in Pannonia, who served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. When
Diocletian had been raised to the imperial throne, he remembered the
valour and courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and rewarded
his fidelity by making him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding
to him the command of the provinces of Italy, Africa, and Spain,
and the rest of the western territories of Rome. Maximianus showed
the justness of the choice of Diocletian by his victories over the
barbarians. In Britain success did not attend his arms; but in Africa
he defeated and put to death Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed
himself emperor. Soon after Diocletian abdicated the imperial purple,
and obliged Maximianus to follow his example on the 1st of April,
A.D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly complied with the command of a
man to whom he owed his greatness, but before the first year of his
resignation had elapsed, he was roused from his indolence and retreat
by the ambition of his son Maxentius. He reassumed the imperial
dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his son by wishing him to
resign the sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. This
proposal was not only rejected with the contempt which it deserved,
but the troops mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled for safety
to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his daughter
Faustina in marriage. Here he again acted a conspicuous character,
and reassumed the imperial power, which his misfortunes had obliged
him to relinquish. This offended Constantine. But, when open violence
seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus, he had
recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon his daughter Faustina
to leave the doors of her chamber open in the dead of night; and
when she promised faithfully to execute his commands, he secretly
introduced himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the heart the
man who slept by the side of his daughter. This was not Constantine;
Faustina, faithful to her husband, had apprised him of her father’s
machinations, and a eunuch had been placed in his bed. Constantine
watched the motions of his father-in-law, and when he heard the
fatal blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers,
and secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a man
who was so inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing was left
to Maximianus but to choose his own death. He strangled himself at
Marseilles, A.D. 310, in the 60th year of his age. His body was found
fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the middle of the 11th
century.――――Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who, in the first
years of his life, was employed in keeping his father’s flocks. He
entered the army, where his valour and bodily strength recommended
him to the notice of his superiors, and particularly to Diocletian,
who invested him with the imperial purple in the east, and gave him
his daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deserved the confidence
of his benefactor. He conquered the Goths and Dalmatians, and checked
the insolence of the Persians. In a battle, however, with the king
of Persia, Galerius was defeated; and, to complete his ignominy,
and render him more sensible of his disgrace, Diocletian obliged
him to walk behind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This
humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he assembled another army,
and gave battle to the Persians. He gained a complete victory,
and took the wives and children of his enemy. This success elated
Galerius to such a degree, that he claimed the most dignified
appellations, and ordered himself to be called the son of Mars.
Diocletian himself dreaded his power, and even, it is said, abdicated
the imperial dignity by means of his threats. This resignation,
however, is attributed by some to a voluntary act of the mind, and to
a desire of enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as Diocletian
had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A.D. 304, but his
cruelty soon rendered him odious, and the Roman people, offended
at his oppression, raised Maxentius to the imperial dignity the
following year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to the torrent of
his unpopularity, and to fly before his more fortunate adversary.
He died in the greatest agonies, A.D. 311. The bodily pains and
sufferings which preceded his death were, according to the christian
writers, the effects of the vengeance of an offended providence for
the cruelty which he had exercised against the followers of Christ.
In his character Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he often
feasted his eyes with the sight of dying wretches, whom his barbarity
had delivered to bears and other wild beasts. His aversion to learned
men arose from his ignorance of letters; and, if he was deprived
of the benefits of education, he proved the more cruel and the
more inexorable. _Lactantius_, _de Mortibus Persecutorum_, ch. 33.
――_Eusebius_, bk. 8, ch. 16.
=Maximīnus Caius Julius Verus=, the son of a peasant in Thrace. He
was originally a shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen against
the frequent attacks of the neighbouring barbarians and robbers,
he inured himself to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp.
He entered the Roman armies, where he gradually rose to the first
offices; and on the death of Alexander Severus he caused himself to
be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity which he had gained
when general of the armies, was at an end when he ascended the throne.
He was delighted with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no less
than 400 persons lost their lives on the false suspicion of having
conspired against the emperor’s life. They died in the greatest
torments, and, that the tyrant might the better entertain himself
with their sufferings, some were exposed to wild beasts, others
expired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others were shut
up in the bellies of animals just killed. The noblest of the Roman
citizens were the objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were more
conscious than others of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no
means to remove from his presence a number of men whom he looked
upon with an eye of envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for his
oppression, and despised him for the poverty and obscurity of his
early years. Such is the character of the suspicious and tyrannical
Maximinus. In his military capacity he acted with the same ferocity;
and, in an expedition in Germany, he not only cut down the corn, but
he totally ruined and set fire to the whole country, to the extent of
450 miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last provoked the people of
Rome. The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence and
pacific virtues were unable to resist the fury of Maximinus. After
their fall, the Roman senate invested 20 men of their number with
the imperial dignity and entrusted into their hands the care of the
republic. These measures so highly irritated Maximinus, that at the
first intelligence, he howled like a wild beast, and almost destroyed
himself by knocking his head against the walls of his palace. When
his fury was abated he marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter.
His bloody machinations were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of
accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had procured him the name of
Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before
the walls of Aquileia, A.D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The
news of his death was received with the greatest rejoicings at Rome;
public thanksgivings were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed on
the altars. Maximinus has been represented by historians as of a
gigantic stature; he was eight feet high, and the bracelets of his
wife served as rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His voracity
was as remarkable as his corpulence; he generally ate 40 pounds
of flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His strength was
proportionable to his gigantic shape; he could alone draw a loaded
waggon, and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the teeth in a
horse’s mouth; he also broke the hardest stones between his fingers,
and cleft trees with his hand. _Herodian._――_Jornandes_, _Getica_.
――_Capitol._ Maximinus made his son, of the same name, emperor,
as soon as he was invested with the purple, and his choice was
unanimously approved by the senate, by the people, and by the army.
――――Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to the
imperial dignity by Diocletian, A.D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius
Maximianus, by his mother’s side, and to him he was indebted for his
rise and consequence in the Roman armies. As Maximinus was ambitious
and fond of power, he looked with an eye of jealousy upon those who
shared the dignity of emperor with himself. He declared war against
Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a defeat, which soon
after followed, on the 30th of April, A.D. 313, between Heraclea
and Adrianopolis, left him without resources and without friends.
His victorious enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount Taurus,
forsaken and almost unknown. He attempted to put an end to his
miserable existence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and though
his death is attributed by some to despair, it is more universally
believed that he expired in the greatest agonies of a dreadful
distemper, which consumed him, day and night, with inexpressible
pains, and reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miserable end,
according to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment
of heaven, for the barbarities which Maximinus had exercised against
the followers of christianity, and for the many blasphemies which he
had uttered. _Lactantius._――_Eusebius._――――A minister of the emperor
Valerian.――――One of the ambassadors of young Theodosius to Attila
king of the Huns.
=Maxĭmus Magnus=, a native of Spain, who proclaimed himself emperor,
A.D. 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and
he was acknowledged by his troops. Gratian marched against him, but
he was defeated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused the
honours of a burial to the remains of Gratian; and, when he had
made himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors
into the east, and demanded of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge
him as his associate on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to amuse
and delay him, but Maximus resolved to support his claim by arms,
and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her
gates to the conqueror. Theodosius now determined to revenge the
audaciousness of Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He began
to make a naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear inferior to
his adversary, had already embarked his troops, when Theodosius,
by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged him at
Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror,
moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen and dejected enemy,
granted him life, but the multitude refused him mercy, and instantly
struck off his head, A.D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the
imperial dignity with him, was soon after sacrificed to the fury
of the soldiers.――――Petronius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious
family. He caused Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended
the throne; and, to strengthen his usurpation, he married the empress,
to whom he had the weakness and imprudence to betray that he had
sacrificed her husband to his love for her person. This declaration
irritated the empress; she had recourse to the barbarians to avenge
the death of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his
soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, A.D. 455. He reigned
only 77 days.――――Pupianus. _See:_ ♦Pupianus.――――A celebrated cynic
philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian
in magic; and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in
the conversation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian
originated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he even
submitted his writings to his inspection and censure. Maximus refused
to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatisfied
with the refusal, appointed him high pontiff in the province of
Lydia, an office which he discharged with the greatest moderation and
justice. When Julian went into the east, the philosopher promised him
success, and even said that his conquests would be more numerous and
extensive than those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his imperial
pupil that, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis, his body
was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness
and victories he was going to eclipse. After the death of Julian,
Maximus was almost sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but
the interposition of his friends saved his life, and he retired to
Constantinople. He was soon after accused of magical practices before
the emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, A.D. 366. He wrote some
philosophical and rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedicated
to Julian. They are all now lost. _Ammianus._――――Tyrius, a Platonic
philosopher in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This emperor, who was
naturally fond of study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, and
paid great deference to his instructions. There are extant of Maximus
41 dissertations on moral and philosophical subjects, written in
Greek, the best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo, Cambridge,
1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――One of
the Greek fathers of the seventh century, whose works were edited
by Combesis, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1675.――――Paulus Fabius, a consul
with Marcus Antony’s son. Horace speaks of him, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 10,
as of a gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet industrious
and indefatigable.――――An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the
greatest and most powerful of all the gods.――――A native of Sirmium,
in Pannonia. He was originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the
Roman army, he became one of the military tribunes, and his marriage
with a woman of rank and opulence soon rendered him independent. He
was father to the emperor Probus.――――A general of Trajan, killed in
the eastern provinces.――――One of the murderers of Domitian, &c.――――A
philosopher, native of Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor.
♦ Reference not found.
=Mazăca=, a large city of Cappadocia, the capital of the province. It
was called Cæsarea by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus.
=Mazāces=, a Persian governor of Memphis. He made a sally against the
Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great numbers of them.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Mazæus=, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerxes Ochus.――――A governor
of Babylon, son-in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexander, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Mazāres=, a satrap of Media, who reduced Priene under the power of
Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 161.
=Mazaxes= (singular, Mazax), a people of Africa, famous for shooting
arrows. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 681.
=Mazĕras=, a river of Hyrcania, falling into the Caspian sea.
_Plutarch._
=Mazīces= and =Mazȳges=, a people of Libya, very expert in the use of
missile weapons. The Romans made use of them as couriers, on account
of their great swiftness. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 30.――_Lucan_,
bk. 4, li. 684.
=Mecænas=, or =Mecœnas Caius ♦Cilnius=, a celebrated Roman knight,
descended from the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal
by his liberal patronage of learned men and of letters; and to his
prudence and advice Augustus acknowledged himself indebted for the
security which he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure removed him
from the reach of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was born,
a Roman knight, to all the honours and dignities which either the
friendship of Augustus or his own popularity could heap upon him. It
was from the result of his advice, against the opinion of Agrippa,
that Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power in his hands, and
not by a voluntary resignation to plunge Rome into civil commotions.
The emperor received the private admonitions of Mecœnas in the
same friendly manner as they were given, and he was not displeased
with the liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to him with these
words, “Descend from the tribunal, thou butcher!” while he sat in the
judgment-seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in his countenance.
He was struck with the admonition, and left the tribunal without
passing sentence of death on the criminals. To the interference of
Mecœnas, Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and Horace was
proud to boast that his learned friend had obtained his forgiveness
from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the battle of
Philippi. Mecœnas was himself fond of literature, and, according to
the most received opinion, he wrote a history of animals, a journal
of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different natures and
kinds of precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia and
Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. He died eight years
before Christ; and, on his death-bed, he particularly recommended his
poetical friend Horace to the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca,
who has liberally commended the genius and abilities of Mecœnas,
has not withheld his censure from his dissipation, indolence, and
effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the
princes of heroic and lyric poetry among the Latins received from
the favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature have ever since
been called _Mecœnates_. Virgil dedicated to him his Georgics, and
Horace his odes. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 66, &c.――_Plutarch_,
_Augustus_.――_Herodian_, bk. 7.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 19 & 92.
♦ ‘Cilnus’ replaced with ‘Cilnius’
=Mechaneus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings.
He had a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the
people swore, before they went to the Trojan war, either to conquer
or to perish. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
=Mecisteus=, son of Echius, or Talaus, was one of the companions of
Ajax. He was killed by Polydamus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 28,
&c.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._
=Mecrida=, the wife of Lysimachus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.
=Mēdēa=, a celebrated magician, daughter of Æetes king of Colchis.
Her mother’s name, according to the more received opinion of Hesiod
and Hyginus, was Idyia, or, according to others, Ephyre, Hecate,
Asterodia, Antiope, or Neræa. She was the niece of Circe. When Jason
came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured
of him, and it was to her well-directed labours that the Argonauts
owed their preservation. _See:_ Jason and Argonautæ. Medea had an
interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound
themselves by the most solemn oaths, and mutually promised eternal
fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which
Æetes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors
for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces
her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through
which Æetes was to pass. This act of barbarity some have attributed
to Jason, and not to her. When Jason reached Iolchos, his native
country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated
with universal rejoicings; but Æson the father of Jason was unable
to assist at the solemnity, on account of the infirmities of his age.
Medea, at her husband’s request, removed the weakness of Æson, and
by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again
with the juice of certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour
and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change in Æson astonished
the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also
desirous to see their father restored, by the same power, to the
vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the injuries which her
husband’s family had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity,
and by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it again, in their
presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same
experiment upon their father’s body. They accordingly killed him
of their own accord, and boiled his flesh in a cauldron; but Medea
refused to perform the same friendly offices to Pelias which she had
done to Æson, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even
deprived of a burial. This action greatly irritated the people of
Iolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Corinth to avoid the
resentment of an offended populace. Here they lived for 10 years
with much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason for Glauce, the
king’s daughter, soon interrupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was
divorced. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death
of Glauce, and the destruction of her family. _See:_ Glauce. This
action was followed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two
of her children in their father’s presence, and when Jason attempted
to punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the air upon
a chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens,
where, after she had undergone the necessary purification of her
murder, she married king Ægeus, or, according to others, lived in an
adulterous manner with him. From her connection with Ægeus, Medea had
a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to make
himself known to his father [_See:_ Ægeus], Medea, jealous of his
fame, and fearful of his power, attempted to poison him at a feast
which had been prepared for his entertainment. Her attempts, however,
failed of success, and the sight of the sword which Theseus wore by
his side, convinced Ægeus that the stranger against whose life he
had so basely conspired was no less than his own son. The father and
the son were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which
her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, and disappeared
through the air. She came to Colchis, where, according to some, she
was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country
after her sudden departure from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as
Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of
her family. After death she married Achilles in the Elysian fields,
according to the traditions mentioned by Simonides. The murder of
Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Jason’s children by Medea,
is not attributed to their mother according to Ælian, but the
Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acræa.
To avoid the resentment of the gods, and deliver themselves from the
pestilence which visited their country after so horrid a massacre,
they engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, to write a tragedy,
which cleared them of the murder, and represented Medea as the cruel
assassin of her own children. And besides, that this opinion might
be the better credited, festivals were appointed, in which the mother
was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own
sons. _See:_ Heræa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables
21, 22, 23, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Dionysius Periegetes._
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 21.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
3; bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1; _Medicamina Faciei Femineæ_.
――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.
――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 3, &c.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._
――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 556.
=Medesicaste=, a daughter of Priam, who married Imbrius son of Mentor,
who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 13, ch. 172.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.
=Media=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the north by the
Caspian sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Parthia
and Hyrcania. It was originally called _Aria_, till the age of Medus
the son of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. The province of
Media was first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian
monarchy, B.C. 820; and after it had for some time enjoyed a kind of
republican government, Deioces, by his artifice, procured himself to
be called king, 700 B.C. After a reign of 53 years he was succeeded
by Phraortes, B.C. 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B.C. 625. His
successor was Astyages, B.C. 585, in whose reign Cyrus became master
of Media, B.C. 551; and ever after the empire was transferred to the
Persians. The Medes were warlike in the primitive ages of their power;
they encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for the homage which
they paid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This
title was afterwards adopted by their conquerors the Persians, and it
was still in use in the age of the Roman emperors. _Justin_, bk. 1,
ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bks. 5 & 10.――_Curtius_,
bk. 5, &c.――_Diodorus Siculus_, bk. 13.――_Ctesias._
=Medias=, a tyrant of Mysia, &c.
=Medĭcus=, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against
Lycophron tyrant of Pheræ. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Mediolānum=, now _Milan_, the capital of Insubria at the mouth of the
Po. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 34, ch. 46.――――Aulercorum, a town of
Gaul, now _Evreux_, in Normandy.――――Santŏnum, another, now _Saintes_,
in Guienne.
=Mediomatrices=, a nation that lived on the borders of the Rhine, now
_Metz_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
=Mediterraneum mare=, a sea which divides Europe and Asia Minor from
Africa. It receives its name from its situation, _medio terræ_,
situate in _the middle of the land_. It has a communication with the
Atlantic by the columns of Hercules, and with the Euxine through the
Ægean. The word Mediterraneum does not occur in the classics; but it
is sometimes called _internum_, _nostrum_, or _medius liquor_, and
is frequently denominated in Scripture the _Great_ sea. The first
naval power that ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in
the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, was Crete, under Minos.
Afterwards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, B.C. 1179; of the
Pelasgi, 1058; of the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of the
Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; of the Phœnicians, 826; of the
Egyptians, 787; of the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of
the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 69 years. _Horace_, bk. 3,
ode 3, li. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 668.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,
ch. 17.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 42.
=Meditrīna=, the goddess of medicines, whose festivals, called
_Meditrinalia_, were celebrated at Rome the last day of September,
when they made offerings of fruits. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Medoacus=, or =Meduacus=, a river in the country of the Veneti, falling
into the Adriatic sea. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.
=Medobithyni=, a people of Thrace.
=Medobriga=, a town of Lusitania, now destroyed. _Hirtius_, ch. 48.