He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to
death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus,
and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 11, li. 295.
=Dædălus=, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus
king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and
to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe,
the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and
the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and
seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister’s son, promised
to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and
therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed
him. After the murder of this youth, Dædalus, with his son Icarus,
fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him
a cordial reception. Dædalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and
assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a
bull. For this action, Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos,
who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had
constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and
carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was
the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air
from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of
Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the
ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father,
by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumæ, where he
built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily,
where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of
the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily,
which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched
by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared
war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The
flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing
that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass
at a distance for wings. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7 & 9.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 3; _Heroides_, poem 4;
_De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4.――_Hyginus_,
fable 40.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――There were two statuaries
of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native
of Bithynia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 14.――_Arrian._
=Dæmon=, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided
over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and
carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the
ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these
Dæmons; the one bad and the other good. These Dæmons had the power
of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming
whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the
moment of death, the Dæmon delivered up to judgment the person with
whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he
delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dæmon of Socrates
is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the
genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in
some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission
of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dæmons, though at first
reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities,
received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and
statues erected to a _Genio loci_, _Genio Augusti_, _Junonibus_, &c.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Genio
Socratis_.
=Dahæ.= _See:_ Daæ.
=Dai=, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.
=Daicles=, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753.
=Daĭdis=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days.
The first was in commemoration of Latona’s labour; the second in
memory of Apollo’s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of
Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried
at the celebration; whence the name.
=Daimăchus=, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.
=Daimĕnes=, a general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――An
officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.
=Daĭphron=, a son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife, &c. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Daīra=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury.
_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.
=Daldia=, a town of Lydia.
=Dalmatius=, one of the Cæsars in the age of Constantine, who died
A.D. 337.
=Dalmătia=, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near
Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called _Dalmatæ_, were
conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder,
and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman
empire. They wore a peculiar garment called _Dalmatica_, afterwards
introduced at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.――_Lampridus_,
_Commodus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2.
=Dalmium=, the chief town of Dalmatia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Damagetus=, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he
ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest
of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter
in marriage, B.C. 670. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 24.
=Damălis=, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36,
li. 13.
=Damas=, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.
=Damascēna=, a part of Syria near mount Libanus.
=Damascius=, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history,
the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in
the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly
esteemed according to Photius.
=Damascus=, a rich and ancient city of _Damascene_ in Syria, where
Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern
_Damas_, or _Sham_, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. _Lucan_, bk. 3,
li. 215.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
=Damasia=, a town called also _Augusta_, now ♦_Augsburg_, in Swabia,
on the Leck.
♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’
=Damasichthon=, a king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.
=Damasippus=, a captain in Philip’s army.――――A senator who accompanied
Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.
――――A great enemy of Sylla. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――An
orator. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.――――A merchant of old seals and
vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce,
assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. _Horace_, bk. 2,
satire 3.――――One of Niobe’s sons.
=Damasistrătus=, a king of Platæa, who buried Laius. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 5.
=Damasithynus=, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 98.――――A king of Calyndæ, sunk in his ship
by Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 87.
=Damastes=, a man of Sigæum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of
Herodotus, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A famous robber.
_See:_ Procrustes.
=Damastor=, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 416.
=Damia=, a surname of Cybele.――――A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised
a statue. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.
=Damias=, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander.
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.
=Damippus=, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port
of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the
city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery
Syracuse was taken. _Polyænus._
=Damis=, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning
over the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
=Damnii=, a people at the north of Britain.
=Damnonii=, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire.
=Damnōrix=, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius Cæsar, &c.
=Damo=, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father,
devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow
her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the
secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his
compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them.
She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest
poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father’s
commands. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.
=Damŏcles=, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily.
He admired the tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest
man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while
the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a
sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed
upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a
sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him
that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged
Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to
such fears and dangers. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
ch. 21.
=Damocrătes=, a hero, &c. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.
=Damocrĭta=, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished
her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.
=Damocrĭtus=, a timid general of the Achæans, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 13.――――A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the
art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the
Jews.――――A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.
=Damon=, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 27.――――A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles,
and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of
discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before
Christ. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.
――――A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When
he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the
tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise
of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias
pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted
on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently
delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at
the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity
of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated
them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their
confidence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A man of Cheronæa,
who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens.
_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy.
_Diogenes Laërtius._
=Damophantus=, a general of Elis in the age of Philopœmen. _Plutarch_,
_Philopœmen_.
=Damophĭla=, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate
with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the
gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were
taught the various powers of music and poetry. _Philostratus._
=Damophĭlus=, an historian. _Diodorus._――――A Rhodian general against
the fleet of Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.
=Damŏphon=, a sculptor of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.
=Damostrătus=, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes.
_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 21.
=Damoxĕnus=, a comic writer of Athens. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.――――A boxer
of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 40.
=Damyrias=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.
=Dana=, a large town of Cappadocia.
=Danăce=, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to
convey the dead over the Styx. _Suidas._
=Dănae=, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was
confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an
oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. His endeavours
to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter,
who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing
himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son,
with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove
the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus,
where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes
king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child
called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell
in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to
conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to
adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia
the daughter of Œnomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his
expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius,
whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prœtus the
brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen
tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the
keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil
mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and
that she founded a city called Ardea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
li. 611; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 415; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 19,
li. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 16.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 319.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li.
255.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 410.――――A daughter of Leontium,
mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.――――A daughter of Danaus, to
whom Neptune offered violence.
=Dănai=, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all
the Greeks, from Danaus their king. _Virgil_, & _Ovid_, _passim_.
=Dănaĭdes=, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their
uncle Ægyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised
in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their
nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to
be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters
solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were
provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra,
stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first
night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their
father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the
murdered sons of Ægyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before
her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband
Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared
her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she
dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were
purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter;
but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned
to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with
water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as
poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their
punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands
were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus;
Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister;
Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus;
Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chætus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia,
Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa,
Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion;
Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, Ægius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia,
Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus;
Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra,
Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus;
Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor;
Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, Œneus; Dioxippe, Ægyptus;
Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas;
Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; Œme, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius;
Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus were buried
at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder
had been committed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
ode 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Hyginus_,
fable 168, &c.
=Danăla=, a castle of Galatia.
=Danapris=, now the _Nieper_, a name given in the middle ages to the
Borysthenes, as _Danaster_ the _Neister_, was applied to the Tyras.
=Dănaus=, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death,
reigned conjointly with his brother Ægyptus on the throne of Egypt.
Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus
set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited
Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe
on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received
by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne,
and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with
his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity,
and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the
_Inaehidæ_ was extinguished, and the _Belides_ began to reign at
Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned
the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had
dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus.
The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of Ægyptus to embark
for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either
apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which
threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters,
to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first
night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but
Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. _See:_ Danaides.
Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he
was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his
son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about
1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured
with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed
in the age of Pausanias. According to Æschylus, Danaus left Egypt,
not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of
his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The
ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called _Armais_, and was
the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of
pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 168,
&c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94.
=Dandări= and =Dandarĭdæ=, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 18.
=Dandon=, a man of Illyricum, who, as _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports,
lived 500 years.
=Dānŭbius=, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises,
according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of
the Celtæ, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe,
falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it _Ister_; but the
Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the _Danube_, from its
source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths
they called it _Ister_, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine
through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions
five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was
generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire
in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks,
to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a
deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube
rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers,
finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black
sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4,
ch. 48, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Ammianus_,
bk. 23.
=Daŏchus=, an officer of Philip, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.
=Daphnæ=, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles
from Pelusium. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.
=Daphnæus=, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
=Daphne=, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess
Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised
by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the
serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard
with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove
herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and
Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the
gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with
the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should
be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by
Leucippus, son of Œnomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company,
disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a
huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who
was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed
by the companions of Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452,
&c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of
Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated
to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by
the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness
of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles
were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts,
has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. _Diodorus_,
bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A famous grove near Antioch,
consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury.