photographic resolving power of the telescope is much below its optical
resolving power. For this reason the photographic images are less
sensitive to conditions affecting the seeing than the visual images. On
the finest nights the delicate tracery of bright lines or caustic curves
in the guiding star is as clear and distinct as in a printed pattern. When
the seeing is only fair these delicate details are lost, and only the
general form of the image, with its two principal caustics, is seen. A
photograph taken on such a night is not, however, perceptibly inferior to
one taken when the seeing is perfect. When, however, the image is so
blurred that its general form is barely distinguishable, the photographic
star disks are likewise blurred and enlarged, and on such nights
photographic work is not attempted.
The foregoing account of the small changes which have been made in the
Crossley telescope and its accessories may appear to be unnecessarily
detailed, yet these small changes have greatly increased the practical
efficiency of the instrument, and, therefore, small as they are, they are
important. Particularly with an instrument of this character, the
difference between poor and good results lies in the observance of just
such small details as I have described.
At present the Crossley reflector is being used for photographing nebulae,
for which purpose it is very effective. Some nebulae and clusters, like the
great nebula in _Andromeda_ and the _Pleiades_, are too large for its
plate (3-1/4 x 4-1/4 in.), but the great majority of nebulae are very much
smaller, having a length of only a few minutes of arc, and a large-scale
photograph is required to show them satisfactorily. It is particularly
important to have the images of the involved stars as small as they can be
made.
Many nebulae of Herschel's I and II classes are so bright that fairly good
photographs can be obtained with exposures of from one to two hours; but
the results obtained with full-light action are so superior to these, that
longer exposures of three and one half or four hours are always preferred.
In some exceptional cases, exposures of only a few minutes are sufficient.
The amount of detail shown, even in the case of very small nebulae, is
surprising. It is an interesting fact that these photographs confirm (in
some cases for the first time) many of the visual observations made with
the six-foot reflector of the Earl of Rosse.
Incidentally, in making these photographs, great numbers of new nebulae
have been discovered. The largest number that I have found on any one
plate is thirty-one. Eight or ten is not an uncommon number, and few
photographs have been obtained which do not reveal the existence of three
or four. A catalogue of these new objects will be published in due time.
Some of the results obtained with the Crossley reflector, relating chiefly
to particular objects of some special interest, have already been
published.[11] The photographs have also permitted some wider conclusions
to be drawn, which are constantly receiving further confirmation as the
work progresses. They may be briefly summarized as follows:
1. Many thousands of unrecorded nebulae exist in the sky. A conservative
estimate places the number within reach of the Crossley reflector at about
120,000. The number of nebulae in our catalogues is but a small fraction of
this.
2. These nebulae exhibit all gradations of apparent size, from the great
nebula in _Andromeda_ down to an object which is hardly distinguishable
from a faint star disk.
3. Most of these nebulae have a spiral structure.
To these conclusions I may add another, of more restricted significance,
though the evidence in favor of it is not yet complete. Among the objects
which have been photographed with the Crossley telescope are most of the
"double" nebulae figured in Sir John Herschel's catalogue (_Phil. Trans._,
1833, Plate XV). The actual nebulae, as photographed, have almost no
resemblance to the figures. They are, in fact, spirals, sometimes of very
beautiful and complex structure; and, in any one of the nebulae, the
secondary nucleus of Herschel's figure is either a part of the spiral
approaching the main nucleus in brightness, or it can not be identified
with any real part of the object. The significance of this somewhat
destructive conclusion lies in the fact that these figures of Herschel
have sometimes been regarded as furnishing analogies for the figures which
Poincare had deduced, from theoretical considerations, as being among the
possible forms assumed by a rotating fluid mass; in other words, they have
been regarded as illustrating an early stage in the development of double
star systems. The actual conditions of motion in these particular nebulae,
as indicated by the photographs, are obviously very much more complicated
than those considered in the theoretical discussion.
While I must leave to others an estimate of the importance of these
conclusions, it seems to me that they have a very direct bearing on many,
if not all, questions concerning the cosmogony. If, for example, the
spiral is the form normally assumed by a contracting nebulous mass, the
idea at once suggests itself that the solar system has been evolved from a
spiral nebula, while the photographs show that the spiral nebula is not,
as a rule, characterized by the simplicity attributed to the contracting
mass in the nebular hypothesis. This is a question which has already been
taken up by Professor Chamberlin and Mr. Moulton of the University of
Chicago.
The Crossley reflector promises to be useful in a number of fields which
are fairly well defined. It is clearly unsuitable for photographing the
Moon and planets, and for star charting. On the other hand, it has proved
to be of value for finding and photographically observing asteroids whose
positions are already approximately known.
One of the most fruitful fields for this instrument is undoubtedly stellar
spectroscopy. Little has been done in this field, as yet, with the
Crossley reflector, but two spectrographs, with which systematic
investigations will be made, have nearly been completed by the Observatory
instrument-maker. One of these, constructed with the aid of a fund given
by the late Miss C. W. Bruce, has a train of three 60 deg. prisms and one 30 deg.
prism, and an aperture of two inches; the other, which has a single quartz
prism, will, I have reason to expect, give measurable, though small,
spectra of stars nearly at the limit of vision of the telescope.
The photogravure[12] of the Trifid nebula, which accompanies this article,
was made from a photograph taken with the Crossley reflector on July 6,
1899, with an exposure of three hours. It was not selected as a specimen
of the work of the instrument, for the negative was made in the early
stages of the experiments that I have described, and the star images are
not good, but rather on account of the interest of the subject. At the
time the photogravures were ordered no large scale photograph of the
Trifid nebula had, so far as I am aware, ever been published.[13] The
remarkable branching structure of the nebula is fairly well shown in the
photogravure, though less distinctly than in the transparency from which
it was made. The enlargement, as compared with the original negative, is
2.9 diameters (1 mm = 13''). The fainter parts of the nebula would be
shown more satisfactorily by a longer exposure.
LIST OF NEBULAE AND CLUSTERS PHOTOGRAPHED.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|N.G.C.| [Greek: a]|[Greek: d]| Remarks. |
| No. | 1900.0 | 1900.0 | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | h m s | deg. ' | |
| 185 | 0 33 25 | +47 47.3 |H II, 707 |
| 205 | 0 34 56 | +41 8.2 |H V, 18 |
| 221 | 0 37 15 | +40 19.0 |M 32 |
| 224 | 0 37 17 | +40 43.4 |Great nebula in _Andromeda_ |
| 247 | 0 42 3 | -21 17.9 |H V, 20 |
| 253 | 0 42 36 | -25 50.6 |H V, I |
| 524 | 1 19 33 | + 9 1.0 |H I, 151 |
| 598 | 1 28 12 | +30 8.6 |M 33 |
| 628 | 1 31 19 | +15 16 |M 74 |
| 650 | 1 36 0 | +51 4.0 |M 76 |
| 891 | 2 16 15 | +41 53.6 |H V, 19 |
|1023 | 2 34 8 | +38 38.0 |H I, 156 |
|1068 | 2 37 34 | - 0 26.3 |M 77 |
|1084 | 2 41 5 | - 8 0.0 |H I, 64 |
| ... | 3 41 | +24 |_Pleiades_ in _Taurus_ |
|1555 | 4 16 8 | +19 17 |T _Tauri_ and Hind's variable nebula |
|1931 | 5 24 48 | +34 10.1 |H I, 261 |
|1952 | 5 28 30 | +21 57 |Crab nebula in _Taurus_ |
| ... | 5 30 | - 5 |Great nebula in _Orion_ |
|1977 | 5 30 27 | - 4 54.2 |H V, 30 |
|2024 | 5 36 48 | - 1 54.3 |H V, 28 |
|2068 | 5 41 37 | + 0 0.8 |M 78 |
|2239 | 6 25 37 | + 5 1.1 |Cluster and nebula in _Monoceros_ |
|2264 | 6 35 | +10 0 |Nebula near 15 _Monocerotis_ |
|2287 | 6 42 43 | -20 38.4 |M 14 |
| ... | 6 59 40 | -10 18.2 |New nebula in _Monoceros_ |
|2359 | 7 12 54 | -13 2.0 |H V, 21 |
|2366 | 7 18 18 | +69 13.4 |H III, 748 |
|2371-2| 7 19 6 | +29 41.0 | H II, 316-7 |
|2403 | 7 27 9 | +65 48.9 |H V, 44 |
|2437 | 7 35 24 | -14 35.3 |Cluster and nebula M 46 |
|2632 | 8 34 | +20 |_Praesepe_ cluster |
|2683 | 8 46 29 | +33 47.8 |H I, 200 |
|2841 | 9 15 6 | +51 24 |H I, 205 |
|2903-0| 9 26 31 | +21 57 |H I, 56-57 |
|3003 | 9 42 38 | +33 52.8 |H V, 26 |
|3031 | 9 47 18 | +69 32 |M 81 |
|3079 | 9 55 9 | +56 10.1 |H V, 47 |
|3115 | 10 0 16 | - 7 14.0 |H I, 163 |
|3169 | 10 9 4 | + 3 57.7 |H I, 4 |
|3184 | 10 12 15 | +41 55.1 |H I, 168 |
|3198 | 10 13 42 | +46 3.7 |H I, 199 |
|3226-7| 10 17 59 | +20 24.1 |H II, 28-29 |
|3242 | 10 19 29 | -18 5 |H IV, 27 |
| ... | 10 21 7 | +68 58 |New nebula in _Ursa Major_ (Coddington).|
|3556 | 11 5 40 | +56 13.0 |H V, 46 |
|3587 | 11 9 0 | +55 33.7 |Owl nebula, M 97 |
|3623 | 11 13 43 | +13 38.4 |M 65 |
|3627 | 11 15 1 | +13 32 |M 66 |
|3726 | 11 27 56 | +47 35.8 |H II, 730 |
|4244 | 12 12 29 | +38 22.0 |H V, 41 |
|4254 | 12 13 45 | +14 59 |M 99 |
|4258 | 12 14 2 | +47 51.6 |H V, 43 |
|4303 | 12 16 18 | + 5 1.7 |M 61 |
|4321 | 12 17 52 | +16 22.7 |M 100 |
|4382 | 12 20 21 | +18 44.7 |M 85 |
|4485-9| 12 25 40 | +42 15.3 |H I, 197-198 |
|4501 | 12 26 56 | +14 58.5 |M 88 |
|4536 | 12 29 20 | + 2 44.2 |H V, 2 |
|4559 | 12 30 59 | +28 30.6 |H I, 92 |
|4565 | 12 31 24 | +26 32.2 |H V, 24 |
|4631 | 12 37 19 | +33 5.9 |H V, 42 |
|4656-5| 12 39 6 | +32 42.8 |H I, 176-7 |
|4725 | 12 45 33 | +26 3 |H I, 84 |
|4736 | 12 46 13 | +41 39.5 |M 94 |
|4826 | 12 51 49 | +22 13.9 |M 64 |
|5055 | 13 11 20 | +42 33.6 |M 63 |
|5194-5| 13 25 39 | +47 42.6 |M 51 |
|5247 | 13 32 39 | -17 22.4 |H II, 297 |
|5272 | 13 37 35 | +28 53 |M 3 |
|5457-8| 13 59 39 | +54 50 |M 101 |
|5857-9| 15 2 55 | +19 58.9 |H II, 751-2 |
|5866 | 15 3 45 | +56 9.0 |H I, 215 |
|5904 | 15 13 29 | + 2 27 |M 5 |
|6205 | 16 38 6 | +36 39.0 |M 13 |
|6218 | 16 42 2 | - 1 46.2 |M 12 |
|6412 | 17 32 41 | +75 47.3 |H VI, 41 |
|6514 | 17 55 43 | -23 2 |Trifid nebula in _Sagittarius_ |
|6523 | 17 57 43 | -24 23 |M 8 |
|6543 | 17 58 35 | +66 38 |H IV, 37 |
|6618 | 18 15 0 | -16 13 |M 17 Omega nebula |
|6656 | 18 30 17 | -23 59.3 |M 22 |
|6705 | 18 45 42 | - 6 23.3 |M 11 |
|6720 | 18 49 53 | +32 54.0 |M 57 |
|6853 | 19 55 17 | +22 27 |Dumb-Bell nebula |
|6894 | 20 12 22 | +30 15.5 |H IV, 13 |
|6946 | 20 32 48 | +59 48.0 |H IV, 76 |
|6951 | 20 35 47 | +65 45.4 | |
|6995 | 20 53 0 | +30 49.8 | |
|7008 | 20 57 38 | +54 9.5 |H I, 192 |
|7009 | 20 58 11 | -11 48 |H IV, 1 |
|7023 | 21 0 30 | +67 46.2 |H IV, 74 |
|7078 | 21 25 9 | +11 43.7 |M 15 |
|7089 | 21 28 19 | - 1 16.0 |M 2 |
|7099 | 21 34 42 | -23 38.0 |M 30 |
|7217 | 22 3 24 | +30 52.3 |H II, 207 |
|7331 | 22 32 30 | +33 53.9 |H I, 53 |
|7448 | 22 55 7 | +15 26.6 |H II, 251 |
|7479 | 22 59 56 | +11 47.0 |H I, 55 |
|7537-4| 23 9 38 | + 3 59.4 |H II, 429-30 |
|7662 | 23 21 5 | +41 59.2 |H IV, 18 |
|7782 | 23 48 47 | + 7 24.8 |H III, 233 |
|7814 | 23 58 8 | +15 34.5 |H II, 240 |
|7817 | 23 58 52 | +20 11.6 |H II, 227 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
CATALOGUE OF NEW NEBULAE DISCOVERED ON THE NEGATIVES.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|No.|[Greek: a]|Precession|[Greek: d]|Precession| Description. |
| | 1900.0 | | 1900.0 | | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| |h m s | s | deg. ' '' | '' | |
| 1| 0 0 27.4| +3.0732 |+20 34 57 | +20.048 |vS eeF |
| 2| 0 32 7.7| 3.2795 |+47 55 29 | 19.855 |eF N |
| 3| 0 32 8.1| 3.2801 |+48 1 22 | 19.855 |F vbM E140 deg. |
| 4| 0 32 9.3| 3.2776 |+47 37 24 | 19.855 |eF bM |
| 5| 0 32 28.8| 3.2799 |+47 39 5 | 19.851 |B vE70 deg. |
| 6| 0 33 23.9| 3.2674 |+47 55 5 | 19.841 |eF vS |
| 7| 0 35 43.1| 3.3009 |+47 46 18 | 19.810 |eF vS |
| 8| 0 40 51.1| 2.9793 |-21 25 48 | 19.730 |18 vS R |
| 9| 0 47 0.1| 2.9804 |-21 9 17 | 19.727 |16 vS bM 3 sep. parts |
| 10| 0 41 16.2| 2.9781 |-21 29 43 | 19.723 |18 vS R bM |
| 11| 0 41 16.7| 2.9792 |-21 15 2 | 19.723 |18 vS R |
| 12| 0 41 29.7| 2.9798 |-21 3 8 | 19.719 |18 vS bM E50 deg. |
| 13| 0 42 4.4| 2.9633 |-26 0 7 | 19.711 |17 vS R bsw |
| 14| 0 42 30.7| 2.9780 |-20 56 38 | 19.703 |18 vS bM E115 deg. |
| 15| 0 42 34.2| 2.9620 |-25 59 10 | 19.702 |17 vS N E160 deg. |
| 16| 0 42 37.6| 2.9776 |-20 58 28 | 19.701 |14 S E stell N |
| 17| 0 42 39.7| 2.9772 |-21 1 54 | 19.701 |17 vS Spiral bM |
| 18| 0 42 39.9| 2.9774 |-21 0 3 | 19.700 |18 vS Ring? |
| 19| 0 42 40.5| 2.9770 |-21 3 55 | 19.700 |15 S Spiral N bM |
| 20| 0 42 40.6| 2.9762 |-21 13 54 | 19.700 |18 vS R |
| 21| 0 43 10.4| 2.9603 |-25 59 36 | 19.692 |18 vS R bM |
| 22| 0 43 16.2| 2.9730 |-21 37 17 | 19.691 |18 vS dif |
| 23| 0 43 27.1| 2.9613 |-25 40 21 | 19.688 |17 vS R N |
| 24| 0 43 29.0| 2.9593 |-26 0 57 | 19.687 |18 vS R gbM |
| 25| 0 44 10.8| 2.9714 |-21 30 29 | 19.676 |18 vS R |
| 26| 0 44 26.6| 2.9735 |-20 58 35 | 19.672 |17 vS R bM |
| 27| 1 18 30.9| 3.1475 |+ 9 27 25 | 18.887 |F S N |
| 28| 1 18 53.5| 3.1475 |+ 9 24 28 | 18.875 |F vbM Spiral? |
| 29| 1 19 11.3| 3.1474 |+ 9 21 53 | 18.867 |F vbM Spiral? |
| 30| 1 19 30.7| 3.1467 |+ 9 14 18 | 18.857 |F bM E |
| 31| 1 29 50.7| 3.2101 |+15 6 37 | 18.526 |pF E45 deg. bp |
| 32| 1 29 54.4| 3.2161 |+15 43 25 | 18.524 |F R |
| 33| 1 30 20.9| 3.2127 |+15 17 38 | 18.509 |vF L R |
| 34| 1 30 24.7| 3.2132 |+15 20 28 | 18.507 |pF S vF extension 135 deg.|
| 35| 1 30 35.9| 3.2153 |+15 32 2 | 18.501 |S pB pmb M |
| 36| 1 30 54.7| 3.2176 |+15 43 1 | 18.491 |vvF vS |
| 37| 1 31 5.0| 3.2179 |+15 43 38 | 18.485 |F S E95 deg. |
| 38| 1 31 15.9| 3.2159 |+15 30 44 | 18.478 |pF S R |
| 39| 1 31 25.7| 3.2187 |+15 44 34 | 18.473 |vF S R |
| 40| 1 31 44.8| 3.2194 |+15 46 49 | 18.462 |F L R gbM |
| 41| 1 31 44.8| 3.2126 |+15 4 18 | 18.462 |F L gbM R |
| 42| 1 32 5.9| 3.2158 |+15 20 54 | 18.450 |S pB E135 deg. |
| 43| 1 32 41.3| 3.2171 |+15 23 22 | 18.430 |vF S E45 deg. |
| 44| 1 32 48.8| 3.2156 |+15 12 27 | 18.424 |vF pL |
| 45| 1 33 10.4| 3.2168 |+15 16 49 | 18.413 |vF pL gbM |
| 46| 1 33 13.2| 3.2166 |+15 15 14 | 18.412 |p B R gbM |
| 47| 2 14 10.2| 3.7341 |+41 50 8 | 16.715 |pF E135 deg. |
| 48| 2 14 26.6| 3.7349 |+41 49 1 | 16.701 |pB N R |
| 49| 2 14 33.9| 3.7307 |+41 37 31 | 16.696 |B N |
| 50| 2 14 36.7| 3.7313 |+41 38 24 | 16.694 |F |
| 51| 2 14 55.0| 3.7506 |+42 24 20 | 16.677 |eF vS bM E135 deg. |
| 52| 2 15 6.2| 3.7517 |+42 25 6 | 16.668 |F gbM E130 deg. Spiral? |
| 53| 2 15 14.9| 3.7493 |+42 16 44 | 16.661 |F pmbM |
| 54| 2 15 16.1| 3.7484 |+42 14 4 | 16.659 |F B_{*}f |
| 55| 2 15 38.4| 3.7666 |+42 55 0 | 16.641 |eF vS R |
| 56| 2 15 43.8| 3.7503 |+42 13 58 | 16.637 |S F R |
| 57| 2 15 56.5| 3.7724 |+43 5 24 | 16.626 |F E170 deg. bsf |
| 58| 2 16 1.0| 3.7539 |+42 20 55 | 16.623 |B S vbM E150 deg. bnp |
| 59| 2 16 6.4| 3.7403 |+41 44 51 | 16.619 |S F R |
| 60| 2 16 9.7| 3.7408 |+41 45 26 | 16.616 |F S pmbM |
| 61| 2 16 13.0| 3.7613 |+42 36 32 | 16.613 |pB vbM E150 deg. Spiral? |
| 62| 2 16 31.1| 3.7640 |+42 39 27 | 16.598 |eeF E50 deg. |
| 63| 2 16 34.5| 3.7412 |+41 42 6 | 16.595 |pB pmbM |
| 64| 2 16 40.3| 3.7620 |+42 33 22 | 16.591 |B S pbM |
| 65| 2 16 43.3| 3.7403 |+41 38 14 | 16.588 |pB E0 deg. pmbM |
| 66| 2 16 53.2| 3.7625 |+42 32 12 | 16.580 |vB S mbM |
| 67| 2 16 57.8| 3.7567 |+42 16 48 | 16.576 |F triN npN |
| 68| 2 17 13.8| +3.7403 |+42 22 37 | +16.563 |pB bs B_{*}p |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|No.|[Greek: a]|Precession|[Greek: d]|Precession| Description. |
| | 1900.0 | | 1900.0 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |h m s | s | deg. ' '' | '' | |
| 69| 2 17 18.9| +3.7661 |+42 36 12 | +16.559 |pS pB gbM E40 deg. |
| 70| 2 17 28.5| 3.7415 |+41 33 3 | 16.551 |pF S R |
| 71| 2 17 28.8| 3.7560 |+42 9 35 | 16.551 |vF |
| 72| 2 17 33.2| 3.7606 |+42 20 17 | 16.547 |F vS bnp |
| 73| 2 17 36.2| 3.7789 |+43 3 25 | 16.545 |eeF S |
| 74| 2 17 37.2| 3.7469 |+41 45 2 | 16.544 |F vL vmbM |
| 75| 2 17 41.8| 3.7592 |+42 15 8 | 16.540 |S pB bs |
| 76| 2 17 43.3| 3.7554 |+42 5 21 | 16.539 |F bsp |
| 77| 2 17 44.6| 3.7441 |+42 18 28 | 16.538 |B S E90 deg. bM |
| 78| 2 17 45.5| 3.7425 |+42 22 45 | 16.537 |F L bM N B_{*}np |
| 79| 2 17 50.8| 3.7743 |+42 50 20 | 16.533 |pB gbM E135 deg. |
| 80| 2 17 51.1| 3.7484 |+41 46 22 | 16.532 |pB E135 deg. gbM |
| 81| 2 18 0.2| 3.7743 |+42 48 30 | 16.525 |vF pL gbM E50 deg. |
| 82| 2 18 0.8| 3.7502 |+41 48 55 | 16.525 |pF L |
| 83| 2 18 4.2| 3.7603 |+42 14 0 | 16.522 |S B vbM |
| 84| 2 18 14.8| 3.7579 |+42 7 27 | 16.513 |pB E150 deg. Spiral |
| 85| 2 18 23.6| 3.7792 |+42 56 10 | 16.507 |eeF pL E120 deg. |
| 86| 2 18 26.7| 3.7604 |+42 10 8 | 16.503 |vB E45 deg. |
| 87| 2 18 30.7| 3.7465 |+41 34 13 | 16.499 |F E150 deg. bnf |
| 88| 2 18 33.5| 3.7784 |+42 52 19 | 16.498 |B S gbM |
| 89| 2 18 34.0| 3.7628 |+42 14 44 | 16.497 |vS vF bsp |
| 90| 2 18 37.4| 3.7837 |+43 4 26 | 16.495 |S F bs |
| 91| 2 31 51.3| 3.7209 |+38 16 30 | 15.806 |vF vS |
| 92| 2 33 53.9| 3.7295 |+38 19 27 | 15.694 |F vS N |
| 93| 2 33 56.7| 3.7461 |+38 49 15 | 15.691 |F S bn E0 deg. long N |
| 94| 2 34 7.5| 3.7405 |+38 43 4 | 15.681 |pF S i triN |
| 95| 2 34 9.2| 3.7399 |+38 43 10 | 15.680 |pF vS |
| 96| 2 34 11.8| 3.7259 |+38 7 39 | 15.678 |F L E40 deg. Spiral on |
| | | | | | edge |
| 97| 2 34 44.2| 3.7402 |+38 38 27 | 15.648 |eeeF doubtful |
| 98| 2 34 44.4| 3.7488 |+38 16 16 | 15.648 |pB N E50 deg. S pmbM |
| 99| 2 35 1.0| 3.7469 |+38 18 45 | 15.632 |L F pmbM |
|100| 2 36 32.9| 3.7436 |+38 30 26 | 15.548 |S F E100 deg. |
|101| 2 36 53.3| 3.0662 |- 0 24 48 | 15.525 |vS vF gbM |
|102| 2 37 6.0| 3.0728 |- 0 2 43 | 15.518 |vS F m E30 deg. |
|103| 2 38 44.2| 3.0688 |- 0 16 20 | 15.427 |F S m E80 deg. |
|104| 2 41 11.6| 2.9503 |- 8 3 17 | 15.294 |pB vS E135 deg. |
|105| 2 41 53.7| 2.9564 |- 7 38 9 | 15.254 |vF vS mbM |
|106| 2 42 18.9| 2.9499 |- 8 2 27 | 15.230 |eeF S |
|107| 4 35 22.9| 3.0244 |- 2 12 20 | 7.235 |16 S E165 deg. Dif bM |
|108| 4 36 0.6| 3.0307 |- 1 54 37 | 7.183 |18 vS R |
|109| 4 36 3.6| 3.0300 |- 1 56 42 | 7.179 |17 vS R stell |
|110| 4 36 12.7| 3.0337 |- 1 46 19 | 7.167 |16 vS nearly R bM |
|111| 4 36 15.2| 3.0238 |- 2 13 38 | 7.164 |18 vS R (Spiral?) |
|112| 4 36 40.5| 3.0251 |- 2 9 53 | 7.129 |18 vS R N |
|113| 4 36 41.2| 3.0293 |- 1 58 23 | 7.128 |18 vS E30 deg. bn |
|114| 4 37 2.4| 3.0268 |- 2 5 10 | 7.099 |18 vS dif |
|115| 4 37 26.8| 3.0298 |- 1 56 51 | 7.066 |15 vS Spiral B N |
| | | | | | (stell) |
|116| 5 24 48.1| 3.9674 |+34 6 28 | + 3.075 |bright stell N on |
| | | | | | north side |
|117| 7 14 0.7| 6.4903 |+69 39 20 | - 6.362 |17 vS bM |
|118| 7 14 24.5| 6.4656 |+69 31 49 | 6.395 |17 vS N Ring |
|119| 7 14 37.5| 6.4241 |+69 18 15 | 6.413 |17 R bM |
|120| 7 15 45.6| 6.4282 |+69 21 35 | 6.507 |17 vS |
|121| 7 15 50.7| 6.4875 |+69 41 26 | 6.514 |16 vS R |
|122| 7 16 4.1| 6.4719 |+69 36 40 | 6.532 |17 vS E125 deg. D? |
|123| 7 16 8.0| 6.4219 |+69 20 4 | 6.538 |18 vS E70 deg. |
|124| 7 16 35.2| 6.4099 |+69 16 46 | 6.575 |16 vS iF |
|125| 7 16 48.0| 6.4578 |+69 33 16 | 6.593 |17 vS R |
|126| 7 17 9.1| 6.4119 |+69 18 25 | 6.622 |18 vS R |
|127| 7 17 38.5| 6.4906 |+69 45 29 | 6.662 |17 vS bM R |
|128| 7 17 45.3| 6.4750 |+69 40 36 | 6.672 |17 vS R bM |
|129| 7 17 49.6| 3.7911 |+29 41 49 | 6.677 |18 vS F_{*}inv dif |
|130| 7 17 49.7| 6.4843 |+69 43 46 | 6.678 |17 vS E135 deg. bM N |
| | | | | | Spiral |
|131| 7 18 11.1| 6.4754 |+69 41 28 | 6.707 |16 vS dif 2 or 3 N |
|132| 7 18 14.4| 3.7838 |+29 27 41 | 6.711 |18 vS iF N |
|133| 7 18 20.1| 3.7840 |+29 28 20 | 6.719 |18 vS bM |
|134| 7 18 21.1| 3.7950 |+29 51 18 | 6.721 |18 vS bM |
|135| 7 18 42.2| 3.7832 |+29 27 23 | 6.749 |18 vS iF sc |
|136| 7 18 51.0| 6.6430 |+69 38 32 | 6.763 |17 vS E80 deg. bM N Spiral|
| | | | | | on edge |
|137| 7 18 56.5| 3.7827 |+29 27 7 | 6.769 |19 vS |
|138| 7 19 10.0| +3.7819 |+29 26 7 | - 6.788 |18 vS R bM N Spiral? |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|No.|[Greek: a]|Precession|[Greek: d]|Precession| Description. |
| | 1900.0 | | 1900.0 | | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| |h m s | s | deg. ' '' | '' | |
|139| 7 19 11.6| +3.7800 |+29 22 12 | - 6.790 |18 vS bM |
|140| 7 19 11.8| 6.4683 |+69 40 54 | 6.790 |15 vS Neb_{*} |
|141| 7 19 25.2| 6.4609 |+69 38 50 | 6.809 |16 vS R bM N Spiral? |
|142| 7 19 30.0| 3.7874 |+29 38 22 | 6.816 |18 vS 2N R |
|143| 7 19 34.0| 6.4629 |+69 39 46 | 6.821 |17 vS R |
|144| 7 19 46.5| 3.7859 |+29 35 58 | 6.839 |18 vS bM N R |
|145| 7 19 48.3| 3.7866 |+29 37 21 | 6.841 |18 vS R bM |
|146| 7 21 13.4| 6.4694 |+69 44 51 | 6.957 |17 vS R bM N Spiral? |
|147| 7 21 57.9| 6.4648 |+69 44 42 | 7.018 |17 vS bM N R Spiral? |
|148| 7 24 8.0| 5.8308 |+65 39 28 | 7.198 |pB E200 deg. bn |
|149| 7 30 37.2| 5.8297 |+65 53 16 | 7.720 |vF vS |
|150| 7 31 10.9| 5.8139 |+65 47 0 | 7.767 |pB S gpmbM |
|151| 8 32 38.8| 3.4536 |+19 56 37 | 12.387 |16 S E10 deg. stell N M |
| | | | | | (Spiral on edge?) |
|152| 8 32 40.2| 3.4534 |+19 56 0 | 12.388 |17 E95 deg. S dif |
|153| 8 34 11.6| 3.4527 |+19 59 50 | 12.493 |17 vS E30 deg. stell N |
| | | | | | Spiral? |
|154| 8 35 28.9| 3.4520 |+20 2 47 | 12.581 |17 S Spiral N |
|155| 8 36 7.4| 3.4514 |+20 3 33 | 12.624 |17 S R bM N |
|156| 8 44 40.5| 3.7549 |+34 13 21 | 13.203 |eF E140 deg. |
|157| 8 46 1.9| 3.7442 |+33 50 57 | 13.290 |vF vS |
|158| 8 46 26.8| 3.7403 |+33 44 26 | 13.318 |F vS N E120 deg. Spiral |
|159| 8 46 52.6| 3.7397 |+33 45 19 | 13.345 |pB eS N R |
|160| 8 47 20.6| 3.7507 |+34 14 43 | 13.376 |eF eS bf |
|161| 8 47 56.9| 3.7509 |+34 18 41 | 13.415 |eeF |
|162| 9 12 0.0| 4.2083 |+51 47 20 | 14.898 |L 12 m E135 deg. |
|163| 9 12 2.1| 4.2062 |+51 44 32 | 14.904 |16 E80 deg. bs S |
|164| 9 12 12.5| 4.2001 |+51 36 54 | 14.910 |17 vS Ring bs |
|165| 9 12 38.0| 4.1950 |+51 31 43 | 14.939 |16 E155 deg. gbm |
|166| 9 12 40.4| 4.1862 |+51 18 0 | 14.936 |16 vS E15 deg. stell N |
|167| 9 12 45.4| 4.1835 |+51 16 34 | 14.942 |16 E75 deg. vbN Spiral? |
|168| 9 13 54.3| 4.1814 |+51 22 45 | 15.009 |18 vS N bM |
|169| 9 14 0.5| 4.1839 |+51 26 53 | 15.016 |18 vS scNuclei |
|170| 9 15 23.9| 4.1662 |+51 11 46 | 15.091 |17 vS R |
|171| 9 15 24.6| 4.1652 |+51 10 12 | 15.091 |17 vS bN Ring or |
| | | | | | Spiral |
|172| 9 15 29.3| 4.1658 |+51 11 59 | 15.096 |17 S R |
|173| 9 15 44.6| 4.1631 |+51 11 26 | 15.111 |15 B bM E145 deg. |
|174| 9 16 6.3| 4.1821 |+51 42 11 | 15.136 |17 R S |
|175| 9 16 14.6| 4.1638 |+51 15 42 | 15.142 |17 L vF bM |
|176| 9 16 31.6| 4.1528 |+51 46 32 | 15.168 |17 R S bs |
|177| 9 24 20.2| 3.4095 |+21 49 50 | 15.597 |vF vS |
|178| 9 24 36.8| 3.4084 |+21 48 6 | 15.612 |pB bs S |
|179| 9 25 58.5| 3.4047 |+21 45 25 | 15.687 |eF E85 deg. |
|180| 9 26 22.5| 3.4046 |+21 48 50 | 15.711 |pB S R gpmbM N |
|181| 9 28 0.2| 3.4020 |+21 52 36 | 15.801 |eeF vS |
|182| 9 41 3.6| 3.5855 |+33 58 24 | 16.474 |16 vS bM E75 deg. |
|183| 9 41 9.9| 3.5850 |+33 58 12 | 16.480 |15 vS sbM Spiral |
|184| 9 42 9.0| 3.5779 |+33 45 49 | 16.528 |17 vS N Spiral? |
|185| 9 42 49.5| 3.5822 |+34 6 11 | 16.561 |16 vS bM |
|186| 9 43 12.4| 3.5805 |+34 4 43 | 16.580 |15 vS sbM N Spiral |
|187| 9 43 29.2| 3.5789 |+34 2 26 | 16.594 |16 vS bnw R |
|188| 9 44 13.0| 3.5764 |+34 2 7 | 16.630 |14 vS bM N Spiral |
|189| 9 44 24.6| 3.5760 |+34 3 1 | 16.640 |16 vS R N Spiral? |
|190| 9 44 44.4| 3.5668 |+33 37 27 | 16.656 |17 vS E20 deg. |
|191| 9 44 52.8| 5.0574 |+69 28 13 | 16.670 |pB vS R gpmbM |
|192| 9 47 5.7| 4.9895 |+69 5 27 | 16.776 |pF S bf E90 deg. |
|193| 9 47 22.2| 4.9858 |+69 5 25 | 16.790 |vF dif |
|194| 9 50 19.4| 4.9915 |+69 30 40 | 16.930 |pF S E120 deg. |
|195| 9 50 52.8| 4.9930 |+69 35 26 | 16.955 |eeF S E120 deg. |
|196| 9 50 59.1| 5.0068 |+69 44 0 | 16.959 |pB S E50 deg. pmbM Spiral |
|197| 9 52 29.2| 4.9219 |+69 6 51 | 17.039 |eF E100 deg. |
|198| 9 54 4.1| 4.1109 |+56 5 53 | 17.096 |11 vS neb_{*} |
|199| 9 54 24.7| 4.1167 |+56 18 38 | 17.111 |18 vS R |
|200| 9 54 26.5| 4.1121 |+56 11 53 | 17.113 |15 vS E95 deg. bM |
|201| 9 55 14.0| 4.1162 |+56 27 13 | 17.148 |17 vS R |
|202| 9 56 46.2| 4.0872 |+56 0 18 | 17.219 |17 vS R bM |
|203| 9 57 29.5| 4.0952 |+56 20 33 | 17.250 |15 vS R N |
|204|10 0 15.3| 2.9839 |- 7 33 34 | 17.372 |17 vS sbN Spiral |
|205|10 0 40.4| 2.9909 |- 6 59 25 | 17.391 |17 vS stell sbN |
|206|10 0 42.8| 2.9850 |- 7 29 50 | 17.392 |11 S D iF gbN bn |
|207|10 1 49.7| 2.9891 |- 7 12 11 | 17.441 |17 vS stell |
|208|10 6 50.1| +3.1101 |+ 3 50 57 | -17.653 |14 vS D neb_{*} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+