Meeting the Gold Escort; Murder of Constable Nelson; A Brush with
the Police; Attempt to Stick Up the Araluen Gold Escort; Death of
Constable Kelly and Pluck of Constable Burns; Sir Frederick Pottinger
Resigns; Death of Ben Hall; Sketch of his Life; Death of Johnny
Gilbert; Record of John Dunn and the Gang; Capture and Trial of
Johnny Dunn; His Execution; Fate of the Chief Members of the Gardiner
Gang.
Like many other young men I spent a few years on the diggings in hopes
of making "my pile," and early in 1865 I, in company with two mates,
left the King's Plains, where we had just finished working out a hole,
and started for Apple Tree Flat, near Mudgee, where a rush had recently
taken place. We were well mounted, and had a packhorse which "belonged
to the firm." One of my mates was a keen sportsman, and his horse had
won several prizes at those country meetings known as "Publican's
Races," from the fact that they were organised by a publican and
held near his house for obvious business reasons. We were travelling
steadily along the road leading from Blaney to Bathurst, near Back
Creek, when we saw the Government Gold Escort in the distance. The
police authorities of New South Wales had learned a lesson from the
Great Escort Robbery of 1862, and no longer mounted all the police on
the coach or drag in which the gold was conveyed to Sydney. At the
place we had arrived at the road, a chain and a half wide (99 feet),
had been cleared through a stretch of heavy forest timber. It ran as
straight as possible as far as the eye could reach, and was bordered on
either side by a dense growth of timber and scrub rising to a height
of from 200 to 300 feet like a wall of greenery. In the centre of the
roadway was a metalled or gravelled road about fifteen feet wide. The
remainder on either side was graded to near the timber line, where
a small cutting to carry off surface water was made. We rode on the
soft grassy side slopes and left the metalled or gravelled road for
vehicles. It was in the centre of this gorge in the forest that we
first sighted the escort. First rode a single trooper; at fifty yards
distance came two more; then, at about the same distance, came the
escort cart, drawn by four horses, the driver and another policeman
sitting on the front seat, while a third trooper sat behind. A mounted
trooper also rode one on each side of the cart. Fifty yards further
back were two more troopers, while the rear was brought up by another
single trooper. The troopers had their carbines ready in their hands,
the butts resting on their thighs. When the leading trooper came within
hail of us, he cried "Halt," and raised his rifle. We halted. The
two troopers behind him came forward at a rapid pace until they were
near enough to support him, if necessary. The cart stopped, and the
other troopers gathered round it ready to defend it. The sergeant in
charge inquired what our names were, where we were going, and what was
our business. We told him. He said our horses were superior to those
usually ridden by diggers. We replied that we didn't care about riding
old screws. He asked whether the two guns we carried were loaded. We
informed him that one was loaded with shot in case we came across a
duck or a pigeon. He told us to sit up straight and follow him. Then he
motioned to the two troopers just behind him. He led the way while the
troopers followed behind us. We all kept to the side of the road; the
cart having been drawn up on the other side. The other troopers sat on
their horses, carbine in hand, as we passed. It was a most impressive
show of force out there in the bush. The sergeant and two troopers
conducted us for about a hundred yards past the cart and then pulled
up. The sergeant said it was difficult to tell what men were by their
appearance. He advised us to be very careful, and asked if we had any
gold or money with us. We told him that we had been at Lambing Flat,
and knew what the state of the country was. We did not feel disposed to
carry gold or very much money with us while there were banks in every
town. He said we were right and wished us good day after telling us
to ride straight on and not attempt to turn back. We laughed and said
we were travelling in the opposite direction and had no desire to turn
back. In talking the matter over in our camp that night we decided that
great as the improvement in the escort service had been it would not
be impossible to rob the escort again. If, for instance, we had been
part of a gang of bushrangers, sent to draw the attention of the police
to us, while another portion of the gang had been hidden in the scrub,
opposite where the cart stood, the troopers might have been shot down
almost without a chance of defending themselves. However, the escort
protection seems to have been sufficient, as it was not robbed again,
although one or two attempts were made in other districts.
During the first week or two of 1865 very little was heard of Messrs.
Hall & Co., but on January 26th the three principal members of the
firm (Hall, Gilbert, and Dunn), stuck up Mr. Kimberley's store in Main
Street, Collector. Dunn was stationed on guard on the verandah while
Hall and Gilbert went inside to select such articles as they required
or fancied. Constable Nelson, the only policeman stationed in the
little town, was at the lock-up, and on being informed of what was
going on he loaded his carbine and walked down the street towards the
store. Dunn saw him coming and withdrew out of sight behind the fence
at the corner of the verandah, and when the constable was only a few
yards distant the robber fired at him. The constable fell, and Dunn,
coming out of his hiding-place, walked to where he was lying, put his
revolver close to the constable's head, and fired again. Hearing the
shots, Hall and Gilbert came out, and on seeing what had been done,
held a whispered consultation, and then mounted their horses and rode
away. They went straight to Alfred Cramp's farm at Binda, and ordered
dinner. While they were still at table a party of police galloped
up, dismounted, and rushed into the front door of the house as the
bushrangers went out of the back door. A few shots were fired, but the
bushrangers mounted and escaped, owing to the superiority of their
horses. The news of Constable Nelson's death had been conveyed to
the police at once, and they had followed close on the tracks of the
bushrangers.
In February a number of persons were stuck up near Illalong, on the
road between Yass and Burrangong. The robbers were said to have no
connection with the firm of Hall & Co., as they robbed their victims
of their coats and vests. The Hall gang never did this. If they saw a
man with a coat or vest, or any other article of clothing to which they
took a fancy, they would exchange with him, but they only stole clothes
from the stores. However, while the police were out in search of these
plebeian bushrangers, they happened to come across Hall and Gilbert
at Lodge's Inn, Breadalbane Plains, and captured their horses. It was
supposed that the two robbers had been sleeping in the barn. They
rushed out when the police came, and went across a cleared paddock,
both parties firing their revolvers. Constable Wiles was wounded, and
Ben Hall was supposed to have been wounded, as he fell. He was up again
in a moment, however, and succeeded in reaching the timber, the ground
being too rough and heavily-timbered for the police horses to make
their way through it.
A daring attempt was made by Hall and three others to stick up the
Araluen escort on March 16th. The bushrangers fired from behind trees
as the escort cart was going up Major's Creek Mount, at the same place
where a similar attempt had been made about two and a half years
previously. Constable Kelly fell wounded, and died a few days later.
Constable Burns, who was driving, jumped off the cart, put a stone
behind the wheel, and then fired, shouting "Come on." Mr. Blatchford,
J.P., who had been riding beside the driver, remained on his seat until
a voice from behind the trees cried out, "Shoot the---- on the cart."
He then jumped down quickly, but was wounded in the leg. He fell, but
got up again immediately and ran down the hill to Noonan's Hotel for
assistance. Constable Stapleton and his companion forced their horses
up the steep cutting which bordered the road, and disappeared among the
trees. Burns, thus left alone with the cart, sheltered himself behind
it as well as he could, and kept blazing away coolly from his cover.
Suddenly, Constable Stapleton and his companion attacked the robbers in
the rear. Gilbert turned sharply, and said, "You're a---- good shot,
take that," and shot the constable's horse. The two policemen, however,
kept up the firing, and the bushrangers mounted their horses and rode
away. Mr. Blatchford presented Constable Burns with a cheque for £50,
as a reward for the pluck he had shown in defending his charge.
It was at about this time that Sir Frederick Pottinger, who was in
command of the police in this district, was charged with having
neglected his duty. Sir Frederick had ridden in a gentleman's race on
the Wowingragong course. It was rumoured that the bushrangers, for whom
he was supposed to be looking, had been on the course too, and had
not been recognised. Sir Frederick was called to Sydney to attend an
inquiry, and resigned his position in the force. About a month later he
died from the effects of a wound from a pistol, accidentally fired by
himself.
The gang yarded a mob of horses at a station near Murrumburrah and
picked out several of the finest horses, which they took away, leaving
their own knocked-up horses in their place. They rode to Wombat,
where they stuck up a mob of Chinamen, one of whom was shot to make
the others "shell out" their gold more quickly. Then the bushrangers
travelled to Forbes, and on the following day robbed Mr. Jones's store
of £81 in cash and a quantity of clothing and drapery. Information was
given to the police in the town as soon as the robbers left the store,
and a party of police with two black trackers followed them. On the
following evening, May 5th, they came on two hobbled horses feeding
near the Billabong Creek. These were recognised as horses which had
been ridden by the bushrangers, and the police watched them carefully
without allowing themselves to be seen. This was not difficult, as
there were thick patches of scrub about the flat. Half-an-hour later a
man came out of one of these patches of scrub, unhobbled the horses,
and led them away for about two hundred yards to where there was better
grass. It was at that time too dark to distinguish him. He rehobbled
the horses and retired into the scrub once more. The police drew up
closer to this patch with great caution and watched till morning. At
daybreak the man appeared again and looked round to ascertain whether
the horses were in sight, and Inspector Davidson immediately recognised
him as Ben Hall and called on him to stand. Hall turned to go back
into the patch of scrub, and the inspector fired at him. Sergeant
Condell and the four policemen also fired, and Hall stopped and leaned
on a sapling for support. Then Constable Hopkiss took steady aim and
fired again, and Hall let his revolver fall from his hand. The police
went forward and Hall said "I'm hit. Shoot me dead." He relaxed his
hold on the sapling, staggered forward and fell. The police rushed up,
but he died before any attempt could be made to staunch the blood. On
the body being examined one rifle and six revolver bullet wounds were
found, any one of which should have proved fatal. The bushrangers'
horses were soon caught, the body was strapped on one of them, and
the party returned to Forbes. The police were much surprised to find
Hall alone, but conjectured that Gilbert and Dunn had gone down the
Lachlan River to some of the great stations to procure horses, all the
racehorses about Burrangong having been pretty well exhausted. The two
captured with Hall were in very poor condition, and had evidently been
ridden hard. It was supposed that they had knocked up, and that Hall
had stayed behind while his companions sought fresh mounts. He thought
he was quite safe in the scrub, so far away from his usual haunts.
Benjamin Hall was about twenty-eight years of age. His father had come
to the Wedden Mountains district in about 1840, when little Ben was
about three years old. The elder Hall had worked for Mr. Ranken for
some years, and had always borne a good character. When Ben was old
enough he had engaged as stockman with Mr. Hamilton, of Tomanbil. He
saved money, and took up a small station for himself at the Pinnacle,
about fifteen miles from Forbes. He married a daughter of another
settler. He had no sympathy with the bushrangers when the outbreak
under Gardiner occurred, and the police frequently stopped for a
night at his house when looking for the bushrangers near his station.
His wife was of a flighty disposition, and was seduced, it was said,
by a police official, and Hall joined the gang "to meet the man who
ruined my happiness." Such was the story currently believed in the
neighbourhood, and Ben was the only one of the bushrangers for whom
the general public, apart from those who were related to or interested
in them, felt any sympathy. Before "he took to the bush," he was known
as a steady, industrious, kind-hearted young man, and numbers could
scarcely believe that it was the same Ben Hall, the noted bushranger,
of whom everybody was talking.
The death of Ben Hall no doubt had a depressing effect on the
bushrangers generally, but it by no means put an end to their
depredations. On the 11th May, a horse was stolen from Murrumburrah,
and on the following day the horses at Mr. Furlonge's station were
rounded up and a racehorse taken away, the Murrumburrah horse being
left instead of it. Information was immediately sent to the police,
and a party, with the aid of a black tracker, followed the tracks
toward Binalong. The place being near the house where Johnny Dunn's
parents lived, the police camped near and watched the little township
all night, but saw nothing to excite their suspicions. In the morning
a lad named Thomas Kelly, brother of one or two convicted bushrangers,
was asked whether any one was staying at his grandfather's house, and
replied "No." Constables Hales and King, however, walked up to old
Kelly's place, and pushed the door open. Gilbert and Dunn were in
the front room, and immediately fired at the police, who retreated.
A few minutes passed, during which the police were looking to their
revolvers, and then the two bushrangers were seen to emerge by the
back door and walk steadily down the paddock. The police followed,
and some shots were exchanged. Near the fence the bushrangers made
a stand, and there was a pause for a second or so. Then Constables
Hales and Bright fired together, and Gilbert fell. Dunn jumped over
the fence and dashed in among the trees. Some of the police followed,
but he soon disappeared. On examination it was found that a bullet had
entered Gilbert's breast and passed out below the left shoulder-blade,
having travelled through the left ventricle of the heart. He was then
about twenty-five years of age. Old Kelly was arrested and charged with
having harboured bushrangers, and was sent to gaol.
John Dunn, the last of this notorious trio, did not long survive
his two mates. His record as given in the _Yass Courier_ is very
instructive. He joined Hall and Gilbert a few days after the capture
of Mount and the wounding of Dunleavy, and on the 24th of October
robbed Mr. Chisholm on the highway near Goulburn. On the 28th he stuck
up Mr. Macansh's station. On the 28th robbed the Albury mail near
Jugiong. On November the 8th robbed Mr. Rossi's station, near Goulburn.
On the 9th robbed the Southern mail six miles from Goulburn. On the
11th robbed the Yass mail on Breadalbane Plains. On the 15th robbed
the Gundagai mail near Jugiong, and had a desperate fight with the
police, Sergeant Parry being shot by Gilbert. On the 19th robbed Mr.
Clarke's station at Bolero. On December 19th stuck up the Goulburn
mail near Towrang. On the 27th stuck up Mr. Morris's store at Binda,
forced Mr. and Mrs. Morris to go to a ball, and finally burned his
store and dwelling-house. On the 30th stuck up Mr. Davidson and others
on the Murrumburrah Plains. On January 19th, 1865, stuck up Mr. James
Christie's store. On the 25th stuck up Mr. Ross and others on the
Gap Road. On the 27th stuck up a number of carriers and the hotel at
Collector, and shot Constable Nelson. On February 6th stuck up the
Goulburn mail twelve miles from Goulburn. On the 18th stole racehorses
from Messrs. McAlister's and Bowne's. On the 23rd had a desperate fight
with the police on Breadalbane Plains, when several were wounded and
the robbers lost their horses. On March 13th stuck up the Gundaroo
mail near Geary's Gap. On the 14th attempted to rob the Araluen escort
at Major's Creek, when one policeman was mortally wounded, two others
put to flight, while the fourth beat off the bushrangers and saved the
gold. On the 22nd seen at Gardiner's old haunt near the Pinnacle. On
the 24th went to Mr. Atkin's place, near the Billabong Creek, had a
good dinner and enjoyed themselves, besides feeding the horses they
had stolen from Mr. Morton the day before. Left on the 25th, taking
clothes for winter wear and about £90 in cash from Mr. Jones's store,
Forbes. On April 1st stuck up Mr. Sutton's station at Boramble. On the
10th robbed Mr. Watt's Inn at Newra. On the 11th robbed Mr. Gallimore's
store and the White Horse Inn at Black Rock. On the 18th bailed up the
Newbiggen Inn, organised a _soirée dansante_, and compelled all hands
and the cook to take part in it. Afterwards robbed Mr. Lee's station at
Larras Lake. On the 25th robbed Mr. Cropper's station on the Lachlan.
On May 8th robbed two travellers on the Cowra Road, eighteen miles from
Marengo. On the 11th robbed Mr. Furlonge's station. On the 14th four
policemen attacked the bushrangers near Binalong, when Gilbert was shot
and Dunn wounded. On the 15th Dunn alone stuck up Julian's station, and
took a racehorse, a saddle and bridle, and some food. He was not heard
of again until December 18th, when he was recognised by the police near
Mr. McPhail's station, Walgett, and pursued. He escaped, but two days
later a man in whom he had confided gave information to the police as
to his whereabouts, and a desperate struggle took place, Dunn being
wounded in three places and Constable McHale also severely wounded;
Dunn, however, was captured.
This record of the achievements of the gang during the time that Dunn
was a member--namely, from October 24th, 1864, to May 15th, 1865, or
rather less than seven months--although not quite complete, serves to
give a very vivid idea of the terrible scourge which the bushrangers
were to the country. The gang was not more active during the time
covered by this record than it had been before, or since it was first
organised by Frank Gardiner in 1861, while some of the most extensive
robberies committed by the gang belong to the earlier period. However,
with the capture of Johnny Dunn this gang ceased to exist, and we have
only to finish the story of his life before turning back to take notice
of the proceedings of other gangs of bushrangers in other parts of the
colony.
Constable McHale and John Dunn were conveyed as carefully as possible,
and by slow stages, from Walgett to the lock-up at Dubbo, to be nursed
back to health. After some weeks, Dunn appeared to be growing strong,
and as his character was well known, it was deemed expedient to put
him in irons. He resented this treatment, very naturally perhaps, and
refused to eat. He groaned so continuously that he prevented McHale,
who was in bed in the same room in the watch-house, from sleeping.
The police were taken in by this shamming, and thought that Dunn was
dying. They therefore took off his irons. The watch-house was an
ordinary four-roomed weather-board cottage with a verandah. It had been
built as a residence for the local policeman. Behind, was a stronger
building divided into two or three cells for the safe-keeping of the
few evil-doers likely to be arrested in this settlement on the borders
of civilisation. The sick men were in bed in the cottage, the window
of which was only a couple of feet above the level of the plain on
which the town of Dubbo stands. Dunn was not altogether shamming. He
was very weak, but he was strong enough when his irons were removed to
watch for an opportunity to escape. He placed his pillow length-ways
in the bed, covered it with the sheet, which was the only covering
required in that district at that time of the year, and placed a red
silk handkerchief where his head was supposed to rest, as if to keep
the flies or mosquitoes off his face. This was no doubt done to induce
McHale, and any one else who came into the room, to believe that he
was still sleeping. However, when daylight came, McHale saw that the
thing in the other bed was not Dunn and pounded on the floor with a
boot, being too weak to shout. At the time the police on duty in the
next room were laughing and joking about something, and it was some
minutes before McHale could make them hear. At length one of them came
in, and on being told that Dunn was gone, gave the alarm. The tracks
in the dust outside showed that the robber had simply stepped out of
the window, which was kept open on account of the heat, and had made
for the bush. It was Sunday morning, January 11th, 1866, and very few
people were about in the little town. The tracks were lost among the
number of tracks in the roadway and there was no one to give the police
any information as to the direction in which the bushranger had gone.
Search parties were organised and sent out in all directions.
About two miles away a brickmaker was watching his kiln and gathering
brushwood for his fire, although it was Sunday morning, when a man
crawled out from behind a log and begged for a "drink of water, for
God's sake." It was Dunn. He told the brickmaker who he was and begged
him to lend him a horse to get away. "Only save me from hanging and
I'll make it up to you," he cried, but the brickmaker refused. He
went and caught his horse and rode into Dubbo to inform the police,
who returned with him and recaptured the runaway. Dunn was forwarded
to Bathurst without delay and was lodged in the gaol, while Smith,
the brickmaker, was rewarded for the assistance he had rendered in
effecting the recapture of the noted bushranger.
By the latter end of February Dunn was sufficiently recovered from the
effects of his wound to be placed on trial. He was charged with the
murder of Constable Nelson. The evidence shows that a number of persons
had been stuck up on the road between Taradale and Collector. They were
marched to Kimberley's Hotel and taken inside by Hall and Gilbert,
while Dunn remained outside in charge of the horses. Dunn called a
boy, who was standing in the street and who chanced to be the son of
Constable Nelson, and told him to hold the horses and not let them go
unless he wanted his brains blown out. The party in the hotel were
singing and dancing, and the constable hearing the noise walked from
the watch-house to where his son was and asked him what was going on.
The boy told him the bushrangers were there and the constable returned
to his house for his gun. When he came back he did not see Dunn, who
was hiding behind the fence, and walked towards the front door of the
hotel, when he was shot as already related. Gilbert came to the door
immediately and Dunn cried out "I've shot the---- trap." Gilbert walked
to where the body was lying, turned it over, and took off the belt,
saying "This is just what I wanted. I've lost mine." At that moment
Hall came up and the three bushrangers took their horses and went off.
Dunn was found guilty and sentenced to death. He was hung on March
19th, 1866. He was of slight build and only twenty-two years old when
he died.
Of the chief members of this gang Gardiner was sentenced to thirty-two
years' penal servitude; Vane surrendered owing to the influence of
Father McCarthy and was sent to gaol for fifteen years; Bow and Fordyce
were sentenced to death, but their sentences were commuted to fifteen
years' imprisonment; Manns, Peisley, and Dunn were hanged; Lowry, Ben
Hall, and Gilbert were shot by the police, and Burke and O'Meally by
civilians; Mount or "the Old Man" was sent to gaol for ten years.
There were others who either claimed or were supposed to be members
of this gang, but it is difficult to say with certainty how far these
claims were justified. Some of these have already been referred to,
and others will be mentioned further on. Probably some who intended to
join the gang were captured before they had an opportunity to do so.
Others merely said they had been out with Ben Hall or Johnny Gilbert
on account of the kudos they gained among their fellows. However this
may be, the majority of the members of this gang were quite young men,
many of them little more than boys. Several were under twenty years of
age, and all with the exception of Mount, sometime known as "the Old
Man," under thirty. Their lives may have been exciting, but they were
short, and none of them, with the exception of Gardiner perhaps, made
any money by their robberies. They all died poor.