Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A noble painter who
represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which
the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by
birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 10.
=Antĭphon=, a poet.――――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his
eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his
name, are supposititious.――――An orator who promised Philip king of
Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which
he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_,
_de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_.
――――A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athenæus._――――An author who
wrote a treatise on peacocks.――――A rich man introduced by Xenophon
as disputing with Socrates.――――An Athenian who interpreted dreams,
and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks.
1 & 2.――――A foolish rhetorician.――――A poet of Attica, who wrote
tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death
because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by
the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which
the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” _Plutarch._
――_Aristotle._
=Antiphŏnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of
Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.
=Antĭphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.
――――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan
war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.――――An intimate
friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.――――A brother of
Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers
murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered
violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The
poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of
the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_.
=Antipœnus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for
the public safety. _See:_ Androclea.
=Antipŏlis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
=Antirrhium=, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus,
whence the name.
=Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.――――An island near it. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.
=Antisthĕnes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a
Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the
famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his
school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I
have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic
philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught
him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved
only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and
tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress
too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy
coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended
suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity
were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical
character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes
flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――A disciple
of Heraclitus.――――An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the
liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed
with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.――_Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 54.――――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a
celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of
Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――Caius
Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gaul War_, bks.
6 & 7.――――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour,
that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25,
_Spanish War_.
=Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a
north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the
Euphrates.
=Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.
=Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according
to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32
miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made
war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and
carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the
Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This
town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when
consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different
signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.
=Antomĕnes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates
with regal authority were chosen annually.
=Antōnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710.
It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by
taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests,
and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally
belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703.
It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two
former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_,
_Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.――――Another by the same. It allowed an
appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_,
or of perfidious measures against the state.――――Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever
after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of
the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3.
=Antōnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married
Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters.
――――A sister of Germanicus.――――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia
Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for
her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
11.――――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius.
She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father,
Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very
early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the
education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson
Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in
honour of Marcus Antony.
=Antōnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to
derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_,
_Antonius_ informs us.
=Antonīna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c.
=Antonīnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian,
to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues
that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt
whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In
cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and
supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors
of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no
opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his
conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity,
and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him.
When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the
life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.”
He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his
life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were
easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia,
he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility
obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when
Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired
to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of
being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman
province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of
Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only
repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He
died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D.
161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,
surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He
raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose
voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation
of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and
Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled
τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which
are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been
finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him
eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years
and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._――――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the
emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He
killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to
destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was
one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother,
and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of
Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta.
This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill
language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming
the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror
of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa
by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His
body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight.
――――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter
Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus,
though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose
age is unknown.
=Antoniopŏlis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8.
=Marcus Antōnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome.
Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never
asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the
liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_,
ch. 7.――――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name.
He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in
the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
121.――――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by
means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office
of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean,
with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering
the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart.
_Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.――――Caius, a son of the
orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and
plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus,
and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies,
and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――――Caius,
son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to
destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as
his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He
was accused at his return, and banished.――――Marcus, the triumvir,
was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius,
surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and
tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his
ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against
Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius
Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus
had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the
senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents,
Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their
armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with
success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and
advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment,
he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according
to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of
the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house,
his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate
himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the
liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina,
which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate
judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero.
He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young
Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony,
and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with
such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own
uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The
triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was
set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into
the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests.
Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia
the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen
the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi
against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of
Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his
residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra
queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce
incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his
power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the
east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two
enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but
Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle,
and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed
Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of
all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores.
He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the
bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30,
and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was
no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been
blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures,
and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in
praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from
whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often
represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale,
dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with
her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous,
but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous
inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple
to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His
fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of
Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder,
Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger
with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.”
_Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 685.――_Horace_, ltr. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122.
――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.――_Justin_,
bks. 41 & 42.――――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was
consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and
put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself.
It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books.
_Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
ch. 44.――――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium
by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by
famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed
at the shrine of Cæsar.――――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father
Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation
with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles,
on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
ch. 44.――――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of
Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――Flamma, a Roman condemned
for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,
ch. 45.――――Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.
――――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
――――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 42.
=Antorĭdes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._
=Antro Coracius.= _See:_ ♦Coracius.
♦ Reference not found.
=Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla.
=Anūbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man
with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition
against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a
sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and
Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes
represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some
his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_,
bk. 8, li. 331.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.――_Plutarch_,
_de Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 698.
=Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.
=Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the
Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter
Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 59.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.
=Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.
=Any̆tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon,
accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation.
These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.
――――One of the Titans.
=Anzābe=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18.
=Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.
=Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia,
where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over
them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him.
=Aŏnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards Bœotia. They
came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle
with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because
Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_,
poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11.
=Aonia=, one of the ancient names of Bœotia.
=Aōris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond
of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her
name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――The wife of Neleus, called more
commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
=Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the
Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but
was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Arrian_,
bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A place in
Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.――――A certain
lake near Tartessus.――――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also
called Avernus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 242.
=Aōti=, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. _Pliny_,
bk. 4.
=Apaĭtæ=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._
=Apāma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of
Ionia.――――A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
=Apāme=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――――The
mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city
which he called by his mother’s name.
=Apamia=, or =Apamēa=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――――A city of
Bithynia,――――of Media,――――of Mesopotamia.――――Another near the Tigris.
=Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._
=Apatūria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη,
_deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by
which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens,
upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories,
Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle
by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens,
refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When
they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist
had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked
behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was
called ἀπατηνωρ, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be
behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a
_black goat_. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, _i.e._ ὁμοτορια,
because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their
fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted
three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι,
were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called
ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to
Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned
up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος,
a _youth_, or Κουρα, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair
cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that
they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes
and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians,
except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――――A surname of
Minerva,――――of Venus.
=Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4.
=Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given
much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean
circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew.
Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of
Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person
of the same name.