of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her,
and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom
were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic
virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in
the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally
agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity
of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see
his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives
of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of
a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her
female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The
beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the
son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He
cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came
to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He
showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night
he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what
her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher
when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves,
and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to
have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning,
sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed
to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin,
and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with
a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This
fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous
Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and
barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of
his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they
expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at
the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and
the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C.
244. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4,
ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 741.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
ch. 1.――_Plutarch._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
――――The wife of Numa. _Plutarch._
=Lŭcrētĭlis=, now _Libretti_, a mountain in the country of the Sabines,
hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of
Horace were situated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.――_Cicero_,
bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 11.
=Titius Lŭcrētius Carus=, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who
was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus.
The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens,
were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite
of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and
elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called _De rerum naturâ_.
In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet
are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are
justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being,
but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly
endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition,
which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and
finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned
by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia
had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th
year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his
death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written
in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem
shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would
have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age
of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo,
Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that
of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Quintilian_,
bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself
because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with
a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
_Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――――Spurius
Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul
after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius
Pulvillus succeeded him. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 58.――_Plutarch_,
_Publicola_.――――An interrex at Rome.――――A consul.――――Osella, a Roman,
put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship
without his permission. _Plutarch._
=Lucrīnum=, a town of Apulia.
=Lūcrīnus=, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe
that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the
bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united
by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea,
near a harbour called _Julius Portus_. The Lucrine lake disappeared
on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised
on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000
feet high, with a crater in the middle. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters
to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
li. 161.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 15.
=Caius Luctātius Catŭlus=, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his
colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. _See:_ Cimbricum bellum. He
was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship,
which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary
talents. That history is lost. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Varro_, _de
Lingua Latina_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Caius Catulus, a Roman
consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. _See:_ Catulus.
=Lucullea=, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus,
who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province.
_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.
=Luculli horti=, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.――――Villa, a country seat near
mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
ch. 50.
=Lucullus Lucius Licinius=, a Roman celebrated for his fondness
of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115
years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by
his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and
philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where
his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice.
His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence
of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his
questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself
more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was
raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care
of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents
in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in
Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over
the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by
the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as
those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos.
Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired
with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his
father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the
Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous
forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of
his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch,
no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians
lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was
made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom
only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking
of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this
immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of
the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended
with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the
haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased
his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him,
and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had
with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the
most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted
to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared
his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was
received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a
triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and
his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to
the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested
himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of
Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary
conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which
was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned.
Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died
in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect
for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the
Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately
buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has
been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured
for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were
immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of
the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they
were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared
upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that
he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was
fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were
dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water
was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes
flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth
were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane
and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of
human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of
Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master
of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some
time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters.
Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the
conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all
the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who
might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey,
had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from
the reach of ambition. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4; _Quæstiones
Academicæ_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.――_Strabo._――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_, &c.――_Orosius_,
bk. 6, &c.――――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――――A Roman put to death
by Domitian.――――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.
――――A pretor of Macedonia.
=Lŭcŭmo=, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed
into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
=Lucus=, a king of ancient Gaul.――――A town of Gaul at the foot of the
Alps.
=Lugdunensis Gallia=, a part of Gaul, which received its name from
Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called
Celtica. _See:_ Gallia.
=Lugdūnum=, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of
the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was
governor of the province. This town, now called _Lyons_, is the
second city of France in point of population. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
li. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as
it falls into the ocean. It is now called _Leyden_, and is famous for
its university.――――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees,
now _St. Bertrand_ in Gascony.
=Lūna= (_the moon_), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and
was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was
worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many
superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians
and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable
power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven
at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses,
according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that
account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours,
and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians
believed that they were older than the moon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, li. 263, &c.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 69.――――A maritime town
of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called
also _Lunensis portus_. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and
abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given
to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Livy_,
bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 481.
=Lupa= (_a she-wolf_), was held in great veneration at Rome, because
Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled
and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises
from the surname of Lupa, _prostitute_, which was given to the wife
of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children
owed their preservation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 415.――_Plutarch_,
_Romulus_.
=Lupercal=, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where
festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the
she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.
=Lupercālia=, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February,
in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats
and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two
illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were
touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk.
After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which
whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about
the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those
whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes,
as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and
eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of
Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented
naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to
have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful
guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions,
was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which
suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others,
and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were
introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed
from the Greek name of Pan, _Lycæus_, from λυκος, _a wolf_; not only
because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in
Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep
from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the
Lupercalia were called _Luperci_. Augustus forbade any person above
the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the
Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having
disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed
with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of
these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which
the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 427.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Luperci=, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration
of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they
were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and
respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into
two separate colleges, called _Fabiani_ and _Quintiliani_, from
Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was
instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these
two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself
the _Julii_, and this action contributed not a little to render his
cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views.
_See:_ Lupercalia. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 45.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 663.
=Lupercus=, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus.
He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to
Herodian’s compositions.
=Lupias=, or =Lupia=, now _Lippe_, a town of Germany, with a small
river of the same name falling into the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 1, &c.
=Lupus=, a general of the emperor Severus.――――A governor of Britain.
――――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A comic writer of
Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to
Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
ltr. 16, li. 26.――――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to
the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army.
He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the
Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.
=Lusitania=, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation
have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the
more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea
of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The
inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under
Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived
upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was
usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their
diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers.
They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one
dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed
themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. _Strabo_, bk. 3.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27,
ch. 20.
=Lusius=, a river of Arcadia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
ch. 22.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 28.
=Lusones=, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.
=Lustricus Brutianus=, a Roman poet. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 23.
=Lutātius Catŭlus=, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace
had been made with Carthage. _See:_ Luctatius.
=Luterius=, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.
=Lūtetia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers
Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from
the quantity of clay, _lutum_, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius
Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some
authors call it _Julii Civitas_. Julian the apostate resided there
some time. It is now called _Paris_, the capital of France. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Ammianus_, bk. 20.
=Caius Lutorius Priscus=, a Roman knight, put to death by order of
Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed
the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.
=Lyæus=, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, _solvere_,
because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind,
and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. _Horace_, epode 9.
――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675.
=Lybas=, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.
=Lybya=, or =Lybissa=, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was
buried.
=Lycăbas=, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for
murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and
who were changed into dolphins. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
li. 624.――――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was
fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 302.
=Lycabētus=, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. _Statius._
=Lycæa=, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds.
They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――――A festival
at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from
wolves, &c.
=Lycæum=, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica.
It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught
philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking,
they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, _ambulo_. The philosopher
continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false
accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.
=Lycæus=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple
was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was
also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called _Lycæa_, were celebrated
there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 16; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 698.
=Ly̆cambes=, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage
to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his
engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more
influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus;
he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and
rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition,
that they hanged themselves. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13.――_Ovid_,
_Ibis_, li. 52.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_, bk. 3.
=Ly̆cāon=, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He
built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of
Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto,
and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest
of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 176.――_Catullus_, poem 76.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――――Another king of Arcadia,
celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter,
because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some
attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind,
as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the
earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia,
where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper
adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice
all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers
of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up
human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that
he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a
wolf. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs
are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two
different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between
their reigns.――――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles
and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed
by Achilles in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, &c.――――The
father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――――A Gnossian
artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 304.
=Ly̆cāŏnia=, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia,
and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the
capital. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 27,
ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon,
one of its kings. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――An island in the
Tiber.