times the prize at the Pythian games. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.
=Sacæ=, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the
east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus.
The name of Sacæ was given in general to all the Scythians, by the
Persians. They had no towns, according to some writers, but lived in
tents. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 7,
ch. 63.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Solinus_, ch. 62.
=Sacer mons=, a mountain near Rome. _See:_ Mons sacer.
=Sacer lucus=, a wood of Campania, on the Liris.
=Sacer portus=, or =Sacri portus=, a place of Italy, near Præneste,
famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla and Marius,
in which the former obtained the victory. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.
――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 134.
=Sacrāni=, a people of Latium, who assisted Turnus against Æneas.
They were descended from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796.
=Sacrātor=, one of the friends of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 747.
=Sacra via=, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace
and alliance was made between Romulus and Tatis. It led from the
amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple of the goddess of peace,
and the temple of Cæsar. The triumphal processions passed through
it to go to the capitol. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2; bk. 1, satire 9.
――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, _For Plancius_, ch. 7, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 4.
=Sacrāta lex=, _militaris_, A.U.C. 411, by the dictator Valerius Corvus,
as some suppose, enacted that the name of no soldier which had been
entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent,
and that no person who had been a military tribune should execute the
office of _ductor ordinum_.
=Marcus Sacrātĭvir=, a friend of Cæsar, killed at Dyrrachium. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_.
=Sacri portus.= _See:_ Sacer portus.
=Sacrum bellum=, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the
temple of Delphi. The first began B.C. 448, and in it the Athenians
and Lacedæmonians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war
began 357 B.C., and finished nine years after by Philip of Macedonia,
who destroyed all the cities of the Phocians. _See:_ Phocis.
――――Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now _Cape St. Vincent_,
called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth.
=Sadales=, a son of Cotys king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a
body of 500 horsemen. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 1.
=Sadus=, a river of India.
=Sadyātes=, one of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after
his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.
=Sætabis=, a town of Spain near the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for
its fine linen. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 373.
=Sagalassus=, a town of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now
_Sadjaklu_. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.
=Sagăna=, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. _Horace_,
epode 5, li. 25.
=Sagăris=, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and
falling into the Euxine. _See:_ Sangaris. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
poem 10, li. 47.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 263; bk. 9, li. 575.
=Claudius Sagitta=, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the
emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.
=Sagra=, a small river of Italy in the country of the Brutii, where
130,000 Crotoniatæ were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.
=Saguntum=, or =Saguntus=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at the
west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called
_Morvedro_. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by
some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in
its neighbourhood, with which cups, _pocula Saguntina_, were made,
but more particularly it is famous as being the cause of the second
Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest
of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months; and
the inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy’s hands, burnt themselves
with their houses, and with all their effects. The conqueror
afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with all the
noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the several neighbouring
nations of Spain. Some suppose that he called it _Spartagene_.
_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2, 7, 9.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 271.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 250.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
=Sais=, now _Sa_, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situate between the
Canopic and Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the
capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated
to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed
by water from Elephantis by the labours of 2000 men in three years.
The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight
high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. The inhabitants
were called _Saitæ_. One of the mouths of the Nile, which is
adjoining to the town, has received the name of _Saiticum_. _Strabo_,
bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.
=Sala=, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of the Hebrus.――――A town of
Mauritania.――――Of Phrygia.――――A river of Germany falling into the
Elbe, near which are salt-pits. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 57.
――――Another falling into the Rhine, now the _Issel_.
=Salăcon=, a poor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. _Cicero_,
_De Divinatione_, bk. 7, ch. 24.
♦=Salamantica=, a town of Spain, now _Salamanca_.
♦ Placed in alphabetical order.
=Salamīnia=, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by
the republic in conveying the officers of state to their different
administrations abroad, &c.――――A name given to the island of Cyprus,
on account of Salamis, one of its capital cities.
=Sălămis=, a daughter of the river Asopus by Methone. Neptune became
enamoured of her, and carried her to an island of the Ægean, which
afterwards bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son called
Cenchreus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.
=Sălămis=, =Salamins=, or =Salamīna=, now _Colouri_, an island in the
Saronicus sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis,
at the distance of about a league, with a town and harbour of the
same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was originally
peopled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks
from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a
battle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and
that of the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy’s ships
amounted to above 2000, and those of the Peloponnesians to about 380
sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20th of October,
B.C. 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about 200,
besides an immense number which were taken, with all the ammunition
they contained. The island of Salamis was anciently called _Sciras_,
_Cychria_, or _Cenchria_, and its bay the gulf of _Engia_. It is said
that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax,
who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. _Strabo_, bk. 2.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 56, &c.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Themistocles_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 109.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 283.
=Sălămis=, or =Salămīna=, a town at the east of the island of Cyprus.
It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis,
from which he had been banished about 1270 years before the christian
era; and from this circumstance the epithets of _ambigua_ and of
_altera_ were applied to it, as the mother country was also called
_vera_, for the sake of distinction. His descendants continued
masters of the town for above 800 years. It was destroyed by
an earthquake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, and called
_Constantia_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 94, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 183.
=Sălāpia=, or =Sălăpiæ=, now _Salpe_, a town of Apulia, where Annibal
retired after the battle of Cannæ, and where he devoted himself to
licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of
his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus.
Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called _Salapina
Palus_, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the
sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden.
_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Salăra=, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. _Livy_, bk. 29,
ch. 34, &c.
=Salaria=, a street and gate at Rome which led towards the country of
the Sabines. It received the name of _Salaria_, because salt (_sal_)
was generally conveyed to Rome that way. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64.
――――A bridge called _Salarius_, was built four miles from Rome
through the Salarian gate on the river _Anio_.
=Salassi=, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with
the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C.
610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and
sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called _Val de Aousta_,
after a colony settled there, and called _Augusta Prætoria_, was
situate in a valley between the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or Great and
Little St. Bernard. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.
――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
=Saleius=, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched
by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by
purity of manners and integrity of mind. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 80.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
=Salēnii=, a people of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Salentīni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of
Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 579.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 400.
――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Salernum=, now _Salerno_, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of
the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school
in the lower ages. _Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.
――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 425.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 15.
=Salganeus=, or =Salganea=, a town of Bœotia, on the Euripus. _Livy_,
bk. 35, ch. 37, &c.
=Salia=, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. _Mela._
=Salica=, a town of Spain.
=Salii=, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars,
and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called
Ancylia, B.C. 709. _See:_ Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three
elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first
was called _præsul_, the second _vates_, and the third _magister_.
Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he
had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow
which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families,
and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day
on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They
were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the
edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the
waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads
round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their
right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the
observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and
afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions,
sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical
instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in
different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which
they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the
gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were
accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited
like themselves, and called _Saliæ_. The Salii instituted by Numa
were called _Palatini_, in contradistinction from the others, because
they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there.
Those that were added by Tullus were called _Collini_, _Agonales_, or
_Quirinales_, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed
their residence. Their name seems to have been derived _a saliendo_,
or _saltando_, because during their festivals it was particularly
requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and
entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence _dapes
saliares_ is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most
splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared
war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if
to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. _Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 20.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 3, li. 387.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3.――_Florus_,
bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 285.――――A nation of
Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian.
_Ammianus Marcellinus_, bk. 17.
=Salinātor=, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others.
=Salius=, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily, and
killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the
Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards
bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753.
=Crispus Sallustius=, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the
country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made
himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and
consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however,
did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from
the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter
of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband,
who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence
offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him
his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could
not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated
himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of Cæsar. He was
restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the
administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny;
he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to
Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which,
from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the
name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife
of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an
immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died
in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As
a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history
of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his
only compositions extant are his history of Catiline’s conspiracy,
and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated
works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour
and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful
knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the
causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one
was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of
Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies
of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the
eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his
harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character
and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are
placed. The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid
exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him;
his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also
censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of
his narrations. Though faithful in every other respect, he has not
painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy
which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in
silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on
the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced
himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are
two orations or epistles to Cæsar, concerning the regulations of the
state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose
authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of
Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and
of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_,
_The Grammarians_ in _The Cæsars_.――_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 191.――――A
nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the
moderation of Mæcenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a
Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours
of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious.
Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――――Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very
intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity,
and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made ♦him prefect of Gaul.
――――There is also another Sallust, called _Secundus_, whom some
have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of
Julian’s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He
conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals,
his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After the
death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers
of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused
this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body
and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the
imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was
too young to support the dignity.――――A prefect of Rome in the reign
of Valentinian.――――An officer in Britain.
♦ removed duplicate ‘him’
=Salmăcis=, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered
effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that
Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the
characteristics of his own. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 285;
bk. 15, li. 319.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of
Festus_.
=Salmōne=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which
the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40
stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called _Salmonis_.
_Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 43.――――A promontory at the east
of Crete. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.
=Salmoneus=, a king of Elis, son of Æolus and Enarette, who married
Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and
to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate
the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge,
and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the
lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with
a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother
Sisyphus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 235.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fable 60.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 585.
=Salmōnis=, a name given to Olympia. _See:_ Salmone.――――The patronymic
of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6,
li. 43.
=Salmus= (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw
a theatrical representation. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Salmydessus=, a bay on the Euxine sea.
=Salo=, now _Xalon_, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus.
_Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 20.
=Salodurum=, now _Soleure_, a town of the Helvetii.
=Salōme=, a queen of Judæa. This name was common to some of the
princesses in the family of Herod, &c.
=Salon=, a country of Bithynia.
=Sălōna=, or =Salōne=, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from
the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account
called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native
place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace
and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and
built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the
16th century. A small village of the same name preserves the traces
of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 404.
――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Salonīna=, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and
distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She
was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness,
and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and
prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions,
and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war
against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the
conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the
year 268 of the christian era.
=Salonīnus=, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the
conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of
Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so
warmly and beautifully anticipated.――――Publius Licinius Cornelius, a
son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the
art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius
arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this
delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his
age.
=Salonius=, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius
married Salonius in his old age. _Plutarch._――――A tribune and
centurion of the Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness.
=Salpis=, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called
_Salpinates_. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31.
=Salsum=, a river in Spain. _Cæsar._
=Salvian=, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the
best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684.
=Salvidiēnus=, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by
Antony, and put to death.――――A Latin writer in the age of the emperor
Probus.
=Salvius=, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of
Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against
the Romans.――――A nephew of the emperor Otho.――――A friend of Pompey.
――――A man put to death by Domitian.――――A freedman of Atticus.
_Cicero_, ♦_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10.――――Another of the sons of
Hortensius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.
♦ ‘ad Div. c. 11.’ replaced with ‘Letters to Atticus, bk. 10’
=Salus=, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under
the name of Hygeia. _Livy_, bks. 9 & 10.
=Salyes=, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. _Livy_, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35;
bk. 21, ch. 26.
=Samăra=, a river of Gaul, now called _the Somme_, which falls into the
British channel near Abbeville.
=Samaria=, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history.
The inhabitants, called _Samaritans_, were composed of heathens and
rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of
that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Judæa
and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two
countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and
as it were a curse.
=Samarobriva=, a town of Gaul, now _Amiens_, in Picardy.