THE ORKNEYS AND HEBRIDES.
Early expeditions—The Vikings and the Kings of Scotland—The Vikings
in Wales.
We gather from the Sagas that, even for a long time before Harald
Harfagr, the Orkneys and Hebrides were a great rendezvous for Vikings;
and in the Orkneyinga Saga we read:
“Thus it is said that in the days of Harald Harfagr the Orkneys were
settled; but ere that time there was a Viking rendezvous.”
Their geographical position, the prevailing winds during a great part of
the year in the North Sea, favourable for vessels going westward from
Norway or the Baltic, made these islands of special importance. There
met many a Viking fleet, unknown to the enemy, previous to a concerted
attack on Scotland, Northumberland, England, or Ireland.
“King Harald (Fairhair) heard that far and wide, in the middle of the
land, ravaged the Vikings, who, during the winters, stayed west of the
sea. He had a levy out every summer, and searched islands and
outskerries; but as soon as the Vikings became aware of his host, they
all fled, and mostly out to sea. The king got tired of this, and one
summer (about 880) sailed with his host westward. He first came to
Shetland (Hjaltland), and there slew all the Vikings who did not flee.
Then he sailed southward to the Orkneys, and cleared them of Vikings.
After this he went as far as the Hebrides (Sudreyjar) and ravaged there,
killing many Vikings who before had ruled over warriors. He fought there
many battles, and was always victorious. Then he ravaged in Scotland,
and had a battle there. When he went westward to the Isle of Man, the
people had heard what ravages he had before made there, and they fled
into Scotland; the country was deserted, and all movable property had
been removed, so that the king and his men got no booty there.
“In these battles fell Ivar, son of Rögnvald Jarl of Mœri; as indemnity,
King Harald gave to Rögnvald Jarl, when he sailed home, the Orkneys and
Shetlands; but Rögnvald gave his brother Sigurd both, and remained
behind in the west. When the king sailed eastward he created Sigurd a
Jarl. Then joined in companionship with him Thorstein the Red,[452] son
of Olaf the White and Aud the Wise. They ravaged in Scotland, and took
possession of Katanes (Caithness) and Sudrland (Sutherland) as far as
Ekkjalsbakki. Sigurd slew the Scotch Jarl, Melbrigdi, and tied his head
to his saddle-straps; the tooth which projected from the Jarl’s head
wounded the calf of Sigurd’s leg, which swelled, and he died therefrom;
he is mounded at Ekkjalsbakki. After this ruled his son, Guthorm, one
winter; he died childless; and there settled in the country many
Vikings, Danes, and Northmen” (Harald Fairhair’s Saga, c. 22).
In the following extract we find Irish and Norwegians fighting against
Einar Jarl of the Orkneys:—
“The same summer (1018) Eyvind Urarborn went westward on a Viking
expedition, and in the autumn came to Konofogor, a king in Ireland. In
the autumn the Irish king and Einar Jarl of the Orkneys met in
Ulfreksfjord, and there ensued a great battle. King Konofogor had many
more warriors and obtained the victory. Einar Jarl fled with one ship,
and in the autumn returned to the Orkneys, after having lost most of his
men and all their booty. The Jarl liked this journey little, and laid
the blame of his defeat on the Northmen, who were with the Irish king”
(St. Olaf’s Saga, c. 87).
The following extract shows, among other things, the relations which
existed between the Vikings and the old kings of Scotland:—
“Thorfinn now became a great chief, and got much land from his
grandfather, King Malcolm of Scotland. The latter, however, died, and
Karl Hundason became king. He thought himself entitled also to
possession of Caithness, and demanded taxes from it as from other parts
of his realm; but Thorfinn thought his was the least inheritance he
ought to get after his grandfather, especially as it had been given to
him, and therefore he refused to pay any tax. King Karl then made his
nephew, Moddan, Jarl of Caithness; he gathered many men in Sutherland
(Sudrland). When this news reached Thorfinn, he gathered warriors in
Caithness, and Thorkel came to his assistance with a large force from
the Orkneys. The Scots now found that Thorfinn had more men than they,
and retreated; whereupon Thorfinn Jarl subjugated Sutherland and Ross,
and ravaged widely in Scotland, and returned to _Dungalsbæ_ (Duncansby)
in Caithness. Moddan returned to King Karl in Berwick, who became very
angry when informed of the treatment his nephew had received.
“He embarked with eleven fully-equipped longships, while Moddan was to
march overland to Caithness, where the two forces should meet, thus
getting Thorfinn between two fires. The king did not stop until he
neared Caithness. When Thorfinn became aware of his presence, he with
his five ships stood out into the Pentland Firth, intending to sail to
the Orkneys. Thorfinn thereupon sailed along the islands, bound for
Sandvik, and reached Dyrnes (Dearness), where he sent word to Thorkel to
gather men. As he was lying in under Dyrnes, in the morning when it
became light he beheld Karl not far off. He held a consultation with
Thorkel about what had best be done, and he advised to abandon the ships
and go ashore, and thus escape; but Thorfinn decided to fight with the
force he had, and urged his men to behave manfully. They thereupon rowed
against the king’s fleet, and attacked it fiercely. The battle was long
and hard; and when Thorfinn saw the king’s own ship, he urged his men to
board it; at which he ordered his whole fleet to be cut loose, and his
men to take the oars and row away. Thorfinn himself reached the stem of
the king’s ship, and ordered his standard to be carried upon it, and
many brave men followed him up. The king jumped on another vessel with
such of his men as were still standing—for most of them had fallen. He
rode away, and all the Scots fled.
“King Karl sailed to Breidafjord (Broadfirth), where he went ashore and
gathered a fresh host.
“After the battle Thorfinn also retired, and met Thorkel, who had
gathered a strong force, with which they sailed southward to Breidafjord
(Broadfirth), and began to plunder there. Then they heard that Moddan,
with a large force, was at Thorsa (Thurso) in Caithness, and had besides
sent to Ireland for warriors. Thorfinn and Thorkel consulted, and agreed
that the latter should proceed to Caithness with some of the host, while
the former should remain with the remainder, and ravage in Scotland.
Thorkel thereupon marched secretly, for all the people of Caithness were
true and devoted to them, and no news spread before he reached Thorsa at
night and the house of Moddan Jarl, which he set on fire. As he ran out
he was killed by Thorkel. Thereupon he rejoined the Jarl, who thanked
him greatly for his work.
“King Karl gathered men all over Scotland, and also had the force which
came from Ireland to help Moddan Jarl. At Torfnes, south of the
Breidafjord, the two armies met; and, although the Scots were far more
numerous, they were badly defeated, and the king fled, or, as some say,
was slain.
“The Jarl then subjugated Scotland as far south as Fife (Fifi). He sent
Thorkel away with some of his men. When the Scots found this out, they
went to attack him, who, however, gathered the men he had, and defeated
them; whereupon, to avenge their treachery, he ravaged the country,
killing all men he could find.
“The Jarl then sailed northward to Caithness, and there passed the
winter” (Orkneyinga Saga).
Hence we find the Northern chiefs ruling over Wales.
“It is said that Palnatoki one summer, as usual, was on Viking
expeditions, and had twelve well-manned ships. At this time Jarl Stefnir
ruled over Bretland (Wales); he had a daughter called Olöf, who was a
wise and well-liked woman, and a very good match. It is said that
Palnatoki landed his ships there, and wanted to make warfare in the land
of Stefnir Jarl. When this was heard of, Olöf, with Bjorn Brezki (the
Britisher), who was her foster-brother and often gave her advice, took
the resolve to invite Palnatoki home to a feast, with great honours, and
he should have there peaceland, and not ravage.
“Palnatoki and his men accepted this, and went to the feast; and at it
Palnatoki asked in marriage the Jarl’s daughter; he got her easily, and
the woman was promised to him, and then betrothed; the betrothal lasted
no longer than that their wedding took place at this feast; and
moreover, the name of Jarl was given to Palnatoki, and one half of the
realm of Stefnir Jarl if he would settle there; and after his death he
should have all, for Olöf was his only heir. Palnatoki stayed in
Bretland the rest of the summer, and also during the winter. In the
spring he announced that he wanted to go home to Denmark; but before he
went, he said to Bjorn the British: ‘Now I want thee, Bjorn, to stay
here with my father-in-law, Stefnir, and rule the land with him on my
behalf; for he begins to grow very old, and it is not unlikely that I
may not soon come back; and if I do not return, and the Jarl dies, I
want thee to take care of the whole realm till I come back.’ After this
Palnatoki went away with his wife Olöf; he had a good voyage, and came
home to Fjon (Fyen) in Denmark, and stayed at home for a while, and was
thought the next best man in Denmark, and the most powerful and wisest
next to the king.
“It is now told that the next summer after the arvel-feast after King
Harald, Olöf, the wife of Palnatoki, fell sick and died. After her
death, Palnatoki did not like to live in Bretland, and placed Bjorn the
British to take care of that realm. He then made thirty ships ready, and
intended to go on Viking expeditions and warfare. He left the land as
soon as he was ready to go, and that summer made warfare in Scotland and
England, and won for himself much property and fame in his expeditions.
He continued this for twelve summers, and got well off both in property
and honour” (Jomsvikinga Saga).
-----
Footnote 452:
Thorstein the Red was slain by the Scots about 888.
APPENDIX. I.
THE TESTIMONY OF THE FRANKISH ANNALS.
From the Frankish annals of the time of Charlemagne and his sons, we
know that before the period of Harold Fairhair (b. 850; d. 933), and
consequently before the conquest by Gangu Hrolf of the country called
Normandy, the Sueones (Swedes) and Danes, who were also called Northmen
by the Chroniclers, attacked and overran the ancient Gaul in every
direction. They captured Paris and many other important cities, and also
devastated a great part of the present Germany, and extended their
expeditions to the Alps. From a passage in Eginhard we find that the
Norwegians are also mentioned; while the Frankish coins found in the
present Norway show that its inhabitants had intercourse with the empire
of Charlemagne, as they had previously had with Rome.
The Frankish, English, Irish, and Arabian records afford us even a
fuller and clearer insight than do the Sagas into the maritime power and
great activity of the seafaring tribes of the North, and of their
migrations during the ninth and tenth centuries. This maritime power, as
we have seen, was already very formidable during the Roman domination of
Gaul and Britain. If we have a break in the continuity of these maritime
expeditions between the fall of the Roman Empire and the time of
Charlemagne, it is on account of the lack of records, owing to the chaos
that followed the fall and disintegration of the Roman dominion.
The Sagas supply us to some extent with the needed information; they
mention how chiefs like Ivar Vidfamme, Harald Hildetonn, Sigurd Hring,
Ragnar Lodbrok, and others engaged extensively in Western and Eastern
expeditions, and claimed part of England as belonging to them. From the
foreign annals we realize more fully what was implied in the Sagas by
the simple phrase that particular chiefs had been, or were, engaged in
Eastern and Western expeditions: viz., armaments on the most formidable
scale were organized for the subjection of different countries—armaments
and expeditions which could only have been possible for a people in an
advanced state of civilisation. Of these expeditions the Frankish annals
give us the most graphic and detailed accounts.
The particulars concerning the sieges of towns given in the Sagas are
very meagre and very rare. We only know that the catapult, called
_val-slöngva_ (war-sling), or _manga_ (“mangonel”), seems to have been
used for sieges, &c.
That these were well known to the Northmen at an early time, we have
ample proofs.
Great strength of arm was requisite for their use, as several stones at
a time were often shot from one catapult.
The Frankish annals, describing one of the sieges of Paris by the
Northmen, show us how these machines were used by them. We have minute
and graphic descriptions of their mode of warfare, and especially the
methods they adopted in besieging towns—subjects that are very little
noticed in the Sagas, which generally give only results, and
consequently are not of much value to the student of history.
We will proceed to quote a few extracts from the writings of Eginhard,
the historian of Charlemagne, which bear testimony to the formidable
power of the Northmen in his time.
* * * * *
In 777 Charlemagne had summoned an assembly of chiefs at Paderborn.
“All came before him except Witekind, a Westphalian chief, who, feeling
himself guilty of many crimes, and fearing in consequence to present
himself, had fled to Siegfried, king of the Danes.”
788. “An arm of the sea of unknown length [the Baltic], but exceeding
nowhere a hundred thousand paces in width, and in many places much
narrower, extends from the western ocean towards the east. Many nations
inhabit its shores; the Danes and the Sueones, whom we call Northmen,
occupy the northern shore and all the islands; on the southern shore are
Sclavonians, the Aistes and other people.”
800. “Spring having returned, the king (Charlemagne) quitted
Aix-la-Chapelle, about the middle of March, traversed the shore of the
Gallic ocean, constructed a fleet on the same ocean, then desolated by
the piracies of the Northmen, and placed garrisons along the shores.”
804. “At this time Godfrey, king of the Danes, came with a fleet and all
the horsemen of his kingdom, to a place called Schlesvig, on the borders
of his realm and that of Saxony.”
808. “A last war was undertaken against the Northmen, whom we call
Danes, and their king, Godfrey, was so inflated with proud hopes, that
he promised himself the empire of all Germany. Frisia and Saxony he
looked upon as provinces belonging to himself.
“Wishing to assemble a fleet to fight the Northmen, Charlemagne had
ships built on all the rivers of Gaul and Germany which flow into the
Northern ocean; and, as the Northmen devastated in their continual
voyages the coasts of both these countries, he erected solid structures
at the entrances of all the harbours and navigable mouths of rivers
which could receive vessels, and thus blocked the route of the enemy.”
810. “The emperor, then at Aix-la-Chapelle, planned an expedition
against King Godfrey. He suddenly received tidings that a fleet of two
hundred ships, coming from the country of the Northmen, had landed in
Frisia, and ravaged all the islands adjacent to this shore; that this
army had gone inland, and that three battles had taken place between it
and the Frisians; that the Danish conquerors had imposed a tribute on
the conquered; that, under the name of a tax, a hundred pounds of silver
had been paid by the Frisians; and that King Godfrey was on his return
home. These reports proving true, the emperor was so vexed that he sent
messengers in every direction to collect an army, left his palace at
once, and joined his fleet. He passed the Rhine at Lippenheim, and
resolved to await there the troops which had not yet arrived. His army
assembled, the Emperor went as quickly as possible to the river Aller,
pitched his tents near the confluence of this river with the Weser and
awaited the result of the threats of Godfrey; for this king, puffed up
with the vain hope of victory, boasted that he would try his strength
with the army of the emperor.
“After he had remained here some time he heard, among other things, that
the fleet which had devastated Frisia, had returned to Denmark; that
King Godfrey had been slain by one of his servants; that a fort near the
Elbe, named Hobbuck (supposed to be Hamburg), in which were Odo, the
emperor’s envoy, and a garrison of eastern Saxons, had been taken by the
Wiltzes.... Hemming, son of the brother of Godfrey, king of the Danes,
succeeded him, and made peace with the emperor.”
From the following we find that the Norwegians and Danes are confounded
with each other, as were at times all the tribes of the North. Danish
princes are said to live on the shores opposite Britain (Norway).
813. “The emperor sent noble Franks and Saxons into the country of the
Northmen, beyond the Elbe, to make peace with the Danes, according to
the wish of their kings, and to give back their brother. The Danish
nobles came to the place appointed, in number equal to that of the
Franks (they were sixteen on each side); peace was confirmed by oaths,
and the Franks gave up to the Danes the brother of their kings. These
princes were not then in their own country, but had gone to Westerfulde
with an army. This country, the most distant of their kingdom, is
situated to the north-west, and looks to the north of Britain.”
Charlemagne died in 814 and was succeeded by his son Louis le
Debonnaire. During the early years of his reign, he appears to have kept
on friendly terms with the Northmen, who were suffering from internal
dissensions, owing to the succession being disputed between Heriold, and
the sons of King Godfrey. Louis espoused the cause of Heriold, and we
read that in
828. “Lothaire returned to his father at Aix-la-Chapelle. As they
proceeded to occupy the frontier of the Northmen, both in order to renew
the alliance between these peoples and the Franks, and to protect the
interests of Heriold, and when almost all the counts of Saxony had
united for this purpose with the commanders of the marches, Heriold, too
eager to hasten the conclusion of the matter, broke the peace pledged
and guaranteed by hostages, and ravaged and burned some farms of the
Northmen. Hearing this the sons of Godfrey quickly collected troops,
marched to the frontier, crossed the Eider river, and falling upon our
men, camped upon the bank, who were not expecting such an attack, took
the entrenchments, put the defenders to flight, pillaged everything, and
returned to camp with all their force.”
829. “He received the information that the Northmen contemplated the
seizure of the part of Saxony beyond the Elbe, and that, with this
design, their army had already approached our frontiers. Greatly
troubled at this, he sent into all the countries of the Franks to order
the people in mass, to march toward Saxony with all haste, and announced
that he, in person, would cross the Rhine at Nuitz in the middle of
July.”
From the annals of Bertin we take the following extract:—
841. “The Danish pirates, from the shores of the North, made an
irruption into the territory of Rouen, and, carrying everywhere the fury
of pillage, fire and sword, gave up the city, the monks, and the rest of
the people to carnage and captivity, devastated all the monasteries and
other places near the Seine, and left them filled with terror, after
having received much silver.... To Harold who, for his cause and to the
prejudice of his father, had brought with the other Danes much evil to
the maritime districts, Lothair gave for his services Walcheren and the
neighbouring region—a disgraceful forfeit.”
842. “At this time a fleet of Northmen came suddenly, at break of day,
into the district of Amiens, plundering, capturing, and killing persons
of both sexes, leaving nothing but buildings ransomed by silver.”
843. “The Northern pirates arrived in the city of Nantes, after having
killed the bishop and many of the priests, and laymen, and others,
without distinction of sex, and, having pillaged the city, ravaged the
lower parts of Aquitaine; finally, reaching a certain island, causing
earth to be brought thither, they built houses to pass the winter, and
there established themselves as in a permanent abode....”
844. “The Northmen, having advanced by the Garonne as far as Toulouse,
plundered with impunity the region on every side; a detachment proceeded
thence into Galicia, and there perished—some from the bowmen
(arbalêtriers) sent against them, and some in a storm at sea; but
others, penetrating farther into Spain, had long and severe battles with
the Saracens; but at length were vanquished, and retreated.”
845. “The Northmen, with a hundred vessels, on March 20th, entered the
Seine, ravaging here and there, and arrived, without resistance, at
Paris. Charles had intended to go against them; but foreseeing that
there was no hope of his men gaining the advantage, he let them alone;
and, by a gift of seven thousand livres, prevented their advance, and
persuaded them to return....
“The Danes, who the year before had laid waste Aquitaine, quietly
established themselves therein....”
846. “Eurich, king of the Northmen, advanced against Louis in Germany,
with six hundred vessels, along the river Elbe. The Saxons went to meet
them, engaged them in battle, and by the aid of our Lord Jesus Christ,
gained the victory; in their retreat the Northmen attacked and captured
a city of the Esclavons....
“The Northmen again descended the Seine, and, returning to the sea,
pillaged, devastated, and burned all the districts of the shore.... When
they had plundered and burned a monastery named St. Bertin, and were
returning to their ships laden with spoils, they were so smitten by
Divine justice, or blinded by darkness and madness, that only a small
number escaped to announce to the others the ways of Almighty God.”
846. “The Danish pirates come into Frisia and levy at will
contributions, and, victorious in battles, remain masters of almost all
the province....”
847. “The Danes come into the lower parts of Gaul inhabited by the
Bretons, and gain a victory over them in three battles. Noménoe,
vanquished, flees with his men, and then, by presents sent, leads them
to leave his country....”
859. “The Danish pirates having made a long circuit by sea, for they had
sailed between Spain and Africa, enter the Rhone, plunder many cities
and monasteries, and establish themselves in the island called
Camargue.”
860. “Those of these Danes who had established themselves on the Rhone
came, ravaging on their way to the city of Valentia; then, having
plundered all the neighbouring regions, returned to the island where
they had taken up their abode.”
“The Danes on the Rhone go towards Italy, take and plunder Pisa and
other cities....”
We might give many more extracts from the Annals of St. Bertin and the
Annals of Metz; but the above will suffice to show that in the latter
part of the 9th century these Northmen were carrying their incursions,
with hundreds of ships and thousands of men, all over Europe, ascending
its great rivers, ravaging its coasts, marching through and then
settling in its countries, and levying tribute from the people.
In the Narrative of Abbon, we have a striking and graphic description,
by an eye-witness, of one of the Sieges of Paris by the Northmen, which
lasted from November 885 to May 887. The special value of the narrative
to us lies in the minute description which it contains of the methods
adopted by the Vikings in attacking a town or fortress. Abbon begins by
describing the arrival of the fleet of the Northmen in the river.
“Thy (Paris’s) blood was poured out by these barbarians, who came on
board of seven hundred sailing vessels, and innumerable smaller ships
commonly called barques. The deep-water bed of the Seine was so covered
by them that its waters could not be seen for a space of more than six
miles: one asked with astonishment in what cave the river had hidden
itself; it could not be seen; the pine, the oak, and the alder entirely
concealed its surface.”
“The Danes then make, astonishing to see, three huge machines, mounted
on sixteen wheels—monsters made of immense oak trees bound together;
upon each was placed a battering ram, covered with a high roof—in the
interior and on the sides of which could be placed and concealed, they
said, sixty men armed with their helmets. The besiegers had already
finished one of these machines of suitable form and size; a second was
soon made, and they were at work on a third; but from the tower they
shot accurately, with the whole force of the bowstring and javelin
against the workers on them. Thus they were the first to receive the
death they were preparing for us; and when one of these cruel machines
was destroyed, the other soon followed.
“From the hide torn from the neck and back of young bulls, the Danes
then made a thousand large bucklers, which a Latin writer would call
_pluteos_[453] or _crates_,[454] each one of which would cover four or
six men even. During the night, the enemy gave themselves no rest, and
not a moment of sleep; they sharpened, repaired, and forged swift
missiles, strengthened their old shields, and made new ones.... (At
sunrise) suddenly the Danes, the progeny of Satan, armed with their
formidable missiles, rushed furiously from their camp, and like light
bees, ran toward the tower. Born for our misfortune, they advanced with
their backs bent under the bows; the missiles quiver on their shoulders,
their swords cover the ground, their shields hide from sight the waters
of the Seine; thousands of leaden balls, scattered like a thick hail in
the air, fall upon the city, and powerful catapults thunder upon the
forts which defend the bridge. Mars, reawaking his fury, extends in
every direction his fierce empire. The citizens are terrified, the
trumpets give forth violent bursts, and fear seizes on those who guard
the towers. Still there were seen many great and bold men; above all,
the prelate Gozlio shone conspicuous; then his nephew, the brave Abbé
Ebble; admirable also were Robert, Eudes, Ragenaire, Ulton, Herilang;
all these were counts; but the most noble of all was Eudes, who laid low
as many Danes as he threw javelins....”
_January 29, 886._—“The fierce Dane divided his army into three bodies,
ranged in the form of a wedge. The largest he opposed to the tower, and
the two others, borne on painted ships, he directed against the bridge;
thinking that, if he could gain possession of the bridge, the tower
would soon be in his power.... The tower, reddened with blood, groans
under the blows which strike it.... At its base are seen at a distance
only the painted shields which cover the ground and hide it from sight;
in every direction can be seen only the fatal stones and cruel missiles
which fly in the air like dense swarms of bees; the sky itself between
the tower and the clouds is obscured by them. Loud cries are heard, and
everywhere reigns the greatest fear, amid terrible noises. Some attack,
others resist: and the Northmen, clashing their arms, add to the already
cruel horrors of battle. No child of earth has ever laid eyes upon so
many warriors on foot, armed with swords, moving in a single body, under
a painted testudo[455] of such immense size. The Danes made of this
testudo a roof which sheltered them but none dared to raise his head
above its protection, though beneath it their weapons caused a frightful
slaughter.... The fierce nation approached the desolated tower, under
the cover of their large bucklers made of wood and the skins of freshly
killed bulls; some pass the night under arms, others sleep, others scour
the roads, shooting their feathered arrows, from which is dropped
poison.”
[A two days’ attack followed, but without success; they tried in vain to
fill up the moat around the walls, throwing into it earth, trees,
leaves, grass, shrubs, slaughtered animals, and even human beings, their
captives.]
“Their ill-omened ranks tried in vain to fill up even a single ditch, or
to prostrate the tower by their battering rams. Furious at being unable
to get at us in open field, the Northmen take three of their highest
vessels, quickly fill them with whole trees with all their leaves on,
and set fire to them.”
_January 31, 886._—“The east wind gently moves these ships vomiting
flame, and with ropes they drag them along the banks to destroy the
bridge and burn the tower; from the wood which fills them burst out
burning flames.”
[Then the whole populace call upon their patron saint, St. Germain, and
implore him to save them. The enemy’s vessels get aground upon a large
mass of stones heaped up to render the bridge firm; no harm is done to
it, and the besieged rush out, and sink the vessels in the river Seine.
Thus ended the combat for that day, and the night was quietly passed.]
_February 1, 886._—“Next day the Danes secretly carry to their camp the
large bucklers which formed their testudo; they abandon two of their
rams, vulgarly called _carcamuses_, which they feared to carry away; and
our men took possession of them, and joyfully broke them in pieces.
Sigefroy, the king, by whom it was feared the gates of our tower would
have been burst in, then led away all his Danes.
“The third day of this battle was that of the ‘Purification of the
Virgin.’ Nevertheless, the fatal cohorts of the Northmen went on board
their vessels, swifter than birds, and directed their course to the
eastern lands, then subject to the rule of Sad Austrasia, and which had
hitherto not suffered from the enemy’s ravages.”
[Destroying in their course the deserted cottages of the famous Robert,
whom they slew, and in their turn defeated with great loss, they bravely
escaped to their ships without booty; they met with no greater success
at the church of St. Germain, miraculously defended by the Saint.]
_February 6, 886._—“Alas! during the silence of night the middle of the
bridge fell in, carried away by the force of the furious waters. It was
not so with the tower, which, built on land belonging to the happy
Saint, remained standing on its foundations. Both were on the right side
of the city.
“At sunrise the cruel Danes awoke, boarded their vessels, filled them
with arms and shields, crossed the Seine, surrounded the unfortunate
tower, and assailed it repeatedly with showers of missiles. At last,
after a desperate fight, in which the besieged behaved nobly, the
infamous besiegers, seeing that nothing could bend these brave hearts,
brought before the gates of the unhappy tower a car filled with grains,
and set it on fire. Another fierce struggle takes place; the Danes allow
the flames to do their work, and retire; from want of vessels for
drawing water the tower was destroyed, and the besieged retired to the
end of the bridge which was still standing, and maintained the fight
till sundown.”
-----
Footnote 453:
_Plutei_: machines covered with _claies_ and skins of oxen, used to
protect sappers.
Footnote 454:
_Crates_: large bucklers made of osiers.
Footnote 455:
The _testudo_ of the Roman armies, in which the warriors’ shields are
interlocked like the scales of a tortoise, forming a protecting roof
for the undermining or attacking of walls.
APPENDIX II
FACSIMILES OF OLD NORSE MANUSCRIPTS.
[Illustration:
(Knytlinga Saga.)
]
[Illustration:
(Landnama, part iv.)
]
[Illustration:
(Viga-Styr’s Saga, ch. 35.)
]
[Illustration:
(Hardar Saga Grimkelssonar, ch. 11.)
]
[Illustration:
(Hardar Saga Grimkelssonar, ch. 3.)
]
[Illustration:
(Chronological fragment, 12th century.)
]
[Illustration:
(Earlier Edda, complete page.)
]
[Illustration:
(Later Edda.)
]
[Illustration:
(Egil’s Saga.)
]
[Illustration:
(Heimskringla.—Two columns.)
]
[Illustration:
(List of priests from the 12th century. Two columns.)
]
[Illustration:
(Njal’s Saga.—Two columns.)
]
[Illustration:
(Part of manuscript of Gragas.)
]
[Illustration:
(Gunnlaug Ormstunga’s Saga, ch. 4.)
]
[Illustration:
(Hænsa-Thóris Saga, ch. 5.)
]
[Illustration:
(Saga of Víga-Styr and Heidarvíg.)
]
APPENDIX III.
ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCANDINAVIA.
The following is a list of coins found at Hagestadborg, Scania (550);
and at Sindarfe, Gotland (1500).
Nero (54–68 A.D.) 2 2
Vitellius (69) 0 1
Vespasianus (69–79) 1 16
Titus (79–81) 0 5
Domitianus (81–96) 2 10
Nerva (96–98) 1 7
Trajanus (98–117) 26 150
Hadrianus (117–138) 33 225
Sabina, wife of Hadrianus 6 11
Ælius Cæsar (†138) 2 6
Antoninus Pius (138–161) 136 321
Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius 38 130
Marcus Aurelius (161–180) 145 280
Faustina the younger, wife of Marcus
Aurelius 52 97
Lucius Verus (161–169) 21 16
Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus 11 22
Commodus (180–192) 60 91
Crispina, wife of Commodus 7 11
Pertinax (193) 0 10
Septimius Severus (193–211) 6 13
Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus 1 0
Barbaric imitations 0 4
Uncertain (worn) 0 72
——— —————
Total 550 1,500
——— —————
_Roman coins from Augustus up to the death of Alexander Severus._
(29 B.C.-A.D. 235.)
_Found up to 1869._
_Gotland_:
Augustus (29 B.C.-A.D. 14) (Silver) 1
Nero (54–68) (Silver) 2
Galba (68–69) (Silver) 3
Otho (69) (Silver) 2
Vespasianus (69–79) (Silver) 23
Titus (79–81) (1 gold, 4 silver) 5
Domitianus (81–96) 7
Nerva (96–98) 5
Trajanus (98–117) 157
Hadrianus (117–138) 175
Sabina, wife of Hadrianus 14
Ælius Cæsar (†138) 1
Antoninus Pius (138–161) 263
Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius 96
Marcus Aurelius (161–180) 251
Faustina, wife of Marcus Aurelius 87
L. Verus (161–165) 19
Lucilla, wife of L. Verus 18
Commodus (180–192) 86
Crispina, wife of Commodus 11
Pertinax (193) 1
Manlia Scantilla, wife of Didius Julianus 1
Clodius Albinus (†197) 1
Septimius Severus (193–211) 4
Julia Soæmias, mother of Elagabalus 1
Alexander Severus (222–235) 1
Effaced and uncertain 184
—————
1 of gold, 1,422 of silver, total 1,423
—————
_Öland_:
Vespasianus (69–79) (Silver) 2
Trajanus (98–117) (Silver) 2
Hadrianus (117–138) (Silver) 4
Antoninus Pius (138–161) (Silver) 19
Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius (1 brass, 6 silver) 7
Marcus Aurelius (161–180) (Silver) 19
Faustina, wife of Marcus Aurelius (Silver) 5
L. Verus (161–169) (Silver) 3
Lucilla, his wife (Silver) 4
Commodus (180–192) (Silver) 9
Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus 1
Alexander Severus(222–235) (Silver) 1
Effaced or uncertain (Silver) 6
——
81 of silver, 1 of brass, total 82
——
_Recapitulation._—_Entire Sweden_:
Mainland (Gold) 1
(Gold) (Silver) 15
(Gold) (brass) 21
Götland (Gold) 1
(Gold) (Silver) 1,422
Öland (Silver) 81
(Gold) (brass) 1
—————
2 gold, 1518 of silver, 22 of brass 1,542
—————
_Zealand_:
Vespasianus (69–79) (Silver) 3
Trajanus (98–117) (Brass) 1
Hadrianus (117–138) (Silver) 6
Sabina, wife of Hadrianus (Silver) 1
Antoninus Pius (138–161) (Silver) 16
Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus
Pius (Silver) 2
M. Aurelius (161–180) (Silver) 5
Faustina junior, wife of M. Aurelius (Silver) 4
L. Verus (161–169) (Silver) 2
Commodus (180–192) (Silver) 3
Crispina, wife of Commodus (Silver) 3
Septimius Severus (193–211) (Silver) 1
Macrinus (217–218) (Silver) 1
Effaced or uncertain (Silver) 728
———
475 silver and 1 brass, total 476
———
_Fyen_:
Tiberius (14–37) (Solidus, gold) 1
Nerva (96–98) (Silver) 1
Trajanus (98–117). (Silver) 1
Lucius Verus (161–169) (Silver) 1
Geta (211–212) (Gold) 1
—
2 of gold, and 3 of silver, total 5
—
The proportion of effaced or uncertain coins is enormous.
_Bornholm_:
Nero (54–68) (Silver) 1
Domitianus (81–96) (Silver) 1
Trajanus (98–117) (Silver) 13
Hadrianus (117–138) (Silver) 20
Sabina, wife of Hadrianus (Silver) 2
Antoninus Pius (138–161) (Silver) 49
Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus
Pius (Silver) 8
M. Aurelius (161–180) (Silver) 73
Faustina junior, wife of Marcus
Aurelius (Silver) 11
L. Verus (161–169) (Silver) 10
Lucilla, wife of L. Verus (Silver) 3
Commodus (180–192) (Silver) 34
Crispina, wife of Conmmodus (Silver) 3
Septimius Severus (193–211) (Silver) 1
Effaced or uncertain (Silver) 7
———
Total 236
———
_Jutland_:
Nero (54–68) (Silver) 1
Vitellius (69) (Silver) 2
Vespasianus (69–79) (Silver) 4
Domitianus (81–96) (Silver) 1
Trajanus (98–117) (Silver) 8
Hadrianus (117–138) (Silver) 7
Ælius Cæsar (†138) (Silver) 1
Antoninus Pius (138–161) (1 large brass, 16 silver) 17
Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus
Pius (Silver) 5
M. Aurelius (161–180) (Silver) 10
Faustina junior, wife of M. Aurelius (Silver) 3
L. Verus (161–169) (Silver) 2
Lucilla, wife of L. Verus (Silver) 2
Commodus (180–192) (Silver) 8
Septimius Severus (193–211) (Silver) 1
Macrinus (217–218) (Silver) 1
——
72 silver and 1 brass, total 73
——
_Recapitulation._
Bornholm (Silver) 236
Zealand (Silver) 475
Zealand (brass) 1
Fyen (Gold) 2
Fyen (Silver) 3
Jutland (Silver) 72
Jutland (brass) 1
———
2 gold, 786 silver, 2 of brass, total 790
———
_Roman Coins from Claudius to the death of Alexander Severus._
(29 B.C.-A.D. 235.)
Claudius (41–54), Scania (1 gold, 1 brass) 2
Vespasianus (69–79), Scania and
Smäland (brass) 2
Trajanus (98–117), Halland (Silver) 1
Hadrianus (117–138), Scania (brass),
Upland (Silver), (1 brass, 1 silver) 2
Antoninus Pius (138–161), Scania, near
Lund (2 brass, 1 silver) 3
Marcus Aurelius (161–180), Scania (Silver) 2
Lucilla, wife of L. Verus, Halland (Silver) 1
Commodus (180–192), 1 Westergotland, 1
Scania (Silver) 2
Septimius Severus (193–211), Halland (Silver) 1
Julia Domna, wife of Septimius
Severus, Scania (Silver) 1
Caracalla (211–217), Halland (Silver) 1
Elagabalus (218–222), Halland (Silver) 1
Alexander Severus (222–235), Scania (large brass) 1
Effaced or uncertain, Scania (14 brass, 3 silver) 17
——
1 gold, 15 silver, 21 brass, total 37
——
_Roman coins from the death of Alexander Severus to the death of
Theodosius the Great._ (A.D. 235–395.)
Found up to 1869.
_Norway_:
Valens (364–378) (Gold) 1
Valentinianus I. (364–375), Lister and Mandal, near Bergen (Gold) 1
Gratianus (367–383) (in a grave) (Gold) 1
—
Total (Gold) 3
—
_Sweden_:
Gordianus (238–244), Gotland (Silver) 1
Gallienus (253–268), Scania (brass) 1
Probus (276–282), 1 Södermanland, 1
Scania (Gold) 2
Licinius (307–323), Scania (brass) 1
Constantinus Magnus (306–337),
1 Södermanland, 3 Scania, 1 Öland (2 gold, 3 brass) 5
Constantinus II. (337–340), Gotland (brass) 2
Constantius II. (337–361), 3 Scania, 1
Gotland (brass) 4
Constans (337–350), Scania (brass) 1
Effaced or uncertain, 1 Upland, 4
Scania (brass) 5
——
4 gold, 1 silver, and 17 brass, total 22
——
_Denmark_:
Decius (249–251), Fyen (Gold) 1
Aurelianus (270–275), Fyen (Gold) 2
Tacitus (275–276), Fyen (Gold) 1
Probus (276–282), Fyen (Gold) 4
Carus (282–283), Fyen (Gold) 1
Numerianus (283–284), Fyen (Gold) 1
Carinus (283–284), Fyen (Gold) 1
Diocletianus (284–305), Fyen (Gold) 5
Maximianus (286–305), Fyen (Gold) 5
Constantius Chlorus (305–306), Fyen (Gold) 2
Helena, wife of Constantius, Fyen (Gold) 1
Licinius (307–323), Fyen (Gold) 2
Constantinus Magnus (306–337), Jutland
2, Fyen 16 (17 gold, 1 brass) 18
Constantinus II. (337–340), Fyen 2,
Zealand 1 (Gold) 3
Constantius II. (337–361), Denmark,
locality unknown; 2 in Fyen, 1
Jutland (3 gold, 1 brass) 4
Constans (337–350), Fyen (Gold) 2
Valentinianus I. (364–375), Zealand 1,
Jutland 1 (Gold) 2
Other gold coins 5
——
(58 gold, 2 brass) 58
——
_Roman and Byzantine coins from the death of Theodosius the Great to the
death of Anastasius._ (395–518.)
Found up to 1869.
_Swedish Mainland_:
Honorius (395–423), Småland 1
Valentinianus III. (425–455), Smäland, Kalmar län 1
Anthemius (467–472), Scania 1
Julius Nepos (474–475), 1 Kalmar län, 1 Blekinge 2
Romulus Augustulus (475–476), Småland 1
Theodosius II. (408–450), Medelpad 1, Upland 4, Småland 1, 2 in
Kalmar län, 2 in Blekinge, 3 Scania 13
Marcianus (450–457), Upland 1
Leo I. (457–474), 3 in Upland, 1 on Hoen 4
Zeno (474–491), 1 in Medelpad, 11 in Upland, 1 in Södermanland, 2
in Scania 15
Anastasius (491–518), 2 in Upland, 1 in Kalmar län, 1 in Scania 4
Unknown, Upland 1
——
Total (all gold) 45
——
_Öland_:
Honorius (395–423) 5
Valentinianus III. (425–455) 13
Majorianus (457–461) 1
Libius Severus (461–465) 9
Anthemius (407–472) 3
Romulus Augustulus (475–476) 1
Arcadius (395–408) 2
Theodosius II. (408–450) 20
Ælia Eudoxia, wife of Theodosius II 2
Marcianus (450–457) 4
Ælia Pulcheria, wife of Marcianus 2
Leo I. (457–474) 19
Leo II. and Zeno (474) 1
Zeno (474–491) 5
Basiliscus (476–477) 1
Unknown 11
——
Total (all gold) 99
——
_Gotland_:
Honorius (395–423) 4
Majorianus (457–461) 1
Libius Severus (461–465) 1
Procopius Anthemius (467–472) 2
Theodosius II. (408–450) 3
Marcianus (450–457) 1
Leo I. (457–474) 10
Leo II. and Zeno (474) 1
Zeno (474–491) 15
Ælia Ariadne, wife of Zeno 1
Basiliscus (476–477) 1
Anastasius (491–518) 17
——
Total (all gold) 57
——
_Recapitulation._
Sweden, Mainland 45
Sweden, Oland 99
Sweden, Gotland 57
——
All gold, total 201
——
_Bornholm_:
Honorius (395–423) 3
Placidius Valentinianus (425–455) 8
Honoria, sister of Valentinianus 1
Libius Severus (461–465) 1
Anthemius (467–472) 2
Julius Nepos (474–475) 1
Theodosius II. (408–450) 16
Marcianus (450–457) 1
Leo I. (457–474) 12
Leo II. and Zeno (474) 3
Zeno (474–491) 13
Basiliscus (476–477) 1
Basiliscus and Marcus 1
Anastasius (491–518) 5
——
67 of gold, 1 of silver, total 68
——
Valentinianus (425–455), Fyen 2
Majorianus (457–461), Fyen 1
Theodosius II. (408–450), 1 Zealand, 1 Fyen 2
Marcianus (450–457), Fyen 1
Leo I. (457–474), 1 Jutland, 5 Fyen 6
Zeno (474–491), 1 Fyen 1
Anastasius (491–518), 2 Fyen 2
Unknown, 1 Jutland, 1 Fyen 2
——
All gold, total 17
——
_Recapitulation._
Bornholm (Gold) 67
Bornholm (Silver) 1
Rest of Denmark (Gold) 17
——
84 gold, and 1 silver, total 85
——
_Byzantine coins from the time between_ A.D. 518–850.
_Norway_:
Tiberius Constantinus (578–582) 1 gold.
Mauricius Tiberius (582–602) 1
Constantinus V. Copronymus(771–775) 1
Michael III. (842–867) 1
—
Total 4 gold.
_Sweden_ (1 Södermanland, 1 Gotland):
Justinianus I. (527–565) 2 gold.
_Denmark_ (Bornholm):
Justinus I. (518–527) 1 gold.
In Sweden more than 250 Roman and Byzantine gold coins have been found,
and year after year new ones are brought to light.
The whole number of Roman and Byzantine coins of the period before A.D.
850 found up to June, 1872, was—
─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬───────────┬──────────┬───────
│From the │Augustus-│Alexander │Theodosius-│ After │Total.
│ time │Alexander│ Severus- │Anastasius │Anastasius│
│ before │ Severus │Theodosius│(395–518). │(518–850).│
│Augustus.│ (29 │(235–395).│ │ │
│ │B.C.-235 │ │ │ │
│ │ A.D.). │ │ │ │
─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼───────────┼──────────┼───────
Mainland │ 3│ 12│ 4│ 37│ 1│ 57
Scania │ │ 584│ 14│ 19│ │ 617
Öland │ │ 88│ 2│ 106│ │ 196
Gotland │ 9│ 3,234│ 4│ 64│ 1│ 3,312
─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼───────────┼──────────┼───────
│ 12│ 3,918│ 24│ 226│ 2│ 4,182
Among │ │ │ │ │ │
these │ │ │ │ │ │
coins │ │ │ │ │ │
are— │ │ │ │ │ │
Of gold │ │ 2│ 6│ 226│ 2│ 236
Of silver│ 12│ 3,894│ 1│ │ │ 3,907
Of copper│ │ 22│ 17│ │ │ 39
─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────┴───────────┴──────────┴───────
INDEX.
A.
Abbon, ii. 540
Accounts, Greek and Roman, i. 7
Ægir, i. 403
Æthelred, King, ii. 487–492
Æthelstan, King, ii. 465–478
Africa, i. 3
Alfar, the, i. 409
Alfred, King, the Powerful, ii. 465
Altars, i. 356
America, Discovery of, ii. 519 _seq._
Ammianus Marcellinus, i. 12
Amulets, i. 377
Angeln, i. 19
Antiquities, Abstract of, i. 1 _seq._
Antiquities, Greek and Roman, i. 259–275
Apples of youth, i. 49
Archæological track, i. 26
Arms and Armour, ii. 65
Arvel, the, Inheritance Feast, ii. 47
Asar, the, i. 23, 28, 30, 48
Asbjörn, i. 465
Asgard, i. 44
Austrriki, i. 22
B.
Baldr, The Good, i. 33 _seq._
Battles,
Sea—Helga, i. 184
Svold, ii. 188–197
Jomsvikings, ii. 197–208
Land—Brávöll, ii. 436
Dúnheidi, ii. 441
Brunanburgh, ii. 469
Stamford, ii. 505
Hastings, ii. 512
Bayeux tapestry, i. 15; ii. 157, 160, 275, 304
Bergelmir, _before_ the Creation, i. 36
Berserker, i. 56; ii. 423 _seq._
Bertin, ii. 539
Betrothals, ii. 7, 16
Bifrost, Bridge of, i. 35
Björn (Brezki), the Britisher, ii. 206–208, 534
Björn, son of Hring, i. 431
Black Sea and Sea of Azof, i. 25, 28
Boats, ii. 144
Bog-finds, i. 193
Bohuslän, i. 71 _passim_
Bononia, i. 11
(Borislav) Búrislaf, ii. 160
Bracteates, ii. 332 _seq._
Britain, Settlement by Northmen, i. 17
Bronze Age, i. 84–124
Burials, i. 324–342
C.
Cæsar, Julius, i. 8, 14
Cairns, _vide_ Graves.
Carausius, i. 11
Champions and Berserks, ii. 423 _seq._
Chariots and Cars, i. 294–6
Charlemagne, ii. 537
Children, Birth and bringing up of, ii. 30
Christianity, Struggle with Paganism, i. 464 _seq._
Chronicles, Various, i. 13, 20
Cimbric Chersonesus, i. 10
Civilisation of the North, i. 1 _seq._
Classes, Ancestry of, i. 487
Classes, Divisions of, i. 486 _seq._
Claudianus, i. 12
Coins found, i. 260–263, 271
Coins chronologically arranged, vol. ii. Appendix III.
Conduct of life, the, ii. 401 _seq._
Cosmogony, i. 27 _seq._
Creation, i. 29 _seq._
Cromlechs, i. 71
D.
Debts and Debtors, ii. 235 _seq._
Denmark, Kings of, Appendix III.
Derision, Penalty of, i. 589–591
Disir, The, ii. 411
Divorce, ii. 25
Dom rings, i. 369, 533, 564
Dress of men, ii. 285 _seq._
Dress of women, ii. 301 _seq._
Dreams, i. 456–463
Duelling, i. 563–567
Dvergar, the, i. 39
Dwellings, ii. 242
E.
Edda, Earlier—Extracts from, _passim_
Edda, Later—Extracts from, i. 30–68
Edmund, King, the Holy, ii. 457
Edward the Confessor, ii. 496, 501
Egil, i. 419, ii. 469 _seq_
Egil i., his sorrow, ii. 414; song, ii. 416
Eginhard, i. 23; ii. 537
Eïrik Blood-axe and England, ii. 467
Eïrik, the Red, ii. 518
Ella, King, ii. 452–456
Emma, Queen, ii. 487–490
Engelhólm, i. 19
England—Origin of name, settlement, i. 19
Epithets of Odin, i. 56;
Valkyrias, i. 389
Epithets of the sea, i. 403–404
Epithets of swords, ii. 79
Epithets of spears, ii. 88
Epithets of axes, ii. 89
Epithets of arrows, ii. 91
Epithets of shields, ii. 95
Epithets of coats of mail, ii. 99
Epithets of warships, ii. 136
Epithets of battles, ii. 448
Epithets of warriors, blood, raven and eagle, the wolf, horses, fire,
ii. 449
Eumenius, i. 10, 11
Eutropius, i. 11
Exercises, bodily, idróttir, ii. 369 _seq._
Exercises, mental idróttir, ii. 389 _seq._
F.
Facsimile of Old Norse MSS., ii. 544–550
Fafnir, i. 435
Feasts and entertainments, ii. 274 _seq._
Fenrir, i. 41–43
Finds, chief:—
Bavenhöi, i. 251, 280
Blekinge, i. 170, 173
Bohüslän, (ancient Vikin), i. 74, _passim_
Bröttby, i. 273
Gökstad, i. 335
Hjortehammar, i. 306
Karleby, i. 75
Kivik, i. 88
Moklebust Eids, i. 339
Nydam, i. 219 _seq._
Thorsbjerg, i. 194 _seq._
Treenhöi, i. 89–91
Uby, i. 78, 79
Valloby, i. 249
Varpelev, i. 255
Vimose, i. 108, 207
Bornholm, i. 128, _passim_
Burgundy, i. 158
England—Taplow, i. 319
Fyen, i. 123–127
Fyen, Bangstrup, i. 245
Fyen, Broholm, i. 87, _passim_
Fyen, Kragehul, i. 216
Fyen, Mollegaard, i. 128
Jutland, i. 241, 248
Ukraine, i. 245
Wallachia, i. 159
Zealand (Nordrup), ii. 225
Finds, ii. _passim._
France (Valland), ii. 464, 536 _seq._
Frankish Annals, ii. 536
Franks—Franci, Frakki, i. 10 _seq._
Frey, worship of, i. 351
Freyja, i. 64
Frigg, i. 28, 57
Frostathing, the, i. 465
Fylgjas, the, i. 413
G.
Games, ii. 352, 357
Gardariki, i. 26, 51, 53
Gautaland, i. 60, 423
Genealogies of the Norse chiefs, i. 66; ii. 479
Genealogies of the jarls of Normandy, ii. 464
_Get_-ae (Goths, Jutes) Thysa-Massa, i. 26, 343
Geography, old Norse, i. 52
Germany, i. 3 _passim_
Gildas, settlement of Britain, i. 25
Ginnungagap, i. 29
Glass, i. 276–284
Glass, Earliest finds of, i. 126, 255
Godi, temple-priest, and Godiship, i. 525–531
Godwin—Gudini, ii. 491
Göngu Hrolf, ii. 462–464
Gorm, King, i. 456
Graves, _vide_ Stone, Iron, Bronze Ages
Graves, Remarkable, i. 247, 258
Graves, Various, i. 299, 318–335
Greece, i. 3
Greek and Roman antiquities, i. 259
Greenland, Discovery of, ii. 518
Grimnismal, i. 27
Ground-finds, i. 235–246
Gudrun—Song I., ii. 417
Gudrun—Song II., ii. 420
Gyda, ii. 492
Gyrd, ii. 512, 513
H.
Hákon Jarl, i. 367, 467
Hákon the Good, i. 424, 464–9, 475; ii. 43, 466
Halfdan, i. 462
Halls and buildings, ii. 241
Harald Gormsson, i. 473; ii. 479
Harald Gudinason (Godwin’s son), ii. 502 _seq._
Harald Hardradi, ii. 499 _seq._
Harald Harfagr, i. 361, 448; ii. 514, 531
Harald Hilditönn, i. 22, 326; ii. 436–441
Harald Knutsson and Hörda-Knut, ii. 496
Harbours, ii. 169, 177
Hávamál, the, ii. 401 _seq._
Hengist and Horsa, i. 20, 25
Heid the Sybil, i. 29
Heimdall, i. 35
Hel, i. 29, 32
Herodotus, i. 26
High-seat pillars, i. 361
Horses and Harness, i. 285–291
Hospitality, i. 433; ii. 283
Houses, ii. 242
Hraesvelg, i. 38
Hrimthursar, i. 28, _passim._
Hrolf Kraki, i. 354
I.
Iceland, Discovery of, ii. 514–516
Idavöll, i. 45
Idols, i. 375, 379
Idols, power of, i. 469–472
Idróttir (_vide_ Exercises), list of, ii. 45
Indemnity, i. 544 _seq._
Insurance companies, ii. 233
Ireland, ii. 514, 516–518
Iron age, i. 125 _seq._
Ivar’s dream, i. 459
Ivar the Boneless, ii. 453–459
Ivar Vidfadmi, i. 22, 23, 68
Ividi, i. 29
J.
Jarl, Attributes of, i. 487 _seq._
Jerusalem, i. 52; ii. 500
Jomsborg, ii. 109, 162, 479
Jorsala, i. 52
Jomsvikings, ii. 197–208
Jörmungand, i. 42
Jötun, &c., i. 28 _seq._
Julian, Emperor, i. 12, 14
Jutes (Jotnar, Jötunheim, &c.), i. 26
K.
Ketilbjörn, i. 358
King, Meanings and Grades of, i. 497 _seq._
Kissing, Laws on, ii. 24
Kjökkenmöddinger, i. 70
Klakkharald, i. 455, 456
Knut, the Mighty, the Old, i. 480, 486 _seq._
L.
Land, Division, Law, Rights of, i. 487 _seq._
Landvoettir, the, i. 418
Language, Norse, i. 20
Laws of the early English tribes, i. 532 _seq._
Loki, i. 32 _seq._
London, ii. 481, 484, 489, 492
Louis le Débonnaire, ii. 538
M.
Magnus, the Good, i. 186; ii. 497
Man, Creation of, i. 45
Manni, i. 23
Manuscripts, Old Norse—facsimiles, ii. 544–550
Marriage, ii. 1 _seq._
Mediterranean, i. 3, _passim_
Midgard, i. 44
Mimin’s well, i. 32
Mistletoe, i. 33
Mounds, _vide_ Graves.
Muspelheim, i. 30
Mystic signs and numbers, ii. 341
N.
Nanna, the Goddess, i. 332
Niflheim, i. 29, _passim_
Nine Worlds, the, i. 29
Njörd, i. 146;
worship of, i. 354
Nordimbraland, i. 20, _passim_
Normandy, ii. 463, _passim_
Nornir, the, i. 385–389
Norway, Kings of, Appendix III.
Norsemen, Mythology of, i. 27, 44
O.
Oaths, i. 553–559
Occupations of men, ii. 344–351
Occupations of women, ii. 362–367
Ocular delusion, i. 444
Odals, _vide_ Land
Odin, i. 28 _seq._
Odin of the North, i. 51
Odin’s religion, i. 343
Odin’s successors, i. 362
Olaf, King and Saint, i. 467–476, 500, 540–543
Olaf, King and Saint, ii. 37, 179, 481, 492
Olaf of Sweden, i. 540; ii. 480
Olaf Raudi, of Scotland, ii. 469 _seq._
Olaf Tryggvason, i. 351, 357, 377, 467, 473, 476, 506–7
Olaf Tryggvason, ii. 182, 480
Omens, i. 450–455
Öngulsey, i. 19
Ordeal, i. 559–562
Orkneys and Hebrides, ii. 531
Outlawry, i. 578–583
P.
Paganism and Christianity, i. 464
Pálnatóki, Jarl, ii. 160, 534
Palestine, i. 3
Paris, siege of, ii. 540–543
Pillars, High-seat, ii. 516
Plan of Holmganga ground, i. 565
Pottery—Stone Age, i. 82, 83
Pottery—Bronze Age, i. 94, 95
Pottery—Iron Age, i. 137 _seq._
Precedence, ii. 251
Ptolemy, i. 10
Punishments, i. 368, 372, 476, 518
Punishments, ii. 236 _seq._, 243, 247
R.
Ragnar Lodbrók, ii. 435, 450–453
Ragnar his sons, ii. 453–459
Ragnarök, i. 43
Ran, goddess, i. 403
Religion, i. 343 _seq._
Revenge, i. 584–589
Robbery, ii. 236 _seq._
Rock-tracings, ii. 116 _seq._
Rooms, names of, ii. 259
Runes, i. 154–192
Runes magical, i. 278, 439
Rune-song of Odin, i. 160–163
Russia, i. 4, _passim_
S.
Sacrifices (three principal), i. 344–347
Sacrifices human, i. 364–374, 448
Sacrifices before a duel, i. 565
Sagas fully described, Appendix III.
Sax, the, i. 15
Saxonicum litus.—Town or Army-list, i. 18
Saxons a misnomer, i. 18–24
Scaldship, ii. 389 _seq._
Scepticism among the heathen, i. 354
Scotland, ii. 532, _passim_
Sculpture, i. 297
Sea-god and his Wife, i. 403–408
Serkland, Saracens, ii. 500
Shape-changing, i. 430
Ships, Levy of, ii. 187
Ships, Construction of, i. 162–172
Sicily, i. 3
Sigurd, Hring, ii. 433–441
SILENCE OF CENTURIES!, i. 21
Slavery—freed slaves, i. 502–514
Sorcery, i. 401
Sorrow and mourning, ii. 414 _seq._
Spain, i. 3
Sports, ii. 351, 357, 361
Stone Age, i. 69, 83
_Sue_-ones, i. 7 _seq._
Suicides, i. 423
Suitors, bridal, ii. 2 _seq._
Superstitions, i. 430 _seq._
Svein, Tjuguskegg, King, ii. 479
_Sri_-ár, _Sri_-thjod, _Swe_-den, i. 7
Sweden, Kings of, Appendix III.
T.
Tacitus, i. 7, 15
Taxes, i. 187
Temples, i. 356–361
Thing, the, and its offshoots, i. 515 _seq._
Thor, i. 47
Thor, Worship of, i. 353
Thraldom, i. 502
Time, Divisions of, i. 37
Titles, i. 486 _seq._
Traders and trading-ships, ii. 249 _seq._
Turf-Einar, i. 372; ii. 262, 263
Tyr, i. 35, 47
Tyrkir (men), i. 20
U.
Ulf Jarl, ii. 490
Utgard, i. 44
V.
Vafthrudnismál, i. 27
Val and its derivatives, i. 389
Valhalla, i. 420–429
Valkyrias, the, i. 387–393
Valland, France, ii. 463
Vanir, Their land and river, i. 52
Veneti, i. 8
Vends—Wends, ii. 160, 188
Vikar, Legend of King, i. 421
Viken, or Vikin, i. 19, 299, 473; ii. 117, 462
Vili and Ve, Odin’s brothers, i. 30
Vindland, ii. 188, 479
Vinland, America, ii. 519 _seq._
Visma, shieldmaiden, ii. 441
Völuspa, the, i. 27
Volvas, the, i. 394
W.
Waggons, i. 294–299
Wales—Bretland, i. 19; ii. 534
Wall-ornamentation, ii. 247
War customs, ii. 102 _seq._
War ships, ii. 136 _seq._
Warfare, Mode of Naval, ii. 181 _seq._
Weapons, ii. 65 _seq._
Weather vanes, ii. 156
Weregild, i. 544
Wodin (see Odin), i. 28 _seq._
Wood-carving, ii. 244
William the Norman, ii. 512, 513
Witchcraft, ii. 439–449
Witikind, i. 18; ii. 537
Women, position of, ii. 1 _seq._
Women, rights of, ii. 24
Women, restrictions of extravagance of, ii. 28
Worlds, the Nine, i. 29
Worship of men, animals, groves, i. 379–383
Y.
Yggdrasil, i. 41 _seq._, 385
Ymir, creation from, i. 30
Yngvi, i. 64, 497
Yule sacrifice, i. 345
Z.
Zosimus, i. 10
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Added footnote reference numbers to footnotes on pp. 62,
2. Added missing footnote anchor after “pay the penalty” for first
footnote on p. 406.
3. Changed “1” to “I” and moved it adjacent to “APPENDIX” on p. 536 to
be consistent with “APPENDIX III.”.
4. Added “APPENDIX II.” heading on p. 544 to be consistent with
“APPENDIX III.”
5. Chenged “550 1,500” to “Total 550 1,500” on p. 551 to be consistent
with other tables.
6. Changed “Derision, Penalty of, ii.” to “Derision, Penalty of, i.” on
p. 558.
7. Silently corrected typographical errors.
8. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.
9. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.