and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According
to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues
to be a place of note. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
――_Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40,
ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A daughter of
Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married
Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to
death. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.
=Thessălus=, a son of Æmon.――――A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter
of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――――A physician
who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.――――A
physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of
the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of
his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought
himself superior to all his predecessors.――――A son of Cimon, who
accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.――――A
son of Pisicratus.――――A player in the age of Alexander.
=Thestălus=, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.
=Theste=, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She
married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.
=Thestia=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous.
_Polybius_, bk. 5.
=Thestiădæ= and =Thestiădes=. _See:_ Thespiadæ and Thespiades.
=Thestiădæ=, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 286.
=Thestias=, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.
=Thestis=, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.
=Thestius=, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to
Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.――――A king of Thespia. _See:_ Thespius.
The sons of Thestius, called _Thestiadæ_, were killed by Meleager at
the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Thestor=, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him
Calchas is often called _Thestorides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
12, li. 19.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Achilleis_, li. 497.――_Apollonius_,
bk. 1, li. 239.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69.
=Thesty̆lis=, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.
=Thetis=, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often
confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune
and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would
bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses
were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit
her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to
catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented
her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When
Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she
consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their
nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the
deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the
negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a
golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. _See:_
Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but
all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they
were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had
not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel
operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him
in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which
she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted
to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of
Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks.
The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan
to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the
god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed
by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn
his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn,
she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his
honour. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 244, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 24, li. 55.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 18,
&c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.
=Theutis=, or =Teuthis=, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia,
who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis,
and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to
pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that
the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound
which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.
=Thia=, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. _See:_
Thea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 371.――――One of the Sporades, that
rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 12.
=Thias=, a king of Assyria.
=Thimbron=, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against
Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A friend of Harpalus.
=Thiodamas=, the father of Hylas. _See:_ ♦Theodamas.
♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’
=Thirmidia=, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. _Sallust_,
_Jugurthine War_, ch. 2.
=Thisbe=, a beautiful woman of Babylon. _See:_ Pyramus.――――A town of
Bœotia, between two mountains. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.
=Thisias=, a Sicilian writer.
=Thiosa=, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built
a town which bore her name in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.
=Thistie=, a town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Thoantium=, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.
=Thoas=, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and
Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on
Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country,
had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. _See:_ Iphigenia. According
to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3,
poem 2.――――A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter
of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by
Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired
to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by
his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the
crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos,
to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a
neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose
that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had
left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that
of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man.
According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired
from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where
he settled. _Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 208.――_Hyginus_, fables 74, 120.
――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 384; _Heroides_, poem 6, li. 114.――_Statius_,
_Thebaid_, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 1, lis.
209 & 615.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Euripides_,
_Iphigeneia_.――――A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus.
He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.
――――A famous huntsman. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Icarius.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen
of Lemnos. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6, li. 342.――――A son of Ornytion,
grandson of Sisyphus.――――A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and
Myrrha, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A man who made
himself master of Miletus.――――An officer of Ætolia, who strongly
opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of
Antiochus, B.C. 193.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed
by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 415.
♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency
=Thoe=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 245.――――One of
the horses of Admetus.――――One of the Amazons, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_,
bk. 6, li. 376.
=Tholus=, a town of Africa.
=Thomȳris=, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris,
was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched
against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to
pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the
head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel
full of human blood, with the insulting words of _satia te sanguine
quem sitisti_. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched
herself at the head of her armies. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 205.
――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.
=Thon=, an Egyptian physician, &c.
=Thonis=, a courtesan of Egypt.
=Thoon=, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 13, li. 259.――――One of the giants who made war against Jupiter.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.
=Thoosa=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by
Neptune. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 236.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1,
li. 71.
=Thoōtes=, one of the Grecian heralds.
=Thoranius=, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. _Plutarch._
=Thorax=, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian
Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against
kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb _cave a Thorace_.
_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander,
and was put to death by the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A man
of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c.
_Plutarch_, _Lysander_, &c.
=Thoria lex=, _agraria_, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained
that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed.
It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. _Cicero_,
_Brutus_.
=Thornax=, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax,
a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was
afterwards called _Coccygia_, because Jupiter changed himself there
into a cuckoo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.
=Thorsus=, a river of Sardinia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.
=Thoth=, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.
=Thous=, a Trojan chief, &c.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
=Thrāce=, a daughter of Titan.――――A name of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.
=Thrāces=, the inhabitants of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.
=Thrācia=, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded
by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west
Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the
Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as
far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were
looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally
brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and
they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the
altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical,
and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren
as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the
chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder,
and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of
_Romania_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Strabo_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 11.
=Thracidæ=, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus
because they opposed his views. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Thracis=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.
=Thrăseas=, or =Thrasius=, a soothsayer. _See:_ Thrasius.――――Pætus,
a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his
independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. _Juvenal_,
satire 5, li. 36.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 15, ch. 16.
=Thrasideus=, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum.
He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. _Diodorus_,
bk. 11.
=Thrasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.
=Thrasius=, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a
sedition against Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A spendthrift at
Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.
=Thraso=, a painter. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A favourite of Hieronymus,
who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the
tyrant.――――The character of a captain in Terence.
=Thrasybūlus=, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion
of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30
of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401,
and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a
crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own
disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians
employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous,
and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their
lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had
gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the
inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his
knowledge, B.C. 391. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives._
――_Cicero._――_Philostratus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A
tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.――――A soothsayer descended from Apollo.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse,
of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.――――An Athenian in the army of
the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.
♦ ‘conspicious’ replaced with ‘conspicuous’
=Thrasydæus=, a king of Thessaly, &c.
=Thrasyllus=, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he
believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He
was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached
for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 25.――――A general of the Athenians in the age
of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians.
_Thucydides_, bk. 8.――――A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and
mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus
and Tiberius. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.
=Thrasy̆măchus=, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates
and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved
for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
li. 204.――――A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. _Aristotle_,
_Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 5.
=Thrasymēdes=, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter
of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war.
_Hyginus_, fable 27.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――A son of
Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he
married. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
=Thrăsy̆mēnus=, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle
fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C.
217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle,
and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius,
15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans
made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called
the lake of _Perugia_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6,
li. 765.――_Plutarch._
=Threicius=, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence,
_Threicius Sacerdos_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645.
=Threissa=, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 310.
=Threpsippas=, a son of Hercules and Panope. _Apollodorus._
=Thriambus=, one of the surnames of Bacchus.
=Thronium=, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea,
in the Sinus Malicus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Another of Thesprotia.
=Thryon=, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Thryus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.
=Thūcy̆dĭdes=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His
father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the
great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire
to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which
called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached
the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During
the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to
relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian
general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his
expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth
year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment
the general began to write an impartial history of the important
events which had happened during his administration, and which
still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous
history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the
remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls
of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon.
Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour,
purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to
procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their
enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which
contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the
war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which
is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter.
The character of this interesting history is well known, and the
noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears
when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the
public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been
compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence.
Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called
the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled
for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the
same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His
relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events
he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays
the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious
partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have
blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects;
and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into
summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the
scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events
to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the
walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues
of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in
Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding
historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing
which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and
the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired,
that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it
eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he
could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where
he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years
before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker,
folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson,
folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. _Cicero_,
_On Oratory_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
_Thucydides_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.
――_Quintilian._――――A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He
was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.
=Thuisto=, one of the deities of the Germans. _Tacitus._
=Thūle=, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean,
to which, on account of its great distance from the continent,
the ancients gave the epithet of _ultima_. Its situation was never
accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern
historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or
part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles.
_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_,
bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 75;
bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 30.――_Juvenal_,
satire 15, li. 112.
=Thuriæ=, =Thurii=, or =Thurium=, a town of Lucania in Italy, built
by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the
number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. _Strabo_,
bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of
Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Thurīnus=, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because
some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had
distinguished themselves there. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 7.
=Thuscia=, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.
=Thya=, a daughter of the Cephisus.――――A place near Delphi.
=Thyădes= (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received
it from _Thyas_ daughter of _Castalius_, and mother of Delphus by
Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.
=Thyămis=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. _Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.
=Thyana=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._
=Thyatira=, a town of Lydia, now _Akisar_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.
=Thybarni=, a people near Sardes. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Thyesta=, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.