London, on the 21st of
November, he heard how his arrival was eagerly awaited and how he must
cross the North Sea at once. Five days later, well provided with men and
money, he left the British coast on the frigate _Warrior_. An easterly
wind, which nineteen years before had driven his father safely across
the waters, delayed his voyage. For four whole days his ship tacked
against this breeze. One British ship with 300 marines landed on the
Dutch coast on the 27th, but nothing was heard of the Prince. The
anxiety in Holland grew.
The fisher fleet of Scheveningen was sent out cruising in front of the
coast to try to get in touch with the British fleet. But the days came
and the days went by and no news was reported which might appease the
general anxiety. Finally, on the morning of the 30th of November, the
rumour spread suddenly through The Hague that the British fleet had been
sighted. The Prince was coming! Then the people went forth to meet their
old beloved Prince of Orange. Everything else was now forgotten. Along
the same road where almost twenty years before they had gone to bid
farewell to the father whom they had driven away, they now went to hail
the son as their saviour.
At noon of Friday, the 30th, the _Warrior_ came in sight. The same
fisherman who eighteen years before had taken William to the ship which
was to conduct him into his exile was now chosen to carry the new
sovereign through the surf. With orange ribbons on his horses, with his
coat covered with the same faithful colour, the old man drove through
the waves. At four o'clock of the afternoon a sloop carrying the Prince
left the British man-of-war. Half an hour later William landed.
[Illustration: ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM I IN SCHEVENINGEN]
The shore once more was black with people. The old road to The Hague was
again lined with thousands of people. Little boys had climbed up into
trees. Small children were lifted high by their mothers that they might
get a glimpse of the hallowed person of a member of the House of Orange.
A few people, from sheer excitement, shrieked their welcome. They were
at once commanded to be silent. The moment was too solemn for such an
expression of personal feeling. Here a nation in utter despair welcomed
the one person upon whom it had fixed its hope of salvation. In this way
did the House of Orange come back into its own--with a promise of a new
and happier future--after the terrible days of foreign domination and
national ruin.