CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ETC.
Elsewhere in this work I have briefly pointed out the main features in
the physical geography of the Kilima-njaro region, the dry, almost
uninhabited plains, covered with coarse yellow grass and stunted trees,
save where perennial streams induce rich vegetation; the misty
snow-capped mountains, where the damp climate causes a verdure and a
freshness reminding us of the fairest portions of our own island; the
majestic forests that clothe certain districts like Taveita, or, not far
distant, the broad flats white with natron-salt, the beds of dried-up
lakes. With a country offering such very diverse features there are
naturally wide ranges of temperature and an infinite variety of climate.
Two days’ climb on Kilima-njaro will transfer you from equatorial heat
to Arctic cold. You may change your surroundings in this short period
from the tropical vegetation of Taveita to a lifeless wilderness of ice,
rocks, and snow. Midway up the mountain there are lovely regions, mild,
equable, and moist, with a climate resembling a Devonshire summer. Here
the intense verdure and the luxuriance of fern life testify to the
constant showers of gentle rain. A few thousand feet below, in the salt
plains, you may be parched and scorched by the hot desert winds,
recalling—though in a much modified degree—the sirocco or khamsīn of
Northern Africa. In the forests of Taveita the (to me, not disagreeable)
unvarying, moist, greenhouse warmth of the tropical lowlands awaits you.
Here, perhaps, the utmost range of the thermometer during the
twenty-four hours will be ten or twelve degrees. In the outer plains it
may vary from 91° in the early afternoon to 58° before dawn.
During the four months (June—September) of my stay in Moši, at an
altitude of 5000 feet, the average readings in the shade of the
thermometer were as follows: At noon, 71°; at 8 p.m., 60°; at 6 a.m.,
58°. The lowest reading at noon was 68° (August 12th); the highest 80°
(July 3rd and June 12th). The lowest reading at night (from 10 to 12
p.m.) was 54°; the highest 62. In my more elevated collecting stations,
at 10,000 and 11,000 feet, the lowest night temperature (recorded) was
29°; the highest at 3 p.m., 65°. At Taveita the highest registered was
90° at 3 p.m.; the lowest at 4 a.m., 60°. The highest temperature ever
recorded in the plains between Kilima-njaro and the coast was 91°.
From these observations the reader will perceive that, for at least six
months of the year, the temperature of this portion of Eastern Africa is
quite bearable, if not in some places delightful. Nowhere is there
extreme heat, and the nights are always so far cool, that bedclothes are
supportable and sleep is refreshing. What it is for the other half of
the year I cannot personally say, as I have had no experience, but
travellers and missionaries who know the adjacent countries assure me
that the temperature is but little higher during the other months when
the wet season prevails; it is rather that the climate becomes
everywhere more equable, and the thermometer does not descend so
relatively low at night.
The seasons that prevail over this district are also influenced by local
surroundings. Close to the coast the rains commence in October, intermit
from December to March, and return in all their force during April and
May. The true “dry season” is from June till October, during which not a
drop of rain falls, though the sky is often clouded. Between the coast
country and the elevated plateau about 100 miles inland there is a
district which is much stinted in its rainfall, except where unusually
high mountains arrest the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean.
There we arrive at the most general type of African scenery—wide,
rolling savannahs, covered with grass and scattered clumps of trees.
These extend, here and there broken by mountain ranges, to the shores of
the Victoria Nyanza, and over all this district the rainfall is
generally limited to the months of November, December, March, April, and
May. On the western shores of the Nyanza Lake rain falls during ten
months of the year, a contrast to the regions lying in the same
latitudes between the Victoria Nyanza and the Indian Ocean. In all lofty
plateaux or high mountain ranges the rainfall is very different to what
it is in the plains below. Thus in Kilima-njaro it rains more or less
throughout the year. My residence there was during the dry season, yet,
nevertheless, in the month of June I had to record six days of rain; in
July, 8; in August, 9; in September, 7; in October, 8; and in the first
half of November, 5. The real rainy season is from November to May, but
the Wa-čaga inform me that there is seldom at any season a continuous
heavy downpour, but rather a greater or less frequency of showers.
In the plains, however, near the mountain, the fall of rain is
torrential, and is equal in violence to what one usually meets with in
the tropics.
While snow is never absent from either of the twin summits of
Kilima-njaro, and, indeed, at all times covers the upper part of the
dome of Kibô with a mantle of unvarying white, yet the quantity and
downward extent of the snows vary almost daily, even in the dry season.
After a rainy night in the lowlands, the snow on the following morning
may be seen on Kibô down to a level of 14,000 feet, and even a little
lower on the western slope, while the whole of craggy Kimawenzi is a
pinnacle of scintillating whiteness, like—to use a very hackneyed
simile—a sugarloaf. Yet if the succeeding day be warm and sunny, the
snow on Kimawenzi may shrink in twenty-four hours to a tiny patch and a
streak in between the jagged walls of black rock, while on Kibô it will
withdraw its inroads 1000 feet above the level of the day before. On the
whole, the least snow observable is during the months of July and
August. In October there is a great deal. I should think the most snow
fell, from what I hear by native report, during February and March, but
at this time, nevertheless, the natives maintain that an ascent of the
mountain is easiest, as the mists are not so frequent. Neither is the
cold so great, curiously enough.
Snow is reported occasionally to fall on the summit of Mount Meru, the
pyramidal peak lying to the south-west of Kilima-njaro, and on its
western slope to lie for some months. The western slopes of Kibô and
Kimawenzi are much more snow-covered than the eastern, and the snow
extends to lower levels.
Doubtless the perpetually melting snow is the cause of the many streams
which issue from the sides and base of Kilima-njaro. Nevertheless, it is
curious, considering that the snow-clad peaks slope to all the quarters
of the compass, that the streams flowing from the mountain should be
principally confined to its southern aspect. From the north of
Kilima-njaro not a stream descends, although some thirty miles from its
summits, in the plains of Ṅgiri, there is an extensive marsh, sometimes,
in the rainy season, almost becoming a lake. To the west of the
mountain, one stream, the Eṅgare Nairobi (cold water), flows to an
unknown bourn, possibly ending in the great salt marsh or swamp of
Eṅgaruka. On the eastern versant, start the various rivulets of Useri,
Kimaṅgelia, and others which go to form the Tzavo, a river entering the
Indian Ocean at Malindi. The River Lumi, flowing through Taveita and
into Lake ǰipé, also rises on the eastern side of Kilima-njaro; but none
of these streams, already mentioned, start from the higher levels of the
mountain. They either issue at once, or only well forth in full volume
at its base. Thus the Lumi is generally represented as rising some
distance up the mountain in the country of Rombo. In a measure this is
correct, for the dry bed of the stream is there, and this occasionally
in the wet season is filled by a torrent, but at most times it does not
show a drop of water, and it is only when one has quite descended the
mountain and reached a level of 2000 odd feet—the level of the
surrounding plain—that the Lumi suddenly issues full-grown from its dry
bed. A mile from where it first appears in a series of puddles, it is
scarcely fordable. On the southern side of Kilima-njaro, however, it is
very different. Here two large streams commence to flow close to the
snow-line, one rising near the base of Kibô, and the other near the base
of Kimawenzi. Myriads of other rivulets intersect this hilly region of
Čaga, which between 6000 feet and 3000 feet is well populated and under
considerable cultivation. The most perfectly-watered and most fertile
country is, strangely enough, without inhabitants, namely, the districts
lying to the south-east of Kimawenzi, described in Chapter XIV. All
these streams flowing from the south and south-east of Kilima-njaro form
the River Ruvu (Luvu of the Wa-taveita, and Ruvu of the Wa-zeguha),
which enters the Indian Ocean at Pangani.
The greatest extent of the elevated mass of Kilima-njaro is about sixty
miles, from north-west to south-east.
That this huge mountain-mass is nothing but the result of past volcanic
activity has been well shown by Mr. Thomson. He conjectures that
Kimawenzi was the original outlet of the volcano, but that when, in
course of time, its peak had been raised higher and higher by the
accumulation of lava-flow and ashes, and the subterranean forces sought
another and easier outlet, the mightier crater of Kibô was formed, which
ultimately towered above its older rival, and in its turn grew too high
for the escape of the imprisoned matter, which found fresh vents in the
many minor craters on the mountain-side. Now, though there are still
traditions of slight earthquake shocks having occurred within the last
two or three generations of inhabitants, there has been no further
manifestation of volcanic activity, and the great snowcrowned volcano
has probably entered a peaceful old age.
NOTE BY PROFESSOR T. G. BONNEY, DR.SC., LL.D., F.R.S.,
PRESIDENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
_On a Small Collection of Rocks brought from the Higher Regions of
Kilima-njaro by Mr. H. H. Johnston_.
No. 1.—Subangular fragment of smooth, compact, nearly black rock;
appears as if somewhat waterworn; fracture rather conchoidal. A
_glass-basalt_, or possibly one of the more _basic augite-anderite_.
14,000 feet. Central ridge of Kilima-njaro.
No. 2.—Subangular fragment, somewhat rounded in outline; appearance
like No. 1; colour rather light; and a few small scattered crystals of
whitish _felspar_ visible; more probably an _augite-anderite_. 14,000
feet. Central ridge of Kilima-njaro.
Nos. 3–5.—Flattened fragments, with a rather platy, more or less
scoriaceous structure; fragments of a lava flow; probably
_augite-anderite_. 14,000 feet. Central ridge of Kilima-njaro.
No. 6.—A dull, dark-grey rock, with numerous small scattered crystals
of either _hornblende_ or _augite_. I believe the former. Probably a
_hornblende-anderite_; at any rate, it is almost certainly an
_anderite_ of some kind, and one of those which are near the basalts.
The specimen is a large slab. 14,700 feet. Base of Kimawenzi.
Nos. 7–14.—Fragments of rock and mineral. The rocks, which are rather
decomposed, appear to be of volcanic origin, and most contain rather
large crystals of the mineral sent with them. This is a rather
peculiar form of _felspar_, the sort probably _anderite_. 14,000 feet.
Base of Kibô.
Nos. 15, 16.—Decomposed, scoriaceous in part, with generally compact
shapes. Dark in colour. Contain rather large crystals of the
above-named _felspar_, which is probably a variety of _anderite_.
14,000 feet. Central ridge.
No. 17.—A crystal, fairly well-preserved, about 1½ inch long.
Apparently it is a _felspar_, but the form is certainly an exceptional
one. From its form I should suppose it to belong to the monoclinic
system, and was bounded by basal clinopinacoidal and prismatic planes;
but I do not remember to have seen a sanidine (or indeed any other
felspar) crystal of this form, and suspect it will prove to be a
_plagio-clastic felspar_. 14,000 feet. Central ridge.
No. 18.—Rolled pebble of dark scoria, with crystals sometimes nearly
an inch long and ⅛ inch thick, of a glassy mineral, probably
_felspar_, perhaps _sanidine_. 13,000 feet. Stream-valley on southern
slope of Kilima-njaro.
Nos. 19, 20.—Fragments less rounded, of a similar sort, perhaps less
scoriaceous. From same place as above.
No. 21.—A similar fragment, but rather more glassy-looking, with a
“ropey” structure, and containing smaller crystals. 13,000 feet.
No. 22.—Rounded pebble, dark _scoria_. 13,000 feet.
Nos. 23–33.—Fragments. Varieties of a dark, more or less vitreous
_lava_, which I think in chemical composition is likely to agree
rather with an _augite-anderite_ than a _basalt_. 13,000 feet.
Stream-valley.
No. 34.—A pebble, dark _lava_, with small grey _felspar_ crystals.
13,000 feet. Stream-valley.
Nos. 35–37.—A dark compact lava, containing elongated _felspar_
crystals as above. 14,000 feet.
Nos. 38, 39.—Rather decomposed. A dark subvitreous _lava_, with
crystals of _felspar_, similar to those from base of Kibô. 15,000
feet. Rocks from base of Kimawenzi.
No. 40.—Similar to preceding specimens, but rather paler in colour
softer, and more decomposed. Same locality.
Nos. 41–43.—Stones from Kimawenzi. Similar to last-named. 14,800 feet.
The _flora_ of Kilima-njaro is naturally interesting, as may be imagined
from the extraordinary range of climate between the eternal snows of the
summits and the hot tropical plains at the base. The vegetation on the
coast is fairly rich and luxuriant, and typical of the tropics. There
are fine forest trees—acacias, figs, baobabs, bombaxes, calophyllums,
and others, while the mango has been introduced from India, and become
wild. The pandanus grows in marshy places; cycads are occasionally seen,
and among palms the Cocoa-nut, the Borassus, the _Hyphæne thebaïca_
(branching palm), several kinds of Raphia, Elaïs, and wild Date. At the
commencement and close of the rainy season the ground is covered with
vividly-coloured wild flowers. Blue clitoreas, blue commelynas, crimson,
white, yellow, purple, and pink hibiscuses, lovely epiphytic orchids,
white, spotted, and green, and ground-orchids of the genus
_Lissochilus_—crimson-mauve and sulphur-yellow. Altogether, as I have
often declared, Tropical Africa differs apparently from the other parts
of the tropics in displaying splendid shows of bright-coloured flowers
which really surpass anything we meet with in the temperate zone.
Inland, however, a short distance from the coast this wealth of
vegetation ceases as we cross the somewhat dreary “Nyika,” or
wilderness, a country poorly provided with water, and uncertain in its
rainfall. But as soon as the beneficent influence of the giant mountains
makes itself felt in moisture-laden breezes and dew-dropping mists, then
Flora revives, and puts forth all her strength. In such places like
Taveita the wealth of vegetation and the grandeur of the forest trees is
inspiring. You feel carried back from our age of mean development to
some past epoch, when vegetable life was on a scale with the strange,
huge animal forms which marked the lusty earth’s creative prime.
[Illustration:
Fig. 63.—_Musa Ensete_, a wild Banana.
]
The lower slopes of Kilima-njaro are exquisitely green, and scarcely a
patch of earth remains uncovered, but the general aspect of vegetation
recalls our English Devonshire and not the tropics. Bushy trees crown
the hill-tops, or choke the narrow valleys. The grassy downs are covered
with patches of bracken and scented with a low-growing mint. The native
lanes are bordered with brambles and magnificent ferns, some of which
belong to common European genera. There are besides other things more
properly African which do not mind the colder climate of the uplands,
such as dracænas, aloes, strychnias, balsams, and ground-orchids. In
some of the stream-valleys the _Musa_ _Ensete_, a wild banana, grows
luxuriantly up to about 6000 feet and down to 3000 feet, or a little
lower if there is water. It is also met with in the Taveitan forest at
the base of Kilima-njaro. It seems to be in fruit at all seasons of the
year, but the bunch here illustrated was cut in September. The colour of
the ripe fruit is a pale orange. The length about 3½ inches. Inside
there are varying rows of seeds, from two to five or more, and in each
row there may be either two, three, four, five, six, or seven seeds.
Each seed is irregularly shaped, about ½ inch in diameter, and very
black. The pulp which surrounds and closely adheres to the seeds is
_orange_ in colour, when fresh, and somewhat pithy in texture, although
very glutinous. The inside of the seeds is a friable white pith, easily
rubbed into a white powder by the natives. When in this state it is used
for divinations and augury. Blown from the palm of the hand into the
air, its capricious wafting by the breeze is supposed to indicate the
direction of an expected attack during war, or the most favourable
quarter in which to travel for commerce. The thin pulp of this fruit is
just eatable; faintly sweet, but leaving a somewhat acrid taste in the
mouth like an unripe banana of the cultivated species. Its structure is
somewhat curious, for it is composed of long veins at wide intervals,
and in between are thin delicate lines running at right angles. It is
supposed by the natives that children grow up fine and tall if they eat
the pulp of _Musa Ensete_.[35] The natives recognize its relationship to
the cultivated banana.
At a height of 7000 to 8000 feet tree-ferns may be met with, belonging
to the species _Lonchitis pubescens_ (illustrated on p. 231). Then above
that the arborescent heaths begin to appear, and the orchilla lichen
covers nearly all the forest with a grey-green veil. Between 8000 and
9000 feet the giant Senecios are met with (a new species, illustrated in
Chapter XIII.), and continue upwards till near the borders of the snow.
Gorgeous crimson gladioli, pale pink and mauve and cerulean blue irises,
grow to great altitudes; indeed, some of the flowers of the grassy
uplands between 10,000 and 14,000 feet, are particularly brilliant in
colour. There are vivid blue cynoglossums, the blush-pink everlastings,
the yellow euryops, the strange straw-coloured proteas, with red bracts
and red-leaf shoots, the smalt-coloured lobelias (_L. Deckeni_), and
many others which it would be tedious to catalogue.
[Illustration:
Fig. 64.
Single Fruit. Half natural size.
]
Ferns cease to be found at a greater altitude than 13,000 odd feet. The
giant heaths above that altitude give place to smaller species, the
vegetation generally becomes more and more stunted, and therefore the
strange Senecios look the stranger from their towering in solitary
grandeur above the lowly herbs. But after an altitude of 14,000 feet is
passed they are also absent from the scene; then one is left with a few
artemisias (southernwood), heaths, and everlasting flowers, until at
length they too disappear, and there remain little red and greenish
lichens, expanses of yellow sand, lead-coloured rocks, black boulders,
and snow.
Taking into consideration the fact that the region of Kilima-njaro is
volcanic, and therefore probably geologically modern, it must be evident
that the main features of its vegetation are of no great antiquity. It
is therefore an interesting problem as to which of the two _floras_—the
South African or the Abyssinian—was the first to reach the chilly
regions round its snow-clad peaks. It is also as yet an undecided
question as to which _flora_ is the advancing one; whether the Cape
forms are slowly penetrating northward, some of them reaching Abyssinia,
some of them arrested on the heights of Kilima-njaro, and marking a
return flow of the vegetation (and possibly of the _fauna_ also) of
Southern Africa, or whether the great invasion of Northern forms which
have so largely contributed in later epochs to the modern _fauna_ and
_flora_ of Tropical Africa is still going on. Whilst Cape genera and
species of plants penetrate to Abyssinia, Abyssinian forms have reached
the Zambesi highlands and the Drakensberg Mountains.
The _flora_ of the higher regions of Kilima-njaro is almost equally
divided in its affinities between Abyssinia and Cape Colony. There are
besides, in the collections I have brought back, two new genera offering
no near allies; types of other genera only known hitherto in Arabia or
India; and some new species of East African genera that have apparently
modified themselves for life at high altitudes. It is interesting to
note that while some of the species whose generic home is in the hot
tropical plains have strayed up the great mountain and got used to the
cold, so others, which come from temperate regions, have ventured down
the mountain and got used to the heat. A curious instance of this is
_Artemisia afra_, which I have found at 14,000 feet near the snow, and
at 3000 feet, in close proximity to the hot plains. If plants of
temperate or cold climates could occasionally stray so far as this from
the regions and the temperature they most affect, it would materially
aid in their distribution, for the seeds of the _Artemisia_ (this plant
will be familiar to my non-scientific readers as “southernwood,” or “old
man”) might easily be borne from the jungle at the base of Kilima-njaro
to the precincts of Mount Meru, some thirty miles distant, and find on
the chilly slopes of that mountain another congenial home and
starting-place for a further colonization of unknown peaks beyond. Thus,
taking into consideration the fact that more or less high ground
connects the mountains of the Kilima-njaro district with the Cape Colony
in the south and the Cameroons in the west, it is possible to account
for the presence of many hardy genera belonging to temperate zones on
the heights of Tropical Africa without always invoking special climatic
changes and revolutions in the past.
To the ordinary mind even of an unreflecting traveller there is
something very wonderful and imposing in the aspect presented by such a
region as Kilima-njaro. The summits clothed with virgin snow, the upper
regions bearing the humble plants of temperate climes, the heaths, the
hounds’-tongues (to call them by their familiar names), the
forget-me-nots, the buttercups, clematises, anemones, violets, and
geraniums; the bracken, polypodies, and male fern that are always
associated with the _flora_ of our chilly lands; and then, descending
through rich forests of tree-ferns, dracænas, and moss-hung mimosas to
the vegetable wealth of the equatorial zone, to the wild bananas, the
palms, the orchids, the india-rubber creepers, the aloes, and the
baobabs that are among the better-known of the myriad forms of
vegetation clothing the lower spurs and ramparts of Kilima-njaro.
Zone above zone....
The climates of Earth are displayed as an index,
Giving the scope of the Book of Creation,
There in the gorges that widen, descending,
From cloud and from cloud into summer eternal,
Gather the threads of the ice-gendered fountains,
Gather to riotous torrents of crystal,
And, giving each shelvy recess where they dally
The blooms of the north and its evergreen turfage,
Leap to the land of the lion and lotus!...
APPENDIX.
ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED BY MR. H. H. JOHNSTON ON THE
KILIMA-NJARO EXPEDITION, 1884.
(By PROFESSOR OLIVER, F.R.S., and _Mr. J. G. Baker_, of the Royal
Gardens, Kew.)
With three exceptions the new species here described belong to genera
already known from Tropical Africa. These exceptions are _Hormolotus
Johnstoni_, Oliv. (Leguminosæ), and _Astephania africana_, Oliv.
(Compositæ), both monotypic genera here first described, and _Anisotes
parvifolius_, Oliv. (Acanthaceæ), belonging to a genus known
previously only from Arabia and Socotra.
The genus _Valeriana_ is here recorded for the first time from
Tropical Africa, I believe; but the single specimen brought home I
have not ventured to describe. A species of the genus occurs at the
Cape. A single specimen also of an _Anthoxanthum_ was gathered at
13,200 ft. on Kilima-njaro—possibly a robust form of A. odoratum—a
second genus here first noted from E. Tropical Africa.
Clematis Thunbergii, Steud. var. hirta (foliis
C. Wightianæ) 3–5000 ft.
Thalictrum rhynchocarpum, D. & R. 7000 ft.
Ranunculus oreophytus, Del. 8000:11,000 ft.
„ pinnatus, Poiv. 8500 ft.
Anemone Thomsoni, Oliv. 9–13,000 ft.
Uvaria leptoclada, Oliv. sp. n. Taita, 2000 ft.
Stephania abyssinica, Rich. var. tomentella Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Arabis alpina, L. 8000:10–11,000 ft.
Cardamine africana, L. 8–9000 ft.
„ Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 8000 ft.
Farsetia stenoptera, Hochst. forma Taita
Cleome monophylla, L. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Courbonia decumbens, Brongn. var. parvifolia „ 5000 ft.
Caylusea abyssinica, F. & M. „ 5000 ft.
Viola abyssinica, Steud. forma-foliis
cordato-rotundatis. 8–10,500 ft.
Pittosporum abyssinicum, Hochst. Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.
Polygala tenensis, Kl. Maungu
Silene Biafræ, Hk. f. v. S. Burchelli
(imperfect single specimen) Kilima-njaro, 11,000 ft.
Cerastium vulgatum, L. forma 7000 ft.
Cerastium africanum Oliv. 6000:9–10,000 ft.
Drymaria cordata, W. 6000 ft.
Hypericum lanceolatum, Lam. 6–7000 ft.
„ kiboense, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 13,000 ft.
„ Schimperi, Hochst. (approaching H.
Quartiniananum, Rich., which may be only a
form of it) „ 5–6000 ft.
Sida grewioides, G. & P. 4400 ft.
„ Schimperiana, Hochst. (Dictyocarpus
truncatus, Wight) Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Abutilon asiaticum, L.? v. A. indicum, Don 4300 ft.
Pavonia Schimperiana, Hochst. 6000 ft. and upwards.
Kosteletzkya adoensis, Hochst. var. hirsuta 6000 ft.
Hibiscus vitifolius, L. 6000 ft.
„ Ludwigii, E. & Z. (of M. T. M. in Fl.
Trop. Afr. i. 203) 6000 ft.
„ gossypinus, Thbg. 6000 ft.
„ schizopetalus, Hk. f. 40–60 miles from coast.
„ platycalyx, M. T. M. Maungu.
Waltheria americana, L. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Mahernia exappendiculata, M. T. M. var.
tomentosa? an sp. distincta affinis? Taveita.
„ exappendiculata, M. T. M. var.? Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Grewia salviæfolia, Heyne forma Taveita.
„ „ forma foliis obtusioribus Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Triumfetta an. T. pilosa? (Fl. Trop. Afr. i.
257) 6700 ft.
Sparmannia abyssinica, Hochst. var. hirsuta 7000 ft.
Triaspis auriculata, Radl. Maungu; and 40–60 miles
from coast.
Monsonia biflora, DC. (M. angustifolia, Roxb.) Taveita.
Geranium aculeolatum, Oliv. 6000 ft.
„ „ forma parvifolia 7000 ft.
„ simense, Hochst. 6000 ft.
„ „ ? forma 11,000 ft.
„ (inadequate) 10,000 ft.
„ ocellatum, Camb. var. 6000 ft.
Oxalis corniculata, L. var. 4400 ft.
Impatiens Walleriana, Hk. f. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ kilima-njari, Oliv. 8500:7000 and “up to
10,200 ft.”
„ sp. 8500 (and ? No. 25, 8000
ft.), also
„ sp. 7–8000 ft.
„ sp. 7000 ft.
Toddalia sp.? aff. T. aculeatæ, Pers.? (no
frct.) Lanjora.
„ sp. (no frct.) Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.
Toddalia dub. (no frct.) 40–60 miles from coast.
Harrisonia abyssinica, Oliv. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Odina (in fruit) an O. leptoclada, Oliv.? „ 5000 ft.
Turræa floribunda, Hochst. var. macrantha. „ 5000 ft.
„ nilotica, Kotschy & Peyr. var. robusta Maungu, 2000 ft.
Rhamnus prinoides, L’Her. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft
Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. var. obtusifolia Taita.
„ pubescens, Oliv. sp. nov. Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
Vitis rotundifolia, F.? (imperfect) „ 5000 ft.
„ arguta, Hook. f. var.? „ 5–6000 ft.
„ cyphopetala, Fres. forma plains, 2–6000 ft.
„ erythrodes, Fres. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Deinbollia insignis, Hook, f.? „ 5000 ft.
Schmidelia rubifolia, Hochst. Taita.
Cupania (too young) Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
Rhus villosa, L. f. forma parvifolia „ 2–3000 ft.
„ glutinosa, Hochst. „ 6000 ft.
„ glaucescens, Rich. var. 40–60 miles from coast &
5000 ft.
Agelæa Lamarckii, Pl.? (in fruit) plains up to 6–7000 ft.
Adenocarpus Mannii, Hk. f. 6–9000 ft.
Parochetus communis, Hance 9000 ft.
Trifolium subrotundum, S. & H. 5000 ft.
„ Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. nov. Kilima-njaro, 10,000 ft.
„ polystachyum, Fres. „ 5000 ft.
Indigofera an I. macrophylla, S. & T. var.? an
sp. n. (no legumes) „ 5–6000 ft.
„ arrecta, Hochst. „ 4–5000 ft.
„ pentaphylla, L. „ 2–3000 ft.
Tephrosia Vogelii, Hook. f. 40–60 miles inland.
Hormolotus Johnstoni, Oliv. gen. nov. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Æschynomene cristata, Vatke? 40–60 miles inland.
Ormocarpum Kirkii, S. Moore Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Desmodium Scalpe, DC. 5000 and 6000 ft.
„ oxybracteatum, DC. (D. paleaccum G. &
P.) 5–6000 ft.
Alysicarpus rugosus, DC.
Lathyrus an. L. sativus, L.? (no fruit) 7000 ft.
Clitoria Ternatea, L. (forma minora) Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Glycine javanica, L. forma? 7000 ft.
Dolichos Lablab, L. 5000 ft.
Calpurnia aurea, Steud. var. major Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Cæsalpinia sp. n.? 40–60 miles inland.
Pterolobium lacerans, R. Br. (P. abyssinicum,
Rich.) 6000 ft.
Cassia didymobotrya, Fres. 5–6000 ft.
Cassia goratensis, Fres. 40–60 miles inland.
„ zambesiaca, Oliv. 40–60 miles inland.
„ mimosoides, L. 6000 ft.
Bauhinia tomentosa, L. var.
parvifolia-hirtella Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
„ „ var. glabra Maungu.
„ reticulata, DC. (imperfect) Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Acacia pennata, W. „ 6000 ft.
Rubus dictyophyllus, Oliv. sp. n. „ 4–10,000 ft.
Brayera anthelmintica, Kth. var. villosa 7–10,000 ft.
Alchemilla argyrophylla, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 8–10,000
ft.
„ Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n. „ 13,000 ft.
Terminalia Brownii, Fres.? (no frct.) 2–3000 ft.
Combretum paniculatum, V. forma 4–5000 ft.
„ sp. (foliis hirtellis) (no frct.) 40–60 miles inland.
„ sp. (foliis lepidotis) (no frct.) 40–60 miles inland.
Dissotis eximia, Hk. f. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ sp. aff. D. grandifloræ, Benth.
Epilobium hirsutum, L. 6000 ft.
Wormskioldia (Streptopetalum Hildebrandtii,
Vatke) Taita.
„ serrata Maungu, Taita.
Tryphostemma Hanningtoniana, Mast. Maungu, 2000 ft.
Momordica cardiospermoides, Kl. 40–60 miles inland.
„ cucullata, Hk. f. an var. Morkorra? Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.
Cephalandra quinqueloba, Sch. forma? „ 5000 ft.
Zehneria scabra, Sond. var.? „ 6000 ft.
„ „ „ forma 5000 ft.
Begonia sp. (fragment).
„ Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.
Mollugo nudicaulis, Lam. 40–60 miles inland.
Sanicula europæa, L. 10,000 ft.
Trachydium abyssinicum, Bth. & Hk. f. 12,000 ft.
Peucedanum? aff. P. Petitiano, Rich. 7000 ft.
„ sp. (no fruit) Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Caucalis infesta, Curb.? (no fruit) „ 5300:6000 ft.
„ melanantha, Bth. & Hk. f. 6000 ft.
Umbellifer—fragment worthless 5300 ft.
„ dub. (too young for determination) 11,000 ft.
„ „ Anthriscus? 8500:13,200 ft.
Dirichletia nr. glaucescens, Hn. (in fruit
only) 2–3000 ft.
Pentanisia ouranogyne, S. Moore 2–3000 ft.
Pentas mombassana, Hn. (var. hirtella) Maungu.
„ carnea, Bth. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ „ „ forma „ 6000 ft.
„ purpurea, Oliv. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Pentas purpurea, Oliv. var.? longiflora 4,400 ft.
„ longiflora, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Oldenlandia an O. Bojeri, Hn. var.? . Maungu.
„ Schimperi, T. A. forma Taveita, & 40–60 miles
inland.
„ obtusiloba, Hn. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ Heynei, W. & A. 4400 ft.
Hedyotis Johnstoni, Oliv Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Empogona Kirkii, Hk. f. var.? glabrata 40–60 miles inland.
Pavetta Oliveriana, Hiern. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ (fruit) nr. P. gracilis, Kl. & Caffra,
Thbg. 40–60 miles inland.
Vangueria edulis, Vahl var.? Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.
„ euonymoides, Schw. „ 5000 ft.
Oxyanthus Gerrardi, Sond. var. „ 6000 ft.
Polysphæria multiflora, Hiern. „ 2–3000 ft.
Psychotria aff. P. (Grumilea) capensi, Sond.? „ 6000 ft.
„ hirtella, Oliv. sp. n. „ 2–3000 ft.
Spermacoce Ruelliæ, DC.? 4400 ft.
Galium Aparine, L. 8000 ft.
Dipsacus pinnatifidus, Steud. 10,000 ft.
Scabiosa Columbaria, L. var. 10–12,000 ft.
Valeriana sp. nov. (Genus new to Trop.
Africa.) Only a single flowering specimen 10,000 ft.
Vernonia Wakefieldii, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
„ stenolepis, Oliv. sp. n. „ 5000 ft.
„ marginata, O. & H. “up to 8000 ft.”
„ aff. V. paucifloræ, Less.? an var. 6000 ft.
„ sp. Taita, 6000 ft.
Adenostemma viscosum, Forst. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Mikania scandens, W. 6000 ft.
Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia, DC. 12,000 ft.
Felicia abyssinica, Sch. Bip. Taita; Maungu.
Conyza stricta, W. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ ægyptiaca, Ait. „ 5000 ft.
„ Hochstetteri, Sch. forma „ 5000 ft.
Pluchea Dioscoridis, DC. var. glabra „ 5000 ft.
Psiadia sp. n.? 6000 ft.
Achyrocline Hochstetteri, Sch. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Gnaphalium luteo album, L. 6000 ft.
Helichrysum Newii, O. & H. 13,200:14,200 ft.
„ elegantissimum, DC. var.? (H.
formosissimum Sch. Bip. var. angustifolia). 9–11,000 ft.
„ formosissimum Sch. Bip. var. 8–10–13,000 ft.
„ var. capitula alba 10,000 ft.
Helichrysum kilima-njari, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 8300 ft.
„ globosum, Sch. Bip. forma? 10,000 ft.
„ fruticosum, Vatke. var. 13,000:13,200 ft.
„ abyssinicum, Sch. Bip. forma. 11–13–13,200 ft.
„ „ Sch. Bip. 9–11,000 ft.
„ setosum, Harv. (H. fœtidum, Cass.
var.?)
„ Kirkii Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Astephania africana, Oliv. Gen. nov. „ 5000 ft.
Melananthera Brownii, Sch. forma „ 6000 ft.
Aspilia? or Wedelia nr. W. Menotriche &
mossambicensis (sp. n.?) „ 5000 ft.
Artemisia Afra, Jacq. forma. 9900–13,200 ft.; also at
3000 ft.
Coreopsis sp. n.? (inadequate) 4300 ft.
Bidens pilosa, L. 4000:6000 ft.
Tripteris Vaillantii, Dcne.? 4000 ft.
„ sp. too young 8500 ft.
(Thrown away. Fragmentary composite) 12,000 ft.
Gynura cernua, Bth. 6000 ft.
„ vitellina, Bth. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Cineraria abyssinica, Sch. Bip. forma. 7–10,000:barren 13,200
ft.
Senecio discifolius, Oliv. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ deltoideus, Less.? var. 6000 ft.
„ Valeriana, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro,
8–500–14,5000 ft.
Notonia abyssinica, A. R. 40–60 miles inland.
Euryops dacrydioides, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 10–14,000
ft.
Gazania diffusa, Oliv. sp. n. „ 5000 ft.
Erythrocephalum minus, Oliv. 40–60 miles inland.
Carduus leptacanthus, Fres. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ allied to C. chamæcephalus, O. & H. 13,200 ft.
Gerbera piloselloides, Cass. Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.
Sonchus sp.
Lobelia Deckenii, Hemsl. (Tupa Deckenii,
Asch.)
Lightfootia abyssinica, Hochst. forma. 6000 ft.
Wahlenbergia sp. n.? Without fruit: allied to
W. capilacea A. DC. of the Cape 11,000 ft.
Erica arborea, L. forma. 10,000 ft.
Blæria spicata, Hochst. 8–11,000 ft.
Ericinella Mannii, Hk. f. 7–10,000 ft.
Plumbago zeylanica, L. 40–60 miles inland.
Lysimachia an L. Richmerianæ, Vatke var. 5300 ft.
Euclea fruticosa, Hiern.? ♂︎ Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Landolphia florida? (Inflorescence only.)
Country at base of „ 2000 ft.
Landolphia Petersiana, Dyer.
Adenium speciosum, Fenzl. forma? 40–60 miles inland.
Gomphocarpus bisacculatus, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ stenophylla, Oliv Lanjora, 2000 ft.
„ aff. G. lanato and G. stenophyllo 2300 ft.
Schizoglossum (Lagarinthus) sp. Maungu, 2000 ft.
Asclepias macrantha, Hochst. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ Taita, 2000 ft.
Margaretta rosea, Oliv. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Cynanchum abyssinicum, Dene. var.? tomentosum 7000 ft.
Ceropegia sp. n. aff. C. Meyeri Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Gymnema parvifolium, Oliv. sp. n. „ 5000 ft.
Swertia Schimperi, Griseb. 8–11,000 ft.
„ pumila, Hochst.? 11,000 ft.
Ehretia amœna, Kl. 40–60 miles inland.
Heliotropium sp. nov.? aff. H. longifloro and
Steudneri 40–60 miles inland.
Cynoglossum micranthum, Desf. (C. lanceolatum,
F.) Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Cynoglossum amplifolium, Hochst. (C.
lancifolium, H. f.?) 9900–1100 ft.
Myosotis stricta, Link (the plant of Abyssinia
and the Cameroons): var. nucibus nigres
centibus 13,200 ft.
Scrap of Boraginacea (Heliotropium?) 13,000 ft.
Ipomœa bullata, Oliv. sp. n. 40–60 miles inland.
„ pinnata, Hochst. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ sp. ? (too imperfect) 6000 ft.
Cuscuta (§ Grammica) kilima-njari, Oliv. sp.
n. 6000 ft.
Solonum nigrum, L. var. 4400 ft.
„ sp. apparently identical with a Natal
sp.
„ Renschii, Vatke Taveita.
Buttonia natalensis McKen Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Veronica Anagallis, L. 6000 ft.
„ myrsinoides, Oliv. sp. n. 11,000 ft.
Rhamphicarpa (sp. n.?) 4400 ft.
„ sp.? (no fruit) 40–60 miles inland.
Bartsia decura, Hochst, var.? 12,000 ft.
Orobanche sp. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Streptocarpus sp. aff. S. caulescenti, Vatke 6000 ft.
„ montanus, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 7–9000 ft.
Hebenstreitia dentata, L. 9–12,000 ft.
Selago Thomsoni, Rolfe 11,000 ft.
„ Johnstoni, Rolfe Kilima-njaro, 11,000 ft.
Sesamum indicum, L. 5000 ft.
Thunbergia affinis, var. pulvinata, S. M. Maungu.
„ fuscata, T. And.? 6000 ft.
„ sp.?
Blepharis bœrhaavifolia, Juss. Maungu.
„ an var. B. Hildebrandtii, S. M.? . „
„ „ „ Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
Phaylopsis longifolia, Sims.?
(Antheilemaimbricatum, R. Br.) 5000 ft.
„ „ „ 6000 ft.
Mimulopsis sp. v. Strobilanthes 7000 ft.
Barleria sp. 5300 ft.
„ nr. Brepens, Nees 40–60 miles inland.
Strobilanthes? sp. n.? 6–7000 ft.
Crossandra nilotica, Oliv. var. acuminata,
Moore Lanjora.
„ „ „ „ Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
Asystasia Schimperi, T. And. var. minor 4–5000 ft.
Justicia (Adhatoda) Schimperiana, T. And. Maungu.
„ (Rostellaria) palustris, T. And.?
„ plicata, Nees var.? Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ matamensis, Schf. „ 6000 ft.
„ „ „ 5000 ft.
„ „ foliis angustioribus 40–60 miles inland.
„ aff. J. neglectæ, T. And. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ debilis, V. Maungu.
„ sp. near J. insulario and neglecta, with species gathered from
4400 to 6500 ft.
„ sp. (inadequate) 7000 ft.
Isoglossa laxa, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 7000 ft.
Brachystephanus sp.? 7000 ft.
Anisotes parvifolius, Oliv. 40–60 miles inland.
Rhinacanthus communis, Nees 40–60 miles inland.
Hypoestes aristata, Sol. Maungu.
„ „ forma Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
„ antennifera, Moore 6000 ft.
Lantana viburnoides, V. 4400 ft.
„ Petitiana, Rich.? an L. salvifolia
forma? 6000 ft.
„ salvifolia, Jacq. var. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ „ aff Maungu.
Vitex chrysoclada, Boj. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ aff. V. mombassæ, Vatke, and lanigeræ,
Schr. „ 5000 ft.
Clerodendron Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n. „ 5000 ft.
„ (Cyclonema), sp. n.? Taita.
„ „ myricoides, Hochst. var.? “Very common, reaches
7000 ft.”
Ocimum canum, Sims var. Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
„ graveolens, A. Br.? „ 6000 ft.
„ sp. 6000 ft.
Orthosiphon? aff. O. glabrato, Benth.? 40–60 miles inland.
Plectranthus parvus, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ aff. P. glanduloso, Hk. f. 6000 ft.
Coleus umbrosus, Vatke Taita.
Platystoma africanum, Beauv. Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.
Moschosma, M. multiflori v. M. riparii var.? 6000 ft.
Æolanthus zanzibaricus, S. Moore 40–60 miles inland.
Hyptis pectinata, Poit. Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.
Salvia nilotica, V. var.? „ 6000 ft.
Meromeria punctata, Bth. 4000 ft.
„ an M. punctatæ forma 6000 ft.
„ abyssinica, Bth. forma 4–6000 ft.
Tinnæa æthiopica, K. & P. var. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
„ sp. may be distinct „ 5000 ft.
Anjuga remota, Benth. „ 3000 ft.
Leonotis—L. rugosæ, Benth. var. „ 4–5000 ft.
Leucas glabrata, Benth. Maungu and „
2–3000 ft.
„ Neuflizeana, Courb. Maungu, 2000 ft.
„ glabratæ var. 40–60 miles inland.
„ sp. nov. Taita; Maungu.
Labiata (§ Ocymoideæ) sp. 8000 ft.
„ ?imperfect 10,000 ft.
Plantago palmata, Hk. f. 7000 ft.
Digera arvensis, F. 40–60 miles inland, and
Maungu.
Psilotrichum africanum, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Phytolacca abyssinica, Hoff. „ 6000 ft.
Chenopodum murale, L. „ 5000 ft.
Oxygonum (Ceratogonum atriplicifolium, Meiss.) „ 5000 ft.
Polygonum barbatum, L. „ 6000 ft.
„ „ ?L. „ 6000 ft.
„ senegalense, Meiss. „ 6000 ft.
„ serrulatum, Log. „ 5000 ft.
Rumex Steudelio, Hochst. „ 6000 ft.
„ „ „ ?(in fl.) 13,000 ft.
„ alismifolius, Fres. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Protea abyssinica, W. 9–13,000 ft.
Arthrosolen latifolius, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Loranthus curviflorus, Benth. 40–60 miles inland.
Loranthus sp. 4500 ft.
Thesium an T. radicans, Hochst.? 10,000 ft.
„ „ ?(barren). 13,000 ft.
Euphorbia (§ Tithymalus) sp. 10,000 ft.
„ sp. 7000 ft.
Bridelia melanthesoides, Kl. forma Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, L. „ 2–3000 ft.
„ Nirari, L. forma? „ 5000 ft.
Antidesma, A. venosum, Tul. var.? 40–60 miles inland.
Gelonum zanzibarense, M. Arg. 40–60 miles inland.
Jatropha sp. n.? 40–60 miles inland.
Croton pulchellus, Baill.? 40–60 miles inland.
„ macrostachys, Hochst Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.
Acalypha ornata, Rich var. (A. Livingstoniana
M. Arg.?) „ 6000 ft.
„ cf. A. adenotricha, Rich. „ 6000 ft.
„ paniculata, Miq. Maungu.
„ an aff. A. fruticosæ, F.? 5000 ft.
Tragia an T. mitis var.? (frct.) Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.
Sponia bracteolata, Hochst.? Lanjora.
Morus indica, W.? 40–60 miles inland.
Pilea Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Myrica an M. salicifoliæ, var. „ 4–5000 ft.
Polystachya kilima-njari, Reichb. fil. 40–60 miles inland.
Vanilla sp.? (fragment) 40–60 miles inland.
Angræcum eburneum, Th.? Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Eulophia sp. Maungu.
Lissochilus sp. 40–60 miles inland.
„ sp. 40–60 miles inland.
Disperis Johnstoni, Reichb. fil. sp. n.. Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.
„ Kersteni, Reichb. fil. „ 7500 ft.
Habenaria aff. macranthæ, Hochst „ 6000 ft.
„ stylites, Reichb. fil. & S. Moore „ 2–3000 ft.
„ pleistadenia, Reichb. fil. „ 8–10,000 ft.
„ ranicolorata, Reichb. fil. sp. n. „ 7000 ft.
Satyrium chlorocorys, Reichb. fil. sp. n. „ 7000 ft.
Disa Deckenii, Reichb. fil „ 6–8000 ft.
Orchidacea dub. (foliis radicalibus 1 spec.) „ 6000 ft.
Acidanthera laxiflora, Baker sp. n. Maungu, 2000 ft.
Gladiolus (Eugladiolus) pauciflorus, Baker
sp.n. Kilima-njaro, 2–5000 ft.
„ „ sulphureus, Baker sp.n. „ 5000 ft.
„ Watsonioides, Baker 8500–11,000 ft.
„ „ „ 10,000 ft.
„ „ var. minor up to 13,000 ft.
„ Quartinianus, A. Rich. 7000 ft.
Aristea alata, Baker 7000 ft.
Dierama pendula, Baker 8300–10,000 ft.
Hæmanthus abyssinicus, Herb. (= H.
tenuiflorus, Herb.) 40–60 miles inland.
Dioscorea aff. D. crinitæ, Hk. f. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
Asparagus falcatus, L. „ 5000 ft.
„ sp. n.? an aff. A. plumoso. „ 2–3000 ft.
„ aff. A. plumoso, Baker (no. fls.) „ 8000 ft.
Gloriosa virescens, Lindl. „ 2–3000 ft.
Scilla (Ledebouria) Johnstoni, Baker sp. n. 40–60 miles inland.
Walleria natans, Kirk Taveita.
Bulbine asphodelioides, R. & S. 40–60 miles inland.
Ornithogalum (Osmyne) Melleri, J. G. Baker 40–60 miles inland.
Kniphofia Thomsoni, Baker 8000:11,000 ft.
Aloe, perhaps A. commutata, Tod. (material
inadequate) 3–6000 ft.
„ (Eualoe) Johnstoni, Baker Kilima-njaro, 2–5000 ft.
Dracœna sp. n. „ 6–9000 ft.
Anthericum (Phalangium) venulosum, Baker sp.
n. „ 2–5000 ft.
„ „ rubellum, Baker sp. n. „ 5000 ft.
Dasystachys Grantii, Benth. „ 5000 ft.
„ ? (inadequate) „ 5000 ft.
Commelyna, near C. latifolia, H. „ 5000 ft.
Aneilema sinicum, Lindl. „ 5000 ft.
„ æquinoctiale, Kth. Maungu, 5–6000 ft.
„ cf. lanceolatum. Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.
„ pedunculosum, C. B. Clarke? up to 9000 ft.
Phœnix sp. spadices only. “Mkindo” palm. nearly to 6000 ft.
Luzula Forsteri, DC. forma 8–9000 ft.
Cyperus dichrostachys, Hochst. Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ rotundus, L. forma (C. adoensis?) „ 4–5000 ft.
„ paniceus, Bkler.?. „ 5000 ft.
„ leptocladus, Kth. „ 6000 ft.
Kyllinga cylindrica, N.? „ 6000 ft.
Fimbristylis an F. hispidula (glabrata)?
„ (Abildgaardia bilosa, Nees) 40–60 miles inland.
„ (Oneostylis) (Scirpus(Oneostylis)
atrosanguineus, Bœckl).
Carex an C. Wahlenbergiana, Boott? with specn. from 6–10,000 ft.
„ triquetrifolia, Bœckl. 12,000 ft.
„ Johnstoni, Bœckl. 6–10,000 ft.
Isachne mauritiani, Kth.? 7000 ft.
Panicum excurrens Trin. (P. plicatum var.?) 7000 ft.
„ (Tricholæna) an P. longisetæ, Hochst.
var. 4400 ft.
„ (Tricholæna ??) fragment 6000 ft.
Oplismenus compositus, Beauv.? fragment 5300 ft.
Andropogon (Cymbopogon) cymbarius, L. forma 6000 ft.
Andropogon (Cymbopogon) hirtum, L. var.
Anthistiria an A. abyssinica, Hochst. 8300:10–11,000 ft.
Elionurus argenteus, Nees. Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.
Aristida adoensis, Hochst. „ 5000 ft.
Sporobolus indicus, Br. (S. elongatus, Br.) „ 5000 ft.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. var.? 13,200 ft.
Kœhleria cristata, Pers. var. (Airochloa
convoluta, Hochst.) 7000 ft.
Eragrostis Schimperi, Benth. (Harpachne,
Hochst.) Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.
„ sp. 6000 ft.
Festuca macrophylla, Hochst. var.? 12–13,000 ft.
„ aff. F. Schimperianæ Rich. 13,000 ft.
Hymenophyllum polyanthos, Sm. 8000 ft.
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. 13,000 ft.
Adiantum candatum, L. 4300 ft.
„ æthiopicum, L. 4–6000 ft.
„ Capillus-veneris, L. 5–6000 ft.
Cheilanthes multifida, Sw. 4–7000 ft.
Pellæa geraniæfolia, Fée. 4–7000 ft.
„ hastata, Fée. 4–7000 ft.
Lonchitis pubescens, Willd. 6–8000 ft.
Pteris flabellata, Thunb. 4–8000 ft.
„ aquilina, L. up to 10,000 ft.
„ quadriaurita, Retz. 4–7000 ft.
Asplenium monanthemum, L. 10,000 ft.
„ furcatum, Thunb. 4–8000 ft.
„ lunulatum, Sw. 4–8000 ft.
„ cicutarium, Sw. 7800 ft.
„ Sandersoni, Hook. 8000 ft.
„ loxoscaphoides, Baker sp. n. 8000 ft.
„ sertularioides, Baker sp. n. 9–13,000 ft.
„ Thunbergii, Kunze. 5000 ft.
Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. 4–8000 ft.
„ „ 13,700 ft.
Nephrodium molle, Desv. 4–10,000 ft.
„ cicutarium, var. gemmiferum, Fée. 4–8000 ft.
Polypodium Phymatodes, L. 5000 ft.
Acrostichum hybridum, Brg. 8000 ft.
„ Aubertii, Desv. 8000 ft.
Mohria vestita, Baker sp. n. 6000 ft.
Lycopodium clavatum, L. 7500–8500 ft.
Selaginella rupestris, Spring. 40–60 miles inland.
„ molliceps, Spring. 5000 ft.
Marchantia (no fruit)
Grimmia 12,000 ft.
Dicranum 10,000 ft.
Thuidium 10,000 ft.
Physcia flavicans (Sw.)
„ speciosa (Wulf.)
Parmelia perlata (L.)
„ sp. 14,300 ft.
Usnea sp. (The “orchilla-weed” of commerce) Most abundant, from 5000
to 12,000 ft.
[Illustration:
Fig. 65.—Branching Borassus Palm.
]