of crime among plants, animals, savages, and children. This is followed
by an exhaustive study of the physical nature of the born criminal and
the epileptic, modern craniology, the anomalies connected with the
different classes of offences, the spine, pelvis, limbs, and
physiognomy. The data given are based on the results obtained from the
examination of about 7000 criminals.
In the study of the brain, the macroscopic anomalies in the convolutions
and histological structure of the cerebral cortex of criminals and
epileptics are the object of special consideration, since these
anomalies solve the problem of the origin of criminality.
Certain additional degenerate characters, the prehensile foot, wrinkles,
lines on the finger-tips, the ethmoid-lachrymal suture, anomalies of
dentition, the existence of a single horizontal line on the palm of the
hand, etc., are further described, and a careful examination made of the
field of vision and olfactory and auditory sensibility.
The psychological examination of the criminal includes psychometry, the
discovery of new characteristics, such as neophily, lack of exactitude,
frequent existence of traits of genius, pictography, hieroglyphics,
gestures, and the arts and crafts peculiar to the criminal.
Finally, the different types of offenders--epileptic and morally insane
criminals, political and passionate offenders, inebriate, hysterical,
and mentally unbalanced (mattoid) criminals--are described separately
and compared with each other, their diversities and analogies being
thrown into relief. Around these types are grouped juridical figures of
crimes, reproduced from psychiatric forms. These are followed by an
examination of occasional or pseudo-criminals, criminaloids, latent
criminals, and geniuses.
The second volume treats of epileptics, and discusses, among other
things, their ergography, psychology, graphology, and anomalies of the
field of vision. The studies on criminals of passion are supplemented by
observations on suicides and political offenders, those on the insane
include investigations of their age, psychology, sex, tattooing,
heredity, and the difference between insane and ordinary criminals with
respect to the motives that prompt their crimes, and the manner in which
these are carried out, thus furnishing a new theory of sexual
psychopathy.
The third volume of the fifth edition treats of the etiology and cure of
crime.
In the part dealing with the etiology of crime, the geological,
ethnical, political, and economical factors determining or influencing
criminality, as well as other causes,--density of population, food,
alcoholism, sex, heredity, instruction, religion, etc., are examined
statistically and sifted with critical care. For the first time, light
is thrown on the influence exercised by criminality and wealth on the
increase or decrease of emigration.
My father demonstrates by means of data, contributed for the most part
by Bodio and Cognetti, that the importance attributed to poverty as a
factor of criminality, especially by certain socialistic schools, has
been largely exaggerated; while, at the same time, the fact that both
wealth and education have their specific crimes, has been ignored by
these schools.
In dealing with collective criminality, my father merely repeats the
original theories on the subject, expressed by him in 1872 and
constantly confirmed since then. These theories have been utilised and
illustrated by a number of writers: Ferri, Sighele, Ferrero, Le Bon, and
Tarde.
In the prophylaxis and cure of crime, not content with mere criticism of
present methods, the new doctrines suggest practical and efficacious
means of repressing crime.
In view of the fact that criminality is assuming a changed aspect,
adapted to the conditions of modern life and civilisation, it should be
combated by the very means furnished by progress,--the telegraph, press,
all measures for fighting alcoholism, popular places of recreation, etc.
For the prevention of crime, besides those measures designed to minimise
the influence of physical and economic factors,--baths, sanitary
regulations, clearing of forests, prevention of over-crowding, social
legislation, limitation of wealth, graduated system of taxation,
collective services, expropriation, etc.,--my father suggests special
measures for diminishing certain kinds of crime,--divorce for sexual
offences, affiliation orders for infanticide and government of a truly
liberal character, with freedom of the press and public opinion to
combat political crime. He also emphasises the importance of provident
and charitable institutions, specially for orphan and destitute
children, to aid in suffocating germs of criminality, in view of the
fact that it is to ragged schools and similar institutions that the
decrease of crime in England is certainly due.
Finally, with regard to the direct repression of crime, the new methods
of identification devised by Bertillon and Anfosso, and all modern aids
for the detection and apprehension of criminals, such as rapid
communication and publicity, should be utilised in all countries where
the police aspire to be considered scientific in their methods.
A minute and intelligent individualisation of penalties is suggested as
being far more efficacious than the uniform and injurious punishment of
detention in prison; so that while society defends itself, it tends to
improve the perverted faculties of criminals, or where improvement is
impossible, to utilise them in their natural state, following the
example set by nature in the transformation of injurious parasitical
relationships into pacific and mutually beneficial symbioses.
III
_The Female Offender (La Donna Delinquente); The Prostitute and the
Normal Woman_
(In Collaboration with Guglielmo Ferrero)
The first part of this book is devoted to a study of the normal woman,
or rather the female of every species, beginning with the lowest strata
of the zoological world and working upwards through the higher mammals
and primitive human races to civilised peoples.
As a result of this study, it is shown that although in the lower
species, the female is the superior in intelligence, strength, and
longevity, among the higher mammals she is surpassed in strength,
intelligence, and beauty by the male, who is developed and perfected by
the struggle for the possession of the female; while on the other hand,
owing to her maternal functions, the female tends to a perpetuation of
her physical and psychic characters; and this prevents variation and
evolution.
The same phenomenon is encountered in the human race. After a careful
examination of the normal woman (height, weight, brain, nervous system,
hair, senses, physiognomy, and intellectual and moral manifestations),
the authors arrived at the conclusion that the physical, anatomical,
physiological, functional, and sensory characters of the female show a
lower degree of variability than those of the male.
In the same way, cases of monstrosity, degeneration, epilepsy, and
insanity are less frequent in the female of the human race; and the
percentage of genius and criminality is decidedly lower. The examination
of the senses showed that the normal human female possesses a lower
degree of tactile, olfactory, auditory, and visual sensibility than the
male, and also, contrary to the hitherto accepted opinion, a diminished
moral and dolorific sensibility. Among savage peoples, the female
appears to be less sensitive,--that is, more cruel than the male and
more inclined to vindictiveness.
But when we consider woman from the point of view of her maternal
functions, her physiological, psychological, and intellectual nature
assumes an entirely changed aspect; for maternity is the natural
function of the female, the end to which she has been created. Lofty
sentiments, complete altruism, and far-sighted intelligence develop all
of a sudden when she becomes a mother. Maternity neutralises her moral
and physical inferiority, pity extinguishes cruelty, and maternal love
counteracts sexual indifference. Maternity stimulates her intelligence
and sharpens her senses, explains and exalts those characteristics which
have hitherto constituted her inferiority until they become signs of
superiority when considered from the point of view of the reproduction
of the species.
A lessened sensibility enables woman to bear with greater ease the pains
inherent to childbirth; her refractoriness to all kinds of
variation--also that of a degenerate nature--serves to correct morbid
heredity and to bring back the race, which owes its continuation to her,
to its normal state.
Women commit fewer crimes than men; and offenders of the female sex,
generally speaking, exhibit fewer degenerate characteristics. This is
due in part to the tenacity with which the female adheres to normality,
but also to the deviation caused in her criminality by prostitution. The
history of this social phenomenon, and an examination of the anatomy and
functions of the types representing this variation of criminality show
that the prostitute generally exhibits a greater number of degenerate
and criminal characters than the ordinary female offender.
Prostitution is therefore the feminine equivalent of criminality in the
male, because it satisfies the desire for licence, idleness, and
indecency, characteristic of the criminal nature.
In addition to prostitutes and ordinary offenders, who constitute the
larger part of female criminality, there exists a small number of born
criminals of the female sex, who are more ferocious and terrible even
than the male criminal of the same type. The criminality of this class
of women develops on the same foundation of epilepsy and moral insanity.
The physical characters are those peculiar to the male born
criminal--projecting ears, strabismus, anomalies of dentition, and
abnormal conformation of the skull, brain, etc.; in addition, an absence
of feminine traits. In voice, structure of the pelvis, distribution of
hair, etc., she tends to resemble the opposite sex and to lose all the
instincts peculiar to her own.
From this brief description it may be gathered that this work on the
female offender owes much of its interest to the light it throws on the
normal woman. It is true that it casts doubt on many of the postulates
of feminism; but, on the other hand, it lays stress on and exalts the
many invaluable qualities characteristic of the female sex.
The preface to the work concludes with the following remarks:
"Not one of the conclusions drawn from the history and examination of
woman can justify the tyranny of which she has been and is still a
victim, from the laws of savage peoples, which forbade her to eat meat
and the flesh of the cocoanut, to those modern restrictions, which shut
her out from the advantages of higher education and prevent her from
exercising certain professions for which she is qualified. These
ridiculous, cruel, and tyrannical prohibitions have certainly been
largely instrumental in maintaining or, worse still, increasing her
present state of inferiority and permitting her exploitation by the
other sex. The very praises, not always sincere, alas, heaped on the
docile victim, are often intended more as a preparation for further
sacrifices than as an honour or reward."
IV
_Political Crime (Delitto Politico)_
(In Collaboration with Rodolfo Laschi)
The law of inertia governs nature. Every organism tends to adhere
indefinitely to the same mode of life and will not change unless forced
to do so.
In the depths of the ocean, where existence, comparatively speaking, is
uniform and undisturbed, we still find organisms allied to the species
of pre-historic epochs. Those stars and suns, which are outside the
sphere of action of other worlds, continue eternally their vertiginous
gyrations in the trajectories assigned to them at the beginning of all
things.
Every progress in nature is the result of a struggle between the
tendency to immobility, manifested by misoneism, or the hatred of
novelty, and a foreign force which seeks to conquer this tendency.
As in nature, misoneism dominates every human community. It is most
invincible in children and neuropathic and insane individuals, very
powerful among barbarous peoples, and more or less disguised among
civilised nations. But the world progresses: every day new conditions
and new interests arise to combat the law of inertia and render
impossible the realisation of the much-desired invariability; and
progress, unwelcome yet inevitable, prevails.
By political crime we understand every action which attacks the laws,
the historical, economical, political and social traditions of a nation
or, in fact, any part of the existing social fabric, and which comes
into collision with the law of inertia.
Any attempt to obtain forcibly a change in existing systems, to enforce
by violence, for instance, the claims of free trade in a protectionist
country, to plunge a nation into war or to incite workers to strike--all
such actions represent the first steps in political crime, which reaches
its climax in revolts and insurrections, and which victory alone can
exalt above a host of blameworthy and base deeds, and crown with glory.
Revolution is the struggle between the tendency to immobility innate in
a community, and the force which urges it to move. Revolution is the
historical expression of evolution and has always great and sublime ends
in view. It is the struggle against an institution or a system which
hinders the progress of a nation, never against any temporary
oppression, no matter how unbearable it may be. The French revolution
was not a struggle against an individual king or even a dynasty, but
against the institutions of monarchy and feudalism; nor was Lutheranism
a revolt against any pope, but against the corruption that had invaded
the Roman Catholic Church. The Italian revolution was not directed
against foreign rule, which indeed was mild and generous in some parts
of the country, but it voiced an imperious demand for independence
indispensable to every people that desires to become truly civilised.
A revolution is therefore a slow, constant effort towards progress,
preceded by propaganda. In some instances, it may last for years; in
others, for centuries, until an entire nation, from the humblest citizen
to the most wealthy patrician, is convinced of the necessity of the
proposed change, and the habitual misoneism of the masses overcome, the
existing order of things being defended by only a few, whose personal
interests are bound up in the old system. The ultimate triumph is
inevitable, even when the leaders of the movement perish and the first
risings are suffocated in blood; nay, death and martyrdom serve only to
kindle greater enthusiasm for an ideal, if it be worthy to live. This
becomes apparent when we consider the impulse given to Christianity by
the crucifixion of its Leader, and to Italian independence by the death
of the two brothers, Emilio and Attilio Bandiera.
But bloody episodes are not always essential to the march of a
revolution. The triumph of Hungary over Austria was almost a bloodless
one, and that of Free Trade in England was effected practically without
violence.
Since a revolution implies a change in the ideas of the masses and not
of a minority, be this of the elect or merely of turbulent spirits,
revolutions are rare occurrences in history and their effects are
lasting. In fact, after the death of Cromwell, feudalism was extinct in
England.
Like the pear which falls in autumn when the process of ripening has
caused the gradual reabsorption of the juices in the stalk, revolution
triumphs and the ancient system perishes when an entire people is
persuaded of the necessity for a change. The fall of the pear, however,
is not always the result of a slow physiological process, but may be
caused by a gust of wind, which dashes it to the ground before the pulp
has developed the sweet juices that are the sign of its maturity. In the
same way, a revolt or an armed rising of men, whose demands are enforced
by threats, may result in the carrying into effect of some programme of
reform which is nevertheless too progressive or reactionary, or
otherwise unsuited to the country.
In fact, nearly every revolution is preceded by an insurrection, which
is suppressed by violence, because it seeks to realise premature ideals,
and on this account is frequently followed by a counter-revolution,
provoked by reactionary elements.
Unlike revolutions, insurrections are always the work of a minority,
inspired by an excessive love or hatred of change, who seek forcibly to
establish systems or ideas rejected by the majority. Unlike revolutions,
also, they may break out for mere temporary causes--a famine, a tax, the
tyranny of some official, which suddenly disturbs the tranquil march of
daily life; in many cases they may languish and die without outside
interference.
In practice, however, it is extremely difficult to distinguish a revolt
from a revolution since the results alone determine its nature, victory
being the proof that the ideas have permeated the whole mass of the
people.
Political offenders, insurrectionists, and revolutionists are the men
who seize the standard of progress and contest every inch of the ground
with the masses, who naturally incline towards a dislike of a new order
of things. The army of progress is recruited from all ranks and
conditions--men of genius, intellectual spirits who are the first to
realise the defects of the old system and to conceive a new one,
synthesising the needs and aspirations of the people; lunatics,
enthusiastic propagandists of the new ideas, which they spread with all
the impetuous ardour characteristic of unbalanced minds; criminals, the
natural enemies of order, who flock to the standard of revolt and bring
to it their special gifts, audacity and contempt of death. These latter
types accomplish the work of destruction which inevitably accompanies
every revolution: they are the faithful and unerring arm ready to carry
out the ideas that others conceive but lack the courage to execute.
Finally, there are the saints, the men who live solely for high purposes
and to whom the revolution is a veritable apostolate. They rank high
above the mass of mankind, from whom they are frequently distinguished
by a singular beauty of countenance, recalling ancient paintings of holy
men. They are consumed by a passion for altruism and self-immolation,
and experience a strange delight in martyrdom for their ideals. These
men sweep the masses along with them and lead to victory with their
propaganda, their inspired songs, and thrilling accents. Tyrtaeus was not
the only poet who led soldiers to war: every insurrection has had its
own songs, in which the love of a whole people is crystallised.
Lunatics, unbalanced individuals, and saints are the promoters of
progress and revolutions. These types have one thing in common--their
passionate devotion to a sublime ideal and their love for humanity,
which torments and crushes them in every case where they fail to attain
that for which they have fought. But whether victorious or defeated, on
the throne or on the scaffold, their efforts are not lost. Love is the
spiritual sun of mankind. A ray shed by a human heart may spread far and
wide, traversing unknown regions and sojourning with unknown races; and
if powerless to revive some timid flower that has been numbed by the
chilly night, it may still be stored up in the songs of a people, like
the sunlight in green plants, to be retransformed at some future time
into light and warmth.
V
_Too Soon! (Troppo Presto!)_
(A Criticism of the New Italian Penal Code)
In this book, which was written during the interval between the
publication of the new Penal Code and its sanction by the Italian
Parliament, my father makes a rapid criticism of the Code, which he
considered premature. Only a few decades had elapsed since the
proclamation of Italian Unity; and the widely differing races that
people the provinces constituting the kingdom of Italy had not been able
in that brief period to acquire sufficient uniformity of customs to make
a single code of laws desirable.
But the book is not merely a criticism. It also contains an exposition
of the fundamental principles that, according to my father, should
underlie every serious and efficacious code of laws. It is this part
that makes this somewhat hastily written book of such importance to
criminologists; because it sets forth under the chief heads the
juridical desiderata of the New School.
The following brief extract gives an indication of the nature of these
principles:
1. The legislation of a country should always be regulated by the
customs of the people whom it is to govern; and although a system of
different penal codes to suit the varying races and customs in the
different regions of one State may offer certain disadvantages, they are
always of less importance than the difficulties caused by a uniform
code.
2. The object of every code should be the attainment of social safety,
not the careful weighing of guilt and individual responsibility. The
worst and most dangerous criminals should be treated with the greatest
severity; but indulgence should be shown towards minor offenders. The
former should be segregated for life in prisons or asylums; the latter
should never be allowed to become acquainted with prison life, but
should be corrected by means of other penalties, which would not bring
them into contact with true criminals, nor necessitate their temporary
retirement from civil life.
3. Certain reprehensible actions (abortion, infanticide, suicide or
complicity therein, passionate crimes, duelling, swearing, adultery,
etc.), which are not considered criminal by the general public, should
be non-criminal in the eyes of the law.
4. Born criminals, the morally insane, and hopeless recidivists, whose
first convictions are not followed by any signs of improvement, should
be regarded as incurable and confined for life in criminal lunatic
asylums, relegated to penal colonies, or condemned to death.
A second edition of this book was published shortly afterwards with the
title _Notes on the New Penal Code_. In this edition, each of the most
notable adherents of the new doctrines: Ferri, Garofalo, Ballestrini,
Rossi, Mase Dari, Carelli, Caragnani, and others, discussed one special
point of the code and suggested the necessary modifications.
VI
_Prison Palimpsests_ (_I Palimsesti del Carcere_)
(A Collection of Prison Inscriptions for the Use of Criminologists)
"Ordinary individuals, and even scientific observers, are apt to regard
prisons, especially those in which the cellular system prevails, as mute
and paralytical organisms, deprived of speech and action, because
silence and immobility have been imposed on them by law. Since, however,
no decree, even when backed up by physical force, avails against the
nature of things, these organisms speak and act, and sometimes manifest
themselves in brutal assaults and murders; but as always happens when
human needs come into conflict with laws, all these manifestations are
made in hidden and subterranean ways. Walls, drinking-vessels, planks of
the prisoners' beds, margins of books, medicine wrappers, and even the
unstable sands of the exercise-grounds, and the uniform in which the
prisoner is garbed, supply him with a surface on which to imprint his
thoughts and feelings."
With this paragraph my father begins the introduction to his book
_Prison Palimpsests_, a collection of inscriptions and documents
revealing the inmost thoughts of prisoners.
In the first part, these inscriptions are classified under different
headings: opinions on prison life, penalties, morality, women, etc., and
according to the surface on which they are inscribed--books, walls,
pitchers, clothing, paper, etc.
For the psychologist and the student of degenerate types of humanity,
this collection is of the greatest interest. The inscriptions are
followed by a series of poems, autobiographies, and letters written by
intending suicides, and criminals immediately before their execution.
The comments made by criminals on the margins of books belonging to the
prison library are especially interesting, because they enable the
student to compare the effect produced on criminals by certain works
with the impressions of normal individuals. The poems written by
prisoners are equally interesting, since, like popular songs, they
represent the intimate expression of the poet's desires and aspirations.
In the second part, these prison inscriptions are compared with the
remarks commonly found scribbled in the streets, on school benches, and
on the walls of public buildings of all kinds--courts of justice, places
of worship, and even those edifices in which the legislation of the
State is framed. All the inscriptions are classified according to the
sentiments they express and the sex of the writer, distinction being
made between the writings of prisoners and those of the ordinary public.
The book closes with practical suggestions regarding the use to which
similar collections might be put, as critical hints on the present
methods of dealing with criminals and as an aid in investigating the
characters of accused persons.
All offenders, except the most degenerate types, born criminals or the
morally insane, desire work or occupation of some kind, and books of an
interesting character. This demand emanates from innumerable
inscriptions on the walls of cells and the margins of prison books: "How
unbearable is enforced idleness for a man who has always been
accustomed to work and study, and in whom activity and the desire of
some ennobling pursuit are not quite extinct!" ... "The nun of Cracow
cried, 'Bread, bread!' but my voice pleads from my solitary cell, 'Work,
work!'"
"If jurists would leave their desks and libraries," says my father in
conclusion, "put aside all pre-conceived notions, enter the prisons and
study the problem of criminality not on the walls of the cells, but on
the living documents they enclose, they would speedily realise that all
reforms evolved and applied without the aid of practical experience are
only dangerous illusions."
VII
_Ancient and Modern Crimes_ (_Delitti Vecchi e Delitti Nuovi_)
"This volume contains a collection of facts, sometimes valuable, at
other times merely curious, that I was able to glean during long years
of study in the field of criminal anthropology and psychiatry. They all
tend to show the great difference that exists between ancient and modern
crimes."
With these words my father begins the preface to this book, in which
cases of recent crimes are described and compared with those committed
in by-gone ages.
It is divided into three parts. The first part contains a comparative
and statistical study of criminality in Europe, Mexico, the United
States, and Australia.
The second part describes the careers of typical criminals of former
times, such as the Tozzis of Rome, a family of anthropophagous
criminals, and Vacher, Ballor, and other assassins of the
Jack-the-Ripper type, whose perverted sexual instincts prompted them to
murder a number of women and mutilate the corpses in a horrible fashion.
The third part treats of those modern criminals, like Holmes and Peace,
who accomplish their misdeeds in a refined and elegant manner,
substituting for the more brutal knife or hammer, the resources of
chemistry, physics, and modern toxicology. In other cases, some product
of modern times, such as the motor-car or bicycle, forms the motive for
the crime, or is of assistance in its accomplishment.
"From the data we have been able to gather relating to crime in by-gone
ages," continues my father in his preface, "we are led to conclude that
crimes of a violent and bloody nature predominated exclusively in more
barbarous times, and that fraudulent offences are characteristic of
modern communities. Violence is more primitive than trickery and must
always precede it, exactly as a more barbarous state in which property
is gained or maintained by force, at the point of the sword, precedes a
state in which ownership is regulated by means of contracts; and crime
always adapts itself to the prevailing customs.
"The admirable work of Coghlan shows criminality in Australia to be of
this latter type, as contrasted with its semi-barbarous nature in states
like Mexico, and gives us a picture of the character it will assume a
century or two later in Europe.
"As the fundamental nature of the criminal has not changed, his actions
are still of the same character; and violence and cunning are mingled or
alternate in modern crime. But though the individual remains unchanged,
he is subordinated to a more powerful factor than himself--modern
progress. It is true that many modern crimes are facilitated by modern
contrivances; but the same contrivances often furnish means for their
defeat; and so we may foresee a time, perhaps not very remote, when such
anti-social elements shall partially, if not totally, have disappeared."
VIII
_Diagnostic Methods of Legal Psychiatry_ (_La Perizia Psichiatrica
Legale_)
This work was not intended to introduce the doctrines of modern
criminology to the general public, but as a text-book for the guidance
of jurists, doctors, experts--in short, all those whose professions
bring them, into contact with criminals.
It consists of two parts, the first of which contains about fifty cases
diagnosed according to the new methods, and collected by the author of
the work and his followers. These cases include all types of
delinquents: born criminals, morally insane individuals, hysterical,
insane, inebriate, and epileptic criminals, criminaloids, criminals of
passion, etc.
In each case, as the diagnosis was intended to serve a practical
purpose, the criminal is examined physically, psychologically, and
psychiatrically; and his antecedents are investigated with great care.
In the second part, "The Technical Aspect of Criminal Anthropology," a
detailed description is given of the methods to be employed in the
examination of a supposed criminal, the rules for determining to what
class he belongs, the manner in which the physical examination should be
conducted, a list of the necessary measurements, a description of the
most suitable apparatus, and the mode of using them, the methods of
procedure in the interrogation of a criminal, in order to elicit useful
information, and instructions for analysing his intellectual
manifestations (handwriting, drawing, and work), movements, attitude,
and gestures.
Thanks to the methodical instruction imparted by this book, the
inexperienced student is enabled to progress gradually until he is in a
position to conduct a complete psychiatric and medico-legal examination.
The third part treats of the methods for discriminating between
criminals and lunatics. The various forms of mental alienation are
described in detail; and an examination of cases of feigned insanity
shows that simulators of lunacy are generally mentally unsound.
In the concluding part are discussed the various uses to which a careful
diagnosis may be applied.
The Appendix contains studies on the application of mental tests in
medico-legal practice, and a glossary, alphabetically arranged, of the
terms commonly employed in criminal anthropology, compiled by Dr.
Legiardi-Laura.
IX
_Anarchists_ (_Gli Anarchici_)
The book opens with an examination of the theories of anarchists, from
which the author arrives at the conclusion that in view of the
importance generally conceded to economic ideals to-day and the
universal abuse of power, these theories in reality are not so absurd as
they are supposed to be. It is the methods adopted by anarchists for the
realisation of their ideals that are both absurd and dangerous.
"However valuable many of the proposals of anarchism may be," says the
author, "they become absurd in practice; because all reforms should be
introduced very gradually in order to escape the inevitable reaction
which neutralises all previous efforts."
The crimes of anarchists tend to mingle with ordinary crimes when
certain dreamers attempt to reach their goal by any means
possible--theft, or the murder of a few, often innocent, persons. It is
easy to realise, therefore, why, with a few exceptions, anarchists are
recruited from among ordinary criminals, lunatics, and insane criminals.
Investigations made by the author showed that 12 per cent. of the
communards were of a criminal type, and this percentage was still higher
in anarchists (31 per cent.). Of forty-five anarchists examined at
Chicago, 40 per cent. had faces of a criminal cast. The majority of
anarchists possess the passions and vices peculiar to ordinary
criminals: impulsiveness, love of orgies, lack of natural affections and
moral sense; and similar intellectual manifestations, such as slang,
ballads, tattooing, hieroglyphics. But there are a greater number of
genuine epileptic and hysterical subjects, lunatics, and indirect
suicides among anarchists than among ordinary criminals; greater, too,
is the proportion of criminals from passion. These truly heroic
natures, profoundly convinced that the remedy for so many social evils
lies in the murder of certain personages of high standing, who appear to
bear the greatest share of responsibility for the existing system, do
not hesitate to have recourse to violence when they deem it necessary;
although it is distasteful to them and although they have hitherto
disassociated themselves from the excesses of their companions. The
anarchists Caserio and Bresci were of this type. The crimes of these
passionate criminals are always accomplished single-handed; they always
surrender to the police immediately afterwards and make no attempt to
defend themselves. On the contrary, when in court, they frequently give
a lucid explanation of the motives that have induced them to commit
their crimes and affront the penalty with stoicism.
Such being the origin, and such the promoters of anarchism, it is
evident that the methods for curing crimes deriving from this source
should differ greatly from those used in suppressing ordinary crime.
In spite of the fact that anarchists are frequently criminals, their
ideas, although often absurd, imply a greater elevation of character
than the cynical apathy in which the worst types of criminals are sunk.
Instead of combating violence by violence and dealing out death
sentences with a prodigality almost rivalling that of anarchists
themselves, the authorities should segregate the most dangerous types or
relegate them to distant islands, and adopt exile as a penalty for
genuine criminals of passion. However, political liberty and some
safety-valve, whereby lawless instincts may be turned into harmless
channels, are the best methods for preventing anarchism. Constitutional
government and freedom of speech and the press may go a long way towards
combating anarchism; but the restoration of popular tribunates, like
those to which Rome owed her balance and tranquillity, would be still
more efficacious. If the governing bodies were to favour, instead of
hindering, the formation of such institutions, which tend to spring up
everywhere and to voice the grievances of the people, just causes would
not be abandoned exclusively to the advocacy of extremists.
X
_Lectures on Legal Medicine_ (_Lezioni di Medicina Legale_)
This book, as the preface explains, was an attempt to present in a
concise and popular form the theories of criminal anthropologists, on
which the author had previously delivered a series of university
lectures, and which he feared might have been erroneously or imperfectly
understood by those of his hearers who were diffident or insufficiently
prepared.
It is divided into three parts, criminal anthropology, mental
alienation, and the relation of serious offences (assault, murder,
poisoning, etc.) to legal medicine.
The first part contains a summing-up of the author's ideas on the
atavistic and pathological origin of the criminal. He examines the
equivalents of crime among plants, animals, savages, and children,
describes the pathological causes which call forth atavistic instincts
and alludes to other special kinds of degeneration peculiar to
criminals. Finally, the anatomy, functions, and internal organs of the
criminal are examined, and a careful study made of his intellectual
manifestations and psychology. Similar studies on epileptics and the
morally insane show that the three forms are only variations of the same
degeneration.
We have an examination of occasional, habitual, and latent criminals,
who represent an attenuated type of delinquency, following on the
investigations of these serious forms, admitting of correction,
prevention, or cure. It develops much later in life than the vicious
propensities of instinctive criminals or may even remain latent; yet at
the root we always find the same anatomical and pathological anomalies,
although less marked and fewer in number.
The origin of passionate and political criminals is entirely diverse.
Their criminality springs from an excess of noble passions, the
impetuosity of which prevents them from exercising sober judgment and
urges them to unpremeditated actions that afterwards cause them the
deepest remorse.
After a rapid survey of feminine criminality and its equivalent,
prostitution, the author discusses juridical and social methods of
curing crime.
In the second part, mental alienation in relation to legal medicine, the
author examines the anthropological and psychic characters of lunacy,
which he divides into various classes: congenital mental alienation
(cretinism, idiocy, imbecility, eccentricity); acquired mental
alienation (mania, melancholia, paranoia, circular insanity, dementia);
mental alienation in conjunction with neurosis (epilepsy, hysteria,
progressive general paralysis); alienation resulting from toxic
influences (alcoholism, including forms produced by indulgence in
absinthe and coca, saturnine encephalopathy, pellagra). An investigation
is made into the etiology of these various forms with special reference
to their juridical importance.
The third part is devoted exclusively to medico-legal questions, to an
examination of the various forms of violent death: by heat, electricity,
starvation, hanging, strangulation, asphyxia, and poisoning, the
symptoms which distinguish each type being carefully defined. This is
followed by a study on wounds produced by firearms, pointed weapons or
blades, on living and dead bodies, in order to determine the exact
situation of the wound and the manner in which it has been inflicted.
Finally, we have an examination of the different forms of poisoning.
A separate lecture treats of sexual psychopathy and offences against
morality; and other lectures discuss questions of legal obstetrics:
abortion, infanticide, and matrimonial questions.
XI
_Recent Discoveries in Psychiatry and Criminal Anthropology and the
Practical Application of these Sciences_
This volume was published in 1893. It contains a complete summary of the
latest research of criminologists in jurisprudence, psychiatry, and
anthropology, during the interval between the publication of the fifth
and that of the last edition of Prof. Lombroso's _Criminal Man_.
The research includes anthropological discoveries in the skull,
skeleton, internal organs, and brains of criminals, as well as others of
a biological and functional nature. They are followed by a study of the
methods to be employed for the cure and punishment of crime.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CHIEF WORKS OF CESARE LOMBROSO
Archivio di Psichiatria, antropologia criminale e scienze affini
(Archives of Psychiatry, Criminal Anthropology and Kindred Sciences).
Thirty-two volumes. Published by Fratelli Bocca, Turin and Lausanne.
L'Uomo Delinquente (Criminal Man). Fifth Edition. Vols. I, II and III of
xxxv + 650, 576, and 677 pages respectively, with separate volume of
plates, maps, etc. Bocca, Turin, 1906, 1907.
_Translations:_
L'Hommea criminel. Vols. I and II published 1895, Vol. III (Le
crime, ses causes et remedes) 1907, by F. Alcan, Paris.
Die Ursachen und Bekampfung des Verbrechens. Bermuheler Verlag,
Berlin, 1902.
El Delito, sus causas y remedios. Libreria de Victoriano Suarez,
Madrid, 1902.
La Donna Delinquente, la prostituta e la donna normale. (With Guglielmo
Ferrero.) New Edition. Bocca, Turin, 1903.
_Translations:_
Das Weib als Verbrecherin und Prostitute. Verlagsanstalt und
Druckerei, Hamburg, 1894.
The Female Offender. Fisher Unwin, London, 1895.
Il Delitto Politico e le Rivoluzioni. (With R. Laschi.) Bocca, Turin,
1890.
_Translations:_
Das politische Verbrechen und die Revolutionen. Two vols. 1890.
Le Crime politique. Two vols. Felix Alcan, Paris, 1890.
Le piu recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed
antropologia criminale. Bocca, Turin, 1893.
_Translations:_
Neue Fortschritte in den Verbrecherstudien. Wilhelm Friedrich,
Leipzig. 1894.
Neue Fortschritte der kriminellen Anthropologie. Marhold, Halle,
1908.
Neue Verbrecherstudien. Marhold, Halle, 1908.
Nouvelles recherches de Psychiatrie et d'Anthropologie criminelle.
Alcan, Paris, 1890.
Gli anarchici. Bocca, Turin, 1894.
_Translations:_
Die Anarchisten. Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei, Hamburg, 1895.
Les Anarchistes. E. Flammarion, Paris, 1896.
La Perizia psichiatrico-legale. Bocca, Turin, 1905.
Lezioni di Medicina legale. Bocca, Turin, 1900.
Troppo Presto: Appunti al nuovo codice penale. Bocca, Turin, 1888.
Palimsesti del carcere. Bocca, Turin, 1888.
_Translations:_
Kerker Palimpsesten. Hamburg, 1899.
Les Palimpsestes des prisons. Stock, Lyon.
La Delinquenza e la rivoluzione francese. Treves, Milan, 1897.
Criminal Anthropology. (Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine, Vol.
XII, pp. 372-433.) New York, 1897.
Luccheni e l'antropologia criminale. Bocca, Turin, 1899.
Il caso Olivo. (With A. G. Bianchi.) Libreria Editrice Internazionale,
Milan, 1905.
Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotici e spiritici. Unione Tip. Edit. Turin,
1909.
L'Uomo di genio. Sixth Edition. Bocca, Turin, 1894.
_Translations:_
L'Homme de genie. Alcan, Paris, 1889.
The Man of Genius. Walter Scott, London, 1891.
Genio e degenerazione. Second Edition. Remo Sandron, Palermo, 1908.
_Translations:_
Entartung und Genie. Wiegand, Leipzig, 1894.
Nuovi studi sul genio. Two vols. Sandron, Palermo, 1902.
_Translations:_
Neue Studien ueber Genialitaet (Schmidt's Jahrbuecher der gesammten
Medizin, 1907).
Pazzi e anormali. Lapi, Citta di Castello, 1890.
In Calabria. Niccolo Giannotta, Catania, Sicily, 1898.
L'Antisemitismo e le scienze moderne. Roux, Turin, 1894.
_Translations:_
Der Antisemitismus und die Juden. Wiegand's Verlag, Leipzig, 1894.
L'Antisemitisme. Giard et Briere, Paris, 1899.
Problemes du jour. Flammarion, Paris, 1906.
Il momento attuale in Italia. Casa Editrice Nazionale, Milan, 1905.
Grafologia. Ulrich Hoepli, Milan, 1895.
_Translations:_
Graphologie. Reclam, Leipzig.
Trattato profilattico e clinico della pellagra. Bocca, Turin, 1890.
_Translations:_
Die Lehre von der Pellagra. Oscar Coblenz, Berlin, 1898.
INDEX
A
Affection for animals, 62, 63
Affections, of born criminals, 27
in children, 133
examination of, 222-225
Age and crime, 102, 151, 152
Akkas, tribe of Central Africa, 15
Alcoholism, and hallucinations, 30, 82-84
chronic, 81, 142-143
physical characteristics, 81, 82
psychic disturbances caused by, 82-84
results of, 83
apathy and impulsiveness of victims, 84, 85
crimes peculiarly due to, 85, 142
course of the disease, 86
hereditary, 138
important factor in criminality, 138, 141
temporary, 141-142
and epilepsy, 142
effect on handwriting, 229
Algometer, 25, 246
Anfossi's tachyanthropometer, 237
craniograph, 239
Angelucci (_Actes du Congres d' Anthropologie_), case of epileptic moral
insanity, 69
Anomalies, of criminals, 7, 10-24, 231-235
of morally insane, 53
Anthropology, criminal, defined, 5
most important discovery of, 137
practical application of, 262-279
Aphasia, simulation of, 272 _ff._, 275
Arson, 121
Arts and industries of criminals, 44, 135
Assaulters, 25
Asylums for criminal insane, 205-208
Asymmetry, 13, 53, 242, 261
Atavism, 18, 135, 136
Atavistic origin of the criminal, 8, 9, 19, 48, 135
Australia, probation system in, 189, 191
Austria, percentage of illegitimates among criminals, 144
percentage of women among criminals, 151
Auto-illusion, 108, 109
Aymaras, the, an Indian tribe of South America, 6
Azara, d' (_Travels in America_, 1835), 126
Azeglio, Massimo d' (_Reminiscences_), 148
B
Bain, 130
Ballve, Senor, director of Penitenciario Nacional of Buenos Ayres, 201
Bank of Rome case, 106, 107
Barnardo, Dr., work for orphans and destitute children of London, 158-160
Beccaria, Cesare, founder of Classical School of Penal Jurisprudence, 3,
4
Bedlam, 207
Belgian Government, agricultural colony founded at Meseplas by, 202
Belgium, probation system in, 191
Bernard, experiments with dogs, 60
Blasio, de, explanation of hieroglyphics of the Camorristi, 43, 44
Booth, General, 156, 157
Born criminals, 3-51
percentage of, among criminals, 8, 100
physical characteristics, 10-24, 231-255
sensory and functional peculiarities, 24-27
affections and passions, 27, 28
moral characteristics, 28-40
intelligence, 41
relation to moral insanity and epilepsy, 58-73, 87, 259
professional characteristics, 71
difference between epileptics and, 72
no criminal scale among, 152
institutions for, 205 _ff._
Bosco and Rice (_Les Homicides aux Etats-Unis_), on crime in
Massachusetts, 173
Brigands, 35, 113-115, 215
Broadmoor, 207, 208
Brockway, 192
Buechner, on instincts in bees and ants, 142
Burglars, 25
Burton (_First Footsteps in East Africa_), 128
C
Cabred, Professor, 203, 204
Camorra, 44, 48, 117, 230
Camorristi, hieroglyphics of, 43, 44
dress, 230
Canada, homes for destitute children, 160
Capital punishment, 208, 209
Carrara, Francesco, 4
Carrara, Prof. Mario, on neglected children, 130
Cephalic index, 10, 241
Children, destructive tendency, 65
instincts, 130 _ff._
affection, 133
effect of environment on, 144
institutions for destitute, 156 _ff._
methods of dealing with, 176 _ff._
susceptibility to suggestion, 226
Children's courts. _See_ Juvenile courts
Cinaedus, 231, 244
Classical School of Penal Jurisprudence, 4, 9
Classification of criminals, 8
Colour-blindness, 26, 249
Confession of criminaloids, 105
Connon, Richard, 53
Coprophagia, 274, 275
Corporal punishment, 191
Cretins, physical characteristics, 227, 234, 236, 260
dress, 231
Crime, origin of the word, 125
among primitive races, 125 _ff._
in civilised communities, 134
atavistic origin, 135, 136, 137
aetiology of, 136
pathological origin, 137
organic factors, 137
percentage of, among Jews, 140
social causes, 143
prevention, 153 _ff._
curability, 153, 156
Criminal, the, defined, 3
Criminal type, 24, 48
Criminaloids, 100-121
percentage of, among criminals, 8
physical characteristics, 102, 251
psychological distinctions between born criminals and, 102 _ff._
cases of, 103, 104
reluctance to commit crimes, 105
easily induced to confess, 105
moral sense and intelligence, 106
natural affections and sentiments, 106
social position and culture, 107 _ff._
clever swindlers, 108
development into habitual criminals, 111-113
and certain crimes, 121
punishment, 186
Cruelty, 39
Cynicism, 31
D
Dalton (_Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal_), 129
Danish prisons, 195
"Darwin's tubercle," 15, 235
Dejerine, 138
Delirium, 98
Dementia, 76, 227, 259, 260
simulations of, 272 _ff._
Despine's method of punishment, 195, 196
Destitute children, care of, 156
institutions for, 156 _ff._
Dewson, Miss Mary, 189
Disease and its relation to crime, 8, 220
Don Bosco, the Black Pope, 157, 173
Drunkenness, temporary, 141. _See also_ Alcoholism
Du Bois-Reymond's apparatus, 25, 246
Dundrum, Ireland, 207
Dynamometer, 252, 253
E
Economic conditions, relation to crime, 150
Education, and moral insanity, 143
and crime, 143, 149
in Elmira Reformatory, 193
"Educational Alliance," for Jewish emigrants, 172
Egypt, theft in, 128
Elmira Reformatory, 192-194
England, crime in, 173
juvenile court in, 176
probation system in, 189, 191
asylums for criminal insane, 207
Environment, 8, 144, 145
Epilepsy, ancient application of the term, 58
characteristic phenomena, 58
mild forms, 59, 60
multiformity, 59, 60, 87
psychological characteristics, 61
effect on character, 62
relation to crime, 69, 71
motory and criminal, 71
psychic, 88
ambulatory, 89, 90
alcoholic psychic, 142
Epileptics, brain cells of, 22
relation to born criminals and morally insane 58 _ff._, 87
physical anomalies common to criminals and, 60, 61, 234
psychological characteristics, 61 _ff._
cases, 64-65
criminal, 66-69, 70, 259
difference between born criminals and, 72
non-criminal, 89-92
obsessions, 226
dress, 230
special offences, 259, 260
Epileptoids, 101
Erotomania, 96
Esthesiometer, 245
Examination of criminals, 219-257
antecedents and psychic individuality, 220-222
intelligence, 222
affections, 222-225
morbid phenomena, 225-226
speech, 226-228
memory, 228
handwriting, 228-230
dress, 230-231
physical, 231-245
sensibility, 245-251
movements, 251-255
functions, 255
table of, 255-257
F
Fines, 187, 191
Fisherton House, 207
Forgers, 46, 140, 245
France, percentage of illegitimates or orphans among minors arrested, 144
system for minor offences, 187
probation system in, 191
Frank, Francis, 223
French Panama Scandal, 106, 107
G
Gambling, 40
Games, 40
Garofalo, Senator, his table of penalties, 210
George, Henry, 164
George Junior Republic, 160, 164-167
Germans, ancient, theft among, 128, 129
Gilmour (_Among the Mongols_), 130
Gipsies, 140
Goitre, 220, 244
H
Habitual criminals, 44, 110-115, 198
Hallucinations, 30, 82-84
Hamburg, percentage of illegitimates among prostitutes, 144
Handwriting, 228-230
Harwick, quoted, on sense of right and wrong, 33
Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society in New York City, 160-164
Heredity, indirect, 137
direct, 57, 137-139
influence of, 144, 220, 235
Hieroglyphics, 43, 44
Homicide, among criminaloids, 121
in Italy, 140
relation of temperature to, 145
in Massachusetts, 173
and melancholia, 259
Hydrosphygmograph, 223
Hypnotism, 101
Hysteria, 92-99
relation to epilepsy, 92
physical and functional characteristics, 93
psychology, 94
susceptibility to suggestion, 95, 226
and delirium, 98
sensibility to metals, 248, 261
special offences of, 259
simulation of, 261
I
Idiots, impulses, 74, 258
speech, 227
physical characteristics, 235, 260
Idleness, 40, 150
Illegitimates, percentage of, among criminals, 144
Imbeciles, 75, 259, 260, 269
Imitation, 146
Immigration and its relation to crime, 147, 148
Imprisonment, 154, 186, 187
Impulsiveness, 36, 85
Incendiaries, 26
Indemnity, 191
India, infanticide in, 126
theft in, 129
Industrial Homes of the Salvation Army, 168
Inebriates, crimes peculiar to, 85-86
hallucinations of, 226
Infanticide, 121, 126, 127
Insane, the morally, relation to born criminals, 53, 57, 58
cases, 53 _ff._
relation to epileptics, 61, 65 _ff._
professional characteristics, 71
institutions for, 206
dress, 230
special offences, 259, 260
Insane criminals, 74-99, 234
characteristics distinguishing them from habitual criminals, 77, 78
antecedents, 78
motives, 78
typical cases, 79
institutions for, 205 _ff._
two classes, 208
Insanity, moral, 56, 65-69, 272 _ff._
criminal, 74-99
genuine and simulation of, 260, 276. _See also_ Lunacy
Institutions, for destitute children, 156
for destitute adults, 167
for women criminals, 180
for minor offenders, 185
for habitual criminals, 198
for born criminals and the morally insane, 205. _See also_
Reformatories, Penitentiaries
Intellectual manifestations of born criminals, 42-44
Intelligence, of born criminals, 41
of criminaloids, 106
examination, 222
Invulnerability of criminals, 64
Italy, hot-beds of crime in, 140
percentage of illegitimates among criminals, 144
percentage of women among criminals, 151
institutions for orphans, 157
J
Jackson, on epileptic fits, 60
Jews, percentage of crime among, 140
Jukes family, the, 138, 139
Juridical criminals, 115-117
Juvenile courts, 176, 178, 179
Juvenile offenders, 139
methods of dealing with, 176 _ff._, 192
K
Kleptomania, 141
Kowalewsky (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1885), 63
Krafft-Ebing, 84
quoted, on somnambulism and epileptics, 63
L
Labour, in reformatories, 166, 199
enforced, profitable to the State, 202, 203, 213
Lacassagne, 47
Ladelci (_Il Vino_, 1868), 37
Landolt's apparatus for testing the field of vision, 249
Lewisohn, Mr., 161
Lombroso, Cesare, discovery of _median occipital fossa_, 6
new theory as to criminals, 52, 56, 57
view of hysteria and epilepsy, 99
on percentage of criminals of inebriate families, 138
on criminal associations, 146
_Criminal Man_, 9, 288-291
_Modern Forms of Crime_, 9
_Recent Research in Criminal Anthropology_, 9, 309
_Prison Palimpsests_, 9, 155, 300-302
_The Female Offender_, 180, 291-294
_Crimes, Ancient and Modern_, 173, 302-303
_The Man of Genius_, 283-288
_Political Crime_, 294-298
_Too Soon_, 298-300
_Diagnostic Methods of Legal Psychiatry_, 303-305
_Anarchists_, 305-307
_Lectures on Legal Medicine_, 307-308
Luciani, experiments of, 59
Lunacy, general forms, 74, _See also_ Insanity
M
Maccabruni, Dr. (_Notes on Hidden Forms of Epilepsy_, 1886), 89
Mafia, 117, 230
Magnaud, 187
Maniacs, 76, 259
Manzoni (_Promessi Sposi_), on instinctive tendency to law-breaking, 152
Marey's tympanum, 224
Marro (_Annalidi Freniatia_, 1890), 64
Massachusetts, crime in, 173
probation office in Boston, 189
reformatories at Boston, 190
Mattoids, 228, 229
_Median occipital fossa_, discovery of, 6
Melancholia, 75, 227, 252, 259
Memory, 228
Mendacity, 96-98
Meseplas, agricultural colony at, 202, 203
Metchnikoff, 14
Meteoric sensibility, 26
Modern School of Penal Jurisprudence, 4, 5, 9, 153, 155, 156
Monomaniacs, impulses and motives, 77
cases, 78, 276 _ff._
handwriting, 228, 230
dress, 231
examination of, 276 _ff._
Moral sense, of criminals, 28-40
of criminaloids, 106
Moreau, 130
(_De l' Homicide chez les enfants_, 1882), 131
Morel, 53, 98
Muelhausen (_Diary of a Journey from the Mississippi to the Pacific_), 129
Murder, among gipsies, 140
among Jews, 140
in United States, 145
Murderers, physical characteristics, 16, 18, 26, 46, 236
moral sense, 29, 38
imprisonment, 182
dress, 230
N
Newspaper reports of crimes, influence of, 146, 147
Nothnagel's thermo-esthesiometer, 247
O
Obermayer's methods in prisons, 195, 196
Obscenity, 63
Occupations suitable for prisoners, 197, 203, 204
"Open Door," the, penal institution in Buenos Ayres, 203, 204
Orange, 208
Orgies, 40
Osmometer, 251
Ottolenghi, discoveries of, 61
P
Paralysis, 75, 226, 229
Paralytic, demented, 269
"Paranza," 48
Paresis, 82, 83
Parkinson's disease, 252
Passion, criminals of, 117-121, 186
Patrizi, 224
"Patta, La" 41
Pears (_Prisons and Reform_, 1872), 196
Pederasts, 232
Pellagra, 76, 150
Pelvimeter, 239
Penal codes, 176, 178
Penal colonies, 201-204
Penalties, 153
table of, proposed by the Modern School, 210-212
Penitenciario Nacional of Buenos Ayres, 198-203
Penitentiaries, 194-198
Penta, on percentage of criminals of inebriate families, 138
Perez,(_Psychologie de l'enfant_), quoted, on anger in children, 131
Perth, Scotland, 207
Peruvian Indians, 6, 7
Physical anomalies of criminals, 7, 10-24, 231-245
Pictet, 125
Pictography, 43
Pinel, 37, 53
Plethysmograph, 223, 225, 264
Poisoners, 31, 182
Political offenders, 186
Polyandry, 127
Population, density of, effect on criminality, 146, 148
Positive School of Penal Jurisprudence. _See_ Modern School of Penal
Jurisprudence
Pott, 125
Poverty and crime, 150
Precocity in crime, 222
Preventive methods, 175 _ff._
Primitive races, tattooing among, 45
views of crime, 125-129, 134
death penalty among, 209
Prison life, effect upon criminals, 148, 149, 153, 154, 186
Probation Office in Boston, 189
Probation system, 178, 179, 188-191
Professions and crime, 149, 150, 221
Progeneismus, 13, 60, 243
Prognathism, 7, 12
Prostitution, 144, 151, 180
Proverbial sayings concerning criminals, 49, 50
Prussia, percentage of illegitimates among criminals, 144
Psychology of born criminals, 27 _ff._
Ptosis, 14, 236
Punishments, 185
corporal, 191
capital, 208, 209
R
Race and crime, 139, 140
Recidivists, 46, 222
Reformatories, 182, 192
_Reformatory Prison for Women_ at South Framingham, near Boston, 183-185
Remorse, 29
Repentance, 29
Rescue Homes of the Salvation Army, 169
_Revue d'Anthropologie_, 1874, 128
Ribaudo, Brancaleone, 138
Richet, experiments with dogs, 59, 60
on hysteria, 95
Roncoroni, discoveries of, 21, 22, 61, 100
Rosenbach, experiments of, 59
"Rota, La" 41
S
Salvation Army, 167-170
Samt, on epilepsy, 88, 90, 91
San Stefano, island, convict population, 34
Sensibility, general, 24, 245, 246, 277
to touch and pain, 25, 245, 246, 277
to the magnet, 26
meteoric, 26
of the senses, 26, 249-251
localisation of, 247
to metals, 248
Simulation, 97, 261, 272
Sisterhoods founded by Rabbi Gottheil, 170-172
Skin diseases, 232
Skull, formations, 10-12
measurements, 239-242
Slang, 28, 33, 42, 152
Smugglers, 114
Snow (_Two Years' Cruise round Tierra del Fuego_), 129
Social causes of crime, 143
Somatic examination, 260, 277
Somnambulism, 63, 141
South America, institutions for orphans, 157
Salvation Army in, 170
reformatories, 192
penal institution in Buenos Ayres, 203
Spain, percentage of women among criminals, 151
Spencer (_Principles of Ethics_, 1895), 129
Strabismus, 14, 236
Strength, 27, 252
Suggestion, susceptibility to, 95, 269
examination of, 226
case, 269
Suicide, 119, 259
Swindlers, characteristics, 16, 18, 20, 25, 46, 231, 245, 246
percentage among criminaloids, 108
cases, 109
imprisonment of, 182
Sydenham, on hysteria, 95
Symbiosis, 212-215
T
Tachyanthropometer, 237
Tamburini, quoted, 37
Tardieu (_De la Folie_, 1870), 85
Tattooing, 39, 45-48, 232
Temperature, relation to crime, 145
Theft, instincts of, 37, 38
petty, 117
percentage of, among criminaloids, 121
among primitive races, 128-130
and paralysis, 259
and epileptics, 260
Thieves, physical characteristics, 20, 46, 150, 236, 243-244
cases, 28, 29, 37, 38
moral sense, 32-35
handwriting, 230
Tissie (_Les alienes voyageurs_, 1887), 88
Tonnini, 62, 64, 65
Traumatism, 140, 141
Treachery, 34
U
United States, institutions for destitute children, 160
percentage of crime in, 173, 174
probation system in, 178, 189, 190
juvenile courts in, 178
reformatories in, 192
V
Vanicek, 126, 127
Vanity, 35
Vidocq, 35
Vindictiveness, 38
Volumetric glove, 224
Volumetric tank, 223
W
Weber's esthesiometer, 245
_Where the Shadows Lengthen_, 168
Women, percentage of criminality among, 151, 180
nature of criminality among, 181, 182
Work, motive force of every institute, 197
Wormian bones, 12
Z
Zakka Khel, criminal tribe in India, 129, 140
Zehen, experiments of, 59
Zino, 41
THE SCIENCE SERIES
EDITED BY EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE, PH.D., AND F. E. BEDDARD. M.A., F.R.S.
1.--+The Study of Man.+ By Professor A. C. HADDON, M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
Fully illustrated. 8º. $2.00.
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and knows how to make the subject attractive.... The work is
calculated to spread among its readers an attraction to the science
of anthropology. The author's observations are exceedingly genuine
and his descriptions are vivid."--_London Athenaeum._
2.--+The Groundwork of Science.+ A Study of Epistemology. By ST. GEORGE
MIVART, F.R.S. 8º. $1.75.
"The book is cleverly written and is one of the best works of its
kind ever put before the public. It will be interesting to all
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3.--+Rivers of North America.+ A Reading Lesson for Students of Geography
and Geology. By ISRAEL C. RUSSELL, Professor of Geology, University of
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4.--+Earth Sculpture+; or, +The Origin of Land-Forms+. By JAMES GEIKIE,
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5.--+Volcanoes.+ By T. G. BONNEY, F.R.S., University College, London.
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6.--+Bacteria+: Especially as they are related to the economy of nature,
to industrial processes, and to the public health. By GEORGE NEWMAN,
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all such will find in this book popular treatment and scientific
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7.--+A Book of Whales.+ By F. E. BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S. Illustrated. 8º.
$2.00.
"Mr. Beddard has done well to devote a whole volume to whales. They
are worthy of the biographer who has now well grouped and described
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8.--+Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology.+ With
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DANIEL G. BRINTON, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D., Late Professor of American
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15.--+The Nature of Man.+ Studies in Optimistic Philosophy. By ELIE
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24.--+Thinking, Feeling, Doing.+ An Introduction to Mental Science. By E.
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189 Illustrations. 2d Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo. Net,
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knowledge."--_Jour. Amer. Med. Ass'n._, Feb. 22, 1908.
25.--+The World's Gold.+ By L. DE LAUNAY, Professor at the Ecole
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Issue," etc. Crown 8vo. Net, $1.75.
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26.--+The Interpretation of Radium.+ By FREDERICK SODDY, Lecturer in
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27.--+Criminal Man.+ According to the Classification of CESARE LOMBROSO.
Briefly Summarized by his Daughter, Gina Lombroso Ferrero. With 36
Illustrations and a Bibliography of Lombroso's Publications on the
Subject.
_In preparation:_
+The Invisible Spectrum.+ By Professor C. E. MENDENHALL, University of
Wisconsin.
+The Physiology and Hygiene of Exercise.+ By Dr. G. L. MEYLAN, Columbia
University.
_Other volumes to be announced later_
Footnotes:
[1] For a description of the methods employed in measuring skulls see
Part III.
[2] For a description of the methods used in measuring the acuteness of
these senses, see Part III.
[3] As in the case of the Sicilian brigand Salomone (see Fig. 19).
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
Passages in bold are indicated by +bold+.
Illustration captions are indicated by =caption=.
Additional spacing after some of the quotes is intentional to indicate
both the end of a quotation and the beginning of a new paragraph as
presented in the original text.
The original text includes Greek characters. These characters have been
removed from this text version because the original text provides a
translation.
The following misprints were corrected:
"possesssed" corrected to "possessed" (page xiv)
"Ethnolgy" corrected to "Ethnology" (page 129)
"pecuilar" corrected to "peculiar" (page 135)
"associaton" corrected to "association" (page 187)
"segregrated" corrected to "segregated" (page 206)
"distinguising" corrected to "distinguishing" (page 228)
"chlidren" corrected to "children" (page 321)
"his" corrected to "has" (advertisements)