nobles and knights, and their retainers: but princes began to see
that these great armed meetings of their powerful vassals, in the
facilities they afforded for combinations against the royal power,
and in the imposing exhibition of the baronial force and dignity
necessarily involved in these pageants, were full of danger to the
kingly order; and, in consequence, forbade their celebration except
under express permission of the sovereign[424]. The plea was, the
dangers incurred by the competitors at these mock battles, and
the disorders to which they sometimes led. And indeed it was not
difficult to justify the prohibition on these grounds. Among many
instances that might be quoted of the tumultuous termination of
a tournament, we may notice that of Rochester in 1251. "In this
same year," says Paris[425], "on the Feast of the Conception of the
Blessed Virgin, a fierce Tournament was held at Rochester between the
English and foreigners, in which the foreigners were so shamefully
beaten that they disgracefully fled to the city for refuge; but,
being met by knights coming in an opposite direction, they were again
attacked, despoiled, and soundly beaten with sticks and staves: and
thus they returned with much interest the blows and injuries they had
received at the tournament of Brackley. The anger and hatred between
the English and foreigners increased in consequence, and became
daily more fearful." Another striking example of this century is the
hastilude between King Edward I. and the Count of Châlons in 1274,
which was of so serious a nature as to receive the name of "La petite
Bataille de Châlons." The king, returning from the Holy Land, to take
possession of his crown, was invited by the Count to participate in
a tourney which he was preparing. The king's company is said to have
been a thousand only, while those engaged on the Count's side are
estimated at double the number. But this is the estimate of English
chroniclers. The tourneyers met near Châlons, some on horseback,
others on foot, armed with swords. The Count, who was a very powerful
man, singled out the king for an antagonist; cast aside his sword,
threw his arms round the neck of the monarch, and used all his force
to drag him from his horse. But the king, taking advantage of the
tight hold by which the Count had fixed himself to his person, and
relying on his own strength, suddenly clapped spurs to his horse,
carried away the Count out of his saddle, and then by a violent
shake tumbled him to the ground. Being remounted, the Count renewed
the attack, but with no greater success than before. His knights,
meanwhile, exasperated at the discomfiture of their leader, began to
assail the English with all the rancour of real warfare. The English
returned wound for wound: the "Joust of Peace" became a "Joûte à
outrance:" Edward's archers plied their terrible arrows, routed the
troops opposed to them, rushed upon the knights, slew their steeds or
cut their saddle-girths, so as to bring to the ground many a sturdy
baron and rich prisoner[426].
Of the mandates issued for the suppression of tournaments, many
examples have come down to us. The Fœdera contains a considerable
number. Some were sent forth by the temporal prince, others were
launched by the spiritual arm; for it was no difficult matter in
these days to obtain the pope's aid in any scheme of this nature,
where a benevolent intention could be assigned, and a liberal
douceur had been supplied. In 1220, Pandulf the legate forbids a
tournament in England, under pain of the forfeiture of goods and
of excommunication[427]. In 1234, the king of England charges his
subjects that they offend not by tourneying or behourding (_buhurdare
vel torneare_[428]). In 1255 the royal inhibition is again sent
forth, and the reason given for its publication is the peril of
Prince Edward in Gascony: "eo quod Edwardus, filius Regis in gravi
periculo existit in Wasconia[429]." 1265 is the date of another[430].
In 1299, the king again issues his mandate: this time with penalties
of peculiar severity. The knight is forbidden "sub forisfacturâ vite
et membrorum, et omnium que tenet in dicto regno, torneare, bordeare,
seu justas facere, aventuras querere, aut aliàs ad arma ire, quoquo
modo, sine nostrâ licenciâ speciali." Should any dare to disobey,
then they are forthwith to be arrested and placed in safe custody,
"corpora ipsorum, unà cum equis et hernesio suis[431]."
Whilst, however, the monarch of timid character and jealous of
his baronage, looked with disrelish on the Tournament, the prince
of an enterprising disposition and skilled in military exercises,
naturally regarded with more complacency a pastime in which his
own achievements were placed in the most brilliant light, and the
respect and attachment of his nobles secured, by the exhibition of
those qualities on which they themselves founded their chief claim
to power and distinction. Thus, in the thirteenth century, when the
king (Henry III.) had created eighty new knights, the gallant Prince
Edward accompanied them to a tournament which had been proclaimed on
the continent, "that each might try his strength, as was the custom
with newly-made knights[432]." In 1253, the Earl of Gloucester with
a companion also went abroad, to take part in a marriage festivity
and in a tournament which followed it: an adventure in which they
were so roughly handled by the antagonist knights as to require daily
fomentations and bathing to restore them to health[433].
Regarding the equipment of the knights and their assistants at the
Tournament, there are two documents of this century which are of the
highest interest and afford the most curious information. These are
the "Statutum Armorum ad Torniamenta," compiled previous to 1295;
and the roll detailing the "Empciones facte contra Torniamentum de
Parco de Windsore," in the 6th year of Edward I.; from the latter of
which we have already extracted some passages illustrative of various
portions of the knightly armament.
By the tournament statute we learn that there existed at this time
a sort of Court of Honour, to judge all disputes and delinquencies
that might arise during the celebration of the games; and the members
of it were the king's eldest son, Prince Edward; Edmund, earl of
Lancaster; William de Valence, earl of Pembroke; Gilbert de Clare,
earl of Gloucester; and the earl of Lincoln. As De Valence, the last
of his name, died in 1296, and the earl of Gloucester in 1295, the
date of this document cannot of course be later than the year last
quoted[434]. It is not unworthy of note that the effigies of two of
these Judges of the Tournament, fully equipped in the trappings of
armed knighthood, have been preserved to our days: the monuments of
Edmund Crouchback and of William de Valence in Westminster Abbey are
among the most curious memorials that can be consulted by the student
of ancient military costume. There are several copies of the statute
extant. The following, from a manuscript in the Bodleian Library, has
been selected by the Record Commission as the most trustworthy[435]:--
"A la requeste de Contes e de Barons e de la Chivalrie de
Englet're, ordine est e p̴ nostro Seign^r le Rey comaunde: qe nul
ne seit si hardi desoremes, Conte ne Baron ne autre Chivaler, qe al
Torney voysent de aver plus qe treys Esquiers armez, pur li servir
al Turney: e qe chescun Esquier porte chapel des armes son Seignur
qe il servira a la jornee pur enseygne.
"E qe nul C͂hr ne Esquier qe sert al Turney ne porte espeie a
point, ne cotel a point, ne bastoun, ne mace, fors espee large pur
turneer. E qe tuz les baneors, qe baners portent, seent armez de
mustilers[436], e de quisers[437], e de espaulers, e de bacyn[438]
sanz plus.
"E sil avent qe nul Conte ou Baron ou autre Chivaler voyse encontre
le estatut p̴ le assent e le comaundēmt nostre Seign^r Sire
Edward, fiz le Rey, e Sire Eumond frere le Rey, e Sire Willeme de
Valence, e Sire Gil͂bt de Clare, e le Cunte de Nichole[439], qe
celi Chivaler, qe issint s'ra trove en forfetaunt en nul poynt
encontre le estatut, seyt encurru cele peyne: qe il perde chival e
armes, e demeorge en prison a la volunte de avaūtdiz Sire Edward,
Sire Eumond, e le autres. E qe le Esquier qe serra trove fesaunt
encontre le estatut, qe issi est devise, en acun poynt, perde
chival e herneys[440] e seyt iij. aunz en la prison. E qe nul
sake[441] Chivaler a terre, fors ceus qe serrunt armez pur lur
Seign^r servir, qe le Chivaler pusse recovrir son chival, e cely
seit en la forfeture des Esquiers avaunt diz.
"E qe nul fiz de graunt Seignur, ceo est asaver, de Conte ou
de Baron, ne seit arme fors de mustilers, e de quisers, e de
espaulers, e de bacynet, saunz plus, e qe nul aporte cutel a
poynte, ne espeye, ne mace, fors espee large. E si nul seit trove
qe, en ascun de ceos poynz, alast encontre le estatut, qe il perde
son chival le quel il serra munte a la jornee, e seit en la prison
un an.
"E qe ceus qe vendrunt pur veer le turnēmt ne seent armez de
nule manere de armure, ne qe il ne portent ne espee, ne cutel, ne
bastun, ne mace, ne perre, sur la forfeture des Esquiers avauntdiz.
E qe nul garson, ne hōme a pee ne porte espee, ne cutel, ne
baston, ne perrer: e si il seent trovez enforfetaunt, qe il seyent
emprisonez vij. aunz.
"E si acun graunt Seign^r ou autre teygne mangerie, qe nul esquier
ne ameyne eynz fors ceus qe trencherunt devaunt lur Seignurs.
"E qe nul Roy de Haraunz ne Menestrals[442] portent privez armez,
ne autres forz lur espees saunz poynte. E qe le Reys des Harraunz
eyent lur huces des armes saunz plus." &c.
This document affords us some curious glimpses at the customs of the
time; not less by what it forbids than by what it ordains. A tournament
in which the combatants are liable to be pelted by the stones and
slings of the varlets and other lookers-on, does not give us a very
exalted idea of these festivals; and, for a holiday game, the rules
seem oddly severe which decree that the poor squire who infringes them
shall lose horse and armour, and "demeorge iij. aunz en la prison."
The Roll of Purchases made for the Tournament of Windsor Park, "per
manum Adinetti _cissoris_," is preserved in the Tower of London, and
bears date 9th of July in the sixth year of Edward I. (1278). The
jousts were of the kind called "Jousts of Peace," and the knights for
whom armour is provided are thirty-eight in number. Of these, twelve
are styled "digniores," and wore gilded helms, while the remainder
had head-pieces that were silvered only. A "memorandum" informs us
that each suit consisted of one coat-of-fence, one surcoat, one pair
of ailettes, two crests (of which, one for the horse), one shield,
one helm of leather, and one sword made of whalebone. "M^d q̄d in
quo ̱p ͂hne͂s fu'unt j. Tunic' ar͂m: j. coo̱pto͂r: j. pa͂r alet͂t.
It̄m ij. Cres͂t & j. Blazōn & una galea co͂r & j. ensis de Balōn."
Each coat-of-fence was composed of a Cuirass and Arm-defences. The
cuirasses (_quirettæ_) being supplied by "Milo the Currier," were
probably of leather, as the helms were: "De Milōn le Cuireu͂r.
xxxviij. quire͂t: p'̄c pēc iij. s." For each of them were furnished
two ells of the cloth called "Carda;" while eight pieces of "Diaper"
contributed to the formation of the whole thirty-eight:--
"Pro qualibet quiret͂t ij. ul̄n card.
Pro eisd' ͂hne͂s armand' viij. diaspe͂r."
The carda is charged at fourpence an ell; the diaper at eight
shillings the piece. "Ten buckrams" are supplied to form the
arm-defences: "Item ̱p xxviij. pa͂r brac͂h x. bukeran̄n." And the
whole of these are painted: "Item ̱p f̄cu͂r & pictu͂r xxxviij.
pa͂r Brach' de Bokeran p'̄c pa͂r iiij. d." These body-armours must
have differed very widely in their structure or embellishment; for
while the Harness-of-Arms of Walter de Sancto Martino only cost seven
shillings, that of the Earl of Lincoln amounted to thirty-three
shillings and fourpence. Little bells were added to the equipment
either of the knights or their horses; perhaps both: and they were
purchased of Richard Paternoster: "De Ricō pat'n͂r DCCC. Nolaȝ sive
Tintunabul' p'̄c cen͂t. iij. s." This decoration of bells obtained
great favour in the next two centuries.
The surcoats of the four earls[443] were of Cindon silk, the
remaining thirty-four of Carda: "Pro iiij. coo̱pto͂r ̱p iiij^{or}
Comi͂t ij. Cind' & dī. Item ̱p xxxiiij. coo̱pto͂r. CXIX. ul̄n.
card." The ailettes were made of leather and carda, being fastened by
laces of silk: "D. Milōn le Cuireu͂r. xxxviij. pa͂r alet͂t co͂r p'̄c
pa͂r viiij. d.... Item pro xxxviij. pa͂r alet͂t xix. ul̄n. card....
viij. Duodēn laqueoȝ serīc ̱p alet͂t p'̄c duodēn viij. d."
Each helm and each horse had a crest, which was made of calf-skin,
and fastened by the _chastones_ and _clavones_ already noticed at
page 347. Stephen the Joiner supplied thirty-eight shields of wood
at fivepence each: "De Stephō Juncto͂r xxxviij. scu͂t fustīn p'̄c
scuti. v. d." Being elsewhere called _blazonæ_, we may conclude they
were heraldically ensigned. The helms were of leather, supplied by
Robert Erunnler in their crude state at sixteenpence per helm;
but afterwards embellished by Ralph de la Haye, who gilt twelve of
them with pure gold for the chief knights at a shilling apiece,
and silvered the remainder at eightpence each: "De Rob'o Erunnler
xxxviij. galee de co͂r p'̄c galee xvj. d. Item Rādo de la Haye ̱p
Batu͂r xij. galeaȝ de auro pu͂r ̱p dingmo͂r ar̄m prēc galee xij.
d. Eidem pro Batu͂r xxvi. gal' de argento, p'̄c gal' viij. d." The
swords were made of whalebone and parchment, their blades silvered,
the hilt and pommel gilt: "De Petro le Furbeu͂r (the furbisher)
xxxviii. glad' fac͂t de Balēn & Parcomēn, p'̄c pēc vij. d. It̄m
̱p Batu͂r d̄coȝ glad' de argent' xxv.s. It̄m ̱p Batu͂r pomell' &
hil͂t eoȝd' de auro pu͂r iij. s. vi. d."
The sum-total paid for these thirty-eight equipments, including their
carriage from London to Windsor, was £80 11_s._ 8_d._ Other purchases
were made at Paris, of which a portion appears to have been for the
tournament, as the horse furniture, already noticed at page 340.
Other articles are of a miscellaneous character, as hawking-gloves,
furs for mantles, carpets, and "a hundred _fromages de Brie_ for
the King and Queen" (C. casei de Bria pro Rege et Regina, precium
xxxv. s.). The whole of the document, however, deserves a careful
investigation, though we have extracted the chief particulars which
illustrate the subject of our inquiry. It is printed in full in the
seventeenth volume of the _Archæologia_.
There was a variety of the tournament in vogue during this century,
called the Round Table; of which, though some curious details
have been preserved, the particular characteristic has not been
ascertained. Matthew Paris[444] has noted with especial distinctness
that the _Tabula rotunda_ was not a mere new name given to an old
sport, but that it was a pastime of a different kind. "In this year,
1252, he says, the knights of England, in order to prove their
skill and bravery in military practices, unanimously determined to
try their powers, not in the sport commonly and vulgarly called a
Tournament, but in that military game which is named The Round Table:
(non ut in hastiludio illo quod communiter et vulgariter Torneamentum
dicitur, sed potiùs in illo ludo militari qui Mensa Rotunda dicitur:)
therefore, at the Octave of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin,
they assembled in great numbers at the Abbey of Wallenden, flocking
together from the north and from the south, and some also from the
continent. And, according to the rules of that warlike sport, on that
day and the day following, some English knights disported themselves
with great skill and valour, to the pleasure and admiration of all
the foreigners there present. On the fourth day following, two
knights of great valour and renown, Arnold de Montigny and Roger de
Lemburn, came forth completely armed after the manner of knights,
and mounted on choice and handsome horses. And, as they rushed
onward to encounter with their lances, Roger aimed his weapon, the
point of which was not blunted, as it ought to have been, so that it
entered under the helm of Arnold, and pierced his throat: for he was
unarmed in that part of his body, being without a collar (_carens
collario_)." Montigny expired on the spot, and the festivities were
turned to mourning; so that "those who had come thither in joy and
gladness, separated on a sudden amid grief and lamentation; De
Lemburn at once making a vow to assume the Cross and undertake a
pilgrimage for the release of the soul of Arnold."
From this relation we learn that the knights, fully armed, contended
with lances on horseback, and that it was an especial rule of the
combat that the lance-heads should be blunt or "rebated."
In 1280, the eighth of Edward I., earl Roger de Mortimer held a Round
Table at his Castle of Kenilworth. "It was," says Dugdale, "a great
and famous concourse of noble persons called the _Round Table_,
consisting of an hundred Knights and as many Ladies, whereunto divers
repaired from foreign parts for the exercise of Arms, viz., Tilting
and martial Tournaments: the reason of the _Round Table_ being to
avoyd contention touching precedency; a Custome of great antiquity,
and used by the antient _Gauls_, as Mr. _Cambden_ in _Hantsh._ from
_Athenæus_ (an approved Author) observes." The original authorities
for this description of the Kenilworth Round-Table festival are
Trivet and Walsingham, and the passages may be seen either in their
histories, _ad an._ 1280, or in Ducange, _sub voce_ Tabula Rotunda.
Dugdale seems to have had the notion that, to avoid disputes
about precedency, all the jousters dined together at the Round
Table; but it must have been a large table to have accommodated
"an hundred Knights,"--to say nothing of the hundred Ladies. It
seems more probable, comparing this institution with others of an
analogous character, that a certain number of knights, representing
(and perhaps assuming the names of) King Arthur and his far-famed
band of warriors, held the field "against all comers." This view
receives some support from the well-known relic at Winchester, "the
rownde table of Kyng Arthur and hys Knyghtes," which is painted
in compartments, each bearing the name of one of the fraternity.
The table in question is not, indeed, more ancient than about the
beginning of the sixteenth century; but, as the Hall at Winchester
in which it is preserved is of the thirteenth century (the very
period in which the sport of the _Tabula Rotunda_ came into vogue),
it seems likely that this table represents some more ancient one
which time has destroyed. The existing "King Arthur's Round Table" is
figured in the Winchester volume of the Archæological Institute; and
in the notice of it in that volume is cited a curious passage from
Leroux de Lincy (himself quoting Diego de Vera, who was present at
the marriage of Philip and Mary), by which it appears that tradition
had assigned to a particular compartment the name of "the place of
Judas or the perilous seat:" "Lors du mariage de Philippe II. avec
la reine Marie, on montroit encore à Hunscrit[445] la table ronde
fabriquée par Merlin: elle se composoit de 25 compartimens en blanc
et en vert: dans chaque division étoient écrits le nom du cavalier
et celui du roi. L'un de ces compartimens, appelé _Place de Judas_
ou _Siége périlleux_, restoit toujours vide." Judas appears to have
been interpolated from one of the Mystery Plays of the Middle-Ages,
and it must be confessed that a table "made by Merlin" and surrounded
by King Arthur and his knights, with Judas for a boon-companion, has
in it a certain boldness of concatenation which might well strike
with awe the solemn mind of Don Diego de Vera, on the occasion of
his visit to Hunscrit. A passage in the _Faits de Bouciquaut_ seems
to imply that holding a Round Table meant a hastilude in which
the challengers kept open house: "Ainsi fit là son appareil moult
grandement et très honnorablement Messire Bouciquaut, et fit faire
provisions de très bons vins, et de tous vivres largement et' à
plain, et de tout ce qu'il convient, si plantureusement _comme pour
tenir table ronde à tous venans_ tout le dict temps durant, et tout
aux propres despens de Bouciquaut[446]."
If the nobles of the land retained their fondness for the military
pastimes of their order, the commonalty were not less attached to the
cognate sports of their class. Indeed, their enthusiasm sometimes
led them to an excess of ambition which resulted in an armed contest
between the two bodies of knight and craftsman: they dared to practise
the exercise of the quintain for the prize of a peacock! the peacock,
that noble bird, every feather in whose tail was an eye of disdain
contumeliously glowering upon the whole generation of plebeians.
The inexhaustible Matthew Paris again furnishes us with an
illustration:--"In the first fortnight of Lent (1253), the young men
of London tested their own powers and the speed of their horses in
the sport which is commonly called the Quintain, having fixed on a
Peacock as the prize of the contest. Some attendants and pages of
the king's household (he being then at Westminster) were indignant
at this, and insulted the citizens, calling them rustics, scurvy
and soapy wretches, and at once entered the field to oppose them.
The Londoners eagerly accepted their challenge, and, after beating
their backs with the broken spear-shafts till they were black and
blue, they hurled all the royal attendants from their horses or put
them to flight. The fugitives then went to the king and with clasped
hands and gushing tears besought him not to let so great an offence
go unpunished; and he, resorting to his usual kind of vengeance,
extorted from the citizens a large sum of money."
Figures of the quintain and the tilters may be seen in Strutt's
Sports: the manuscripts he has used are of a somewhat later date,
(that is, fourteenth century,) but the forms of the quintains may be
fairly taken as similar to those of the preceding age.
In the thirteenth century we first obtain a pictorial representation
of the LEGAL DUEL, or wager of battle: rude, it is true, but
curiously confirming the written testimony that has come down to us
of the arms and apparel of the Champions.
[Illustration: No. 88.]
This drawing has been carefully traced from one of the "Miscellaneous
Rolls" in the Tower, of the time of Henry III. The combatants are
Walter Blowberme and Hamun le Stare, the latter being the vanquished
champion, and figuring a second time in the group as undergoing the
punishment incidental to his defeat. The names of the duellers are
written over the figures, the central one being that of the victor.
Both are armed with the quadrangular bowed shield and a "baston"
headed with a double beak. Britton (De Jure Angliæ, fol. 41) exactly
describes their arming: "Puis voisent combattre armés sans fer et
sans longe arme, à testes découvertes et à mains nues (à pié?)
ovesque deux bastons cornuts d'une longueur, et chascun de eux d'un
escu de quatre corners, sauns autre arme dont nul ne puisse autre
griever." The exact length of the bâtons we learn from a statute
of Philip of France in 1215: "Statuimus quod Campiones non pugnent
de caetero cum baculis qui excedant longitudinem trium pedum."
They might, however, continues the statute, use staves of shorter
dimensions, if they thought proper.
The arming "sans fer" mentioned above is made more clear by a passage
of the "Coustumier of Normandy," chap. 28: (Les champions doivent être)
"appareillez en leurs cuiries, ou en leurs cotes, avec leurs escus, et
leurs bastons cornus, armez si comme mestier sera de drap, de cuir, de
laine et d'estoupes. Es escus, ne es bastons, ne es armures de jambes,
ne doit aver fors fust ou cuir, ou ci qui est pardevant dit; ne ils
ne peuvent avoir autre instrument à grever l'un l'autre fors l'escu
et le baston." The bare heads and cropped hair of our duellers are in
conformity with another ordinance of the Camp-fight: "Les Chevaliers
qui se combate por murtre ou por homicide, se doive combatre à pié, et
_sans coiffe_, et estre _roignés à la reonde_[447]." Compare the figure
of the champion of Bishop Wyvil, which appears on the monumental brass
of the prelate in Salisbury Cathedral: date 1375. It is engraved in
Waller's Brasses, Part ix., and in Carter's "Painting and Sculpture."
For an extended series of evidences relating to the custom of Wager of
Battle, see Ducange or Adelung, _v. Campiones_, and compare Henault,
_ad an._ 1260.
[Illustration: CAERPHILLY CASTLE, GLAMORGANSHIRE.
Built about 1275.
No. 89.]
FOOTNOTES:
[265] An instructive series of English sculptured figures has been
finely engraved in Stothard's Monumental Effigies, and in the
continuation of this work by the brothers Hollis. The continental
examples, especially those of Germany, are ably figured in Hefner's
_Costumes du Moyen-Age_. The sculptured effigies preserved in the
Church of St. Denis are well described in the _Monographie de l'Eglise
de St. Denis_ of the Baron De Guilhermy. The monumental brasses of
England have been engraved excellently and in large numbers by Messrs.
Waller, and in the subsequent works of the Rev. Mr. Boutell. The
knightly statues given in Blore's Monuments, though not numerous, are
of the highest order of art, and perfect in their truthfulness.
[266] This manuscript is perhaps a little later than the year
1300, but the armour represented in it is essentially that of the
thirteenth century.
[267] Matthew Paris, p. 853. ed. Wats.
[268] Collection des Ordonnances, i. 383.
[269] Abstracts of both are given at a later page of this division.
[270] Vol. iii. p. 403.
[271] Eyton's Antiq. of Shropshire, i. 160, sq.
[272] Blount's Anc. Tenures, and Eyton's Antiq. of Shropshire, i. 180.
[273] Page 248.
[274] Paris, p. 374.
[275] Ibid., p. 467.
[276] Paris, p. 514.
[277] Paris, p. 518, _ad an._ 1242.
[278] Rot. Claus. 6 John, m. 66.
[279] Rot. Claus. 7 John, m. 18.
[280] Vol. v. c. 42.
[281] Froissart, bk. i. c. 287.
[282] Hist., p. 591.
[283] Vol. i. p. 198.
[284] pike.
[285] Ann. 1214.
[286] Rigord.
[287] Brito, _ad ann._ 1202.
[288] The abbot of St. Medard.
[289] The Bishop Elect of Beauvais.
[290] Roll of Expenses of K. Edward I. at Rhuddlan Castle: Archæol.
xvi., 47.
[291] Ibid.
[292] chattels.
[293] "Hauber, chapel de feer, espe, cutel e cheval." Stat. of
Winchester.
[294] "Haubergeon." Ibid.
[295] "Parpoint, chapel de feer, espe e cutel." Ib.
[296] "Espe, ark, setes e cutel." Ib.
[297] "Fans, gisarmes, e cotaus, e autres menues armes." Ib.
[298] These are the same equipments as before, only calculated by
a money qualification instead of a landed property. The Winchester
Statute has a similar provision.
[299] Here the Stat. of Winchester has an additional class: "Qui meins
ad de chateux de vynt marcs, espees, cuteus e autres menues armes."
[300] "Arcs et setes hors de forestes, e dedenz forestes arcs et
piles (_var._ pilets)." Stat. Win.
[301] "Deus foiz par an." Stat. Win.
[302] Cap. 23.
[303] Blount's Ancient Tenures.
[304] Rot. Pat. 55.
[305] "Culvertage means in plain English the penalty of being a
turn-tail. The culprit was liable by law to the forfeiture of all
property, and perpetual servitude." Lingard, Hist, of Eng. See also
Ducange, v. Culvertagium.
[306] New Rymer, 444. See also Hallam's Middle Ages, vol. i. p. 170.
ed. 1855.
[307] M. Paris. Additamenta.
[308] Ibid., p. 1145.
[309] Page 568.
[310] This circular formation, however, was no new invention. We have
it in Cæsar: "Quum illi, _orbe facto_, sese defenderent, celeriter ad
clamorem hominum circiter millia VI. convenerunt." Bell. Gall., L. 4.
[311] Fordun, xi. 34; Hemingford, 59-165; Walsingham, 75.
[312] p. 631.
[313] Hist. _sub an._ 1256. See also the account of the Tartar
warriors. M. Paris, _ad ann._ 1238, 1241, 1243.
[314] M. Paris, _sub an._ 1238. p. 399.
[315] Ibid., p. 467.
[316] Ibid., p. 574.
[317] Paris, 651.
[318] Lingard, vol. iii. p. 280.
[319] Kriegsbuch, b. 2. fol. 66.
[320] MS. Chronicle, cited by the Emperor of the French in the
_Etudes sur l'Artillerie_, vol. i. p. 39.
[321] Sismondi, Repub. Ital., iii. 105.
[322] Giov. Villani, L. 7. c. 8.
[323] Trivet, Annales, fol. 282.
[324] Ante, page 217.
[325] Page 687.
[326] Page 537.
[327] Rolandini: De factis in March. Tarvis., L. iv. c. 13.
[328] M. Paris, p. 669.
[329] Page 74.
[330] Brasses and Slabs.
[331] Tho. Archid. in Hist. Salonit., c. 28. Ducange, v. _Collarium_.
[332] Plac. Coron., 8 Ed. I., Rot. 41.
[333] a. 1296.
[334] Archæologia, vol. xvii. pp. 302, 304 and 305.
[335] Copied from the figure by Blore and Le Keux in Surtees' Durham,
iij. 155.
[336] Add. MS. 6728. Kerrich Collections.
[337] Archæologia, vol. xvii. p. 302, seq.
[338] This illustration has been kindly lent by the Council of the
Archæological Institute.
[339] Mémoires de la Soc. des Antiq. de France, t. xiii. p. 339.
[340] Annales Archéol., t. iv. p. 212.
[341] New Fœdera, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 203.
[342] Archæol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 349.
[343] New Rymer, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 203.
[344] Three sculptured effigies had already been noticed in England,
having defences of Banded-mail, when in the course of a tour in the
midland counties with an archæological friend, the Rev. Mr. Parke,
of Lichfield, the writer had the good fortune to find, in the little
church of Newton Solney in Derbyshire, the monument here figured.
See Archæol. Journ., vol. vii. p. 360. The other statues are those
at Tewkesbury, Dodford, Northants, and Tollard Royal, Wilts. The
engraving of the Sulney effigy and the following three woodcuts
illustrative of Banded-mail have been obligingly lent by the Central
Committee of the Archæological Institute.
[345] Kerrich Collections in Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 6,731, f. 4.
[346] Vol. i. p. 77.
[347] We are again obliged to borrow illustrations of our subject
from the fourteenth century. This manuscript appears to have been
illuminated about 1360.
[348] Wien's kaiserliches Zeughaus.
[349] Chaucer.
[350] Six or eight.
[351] protect.
[352] _Archæologia_, vol. xvii. pp. 302 and 305.
[353] Glossar., v. _Armatura_.
[354] hauberk.
[355] shields? Perhaps, coming with the body-armour, the ailettes.
[356] greaves.
[357] gloves: _gants_? See the glossarists.
[358] Vol. iii. p. 403.
[359] Paris, 773.
[360] Froissart, bk. ii. ch. 200, ed. Buchon.
[361] Page 686.
[362] He died in 1247. The effigy is figured by Willemin, vol. i.,
Pl. XCI.; and by Guilhermy, page 164.
[363] Paris, p. 730.
[364] De Bauçoio: _Descriptio Victoriæ_ &c. apud Duchesne, t. v.
[365] Gesta Ludov. IX. ap. Duchesne, t. v. p. 377.
[366] Compare Surtees' Durham, where there is a rude cut of the
effigy, vol. iii. p. 151.
[367] conflict.
[368] Page 154.
[369] Page 502.
[370] See _Archæologia_, vol. xii. Plate LI.
[371] guisarmes.
[372] Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 765.
[373] Plac. Cor. 12 Ed. I., apud Blount.
[374] Page 503.
[375] Statutes of the Realm, j., 230: circa 1290.
[376] From _lamina_: dimin. _lamella_.
[377] Albericus in Chron., ann. 1214.
[378] Ad ann. 1256.
[379] Vol. i., Plate XXXI.
[380] étoit.
[381] The stirrup Cross-bow is seen in our engraving.
[382] From the French, _vis._
[383] From the Italian? an arbalest to be bent by "naturall strength"
alone: see Florio, v. _Lena_.
[384] Pesarola is a balance, but the application of the word is not
clear.
[385] Guiart, ann. 1304.
[386] Fragment. Hist. Dalphin., t. ii. p. 64.
[387] Paris, p. 685.
[388] Paris, p. 689; and compare page 1,092.
[389] Page 210.
[390] Page 38.
[391] Paris, p. 853. Compare Chron. of Dunstable, p. 366, and M.
Westminster, p. 387.
[392] Paris, p. 853, ad an. 1264.
[393] Ibid., p. 366.
[394] Ibid., p. 375.
[395] Paris, p. 385.
[396] Evidently a mistake of the transcriber. Such a sum of
thirteenth century money would make about £300 of modern currency.
[397] The silver matrix of the seal of this baron is still in
existence, and was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Society
of Antiquaries in 1777, as recorded in the fifth volume of the
_Archæologia_. Plate XVII. of that volume gives us a representation
of the seal. It exhibits the "saddle of the arms of the said Robert:"
the arms being repeated on the shield and housing: the knight is
armed with the sword. This seal was made between 1298 and 1304, as
it contains also a shield of the arms of Ferrers; Robert Fitz Walter
having married a lady of that house in 1298: she dying in 1304, the
baron married into another family.
[398] The Elms in Smithfield; an ancient place of execution. A Close
Roll of this century (4. Hen. III.) mentions the "Furcæ factæ apud
Ulmellos com. Middlesex." Strype, b. iii. p. 238.
[399] Pat. 24 Ed. I. in Turr. Lond.--New Rymer, vol. i. p. 848.
[400] _Archæologia_, vol. xvii. p. 306.
[401] Page 385. "Cum equis ferro coopertis."
[402] Coll. des Ordonnances, j. 383.
[403] Gloss. v. Equi cooperti.
[404] Pat. 27 Edw. I., m. 40; in Turr. Lond.--New Rymer, vol. i. p. 901.
[405] Engraved in Archæol. Journ., vol. ix. p. 27.
[406] _Archæol._, vol. xvii. p. 305.
[407] Published by Roy. Soc. of Antiquaries.
[408] "De regimine principum." The author died in 1316.
[409] Lib. iii. pars iii. The Album of Villard de Honnecourt (of the
thirteenth century) contains also directions for constructing the "fort
engieng con apiele trebucet." See _Revue Archéologique_, vol. vi. p. 76.
[410] Matthew Paris, page 624.
[411] Chron. de Justinger: cited by Col. Dufour in his _Mémoire sur
l'Artillerie des Anciens_, p. 89.
[412] Page 751.
[413] Page 1091.
[414] Albericus in Chron. MS. an. 1238, apud Adelung.
[415] Rolandini de factis in March. Tarvis., lib. viii. c. 13;
Monachi Patavini Chron., p. 693.
[416] Compare Christine de Pisan, "Fais du roy Charles," chap. 36.
[417] 17 Sep. 1240.
[418] Balistarios.
[419] _Petrariam turquesiam._ Its particular character has not been
ascertained. But it was a machine for throwing large stones with
considerable force.
[420] This name was given to a wall fortified with battlements and
machicoulis, the fashion having been originally introduced by the
Saracens.
[421] A Bretèche was a covered passage constructed of wood on the top
of a wall or of a tower, carried upon the series of corbels called
machicoulis. It was usually removed in time of peace, being easily
put up again in time of war: for this reason, examples are not often
now to be found. There are probably none remaining in England, and
they are rare in France, but occasionally occur in a dilapidated
state, and the marks where they have been placed are to be seen on
almost every old fortification. They formed a very important part
of the defensive system in the middle ages. It was in these wooden
galleries that the archers were chiefly placed, and from them stones
were hurled on the heads of the assailants through the openings
of the machicoulis, the men being entirely protected by the outer
boarding and roof of the bretèche or gallery. (For many engravings
of them, see Viollet-Le-Duc, Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Age,
8vo. Paris, 1854.) There were loopholes in the outer boarding; and
in the wall behind openings for the supply of projectiles from
the inner passage behind the parapet wall, in front of which the
_bretèches_ were built. These projectiles were conveyed to the top of
the walls or towers by means of the sort of wells which we find in
the thickness of the walls of old castles. The _Bretèches_ were also
called _Hourds_. They were sometimes erected on the top of wooden
palisades only, as was the case in this instance.
[422] Wendover (in Paris, p. 270); Dunstab., p. 142; New Rymer, vol.
i. p. 175. Annal. Wigorn., p. 486.
[423] Paris, p. 510, sub. an. 1241.
[424] See Henault, vol. iii. p. 971. ed. 1774.
[425] Page 715.
[426] Trivet, Hemingford, Westminster, Walsingham, ad an. 1274.
[427] Rymer, vol. i. p. 162.
[428] Ibid., p. 213.
[429] Ibid., p. 323.
[430] Ibid., p. 450.
[431] Page 916. See also pp. 964, 976, 977 and 979.
[432] Matthew of Westminster, p. 300.
[433] Westminster, p. 252.
[434] See _Archæologia_, vol. xvii. p. 298.
[435] Statutes of the Realm, vol. i. p. 230.
[436] A doubtful word. It has been held to mean the kind of cloth
called "muster-develers:" a body-armour seems implied.
[437] Cuissards.
[438] "Bacynette." _Lib. Horn._
[439] Lincoln.
[440] The squire's armour.
[441] Succour.
[442] "Mareschaus." _Lib. Horn._
[443] The Earls of Cornwall, Gloucester, Warren and Lincoln.
[444] Page 729.
[445] Probably for _Hampshire_; a wide deviation: but when we
remember that the word has passed through the Spanish and French, we
shall be less inclined to wonder at its present state.
[446] Chap. xvi.
[447] Assis. Hieros., cap. 101.
INDEX.
Abbo, monk of St. Germain-des-Pres, his account of the siege of Paris
in 886, p. 88.
Advocati of the Church, Part ii. 165.
Adze-axe, Part i. 45, 48.
Aestii, 68.
Agathias, 4, 5, 16.
Ailettes, 245, 368;
various forms of, 250;
their purpose, 251;
enriched, 252;
of leather, 369.
Ailettes figured, 247, 250, 254.
Aketon, 129.
Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne, his enigma, "De Lorica," 62.
Andegavi, 9.
Anelace, 315.
Anglo-Saxons, 9, 15, 17, 21, 65.
Angon, 6, 25.
Arabic Treatise on the Art of War in the thirteenth century, 329.
Arbalest (see Cross-bow).
Arbalestina, 204.
Archers, Part ii. 100, 104, 105, 115, 157, 186, Pt. iii. 198, 224;
mounted, Pt. ii. 102, Pt. iii. 195;
of Anjou, 200;
placed at the wings, Pt. iii. 224;
intermixed with cavalry, 225.
Arcubalestarii, 201.
Armati, 197.
Armour (see Body-armour).
Arms, View of, Part iii. 211.
Army forms barrier of carts and wagons, 225.
Arrière-ban, Pt. ii. 98, 99, Pt. iii. 212.
Arrows, Pt. i. 54, Pt. ii. 156, Pt. iii. 325;
poisoned, Pt. i. 54;
found in graves, Pt. i. 55;
tri-barbed, Pt. ii. 157;
within and without the Forest, 211, 212;
with phials of quick-lime attached, 325.
Arrows figured, 56, 195, 199, 201.
Artillerie, 203.
Astrologers, Part ii. 118, Pt. iii. 227.
Axe, Part i. 5, 12, 45, Pt. ii. 104, 153, Pt. iii. 213, 319;
of copper and iron, Pt. i. 45;
inscribed, Pt. i. 47;
handle of, Pt. i. 49;
handle of iron, Pt. i. 50;
Danish, Pt. i. 12, Pt. iii. 219, 320, 321;
carved on knightly tomb, 318;
double-axe (see Bipennis).
Axes figured, 46, 205, 206.
Bainbergæ, 244.
Balista, Part i. 88, Pt. ii. 158, (see Cross-bow).
Ban, Pt. i. 99.
Banded-mail, 260;
effigies exhibiting it, 260 _note_, 267;
for horse-trappers, 267;
for elephant-trappers, 267.
Banner, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 165, Pt. iii. 334;
imperial, of the Eagle, 332;
of French king to be borne by the Chief Chamberlain, 334;
of St. Paul of London, 335;
of St. John of Beverley, 338.
Bannerer of London in the thirteenth century, 334.
Barbican, 355;
examples of, remaining in England, 360.
Basques, 99, 219.
Bassinet, 292, 367.
Bâton, 131, 322.
Battering-Ram, Pt. i. 88, Pt. ii. 178.
Battle of the Casilin, 16;
of Hastings, 16, 19, 21, 55, 114;
of Stanford Bridge, 20;
of Cuton Moor, or of the Standard, 108;
of Bovines, 198, 343;
of Falkirk, 217;
of Lewes, 331;
of Nuova Croce, 342.
Bayeux Tapestry, 93, 120.
Beads, found in graves of Anglo-Saxon period, 39.
Beáh, 10.
Beard, its fashion, Pt. i. 21, Pt. ii. 149, Pt. iii. 300.
Beffroi, 173, 354.
Behourd, Pt. ii. 182, Pt. iii. 211.
Bells used in tournament equipment, 369.
Berefreid, 174.
Bezanted armour, 255.
Biblia, 352.
Bidaux, Pt. iii. 196, 206.
Biffa, 349.
Bill, Pt. i. 57, 58, Pt. iii. 324.
Bipennis, Pt. i. 5, 45, 48, Pt. ii. 154, Pt. iii. 320.
Bisacuta, 155.
Biturici, 9.
Blazonæ, 369.
Body-armour, Part i. 60, Pt. ii. 119, Pt. iii. 227;
at first used by chiefs only, 61;
of chain-mail, 61, 227, 233;
of jazerant, Pt. i. 64, Pt. ii. 111;
of hide, Pt. i. 64;
quilted, Pt. i. 64, Pt. ii. 134, Pt. iii. 229, 239;
of scale-work, Pt. i. 65, Pt. ii. 132, 133, Pt. iii. 255;
of leather, 132, 240;
of horn, 133;
studded, 134, 243, 255, 256;
of banded-mail, 260;
with breast and back-plates, 271.
Body-guard, Pt. i. 10, Pt. ii. 100.
Boots, 136.
Bosses (see Shields).
Bosses figured, 73, 75.
Bovines, battle of, 198, 343.
Bow (long-bow), Part i. 54, Pt. ii. 105, 156, 160, Pt. iii. 199, 211,
325;
found in graves, 57;
its superiority to the Cross-bow, 160.
Bows figured, 195, 199, 201, 205, 206.
Brabanters, 99.
Brachières, 240, 369.
Brasses, monumental, Pt. iii. 193, 195 _note_.
Breast-plate, early example of, 271.
Bretèche, 357 and _note_.
Bridles, Pt. i. 79, Pt. ii. 171, Pt. iii. 341.
Brigands, 196, 206.
Bronze Period, 1.
Bucula, 292.
Burgundians, 9.
Byrnie, Pt. i. 12, 61, Pt. ii. 109.
Caerphilly Castle, xxv., 377.
Caliburn, 152.
Caltrops, 172.
Canute, 10.
Capitularies of Charlemagne, 8, 9, 14, 15, 54, 61.
------------ of Charles le Chauve, 8, 166.
Captains of Bowmen, 214.
Carcassone, Siege of, 355;
its present state, 360.
Carda, a kind of cloth used in the fabrication of armour, 240, 368.
Cargan, 241.
Carrocio, Part i. 86, Pt. ii. 107, 165, Pt. iii. 331.
Casilinus, battle of the, 16, 17.
Casque normand, 130.
Castle, Norman, xii., 189.
------- Edwardian, xxv., 377.
Cat or Cattus, an engine for siege purposes, Part ii. 178, Pt. iii.
353, 361.
Catapulta, 89.
Ceorl, 10, 38.
Cervellière, 292;
its invention, 293.
Chain-mail, Part i. 61, Pt. ii. 130, Pt. iii. 227;
early fragment in British Museum, 63;
various modes of representing, 123, 270;
shewn of different colours, 270.
Chanfrein, 348.
Chantones, 292.
Charge "en haie," 115, 223.
Charlemagne, his armour, 8;
his sword and belt, 38;
(see Capitularies).
Chastones, 347.
Chat-Chastel, 355.
Chausses, iron, 134;
studded, Pt. ii. 134, Pt. iii. 243, 255;
of chain-mail, 241;
of chain-mail, laced behind, 241;
of banded-mail, 242;
with poleyns, 242.
Chausson, 242;
with knee-pieces, 243.
Childebert I., 30, 47.
--------- II., 18.
Chinese armour, 120.
------- incendiary weapons, 331.
Chivalry, 94, 97.
Church, armed contingent of, 9.
Circle, the ornament of the coif and hood of mail, Pt. iii. 235, 237.
Clavones, 347.
Clergy militant, Pt. i. 14, Pt. ii. 108, 113, 153, Pt. iii. 220.
Clientes, 196, 208.
Clovis, 9, 17.
Club, 324.
Code, military, Pt. ii. 103.
Cœnomanici, 9.
Coif of mail, continuous, Pt. ii. 130;
flat-topped, Pt. iii. 235;
rounded, 235;
how fastened, 235;
worn with or without other head-defence, 236;
under-coif, 238;
with, front of plate, 291.
Coin, with figure of a Frankish warrior, 31.
Collarium, Pt. iii. 234.
Communal militia, Pt. i. 99, Pt. ii. 166, Pt. iii. 195.
Connoissances, Pt. ii. 167, Pt. iii. 196.
Constables, Pt. iii. 211;
of bowmen, Pt. iii. 214;
of cavalry, Pt. iii. 215.
Contus, 155.
Copita, 348.
Coterelli, 99.
Coudières, 234.
Coustillers, 196, 204.
Crest, fan, for helm, 142;
for knight, 347, 368;
for horse, 347, 368.
Croc, 324.
Cross-bow, Pt. ii. 158, Pt. iii. 325;
various kinds of, 326, 353.
Cross-bows figured, 201, 205.
Cross-bowmen, mounted, Pt. iii. 195, 202;
in thirteenth century, 201;
wearing armour, 204;
placed on the wings, 225.
Cuirie, Pt. iii. 240, 368.
Cultellus, Pt. ii. 154, Pt. iii. 210, 314.
Cultellarius, 155.
Culvertage, Pt. iii. 213 and _note_.
Cuneus, Pt. i. 16, Pt. iii. 223.
Cuton Moor, battle of, 108.
Dagger, Pt. i. 7, 43, 51, Pt. ii. 110, 154, Pt. iii. 318;
of bronze and iron, Pt. i. 53;
inlaid, 53;
carved on knightly tomb, Pt. iii. 318;
at Durham, of the thirteenth century, 318.
Daggers figured, 52, 244, 283.
Dagger-sheath, Pt. i. 43, 53.
Danes, Pt. i. 12.
Danish axe, Pt. i. 12, Pt. iii. 219, 320.
Destrier, Pt. iii. 197, 340.
Divers employed against shipping, Pt. ii. 177.
Duel, Legal, 375.
Eagle, Imperial, 164, 332.
Effigies, knightly, Pt. iii. 193;
works illustrative of, 194 _note_.
Engines, military, Pt. i. 87, Pt. ii. 173, Pt. iii. 224, 348;
Arabic in thirteenth century, 329.
Eorl, 9, 38.
Espée à l'estoc, 314.
Esquire, Pt. ii. 95, Pt. iii. 195.
Espringale, Pt. iii. 224, 353.
Exempts, 9.
Exercises of military aspirants, Pt. i. 83, Pt. ii. 181, 185, 188.
Falarica, 89.
Falchion, Pt. iii. 312.
--------- figured, 313.
Falkirk, battle of, 217.
Falx, faus, or falso, Pt. iii. 211, 323.
Faussar, 324.
Female warriors, Pt. i. 15.
------ spies, 209.
Fetel, 10.
Feudal levy, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 195.
Fitzstephen, his description of London games in the twelfth
century, 185.
Flag, lance, Pt. ii. 150, 167, 168, Pt. iii. 305, 338.
Flags, Pt. i. 84, Pt. ii. 163, Pt. iii. 331.
Flail, military, 327.
Foot, knights contend as, Pt. ii. 116.
Foot-troops, Pt. iii. 196, 197, 216;
ridden down by the knights of their own party, 203.
Fork, military, Pt. i. 57.
Formation of troops, Pt. i. 16, Pt. ii. 101, 108, 114, Pt. iii. 217,
223.
Forts of wood, 180.
Francisca, 45.
Franks, 4, 9, 16, 53.
Fraternitas armorum, 50 _note_.
Frieslanders, Pt. iii. 219.
Gambeson, Pt. ii. 111, 127, Pt. iii. 229, 239.
Gauls, 9.
Gauntlets of scale-work, 234.
Gaveloches, 219.
Geldon, 151.
Gerefa, 15.
Germans, Pt. i. 9, 16, 17, 31.
Gesa, 106.
Gibet, 153.
Godbertum, 292.
Godendac, 323.
Godwin, Earl, his present to Hardecanute, 12.
Gonfanon, Pt. ii. 103, 166.
Graisle, 168.
Greaves, Pt. iii. 244.
Greek fire, Pt. i. 89, Pt. ii. 161, Pt. iii. 327;
Arabic treatise on, 329;
discharged in barrels, 351.
Guisarme, Pt. i. 50, Pt. ii. 106, 155, Pt. iii. 211, 322.
Gula, Laws of, 12.
Gunpowder, 89.
Gwentland, archers of, 105.
Hair, how worn, Pt. ii. 148, Pt. iii. 301.
Halbard, Pt. i. 11, Pt. iii. 323.
Harold II., 18, 64.
Harold Harfagar, 20.
Hastiludes, 181.
Hastings, battle of, 16, 19, 21, 55, 114.
Hauberk, Pt. ii. 129, Pt. iii. 233;
with continuous coif, Pt. ii. 130, Pt. iii. 233;
short-sleeved, 131, 239;
long-sleeved, 131;
with fingered gloves, Pt. iii. 234;
with separate gauntlets, 234;
with coudières, 234.
Haubergeon, Pt. ii. 131, Pt. iii. 239.
Helm, flat-topped, 279, 346;
flat-topped, with moveable ventail, 281;
worn over the mail-coif, 281;
round-topped, 281;
of "sugar-loaf" form, 282;
of leather, 282, 368, 369;
secured by a chain, 285;
with fan-crest, 285;
with peacock plume, 286;
with horns, 289;
crowned, 289;
of Poitiers, 293.
Helmets, Pt. i. 66, Pt. ii. 138, Pt. iii. 274;
combed, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140;
conical, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140, Pt. iii. 290;
Phrygian, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140;
round-topped, Pt. i. 67, Pt. ii. 140, Pt. iii. 290;
crested, Pt. i. 68, Pt. ii. 141, 142, Pt. iii. 285;
charmed, 68;
frame, Pt. i. 69, Pt. iii. 291;
of bronze, 71;
of bronze gilt, 71;
of wood, 71;
crowned, 72, 289;
nasal, Pt. i. 72, Pt. ii. 130, 138, Pt. iii. 291;
wide-rimmed, Pt. ii. 112, 141, Pt. iii. 290;
with cheek-pieces and neck-pieces, 139;
flat-topped, Pt. ii. 141, Pt. iii. 289;
with heraldic device, 142;
open-faced, 291.
Hood of chain-mail, Pt. iii. 236;
flat-topped, 236;
round-topped, 236;
slipped off the head and resting on the shoulders, 237;
hood of cloth-like material, 237.
Horns, Pt. ii. 169, Pt. iii. 338.
Horse, buried in the grave of warrior, 80, 83 _note_;
spare in the field of battle, 116;
Spanish, Pt. ii. 173, Pt. iii. 339;
of William the Conqueror, 173;
with fan-crest, 286;
breeds of, 339;
horses of contending knights fight also, 340;
armed horses come into use in England, 344.
Horse furniture, Pt. i. 79, Pt. ii. 169, Pt. iii. 340;
rich, 80, 340;
of chain-mail, Pt ii. 169, Pt. iii. 197, 335, 341, 343;
of cloth, 335;
of silk, 336;
quilted, 341, 343;
armoried, 341, 345, 347.
Horse troops, Pt. i. 17, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 195.
Hourds, 358 _note_.
Hungarians, 13.
Húscarlas, 10, 38.
Icelanders, 11.
Irish troops, Part ii. 103.
Iron Period, 2.
Italy, troops in, Pt. i. 12, Pt. iii. 195, 218.
Javelin, Part i. 29, Pt. ii. 156, Pt. iii. 325.
Jazerant armour, Pt. i. 64, Pt. ii. 111.
Joust, 182.
Jousts of Peace, 368.
Knee-pieces, 243.
Knife (see Dagger).
Knight bachelor, 95.
------ banneret, 95.
Knights, of low degree, 96;
tied to saddle, 172;
effeminate, 188;
perform every kind of military duty, 222;
equipment of in 1298, 292.
Lance (see Spear).
Legal Duel, 375.
Leg-bands, Part i. 65, Pt. ii. 134.
---------- defences, 134.
Levy, feudal, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 195.
Levy, general, Pt. i. 97.
London pastimes in the twelfth century, 185.
Mace, Pt. i. 57, Pt. ii. 153, Pt. iii. 321.
Machicoulis, 357 _note_.
Maître des Arbalestriers de France, 204.
Mallet, 207.
Mangona, Pt. i. 88, Pt. ii. 179, Pt. iii. 348.
Mangonella, 179;
sea-mangonel, 325, 352;
Arabian, 330.
Mantle, 133, 137.
Manufacture of arms and armour, Pt. ii. 162, Pt. iii. 293, 316, 320.
Massue, 324.
Mate-Griffon, 176.
Men-at-arms, Pt. ii. 103, Pt. iii. 197.
Mercenary troops, Pt. i. 99, Pt. ii. 115.
Mines, Pt. ii. 180;
defiances in, 181;
knightly vigils in, 181.
Misericorde, 319.
Monk of St. Gall, his description of the armour of Charlemagne, 8.
Monument of victory in the Campagna di Roma, 361.
Morning-star, 57, 58.
Musculus, 88.
Musical instruments, Pt. ii. 168, Pt. iii. 338.
Mustilers, 367.
Necromancers, 118.
Normans, Pt. i. 17, Pt. ii. _passim_.
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, his armour and arms, 113, 131.
Omens consulted for military purposes, 17.
Oriflamme, Pt. ii 165, Pt. iii. 333.
Otho the Great, ceremonies at his coronation, 31.
Panzar, Part i. 12, Pt. ii. 109.
Pay of knights in the time of King John, 213;
of knights and others in the reign of Edward I., 214.
Pennon, Pt. i. 95, Pt. ii. 103, 167, Pt. iii. 338.
------- of French King to be borne by the Chief Varlet Tranchant, 334.
Petrary, Turkish, 356.
Pictavi, 9.
Pigacia, 137.
Pike, Pt. i. 57, Pt. ii. 162.
Pilete, 207, 342.
Plastron-de-fer, 119.
Plate-armour introduced, 227.
Pluteus, 88.
Poisoned weapons, Pt. i. 40, 54, 59.
Poitrail, Pt. ii. 171, Pt. iii. 341.
Pole-axe, Pt. i. 45, 48, Pt. iii. 322.
Poleyns, 242, 243.
Porchester Castle, xii., 189.
Posse Comitatûs, 10, 97 (and see Statutes of Arms).
Pourpoint, 210, 239.
Pourpointers of Paris in the thirteenth century, 239.
Prayer-book of Charles the Bald, 57.
Procopius, 4.
Prussians, 112.
Quarrels or bolts of cross-bows, Pt. ii. 159, Pt. iii. 204, 326.
-------- "empennés d'airain," 327.
Quintain, water, Pt. ii. 186;
various kinds of, 187;
on Offham Green, Kent, 187;
at London in 1252, 374.
Quiretta, 368.
Quiver, Pt. i. 55, Pt. ii. 102, 158, Pt. iii. 325.
Races, migrations of, 1.
Relics, Saintly, in request for warlike purposes, 17.
Ribauds, Pt. iii. 196, 206, 228;
Roi des Ribauds, 208.
Richard Cœur-de-Lion an archer, 157.
Roi des Hérauts, 367.
Roman influences, 7, 88, 89.
Round-table Game, 306, 370;
at Wallenden, 371;
at Kenilworth, 372;
Round Table of King Arthur at Winchester, 372.
Rutarii, 99.
Sabre, curved, Pt. iii. 314.
Saddle, Part i. 79, 81, Pt. ii. 169, Pt. iii. 340.
Saddle-cloth, 170;
armoried, 336, 340.
Saintly aid in battle, 117.
Saracens, 13.
Saracenic wall, 357.
Satellites, 196, 209.
Saxon Chronicle, 11, 14, 76.
Scale armour, Pt. i. 65, Pt. ii. 132, 133, Pt. iii. 234, 255.
Scandinavians, Pt. i. 12, Pt. ii. 109.
Scottish troops, Pt. ii. 106, Pt. iii. 217.
Scramasaxi, 60.
Scutage, 99.
Sea-fights, 362;
sea-mangonels, 325, 352.
Seals, their use in the study of ancient costume, 93;
various modes of expressing armour upon them, 122.
Seal of William the Conqueror, 92, 142;
of William Rufus, 102, 123;
of Henry I., 119;
of Alexander I., king of Scotland, 106;
of King Stephen, 122, 126, 145;
of Henry II., 151, 170;
of Conan, duke of Britanny, 140;
of Richard Cœur-de-Lion, 123, 140, 141, 142, 146;
of King John, 228, 289, 290;
of Saer de Quinci, 345;
of Alexander II. of Scotland, 147, 340;
of King Henry III., 298, 308;
of Roger de Quinci, 345;
of Hugo de Vere, 345;
of King Edward I., 339, 345;
of Robert Fitz Walter, 336, 340.
Seals figured:--of William I., 92;
of William II., 102;
of Henry I., 119;
of Alexander I. of Scotland, 107;
of Stephen, 122, 144;
of Henry II., 151, 170;
of Conan, duke of Britanny, 140;
of Richard I., _frontispiece_;
of John, 228;
of Henry III., 299, 307;
of Roger de Quinci, 346;
of Edward I., 339.
Seax, 34, 35.
Sergens-d'armes, Pt. ii. 100, Pt. iii. 196, 198.
------- de pied, 196, 197.
Shields, Pt. i. 72, Pt. ii. 143, Pt. iii. 293;
bosses of, Pt. i. 72, 78, Pt. ii. 143, 144, Pt. iii. 295;
handle, 72;
reinforced with iron strips, 74;
of Anglo-Saxon period, usually of lime-wood, 74;
partly of leather, 76;
rim of metal, 76, 111;
round, Pt. i. 72, Pt. ii. 111, 143, 145, Pt. iii. 294, 318;
oval, 76;
painted and gilt, 76, 146;
carried at back, 77, 146;
large, 77;
bronze coatings of, 78;
Danish, 78;
guige, Pt. i. 79, Pt. ii. 146, Pt. iii. 295;
position in the graves, 79;
kite-shaped, Pt. ii. 143, Pt. iii. 294;
triangular, Pt. ii. 143, Pt. iii. 294;
enarmes, 145, 295;
heraldic, Pt. ii. 146, Pt. iii. 296;
rich, 78, 147;
used for bier of slain knight, 147;
heart-shaped, Pt. iii. 294;
pear-shaped, 294;
quadrangular, 295;
rounded below, 295;
materials of, in thirteenth century, 295;
with "pattern" ornaments, 297;
slung at hip, 297;
hung on room walls, 297;
hung up in churches as memorials of distinguished knights, 297;
carved on knightly tomb, 318.
Shields figured: _frontispiece_, Part i. 60, 64, 65, 67, 77, Pt. ii.
92, 102, 119, 122, 127, 129, 135, 136, 140, 144, 151, 170,
Pt. iii. 228, 230, 232, 237, 243, 244, 250, 275, 283, 285, 287,
296, 299, 303, 313, 339, 346.
Ships, Pt. i. 11, 90, Pt. ii. 110, 147, 173, 178, Pt. iii. 362.
Sica, 35.
Sidonius Apollinaris, 4, 34.
Siege of Paris in 886, 88;
of Jerusalem in 1099, 173;
of Crema in 1160, 176, 181;
of Ancona in 1174, 177;
of Messina in 1190, 178;
of Acre, in 1191, 180;
of Bedford castle in 1224, 360;
of Carcassone in 1240, 355;
of the Castle of Capaccio in 1246, 350.
Sigeward, duke of Northumberland, his death, 66.
Skating tilt, 187.
Sling, Pt. i. 57, 58, Pt. ii. 156, Pt. iii. 204, 327;
sling-stones, 59;
staff-sling, 206, 327.
Slings figured, Pt. i. 59, Pt. ii. 135, Pt. iii. 205, 206.
Soket, 306.
Song, war, 20.
Soudoyers, 208.
Sow, an engine for sieges, 174.
Spears, Pt. i. 21, Pt. ii. 150, Pt. iii. 301.
------- figured, Pt. i. 22, 23, 64, 65, 66, 67, 77, 90, Pt. ii. 92,
102, 107, 119, 122, 127, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, Pt. iii. 237,
243, 244, 250, 254, 303.
Spear, shaft of, 27, 150;
shoe of, 29;
represented on knightly tomb, 305, 318;
for hastiludes, 306.
Spies, 209.
Spingarda, 353.
Spingardella, 353.
Spurs, Pt. i. 81, Pt. ii. 171, Pt. iii. 298;
on left heel only, 82;
rowelled, 298;
enriched, 300;
suspended in churches as trophies, 300.
Standards, Pt. i. 84, Pt. ii. 163, Pt. iii. 331;
Danish, 84;
Anglo-Saxon, 85;
Dragon, 85, 164, 331,
or Carrocium, Pt. i. 86, Pt. ii. 107, 165, Pt. iii. 331;
of William the Conqueror, 163;
of the emperor Otho, 164;
of Philip Augustus, 302, 334;
French Royal Standard, 334.
Standard, battle of the, 107.
Stanford Bridge, battle of, 20.
Statute-of-Arms of William of Scotland, 50;
of Henry II. in 1181, 97;
of Frejus in 1233, 230, 241;
of Henry III. in 1252, 210;
of Winchester in 1285, 199, 210;
of Edward I. in 1298, 344.
Steallera, 11.
Steel, hardening of in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 163.
Stone-hammer, 57, 58.
Stone Period, 1.
Stones used as weapons, 162.
Stratagems, 116, 225.
Studded armour, 134, 243, 255;
of several kinds, 256.
Sudis, 155.
Surcoat, military, Pt. ii. 111, 126, Pt. iii. 271;
its use, 271;
short and long worn throughout the thirteenth century, 272;
armoried, 272;
its purpose, 273;
powdered with escutcheons, 273;
sleeved, 274;
of Sindon silk, 369;
of Carda, 369.
Swords, Pt. i. 31, Pt. ii. 151, Pt. iii. 307;
rich, 37, 309;
of Charlemagne, 38;
inscribed, 39;
inlaid, 40;
named, 40, 152;
poisoned, 40;
bent, found in graves, 42;
of William the Conqueror, 152;
manner of furbishing, 153;
Hungarian, 163;
worn at the right side, 311;
of King Henry III., 311;
German and French in the thirteenth century, 311;
curved sabre, 314;
stabbing, 314;
of Cologne, 316;
sword and buckler fight, 316;
sword carved on knightly tomb, 317, 318;
made of whalebone, 368, 370.
Swords figured: _frontispiece_, Pt. i. 32, 33, 60, 67, Pt. ii. 130,
132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 151, 170, Pt. iii. 192, 199, 228, 230,
237, 238, 243, 247, 254, 257, 261, 268, 275, 283, 285, 287, 296,
299, 303, 313, 339, 346.
Sword-belts, 44, 152, 309.
----- cross-piece, 34, 151, 308.
----- handle, 35, 308.
----- sheath, 42, 309;
worn beneath hauberk, 130.
Tacitus, 7, 11, 16, 88.
Tactics, Pt. i. 16, Pt. ii. 108, 114, Pt. iii. 222.
Taper-axe, 45, 47.
Tartars, 172.
Tela nodosa, 106.
Tents, 362.
Tenures by various military services: at Riddesdale, Northumberland,
152;
at Faintree, Salop, 200;
at Chetton, Salop, 201;
by Castle-guard, at Portsmouth, 239;
at Sockburn, Durham, 313;
at Plumpton, Warwickshire, 321;
at Baynard's Castle, London, 334.
Terebra, 89.
Testaræ, 348.
Testudo, 88.
Time of military service, 9, 96.
Tournament, Pt. ii. 182, Pt. iii. 362;
near St. Edmundsbury, 183;
restricted to five localities in England, 184;
in France under Philippe Auguste, 184;
armour not different from that worn in battle, 185;
writers on the subject, 185 _note_;
forbidden, 211, 364;
tumultuous at Rochester in 1251, 363;
of Châlons in 1274, 363;
Statute, _circa_ 1295, 366;
of Windsor Park, 366, 368.
Tourney, 182.
Tours, for bending cross-bows, 353.
Towers, Moveable, employed in sieges, Pt. i. 89, Pt. ii. 173, 174,
Pt. iii. 354, 361.
Trébuchet, four kinds of in the thirteenth century, 349;
named, 351;
reproduced at Vincennes in 1850, 351;
projectiles of, 351.
Trialemellum, 324.
Tribulus, 200 (and see Caltrop).
Tripantum, 349.
Trumpet, 169, 338.
Trumulières, 292.
Tunic, 111, 126, 229.
Uniform costume not in vogue, 228;
but adopted on particular occasions, 229.
Urns, funereal, containing weapons, 30, 42.
Varlets, 196.
Vegecius, 30.
Vinea, Pt. ii. 173, 174, 178, Pt. iii. 354.
Vireton, 160.
Vomerulus, 306.
Wace, the particular value of his chronicle to the student of ancient
usages, 94.
Wager of battle, 375.
Wams, Wambasium (see Gambeson).
War-cries, Pt. i. 20, Pt. ii. 117.
Watch: armed Town-watch, temp. Hen. III., 215;
Watch of Paris under St. Louis, 216.
Weapons, Pt. i. 21, Pt. ii. 150, Pt. iii. 301;
of peasants, 161, 315.
Weapon-smiths, 31, 41, 42.
Weland, 41.
Welsh troops, Pt. ii. 104, Pt. iii. 218.
William the Conqueror, his armour, 92, 131;
his horse, 173.
Wire-drawing, when invented, 227.
[Illustration]
Transcriber's Notes:
Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been fixed throughout.
Inconsistent hyphenation is as in the original.