_Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.
=Unigĕna=, a surname of Minerva, as sprung of Jupiter alone.
=Unxia=, a surname of Juno, derived from _ungere_, to anoint, because
it was usual among the Romans for the bride to anoint the threshold
of her husband, and from this necessary ceremony wives were called
_Unxores_, and afterwards _Uxores_, from Unxia, who presided over
them. _Arnobius_, bk. 3.
=Vocetius=, part of mount Jura in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1,
ch. 68.
=Vŏcōnia lex=, _de testamentis_, by Quintus Voconius Saxa the tribune,
A.U.C. 584, enacted that no woman should be left heiress to an estate,
and that no rich person should leave by his will more than the fourth
part of his fortune to a woman. This step was taken to prevent the
decay of the noblest and most illustrious of the families of Rome.
This law was abrogated by Augustus.
=Voconii forum=, a town of Gaul, between Antibes and Marseilles.
_Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 17.
=Vŏcōnius Victor=, a Latin poet, &c. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 28.――――Saxa,
a tribune who made a law.――――An officer of Lucullus in Asia.
=Vocontia=, now _Vasio_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 167.
=Vŏgēsus=, now _Vauge_, a mountain of Belgic Gaul, which separates the
Sequani from the Lingones. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 397.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
=Volæ=, a city of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 49.
=Volaginius=, a soldier who assassinated one of his officers, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 75.
=Volana=, a town of the Samnites.
=Volandum=, a fortified place of Armenia.
=Volaterra=, an ancient town of Etruria, famous for hot baths. Perseus
the satirist was born there. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4.
=Volcæ=, or =Volgæ=, a people of Gaul between the Garonne and the Rhone.
_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 26.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Volci=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lauria_. _Livy_, bk. 27,
ch. 15.――――A town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
=Vologĕses=, a name common to many of the kings of Parthia, who made
war against the Roman emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 12, _Annals_, ch. 14.
=Volscens=, a Latin chief who discovered Nisus and Euryalus as they
returned from the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed
Euryalus, and was himself immediately stabbed by Nisus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 370 & 442.
=Volsci=, or =Volci=, a people of Latium, whose territories are bounded
on the south by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of the Hernici
and Marsi, west by the Latins and Rutulians, and east by Campania.
Their chief cities were Antium, Circeii, Anxur, Corioli, Fregellæ,
Arpinum, &c. Ancus king of Rome made war against them, and in the
time of the republic they became formidable enemies, till they were
at last conquered with the rest of the Latins. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 4.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 168; _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 505;
bk. 11, li. 546, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 5.
=Volsinium=, a town of Etruria in Italy, destroyed, according to Pliny,
bk. 2, ch. 53, by fire from heaven. The inhabitants numbered their
years by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, a Tuscan goddess.
_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 191.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.
=Voltinia=, one of the Roman tribes.
=Volubilis=, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, the capital of Morocco.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Volumnæ Fanum=, a temple in Etruria, sacred to the goddess Volumna,
who presided over the will and over complaisance, where the states of
the country used to assemble. Viterbo now stands on the spot. _Livy_,
bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 2.
=Volumnia=, the wife of Coriolanus. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――――The
freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrapelus. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2,
ch. 24.
=Volumnus= and =Volumna=, two deities who presided over the will.
They were chiefly invoked at marriages to preserve concord between
the husband and wife. They were particularly worshipped by the
Etrurians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 61.
=T. Volumnius=, a Roman famous for his friendship towards Marcus
Lucullus, whom Marcus Antony had put to death. His great lamentations
were the cause that he was dragged to the triumvir, of whom he
demanded to be conducted to the body of his friend, and there to
be put to death. His request was easily granted. _Livy_, bk. 124,
ch. 20.――――A mimic whom Brutus put to death.――――An Etrurian who wrote
tragedies in his own native language.――――A consul who defeated the
Samnites and the Etrurians, &c. _Livy_, bk. 9.――――A friend of Marcus
Brutus. He was preserved when that great republican killed himself,
and he wrote an account of his death and of his actions, from which
Plutarch selected some remarks.――――A prefect of Syria, B.C. 11.――――A
Roman knight put to death by Catiline.
=Voluptas= and =Volupia=, the goddess of sensual pleasures, worshipped
at Rome, where she had a temple. She was represented as a young
and beautiful woman, well dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated
on a throne, and having virtue under her feet. _Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Augustine_,
_City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8.
=Caius Volusēnus=, a military tribune in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 3.
=Volusiānus=, a Roman taken as colleague on the imperial throne, by his
father Gallus. He was killed by his soldiers.
=Vŏlŭsius=, a poet of Patavia, who wrote, like Ennius, the annals
of Rome in verse. _Seneca_, ltr. 93.――_Catullus_, bk. 96, li. 7.
――――Saturninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 93rd year of his
age, beloved and respected, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.
――――Caius, a soldier at the siege of Cremona, &c.――――One of Nero’s
officers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.
=Volusus=, a friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 463.
=Volux=, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans defeated. Sylla suspected
his fidelity, &c. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 105.
=Vomanus=, a river of Picenum in Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 438.
=Vonōnes=, a king of Parthia expelled by his subjects, and afterwards
placed on the throne of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
ch. 14.――――Another king of Armenia.――――A man made king of Parthia by
Augustus.
=Vopiscus=, a native of Syracuse, 303, A.D. who wrote the life of
Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. He is one
of the six authors who are called _Historiæ Augustæ scriptores_, but
he excels all others in the elegance of his style, and the manner
in which he relates the various actions of the emperors. He is not,
however, without his faults, and we look in vain for the purity or
perspicuity of the writers of the Augustan age.
=Vŏrānus=, a freedman of Quintus Luctatius Catulus, famous for his
robberies as well as his cunning, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8,
li. 39.
=Votiēnus Montanus=, a man of learning, banished to one of the Baleares
for his malevolent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has celebrated him
as an excellent poet. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.
=Upis=, the father of one of the Dianas, mentioned by the ancients,
from which circumstance Diana herself is called _Upis_. _Cicero_,
_de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Callimachus_, _Artemis_.
=Urănia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who
presided over astronomy. She is generally called mother of Linus
by Apollo, and of the god Hymenæus by Bacchus. She was represented
as a young virgin dressed in an azure-coloured robe, crowned
with stars, and holding a globe in her hands, and having many
mathematical instruments placed round. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 77.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 161.――――A surname of
Venus, the same as _Celestial_. She was supposed, in that character,
to preside over beauty and generation, and was called daughter of
Uranus or Cœlus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece,
and Italy were numerous. _Plato_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.
――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 14, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 26, &c.――――A town of Cyprus.
=Urănii=, or =Urii=, a people of Gaul.
=Uranopŏlis=, a town at the top of Athos.
=Urănus=, or =Ouranus=, a deity, the same as Cœlus, the most ancient
of all the gods. He married Tithea or the Earth, by whom he had Ceus,
Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, Cottus, Phœbe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn,
Gyges, called from their mother Titans. His children conspired
against him, because he confined them in the bosom of the earth, and
his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove him from his throne.
=Urba=, now _Orbe_, a town of the Helvetii, on a river of the same name.
=Urbicua=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.
=Urbicus=, an actor at Rome, in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6.
=Urbinum=, now _Urbino_, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.
=Urgo=, now _Gorgona_, an island in the bay of Pisa, 25 miles west of
Leghorn, famous for anchovies. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.
=Uria=, a town of Calabria, built by a Cretan colony, and called also
Hyria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――Of Apulia.
=Urites=, a people of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 48.
=Ursentum=, a town of the Brutii, now _Orso_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Ursidius=, an adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 38.
=Uscana=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.
=Usceta=, a town of Africa Propria. _Aulus Hirtius_, _African War_,
ch. 89.
=Uscudama=, a town of Thrace. _Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 8.
=Usipĕtes=, or =Usipii=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.
=Ustīca=, a town in an island on the coast of Sicily, near Panormum.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 11.
=Utens=, a river of Gaul, now _Montone_, falling into the Adriatic by
Ravenna. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35.
=Utĭca=, now _Satcor_, a celebrated city of Africa, on the coast
of the Mediterranean, on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a
Tyrian colony above 287 years before Carthage. It had a large and
commodious harbour, and it became the metropolis of Africa, after
the destruction of Carthage in the third Punic war, and the Romans
granted it all the lands situate between Hippo and Carthage. It
is celebrated for the death of Cato, who from thence is called
_Uticensis_, or of Utica. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 306.
――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 40.――_Livy_, bk. 25,
ch. 31.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 20,
li. 513.
=Vulcanālia=, festivals in honour of Vulcan, brought to Rome from
Præneste, and observed in the month of August. The streets were
illuminated, fires kindled everywhere, and animals thrown into the
flames, as a sacrifice to the deity. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Columella_, bk. 11.
――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13.
=Vulcāni insula=, or =Vulcania=, a name given to the islands between
Sicily and Italy, now called Lipari. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 422. They received it because there were there subterraneous
fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan the god of fire.
=Vulcanius Terentianus=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the
life of the three Gordians, &c.
=Vulcānus=, a god of the ancients who presided over fire, and was
the patron of all artists who worked iron and metal. He was son of
Juno alone, who in this wished to imitate Jupiter, who had produced
Minerva from his brains. According to Homer, he was son of Jupiter
and Juno, and the mother was so disgusted with the deformities of
her son, that she threw him into the sea as soon as born, where he
remained for nine years. According to the more received opinion,
Vulcan was educated in heaven with the rest of the gods, but his
father kicked him down from ♦Olympus, when he attempted to deliver
his mother, who had been fastened by a golden chain for her insolence.
He was nine days in coming from heaven upon earth, and he fell in the
island of Lemnos, where, according to Lucian, the inhabitants, seeing
him in the air, caught him in their arms. He, however, broke his leg
by the fall, and ever after remained lame of one foot. He fixed his
residence in Lemnos, where he built himself a palace, and raised
forges to work metals. The inhabitants of the island became sensible
of his industry, and were taught all the useful arts which could
civilize their rude manners, and render them serviceable to the good
of society. The first work of Vulcan was, according to some, a throne
of gold with secret springs, which he presented to his mother to
avenge himself for her want of affection towards him. Juno no sooner
was seated on the throne, than she found herself unable to move.
The gods attempted to deliver her by breaking the chains which
held her, but to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had the power to set
her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated him, and prevailed upon him to
come to Olympus, where he was reconciled to his parents. Vulcan has
been celebrated by the ancient poets for the ingenious works and
automatical figures which he made, and many speak of two golden
statues, which not only seemed animated, but which walked by his side,
and even assisted him in the working of metals. It is said that, at
the request of Jupiter, he made the first woman that ever appeared
on earth, well known under the name of Pandora. _See:_ Pandora. The
Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers and attendants, and with him
they fabricated not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, but also arms
for the gods and the most celebrated heroes. His forges were supposed
to be under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, as well as in every
part of the earth where there were volcanoes. The most known of
the works of Vulcan which were presented to mortals are the arms of
Achilles, those of Æneas, the shield of Hercules described by Hesiod,
a collar given to ♠Hermione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, which
was in the possession of Agamemnon king of Argos and Mycenæ. The
collar proved fatal to all those that wore it, but the sceptre, after
the death of Agamemnon, was carefully preserved at Cheronæa, and
regarded as a divinity. The amours of Vulcan are not numerous. He
demanded Minerva from Jupiter, who had promised him in marriage
whatever goddess he should choose, and when she refused his
addresses, he attempted to offer her violence. Minerva resisted with
success, though there remained on her body some marks of Vulcan’s
passion, which she threw down upon earth wrapped up in wool. _See:_
♣Erichthonius. This disappointment in his love was repaired by
Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. Venus is universally
acknowledged to have been the wife of Vulcan; but her infidelity is
well known, as well as her amours with Mars, which were discovered by
Phœbus, and exposed to the gods by her own husband. _See:_ Alectryon.
The worship of Vulcan was well established, particularly in Egypt,
at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual, in the sacrifices that were
offered to him, to burn the whole victim, and not reserve part of it,
as in the immolations to the rest of the gods. A calf and a boar pig
were the principal victims offered. Vulcan was represented as covered
with sweat, blowing with his nervous arm the fires of his forges.
His breast was hairy, and his forehead was blackened with smoke. Some
represent him lame and deformed, holding a hammer raised in the air,
ready to strike; while with the other hand he turns, with pincers,
a thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle waits by his side to
carry it to Jupiter. He appears on some monuments with a long beard,
dishevelled hair, half naked, and a small round cap on his head,
while he holds a hammer and pincers in his hand. The Egyptians
represented him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan has received
the names of _Mulciber_, _Pamphanes_, _Clytotechnes_, _Pandamator_,
_Cyllopodes_, _Chalaipoda_, &c., all expressive of his lameness and
his profession. He was father of Cupid by Venus; of Cæculus, Cecrops,
Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks of more than
one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he calls son of Cœlus and father
of Apollo by Minerva; the second he mentions is son of the Nile, and
called Phtas by the Egyptians; the third was the son of Jupiter and
Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos; and the fourth who built
his forges in the Lipari islands was son of Menalius. Vulcan seems
to have been admitted into heaven more for ridicule than any other
purpose. He seems to be the great cuckold of Olympus, and even his
wife is represented as laughing at his deformities, and mimicking
his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_
& _Shield of Heracles_, lis. 140 & 320.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3,
&c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 57; bk. 15, li. 18; bk. 11, li. 397,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 3, ch. 17.
――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2
& 3.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, 7, &c.
♦‘Olympas’ replaced with ‘Olympus’
♠‘Hermoine’ replaced with ‘Hermione’
♣‘Erichsithonius’ replaced with ‘Erichthonius’
=Vulcātius=, a Roman knight, who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c.
_Tacitus._――――A senator in the reign of Diocletian, who attempted to
write a history of all such as had reigned at Rome, either as lawful
sovereigns or by usurpation. Of his works nothing is extant but an
account of Avidius Cassius, who revolted in the east during the reign
of Marcus Aurelius, which some ascribe to Spartianus.
=Vulsīnum=, a town of Etruria. _See:_ Volsinium.
=Vulso=, a Roman consul who invaded Africa with Regulus.――――Another
consul. He had the provinces of Asia while in office, and triumphed
over the Galatians.
=Vultŭra=, or =Vulturaria=, a mountain on the borders of Apulia.
_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 183.
=Vulturius=, a man who conspired against his country with Catiline.
=Vulturnius=, a surname of Apollo. _See:_ Vulturnus.
=Vulturnum=, a town of Campania, near the mouth of the Vulturnus.
_Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Also an ancient
name of Capua. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 37.
=Vulturnus=, a river of Campania rising in the Apennines, and
falling into the Tyrrhene sea, after passing by the town of Capua.
_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 664.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 729.
――――The god of the Tiber was also known by that name. _Varro_, _de
Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――The wind, which received the name
of Vulturnus when it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly
incommoded the Romans at the battle of Cannæ. _Livy_, bk. 22, chs. 43
& 46.――――A surname of Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus.
The god received this name from a shepherd who raised him a temple
after he had been drawn out of a subterraneous cavern by vultures.
=Vulsinum=, a town of Etruria, where Sejanus was born.
=Uxama=, a town of Spain on the Iberus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
li. 384.
=Uxantis=, now _Ushant_, an island on the coast of Britany.
=Uxellodunum=, a town of Gaul defended by steep rocks, now _Puech
d’Issoiu_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 33.
=Uxentum=, a town of Calabria, now _Ugento_.
=Uxii=, mountains of Armenia, with a nation of the same name,
conquered by Alexander. The Tigris rises in their country. _Strabo._
――_Diodorus._
=Uxisama=, an island in the western ocean.
=Uzita=, an inland town of Africa destroyed by Cæsar. _Hirtius_,
_African War_, ch. 41, &c.
X
=Xanthe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.
=Xanthi=, a people of Thrace.――――The inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia.
_See:_ Xanthus.
=Xanthia Phoceus=, a Roman whom Horace addresses in his bk. 2, ode 4,
and of whom he speaks as enamoured of a servant-maid.
=Xanthĭca=, a festival observed by the Macedonians in the month called
Xanthicus, the same as April. It was then usual to make a lustration
of the army with great solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts,
and one half of the body placed on one side, and the other part on
the other side, after which the soldiers marched between, and they
imitated a real battle by a sham engagement.
=Xanthippe=, a daughter of Dorus. _See:_ Xantippe.
=Xanthippus=, a son of Melas killed by Tydeus. _See:_ Xantippus.
=Xantho=, one of Cyrene’s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,
li. 336.
=Xanthus=, or =Xanthos=, a river of Troas, in Asia Minor. It is the
same as the _Scamander_, but, according to Homer, it was called
Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. _See:_ Scamander.――――A
river of Lycia, anciently called _Sirbes_. It was sacred to Apollo,
and fell into the sea near Patara. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 172.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 143.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――One
of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid with
severity, and told him he must soon be killed. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 19.――――One of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards
to the sons of Leda.――――An historian of Sardes in the reign of
Darius.――――A Greek historian of Lydia, who wrote an account of his
country, of which some fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
――――A king of Lesbos.――――A king of Bœotia, who made war against
the Athenians. He was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. _See:_
Apaturia.――――A Greek poet. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.
――_Suidas._――――A philosopher of Samos, in whose house Æsop lived some
time as servant.――――A town of Lycia, on the river of the same name,
at the distance of about 15 miles from the sea-shore. The inhabitants
were celebrated for their love of liberty and national independence.
Brutus laid siege to their city, and when at last they were unable
longer to support themselves against the enemy, they set fire to
their houses and destroyed themselves. The conqueror wished to spare
them, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they brought
any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved,
much against their will. _Appian_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.
=Xantĭcles=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, after the battle
of Cunaxa.
=Xantippe=, a daughter of Dorus, who married Pleuron, by whom she had
Agenor, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――The wife of Socrates,
remarkable for her ill humour and peevish disposition, which are
become proverbial. Some suppose that the philosopher was acquainted
with her moroseness and insolence before he married her, and that
he took her for his wife to try his patience, and inure himself to
the malevolent reflections of mankind. She continually tormented him
with her impertinence; and one day, not satisfied with using the most
bitter invectives, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head,
upon which the philosopher coolly observed, “After thunder there
generally falls rain.” _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 10;
bk. 9, ch. 7; bk. 11, ch. 12.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.
=Xantippus=, a Lacedæmonian general who assisted the Carthaginians
in the first Punic war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B.C., and took
the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such signal services deserved to
be rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy upon
Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he had saved them from
destruction. Some authors support that the Carthaginians ordered him
to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown into the sea as he was
returning home; while others say that they had prepared a leaky ship
to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully avoided. _Livy_, bk. 18
& bk. 28, ch. 43.――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.――――An Athenian general
who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A statue
was erected to his honour at the citadel of Athens. He made some
conquests in Thrace, and increased the power of Athens. He was father
to the celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of Clisthenes, who
expelled the Pisistratidæ from Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7;
bk. 8, ch. 52.――――A son of Pericles who disgraced his father by his
disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of the
plague in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._