_THROUGH THE FOREST AND HOME AGAIN._
Upon arriving at York we were kindly received by the officer of the
Hudson’s Bay Company, Dr. Milne. Our men were given lodgings and rations
in one of the many vacant houses in the Fort, while my brother and I were
shown into the Doctor’s bachelor quarters and allowed to occupy the room
of Mr. Mowat, the assistant trader, who was absent at the time.
The first articles essential to comfort were tubs and warm water. With
travellers in the north, particularly during the winter season, the
practice of performing daily ablutions is quite unheard of. This is not
due to neglect, but is rather an enforced custom due to the painful
effects produced by the application of ice-cold water to the skin. During
the previous summer and autumn my brother and I adhered to the habit of
daily washing our hands and face, until our skin became so cracked and
sore that we were forced to discontinue.
Besides Dr. Milne and an old-time servant, Macpherson, Mr. Mowat, now
temporarily absent, was the only other white resident in York. He had,
only a few days before our arrival, been sent off with two Indians as a
relief party to look for the Company’s autumn mail, which was now more
than six weeks overdue. The mail should have come down the Hays River
from Oxford House, 250 miles distant, before the close of navigation, but
as nothing had yet been heard of it or the party, fears were entertained
as to their safety. It was thought they must have been lost in the river.
[Illustration: DOG-TRAIN AND CARRYALL.]
As to York Factory, it is one of those places of which it may be said
“the light of other days has faded.” In the earlier days of the Hudson’s
Bay Company it was an important centre of trade, the port at which all
goods for the interior posts were received, and from which the enormous
harvests of valuable furs were annually shipped. Such business naturally
necessitated the building of large storehouses and many dwellings to
shelter the goods and provide accommodation for the large staff of
necessary servants. As late as the summer of 1886, when I visited York,
there was a white population of about thirty, besides a number of
Indians and half-breeds in the employ of the Company; but things had now
changed. Less expensive ways of transporting goods into the interior
than freighting them hundreds of miles up the rivers in York boats now
existed, and as the local supply of furs had become scarce serious
results necessarily followed. Gradually the staff of servants had been
dismissed or removed, and one by one the dwellings vacated, until York
was now almost a deserted village. The Indians also had nearly all gone
to other parts of the country.
One of the first duties receiving our attention upon reaching York was
the placing of poor crippled Michel in the doctor’s hands. His frozen
feet, still dreadfully sore, were carefully attended to, and it was
thought that in the course of a few weeks they might be sufficiently
recovered to allow him to walk. As to taking him any farther with us,
that was unadvisable, for he was now in the care of a physician, and in a
place where he would receive all necessary attention. Besides, we would
have no means of carrying him, unless upon a sled drawn by our own men,
and such an additional burden would seriously retard progress. It was
therefore admitted by all that the best plan was to leave Michel in Dr.
Milne’s care, to be forwarded as soon as he was well enough to walk. This
was promptly arranged, and with as little delay as possible preparations
were made for departure.
Two dogs from our Churchill team were purchased outright from Jimmie, who
happened to be the owner of them, and a third having been secured from
Morrison, the Indian, we only required one more to make up a fair team,
and this was procured from the Doctor. Another team was hired from the
Company, and it was at first thought, with the aid of these two, we might
comfortably make the twelve days’ trip to Oxford House. But when supply
bills were made out it was found that with the assistance of only two
teams for so long a trip, each man would have to haul a heavily-loaded
toboggan. The Doctor therefore, with some difficulty, raised a third team
to accompany us for two days on the journey.
The next necessary preparation was the procuring of a guide and drivers
for the teams. As the mail-carriers and two other Indians, Mr. Mowat’s
companions, had already gone to Oxford House, few men were left at the
Fort who knew the route; but happily a man was found who turned out to be
another brother of our guide from Churchill. He was a very dark Indian,
younger than Jimmie, and of much less noble appearance, and was known
by the name of Charlie. He was said to be well fitted for the purpose,
and we felt that a brother of our guide could not be a very poor man.
Our party, including Arthur Omen, the driver from Churchill, who had
determined to accompany us out of the country, was now complete. Twelve
days’ rations, consisting of bacon, flour, sugar and tea, were served out
to each man, with a warning to make them last through the trip or suffer
the consequences. The flour was then baked up into the more convenient
form of cakes. Dog-fish was also provided, and all being loaded upon the
three sleds and two toboggans, the second stage of our sledding journey
was begun on Tuesday morning, the 28th of November. The dog-sleds were
not the same as those we had used in traversing the hard driven snow of
the plains, but were what are known as “flat sleds” or large toboggans,
they being better suited to woodland travel.
The condition of our party on leaving York was vastly different from what
it had been on leaving Churchill. The two hundred mile tramp, although
crippling some of us and causing all plenty of exertion, had hardened
our muscles so much that, with the ten days’ “lie up” on the bank of the
Nelson River, and a four days’ rest at York, we were now in first-class
walking trim, and started up the Hays River at a brisk pace.
The first day’s march was upon the river ice, and our first camp was made
on the bank, in two feet of snow, beneath the shelter of the evergreens.
Beyond this our course led through the woods to the north of the river,
and by many winding ways we journeyed on.
On the morning of the third day the assisting team from York, leaving
its load with us, returned to the Factory. A readjustment of loads was
then made, and with the two remaining teams we pushed on, though now more
slowly, for Oxford House.
At about noon on the 1st of December we were pleased to meet Mr. Mowat,
returning with the long-looked for mail and party, all safe. The delay in
the arrival of the mail had been caused by one of the Indians becoming
ill soon after leaving Norway House, and having to return to that post.
After a brief halt, each party now having the advantage of the other’s
track, we started on, pursuing opposite ways, they to their solitary home
on the ice-bound coast of Hudson Bay, and we towards ours in the more
genial south.
At this time the temperature remained pretty steady at about 25 degrees
below zero, but with the exertion of the march during the day, and the
shelter of blankets and the warmth of the camp-fire at night, we managed
to keep fairly comfortable.
About sixteen miles beyond a large stream known as Fox River we came upon
an ancient track. This in earlier days had been travelled by oxen and Red
River carts, and over it hundreds of tons of freight had annually been
hauled; but now it was so grown up with trees that it often required the
skill of the guide to keep it. The track led directly to Oxford, so that
from this forward it was to be our road.
Since leaving the banks of the Hays River no timber of any value had been
seen. The wood had all been black spruce of a very scrubby character, but
now poplar, birch and jack-pine were occasionally met with.
On December the 4th the temperature ran down to 34 degrees below zero,
but on the following day this record was beaten, and 40 degrees below was
registered. In this low temperature we naturally found some difficulty in
keeping warm. When the day’s tramp was over, and our position taken for
the night beside the camp-fire, it was found necessary either to slowly
revolve or frequently reverse our position. It was a question of roasting
or freezing, or rather doing both at the same time. While one’s face was
turned to the fire and enduring a roasting heat, his back was freezing,
and as the position was reversed the roasting and freezing process was
also reversed. Our meals, after being prepared, were served up on the
hot pan to keep them warm while eating, but even so they were sometimes
frozen to the frying pan before they could be disposed of.
During the afternoon of the 4th and the morning of the 5th of December
we crossed Deer Lake, twenty-seven miles in length, and at either end of
the lake found camps of Indians. From one of them we purchased some fine
whitefish, which they were catching through the ice.
By this time our guide Charlie had become pretty badly used up by the
march. He was no longer able to hold the lead, but our own men managed to
keep the track and Charlie hobbled along behind.
During the evening of the 6th and the morning of the 7th of December we
crossed a succession of thirteen small lakes and some flat open plains,
but the afternoon of the latter day saw a marked change in the character
of the country. With the exception of two or three isolated patches,
we had seen nothing in the shape of timber of any value since leaving
York—indeed, I might say since leaving Churchill, or even a thousand
miles or so farther back on the road. But now we had reached a heavy
forest of white spruce, jack-pine, poplar and birch trees, and the change
was a pleasing one.
For a distance of six or eight miles we trudged through this heavy
forest, and then, just at nightfall, reached the shore of Back Lake,
really an extension of Oxford Lake. One of my brother’s feet had become
so sore during the day that he had been obliged to walk with only
one snowshoe. On this account we had fallen several miles behind the
leaders of the party, and when we arrived at the shore of the lake above
described, nothing could we see of the outfit, and both because of
darkness and the hard surface of the snow, it was with great difficulty
we were able to follow the track. It led away across the lake, and for
a time we managed to follow it. While doing so we carefully noted its
bearing, but soon the faint tracks could no longer be followed, for the
night was becoming dark. We feared to lose them, as there might be a
change in their course and then our bearing would not lead us aright. For
a time, upon hands and knees, we tried to follow the trail, but could not
keep upon it continuously.
Keeping as straight a course as we could, we pressed on through the
darkness toward the distant shore, the dark outline of which could just
be discerned against the lighter sky. At length we reached the shore,
when, after passing through a narrow strip of woods, to our joy there
suddenly flashed out before us, a few yards ahead, the lights of Oxford
House. A few minutes later we were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. Isbister,
one of the most hospitable old couples it has ever been my good fortune
to meet. Mr. Isbister was the local agent of the Hudson’s Bay Company,
and was a thorough old-time Canadian, one of those men filled with
reminiscences of early Canadian life in the north and whose many stories
were a delight to hear.
Having reached Oxford in safety, preparations were at once commenced
for our journey to the next post—Norway House—150 miles farther west.
Some delay was occasioned in getting dogs, but at length three miserable
half-starved teams were secured, and with a new guide and drivers we
set out on the third stage of our winter journey. Without narrating the
many incidents by the way, I need only say that after a six days’ tramp,
with the thermometer in the neighborhood of 40 degrees below zero, we
arrived safely at Norway House, an important Hudson’s Bay Company’s post,
situated at the northern extremity of Lake Winnipeg. Two of the dog-teams
procured at Oxford had been intended to haul my brother and myself, and
for a time they did so, but the poor animals were in such a wretched
condition from the effects of former hard work that we preferred to walk
most of the time, and before we reached our destination considered
ourselves fortunate that we escaped without having to haul the dogs.
At Norway House the difficulties of the journey, so far as my brother
and I were concerned, were practically ended. Enough strong, capable
dogs were here secured to admit of our travelling in carry-alls for the
remaining four hundred miles still separating us from West Selkirk, the
northern terminus of the railway; but of course the Indians had to stick
to their snowshoes. It was here decided to divide our party, and send the
three western men home, assisted by the team of Eskimo dogs which had
accompanied us the whole six hundred miles from Churchill. The valley
of the Saskatchewan River would be their most direct course, in taking
which route they would reach their several homes by travelling about
the same distance as ourselves. Arthur Omen, the driver from Churchill,
chose to go up the Saskatchewan with the western men, so that of the
original party there only remained the two Iroquois, Pierre and Louis,
to accompany my brother and myself. With the least possible delay four
good dog-teams, as many drivers, and a guide were procured from Mr. J.
K. Macdonald, the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Factor, who showed us much
kindness, and two days before Christmas the last and longest division of
our journey was begun.
My brother and I were now warmly rolled up in robes and blankets and
lying in our carry-alls. Supplies and baggage were all loaded upon the
two remaining sleds, and with a driver trotting along beside or behind
each team, the guide running before, and the two Iroquois sometimes
before and sometimes behind, we travelled on an almost due south course
over the ice along the shore of Lake Winnipeg. About the same time that
we started for the south, the other section set out across the lake to
the westward for the mouth of the Saskatchewan River.
Our teams, of four dogs each, were for the most part fine powerful
animals, and we soon found there was no necessity for my brother or
myself exerting ourselves more than we desired. The teams travelled all
day, and, indeed, day after day, at a rapid trot, sometimes breaking into
a run, so that it gave the Indians all they could do to keep up with them.
Taking smooth and rough together we made an average of about forty miles
per day, and some days as much as forty-six or forty-seven miles. When we
had made about half the distance to Selkirk, and were in the neighborhood
of a fishing station at the mouth of Berens River, poor Pierre played
out; but, most opportunely, we met a man teaming fish to Selkirk and
secured a passage for him, while we ourselves pushed on. When we had
made another hundred miles Louis, the remaining Iroquois, also became
crippled. Arrangements were made to have him, too, driven in with a horse
and sleigh, and without delay we pursued our journey.
At length, after along and rapid trip, which occupied ten days, on the
evening of the 1st of January, 1894, under the light of the street lamps
of the little town, our teams trotted up the streets of West Selkirk,
and thus was completed a canoe and snowshoe journey of three thousand
two hundred miles.
I need hardly say that the telegraph office was soon found, and messages
despatched to anxious friends, who, having heard nothing from us for
some months, had begun to entertain grave fears for our safety. Thirteen
hundred miles more of travel by rail and we were home again, after an
absence of just eight months.
[Illustration]
[Illustration: CREE HUNTER’S PRIZE.]
FOOTNOTES
[1] For further particulars regarding this most interesting locality, see
the report of Mr. McConnell, published in 1893 by the Geological Survey
of Canada.
[2] For a full description of geological features, etc., see J. B.
Tyrrell’s Report for 1893-94, Geological Survey.
[3] My brother in revisiting the Barren Lands during the summer of 1894
was hailed by the natives many miles south of the scene of this incident
as the “Kudloonah Peayouk” (good white man) who had regard for the goods
of an Eskimo, and left on his “kometic” a piece of tobacco.
[4] For full geological and mineralogical details regarding this
district, see J. B. Tyrrell’s report for 1893, published by the
Geological Survey Department of Canada.
[5] For the benefit of anyone who may be not aware of the fact, I will
explain that there are various kinds of lameness commonly produced by the
prolonged use of snowshoes. In thus travelling, certain leg muscles which
are only accustomed to perform light service are brought into vigorous
use, and are very liable to become strained and cause much discomfort and
suffering.
APPENDIX I.
_CLASSIFIED LIST OF PLANTS._
Collected by J. W. TYRRELL, C.E., D.L.S., in 1893, along the line of
route between Lake Athabasca and the west coast of Hudson Bay; with which
is incorporated a small collection made in 1885 at Ashe Inlet, on the
north shore of Hudson Strait, and a collection made by Miss Marjorie
Lofthouse at Fort Churchill.
The species collected from the Barren Lands are marked _B_; those from
the forest country south of the Barren Lands, or in isolated groves of
timber on the banks of the river, north of the general limit of the
forest, are marked _W_. Any species collected both from the woods and
from the Barren Lands are marked _W.B._, or _B.W._, according to whether
they are woodland species extending into the Barren Lands, or Arctic
species extending south into the forest.
Determined by Professor John Macoun, M.A.
I. RANUNCULACEÆ.
1. _Anemone patens_, L., var. _Nuttalliana, Gray._—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca, June 19.
2. _Anemone parviflora_, Michx.—_W.B._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Limestone Island in Nicholson
Lake, and the west shore of Hudson Bay at Fort Churchill.
3. _Anemone Richardsonii_, Hook.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
4. _Anemone multifida_, Poir.—_W._
Woodcock Portage, on Stone River.
5. _Ranunculus affinis_, R. Br.—_B._
Barlow Lake, Telzoa River. Telzoa River, between Schultz and
Baker Lakes. South shore of Chesterfield Inlet, near its mouth.
Fort Churchill.
6. _Ranunculus Lapponicus_, L.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, near the mouth of Telzoa River.
7. _Ranunculus hyperboreus_, Rottb.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
II. PAPAVERACEÆ.
8. _Papaver nudicaule_, L.—_B._
Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker Lakes. This species
was also collected at Ashe Inlet, on the north shore of Hudson
Straits, in 1885.
III. FUMARIACEÆ.
9. _Corydalis glauca_, Pursh.—_W._
North-west and north shores of Lake Athabasca. Esker, near the
Narrows of Daly Lake.
10. _Corydalis aurea_, Willd.—_W._
Rocky Island, on the north side of Lake Athabasca, west of Fond
du Lac.
IV. CRUCIFERÆ.
11. _Cardamine pratensis_, L., var. _angustifolia_.—_B._
Island near the centre of Boyd Lake. Limestone Island, in
Nicholson Lake. Fort Churchill.
12. _Arabis lyrata_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
13. _Arabis humifusa_, var. _pubescens_, Wat.—_W._
North-west angle of Lake Athabasca. Esker, near the Narrows of
Daly Lake. This species had not previously been found west of
Hudson Bay.
14. _Barbarea vulgaris_, R. Br.—_W._
Cracking Stone Point, north shore of Lake Athabasca. Red Hill,
on the west shore of Hinde Lake.
15. _Sisymbrium humile_, C. A. Meyer.—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca.
16. _Cardamine digitata_, Rich.—_B._
Loudon Rapid, above Forks of Telzoa River. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet. Not found elsewhere since it was collected
by Sir John Richardson near the mouth of the Coppermine River.
17. _Draba hirta_, L.—_B._
Limestone Island, Nicholson Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the
Forks of Telzoa River. Also at Ashe Inlet, on the north shore
of Hudson Strait.
18. _Draba incana_, L.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Fort Churchill,
on the west coast of Hudson Bay.
19. _Draba nemorosa_, L., var. _leiocarpa_, Lindb.—_W._
Fond du Lac, Lake Athabasca.
20. _Draba stellata_, Jacq.—_B._
North-west shore of Tobaunt Lake.
21. _Cochlearia officinalis_, L.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
22. _Eutrema Edwardsii_, R. Br.—_B._
North-west shore of Tobaunt Lake.
23. _Nasturtium palustre_, D. C.—_W._
Fond du Lac, Lake Athabasca.
V. VIOLACEÆ.
24. _Viola palustris_, L.—_W._
East and north shores of Carey Lake. These are the most
northern localities in Canada where this species has been found.
25. _Viola canina_, L., var. _Sylvestris_, Regel.—_W._
Fond du Lac, Lake Athabasca. South end of Daly Lake.
VI. CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.
26. _Silene acaulis_, L.—_B._
Tobaunt Lake, west shore. North end of Wharton Lake. Also at
Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
27. _Lychnis apetala_, L.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
28. _Lychnis affinis_, Vahl.—_B._
Tobaunt Lake, north-west shore.
29. _Arenaria lateriflora_, L.—_W._
Near the south end of Daly Lake.
30. _Arenaria peploides_, L.—_B._
Ashe Inlet, on the north side of Hudson Strait.
31. _Stellaria longipes_, Goldie.—_B.W._
Barlow Lake. Carey Lake. Wharton Lake. Tobaunt Lake, west
shore. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Fort
Churchill.
32. _Stellaria longipes_, Goldie, var _læta_, Wats.—_B._
Barlow Lake and Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake.
33. _Stellaria borealis_, Bigel,—_W._
Red Hill, on the west shore of Hinde Lake.
34. _Cerastium alpinum_, L.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake. Wharton Lake. Loudon
Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Telzoa River, between
Schultz and Baker lakes. Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet. Fort
Churchill. Ashe Inlet, on the north side of Hudson Strait.
VII. GERANIACEÆ.
35. _Geranium Carolineanum_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca, a short distance west of Fond du
Lac.
VIII. SAPINDACEÆ.
36. _Acer spicatum_, Lam.—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca. This is the most northerly
locality in Canada from which this species has been recorded.
IX. LEGUMINOSÆ.
37. _Astragalus alpinus_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca at Fond du Lac, and near Big Fowl
Island. Esker, near the Narrows of Daly Lake.
38. _Spiesia (Oxytropis) Belli_, Britt.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet.
The only other locality from which this species has been
collected is Digges Island, Hudson Bay, where it was found by
Dr. Bell in 1884. It was described by Mr. Britton in 1894 from
the specimens collected at the second and third of the above
localities.
39. _Oxytropis campestris_, L., var. _cærulea_, Koch.—_B._
Ashe Inlet, on the north shore of Hudson Strait.
40. _Oxytropis leucantha_, Pers.—_B._
Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker lakes. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet. Fort Churchill.
41. _Hedysarum boreale_, Nutt.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
42. _Hedysarum Mackenzii_, Richard, L.—_B.W._
Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet, on the north side of Hudson Strait.
X. ROSACEÆ.
43. _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, L.—_W._
North-west angle of Lake Athabasca. Esker, near Narrows of Daly
Lake.
44. _Rubus chamæmorus_, L.—_W.B._
Fort Churchill. Common in swampy places from Lake Athabasca
northward to the edge of the woods. Grove on the north shore
of Carey Lake, and at Loudon Rapids, near the Forks of Telzoa
River. It was also found at Ashe Inlet, on the north side of
Hudson Strait.
45. _Rubus articus_, L., var. _grandiflorus_, Lebeb.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Barlow Lake. North shore of
Carey Lake. Fort Churchill.
46. _Rubus strigosus_, Michx.—_W._
Banks of Stone River. In an isolated grove of white spruce on
the north shore of Carey Lake. This would seem to have been an
isolated locality, at some considerable distance north of its
general northern limit.
47. _Dryas integrifolia_, Vahl.—_B._
Carey Lake. Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake. West shore of
Tobaunt Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet, on the north shore of Hudson Strait.
48. _Fragaria Canadensis_, Michx.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca and Woodcock Portage, on Stone
River.
This species, which has usually been confounded with _F.
Virginiana_, was also collected in the same year by Miss Taylor
at Fort Smith, on Slave River.
49. _Potentilla Norvegica_, L.—_W._
Woodcock Portage, on Stone River. Red Hill, on the west shore
of Hinde Lake.
50. _Potentilla nivea_, L.—_B._
Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker lakes. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet. Fort Churchill.
51. _Potentilla palustris_, Scop.—_W._
Stony flats on the banks of Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
52. _Potentilla fruticosa_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca, a little distance west of Fond
du Lac.
53. _Potentilla nana_, Willd.—_B._
Shore of Hudson Bay, north of Marble Island. Ashe Inlet, on the
north shore of Hudson Strait.
54. _Potentilla tridentata_, Solander.—_W._
Woodcock Portage, Stone River.
55. _Amelanchier alnifolia_, Nutt.—_W._
North-west angle, Lake Athabasca.
XI. SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
56. _Saxifraga oppositifolia_, L.—_B._
Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker lakes. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet. Ashe Inlet, on the north shore of Hudson
Strait.
57. _Saxifraga cæspitosa_, L.—_B._
Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker lakes. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet. Ashe Inlet.
58. _Saxifraga rivularis_, L.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Ashe Inlet.
59. _Saxifraga cernua_, L.—_B._
North-west shore of Tobaunt Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the
Forks of Telzoa River. Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker
lakes. Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet. Fort Churchill.
60. _Saxifraga nivalis_, L.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
61. _Saxifraga hieracifolia_, Waldst and Kit.—_B._
North shore of Tobaunt Lake.
62. _Saxifraga punctata_, L.—_B._
North-west shore of Tobaunt Lake.
This species had not previously been recorded east of the Rocky
Mountains.
63. _Saxifraga Hirculus_, L.—_B._
North-west shore of Tobaunt Lake.
64. _Saxifraga tricuspidata_, Retz.—_B.W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca. North shore of Carey Lake.
Wharton Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet. Ashe Inlet.
65. _Chrysosplenium alternifolium_, L.—_B._
Limestone Island, Nicholson Lake.
66. _Parnassia Kotzebuei_, Cham. and Schl.—_W._
South end of Daly Lake.
67. _Parnassia palustris_, L.—_W._
Fort Churchill.
68. _Ribes oxydcanthoides_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca, near Fond du Lac.
69. _Ribes rubrum_, L.—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca.
70. _Ribes Hudsonianum_, Richards.—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca.
71. _Ribes prostratum_, L’Her.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Esker, near the Narrows of Daly
Lake. East and north shores of Carey Lake.
XII. HALORAGEÆ.
72. _Hippuris vulgaris_, L.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
73. _Hippuris maritima_, L.—_B.W._
Red Hill, on the shore of Hinde Lake. Mouth of Chesterfield
Inlet.
XIII. ONAGRACEÆ.
74. _Epilobium angustifolium_, L.—_W.B._
Esker, near the Narrows of Daly Lake. Ashe Inlet, Hudson Strait.
These localities probably mark the northern range of this
species.
75. _Epilobium latifolium_, L.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of
Telzoa River, where the flowers were just appearing on August
25. Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet.
76. _Epilobium lineare_, Gray.—_B._
Red Hill, on the shore of Hinde Lake. Mouth of Chesterfield
Inlet.
XIV. CORNACEÆ.
77. _Cornus Canadensis_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. South end of Daly Lake.
XV. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.
78. _Viburnum pauciflorum_, Pylaie.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Esker, near the Narrows of Daly
Lake.
79. _Linnæa borealis_, Gronov.—_W._
Elizabeth Rapids, Stone River. Esker, near the Narrows of Daly
Lake. North shore of Carey Lake. Fort Churchill.
XVI. RUBIACEÆ.
80. _Galium trifidum_, L.—_W._
Red Hill, on the shore of Hinde Lake.
XVII. COMPOSITÆ.
81. _Erigeron uniflorus_, L.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
82. _Erigeron eriocephalus_, J. Vahl.—_B._
North end of Wharton Lake.
83. _Antennaria alpina_, Gærtn.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
84. _Achillæa millefolium_, L., var. _nigrescens_, L.—_W.B._
Woodcock portage, Stone River, Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet.
85. _Matricaria inodora_, L., var. _nana_, Hook.—_W._
Fort Churchill.
86. _Artemisia borealis_, Pall., var. _Wormskioldii_, Bess.—_B.W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake, and east end of Aberdeen
Lake.
87. _Petasites palmata_, Gray.—_W._
Fond du Lac, Lake Athabasca.
88. _Petasites sagittata_, Gray.—_B._
Limestone Island, Nicholson Lake. Ashe Inlet, Hudson Strait.
89. _Arnica alpina_, Olin.—_B.W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Esker, near Narrows of Daly
Lake. West shore of Tobaunt Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the
Forks of Telzoa River. Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet.
90. _Senecio palustris_, Hook., var. _congesta_, Hook.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake. Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet.
91. _Senecio aureus_, L., var. _borealis_, Tor. and Gr.—_B._
Limestone Island in Nicholson Lake.
92. _Senecio aureus_, L., var. _balsamitæ_, Tor. and Gr.—_W._
Fort Churchill.
93. _Saussurea alpina_, Hook.—_B._
North end of Wharton Lake.
94. _Taraxacum officinale_, Weber, var. _alpinum_, Koch.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Mouth of
Chesterfield Inlet. Fort Churchill.
XVIII. CAMPANULACEÆ.
95. _Campanula uniflora_, L.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
XIX. VACCINIACEÆ.
96. _Vaccinium Canadense_, Kalm.—_W._
South end of Daly Lake.
97. _Vaccinium uliginosum_, L.—_W.B._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Telzoa River, just below Daly
Lake. Carey Lake. Tobaunt Lake. Loudon Rapids, above Forks of
Telzoa River. Fort Churchill.
98. _Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa_, L.—_W.B._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Daly Lake. Tobaunt Lake. Loudon
Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Fort Churchill.
While both this and the preceding species extend for a
considerable distance into the Barren Lands, the bushes are
small and bear very little fruit.
99. _Oxycoccus vulgaris_, Pursh.—_W._
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake, and stony banks of Telzoa
River, just below the lake.
XX. ERICACEÆ.
100. _Arctostaphylos alpina_, Spreng.—_B.W._
Island near the middle of Boyd Lake. Telzoa River, between
Schultz and Baker Lakes. Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet. Fort
Churchill Ashe Inlet, Hudson Strait.
(In 1894 the most southern locality at which this species was
observed was on the hill south of Kasba Lake. In 1896 it was
seen in the swamp at Cross Portage, north of Seepiwisk Lake. In
1896, Nelson River.—J. B. T.)
101. _Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi_, Spreng.—_W._
North to the edge of Barren Lands.
102. _Cassandra calyculata_, Don.—_W._
North-west shore, Lake Athabasca. South end of Selwyn Lake.
103. _Cassiope tetragona_, Don.—_B._
Shores of Tobaunt Lake. Telzoa River, between Schultz and Baker
Lakes. Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet. This is one of the plants
most commonly used for fuel by those travelling in the Barren
Lands.
104. _Andromeda polifolia_, L.—_W.B._
North shore of Athabasca Lake. South end of Selwyn Lake. Esker,
near the middle of Daly Lake. West shore of Tobaunt Lake. Fort
Churchill.
105. _Loiseleuria proccumbens_, Desv.—_B._
Boyd Lake.
106. _Bryanthus taxifolius_, Gray.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above forks of Telzoa River.
107. _Kalmia glauca_, Ait.—_W._
Fond du Lac, Lake Athabasca. Esker, near middle of Daly Lake.
108. _Ledum latifolium_, Ait.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Daly Lake. Farther north it is
replaced by the next following species.
109. _Ledum palustre_, L.—_B.W._
South end of Daly Lake. Carey Lake. Shores of Tobaunt Lake.
Wharton Lake. Loudon Rapids, above Forks of Telzoa River. Mouth
of Chesterfield Inlet. Fort Churchill.
110. _Rhododendron Lapponicum_, Wahl.—_B._
Limestone Island, Nicholson Lake. Shores of Tobaunt Lake. Fort
Churchill.
111. _Pyrola minor_, L.—_W._
Red Hill, on the shore of Hinde Lake.
112. _Pyrola secunda_, L., var. _pumila_, Gray.—_W.B._
North shore of Carey Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of
Telzoa River. This is the most northerly point at which this
species was observed.
113. _Pyrola rotundifolia_, L., var. _pumila_, Hook.—_B.W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Carey Lake. Wharton Lake. Loudon
Rapids, on Telzoa River. Fort Churchill. Ashe Inlet.
XXI. PLUMBAGINACEÆ.
114. _Armeria vulgaris_, Willd.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of
Telzoa River. Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
XXII. PRIMULACEÆ.
115. _Primula Mistassinica_, Michx.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Fort Churchill.
116. _Trientalis Americana_, Pursh.—_W._
Elizabeth Falls, Stone River.
117. _Androsace sepentrionalis_, L.—_W._
Fort Churchill.
XXIII. GENTIANACEÆ.
118. _Menyanthes trifoliata_, L.—_W._
Woodcock Portage, Stone River.
XXIV. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ.
119. _Phacelia Franklinii_, Gray.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca. Woodcock Portage on Stone River.
XXV. SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
120. _Castillea pallida_, Kunth.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake. Shore of Tobaunt Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
121. _Pedicularis Lapponica_, L.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet. Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
122. _Pedicularis euphrasioides_, Stephan,—_B.W._
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake. North shore of Carey Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River. Fort Churchill.
123. _Pedicularis hirsuta_, L.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake. West shore of Tobaunt
Lake. Loudon Rapids.
124. _Pedicularis flammea._—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake.
125. _Pedicularis capitata_, Adams.—_B._
East shore of Carey Lake.
126. _Bartsia alpina_, L.—_W._
Fort Churchill.
XXVI. LENTIBULARIACEÆ.
127. _Pinguicula villosa_, L.—_W._
Daly Lake. Boyd Lake.
128. _Pinguicula vulgaris_, L.—_W._
Carey Lake. Fort Churchill.
XXVII. POLYGONACEÆ.
129. _Polygonum viviparum_, L.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake. West shore of Tobaunt
Lake. Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
These are among the most northerly localities at which these
species have been found in Canada.
130. _Oxyria digyna_, Campdera.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
Ashe Inlet, on the north shore of Hudson Strait.
XXVIII. MYRICACEÆ.
131. _Myrica Gale_, L.—_W._
North-west angle of Lake Athabasca.
XXIX. CUPULIFERÆ.
132. _Betula papyrifera_, Michx.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
Daly Lake.
The Indians make their canoes from the bark of this tree. Trees
sufficiently large for canoes were seen as far north as the
north end of Selwyn Lake and the northern bend of Cochrane
River. From these places northward it gradually decreases in
size, until it disappears at about the northern limit of the
forest.
133. _Betula pumila_, L.
Red Hill, on the west shore of Hinde Lake.
Boyd Lake.
134. _Betula glandulosa_, Michx.
Daly Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
Tobaunt River, between Schultz and Baker Lakes.
Fairly common, is a small shrub on the Barren Lands as far
north as Ferguson River.—J. B. T.
135. _Alnus viridis_, D.C.—_W._
Carey Lake. Quartzite Lake, on Ferguson River.
XXX. SALICACEÆ.
136. _Salix petiolaris_, Smith.—_W._
North-west shore, Lake Athabasca.
137. _Salix desertorum._—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
138. _Salix Brownii_, Bebb.—_W.B._
North Shore of Lake Athabasca.
North-West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
Ashe Inlet, Hudson Straits.
139. _Salix Richardsonii_, Hook.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
Not previously recorded from the vicinity of Hudson Bay.
140. _Salix reticulata_, L.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
141. _Salix herbacea_, L.—_W.B._
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
Ashe Inlet, on the north side of Hudson Strait.
142. _Salix rostrata_, Rich.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
Elizabeth Rapids, Stone River.
143. _Salix speciosa_, Hook and Arn.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
144. _Salix glauca_, L., var. _villosa_, And.—_B._
Tobaunt River, between Schultz and Baker lakes.
145. _Salix phyllicifolia_, L.—_B._
Shore of Tobaunt Lake.
Tobaunt River, between Schultz and Baker lakes.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
146. _Salix balsamifera_, Barratt.—_W._
West shore of Daly Lake.
This species was not before known to occur north of the
Saskatchewan River.
147. _Populus balsamifera_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
Limbs, believed to be of this species, were found lying on the
sand at the Forks of the Telzoa River, having drifted down the
West Branch to that place.
148. _Populus tremuloides_, Michx.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
Esker, near the narrows of Daly Lake.
The latter locality is the northern limit of the tree in
this longitude. On the head-waters of the Thlewiaza River it
was found to range as far north as latitude 60°. A few small
trees were also observed on the raised beaches near Fort
Churchill.—J. B. T.
XXXI. EMPETRACEÆ.
149. _Empetrum nigrum_, L.—_W.B._
Daly Lake.
Hinde Lake.
Carey Lake.
Loudon Rapids, on Tobaunt River.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
Very little fruit was found on the bushes north of the edge of
the Barren Lands.
XXXII. CONIFERÆ.
150. _Juniperus communis_, L.—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca.
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake.
North shore of Carey Lake.
151. _Juniperus Sabina_, L., var. _procumbens_, Pursh.—_W._
Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabasca.
152. _Pinus Banksiana_, Lambert.—_W._
On dry sandy or rocky slopes as far north as the north end of
Selwyn Lake.
153. _Picea nigra_, Link.—_W.B._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
This species occurs in scattered groves down the Telzoa River
to Tobaunt Lake. On the shore of Hudson Bay it reaches its
northern limit at the mouth of Nelson River. The most northern
examples are spreading shrubs, in the middle of which may be
found a small upright stem four or five feet high.—J. B. T.
154. _Picea alba_, Link.—_W.B._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
The sandy eskers near Hinde and Boyd lakes were thinly covered
with fine large trees of this species. Groves of large trees
were also growing on the wet but well drained flats or slopes
beside the Telzoa River down to within a short distance of
Tobaunt Lake. Many large drifted trunks were also found at the
Forks below this lake. Its northern limit on the shore of
Hudson Bay is at Little Seal River, north of Fort Churchill,
where it replaces the preceding species in the wet swamps near
the shore.—J. B. T.
155. _Larix Americana_, Michx.—_W.B._
Telzoa River, as far north as Tobaunt Lake.
On the shore of Hudson Bay as far north as the mouth of Little
Seal River, associated with white spruce.—J. B. T.
XXXIII. LILIACEÆ.
156. _Smilacina trifolia_, Desf.—_W._
Esker, near middle of Daly Lake.
157. _Maianthemum Canadense_, Desf.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
158. _Allium Schœnoprasum_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
159. _Tofieldia borealis_, Wahl.—_W.B._
Barlow Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
Fort Churchill.
XXXIV. ORCHIDACEÆ.
160. _Orchis rotundifolia_, Pursh.—_W._
Fort Churchill.
XXXV. JUNCACEÆ.
161. _Luzula spadicea_, D.C., var. _melanocarpa_, Meyer.—_B._
Island near the middle of Boyd Lake.
162. _Luzula campestris_, Desv.—_B._
Island near the middle of Boyd Lake.
163. _Luzula campestris_, Desv., var. _vulgaris_. Hook.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
XXXVI. CYPERACEÆ.
164. _Scirpus cæspitosus_, L.—_B._
Island near the middle of Boyd Lake.
165. _Eriophorum polystachyon_, L.—_W.B._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
Island near the middle of Boyd Lake.
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake.
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
166. _Eriophorum vaginatum._—_W.B._
Esker near the middle of Daly Lake.
167. _Eriophorum capitatum_, Host.—_B._
Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
168. _Carex rariflora_, Smith.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
169. _Carex canescens_, L., var. _alpicola_, Wahl.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
Boyd Lake.
170. _Carex misandra_, R. Br.—_W.B._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
171. _Carex aquatilis_, Wahl.—_W._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
172. _Carex vulgaris_, Fries., var. _hyperborea_, Boott.—_W._
Daly Lake. Hinde Lake.
Boyd Lake.
173. _Carex Magellanica_, Lam.—_W._
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake.
174. _Carex saxatalis_, L.—_W._
Hinde Lake. Barlow Lake.
175. _Carex rotundata_, Wahl.—_B._
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
XXXVII. GRAMINEÆ.
176. _Hierochloa alpina_, R. & S.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
177. _Arctagrostis latifolia_, Griseb.—_W.B._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
178. _Arctophila Laestadii_, Rupt.—_W._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
179. _Elymus arenarius_, L.—_W._
Black Lake, on Stone River.
180. _Elymus mollis_, Trin.—_B._
Tobaunt River, between Schultz and Baker lakes.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
181. _Calamagrostis Langsdorffii_, Kunth.—_W._
Black Lake on Stone River.
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake.
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
182. _Calamagrostis Canadensis_, Hook.—_B._
Limestone Island in Nicholson Lake.
183. _Poa alpina_, L.—_B._
Loudon Rapids, above the Forks of Telzoa River.
184. _Poa angustata_, R. Br.—_B._
Boyd Lake.
185. _Poa cenisia_, All.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake.
Loudon Rapids, above the forks of Telzoa River.
186. _Trisetum subspicatum_, Beauv.—_W._
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake.
XXXVIII. EQUISETACEÆ.
187. _Equisetum Sylvaticum_, L.—_W._
Esker, near the middle of Daly Lake.
[Transcriber’s Note: The heading XXXIX appears to have been skipped by
printer error.]
XL. FILICES.
188. _Polypodium vulgare_, L.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
189. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_, Fee.—_B._
Island near the middle of Boyd Lake.
190. _Aspidium fragrans_, Swartz.—_W.B._
Daly Lake. Carey Lake.
Tobaunt River, between Schultz and Baker lakes.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
191. _Cystopteris fragilis_, Bernh.—_B._
Limestone Island, in Nicholson Lake.
Mouth of Chesterfield Inlet.
192. _Woodsia Ilvensis_, R. B.—_W._
North shore of Lake Athabasca.
Grove of white spruce on the north shore of Carey Lake
XLI. LYCOPODIACEÆ.
193. _Lycopodium annotinum_, L.—_W._
Cracking-stone Point, Lake Athabasca.
North shore of Carey Lake.
194. _Lycopodium annotinum_, L. var. _alpestre_, Hartm.—_W._
Telzoa River, below Daly Lake.
195. _Lycopodium complanatum_, L.—_W._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
196. _Lycopodium Selago_, L.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
XLII. MUSCI.
197. _Sphagnum fuscum_, var. _pallescens_, Warnst.—_W._
In swamp on the banks of Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
198. _Sphagnum tenellum_, var. _rubellum_, Warnst.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
199. _Sphagnum acutifolium_, Russ & Warnst.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
200. _Dicranum elongatum_, Schwaegr.—_W._
North end of Barlow Lake.
201. _Dicranum congestum_, Bird—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River.
202. _Dicranum fuscescens_, Turn.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River.
203. _Dicranum Bergeri_, Bland.—_W._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
204. _Aulacomnium palustre_, Schwaegr.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River. Ashe
Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
205. _Polytrichum strictum_, Banks.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River.
206. _Webera nutans_, Hedw.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River. Asher
Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
207. _Hypnum exannulatum_, Guemb.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River.
208. _Hylocomium Schreberi_, Willd.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
209. _Hylocomium splendens_, Schimp River.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake, at the mouth of Telzoa River.
XLIII. HEPATICÆ.
210. _Ptilidum ciliare_, Dum.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
XLIV. LICHENES.
211. _Cetraria aculeata_, Fr.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
212. _Cetraria arctica_, Hook.—_B._
River bank between Nicholson and Tobaunt Lakes.
213. _Cetraria Islandica_, Arch.—_W.B._
Daly Lake. Hill at the north end of Barlow Lake.
214. _Cetraria Islandica_, Ach., var. _Delisæi_, Bor.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
215. _Cetraria Richardsonii_, Hook.—_B._
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
216. _Cetraria cucullata_, Ach.—_B._
North-west angle of Tobaunt Lake.
217. _Cetraria juniperina_, Ach., var. _Pinastii_, Ach.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
218. _Cetraria nivalis_, Ach.—_W.B._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
North end of Barlow Lake.
Ashe Inlet, on Hudson Strait.
219. _Alectoria jubata_, L., var. _implexa_, Fr.—_W._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
220. _Alectoria divergens_, Nyl.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
221. _Alectoria ochrolenca_, Nyl., var. (a) _rigida_, Fr.—_B._
North end of Barlow Lake.
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
222. _Parmelia physodes_, Ach.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
223. _Parmelia conspersa_, Ach.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
224. _Umbilicaria Muhlenbergii_, Tucherm.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
225. _Nephroma arcticum_, Fr.—_W._
West shore of Hinde Lake.
226. _Lecanora tartarea_, Ach.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
227. _Stereocaulon Despreauxii_, Nyl.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
228. _Cladonia decorticata_, Floerk.—_W._
North end of Barlow Lake.
229. _Cladonia gracilis_, Fr., var. _elongata_, Fr.—_W.B._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
West shore of Tobaunt Lake.
230. _Cladonia rangiferina_, Hoffm.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
North shore of Barlow Lake.
231. _Cladonia rangiferina_, Hoffm., var. _sylvatica_, L.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
232. _Cladonia cornucopioides_, Fr.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
233. _Bomyces aeruginosus_, D.C.—_W._
Telzoa River, just below Daly Lake.
APPENDIX II.
_ESKIMO VOCABULARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES._
(ORIGINAL).
All Ter-mok-er-mingk.
All night Knee-en-nah.
Always E-luk-o-she-a.
Alone In-nu-tu-ak.
A game Nu-glee-ta.
A herd Ah-mik-took-too.
Another Hi-punga.
All gone Pet-a-hung-e-too.
Angry Mar-ne-an-nah.
Afraid Kay-pe-en-nah.
A while ago Tatch-e-munny.
Ark O-kow-te-vah-vor.
Antlers Nug-le-yow.
Arm Tel-oo.
Arrow Kok-yoke.
All right Co-id-na.
Are you sleepy Chin-e-gin.
Autumn Mow-yah.
Axe Ooley-moon.
Bad Pee-ung-e-to.
Bald Ked-juk-yow.
Barren Lands Nappartu-itok.
Bear Nah-nook.
Big Ung-a-yow-aloo.
Brother (big) Ung-a-yowk-a-loong-a.
Brother (small) Nung-a-yowk-a-loong-a.
Black lead Ming-oon-nah.
Boot Kamming.
Black Kunnictah.
Bring I-chuc-to.
Bullet Uchie.
Bow Pet-e-chee.
Blood Owk.
Bones Sow-ner.
Blubber Owk-zook.
Beard Oo-mik.
Beads Shoong-ow-yoh.
Blankets Kep-ig.
Bite Kee-wah.
Big River Koog-oark.
Black Moss Kee-now-yak.
Cap Nich-shaw.
Cap (for gun) Shee-uck-tow.
Child Noo-ta-an.
Cod-fish Oo-wat.
Come here Ki-yeet.
Cold Ick-kee.
Coal Kee-youk-cha.
Clouds Ne-boo-yah.
Clothing An-no-wak.
Canoe Kyack.
Coat Koo-lee-ta.
Day Ood-loo-me.
Day before yesterday Ick-puck sha-nee.
Dark Ta-koo-nee.
Deer Took-too.
Deer sinew Took-too-Ib-a-loo.
Dead Tuck-o-boo.
Down Town-na-ney.
Dog King-me.
Don’t want to Uggone.
Don’t lie Shag-lo-naw-me.
Don’t understand Cow-you-mung-a-to.
Don’t know Ah-chew.
Do you wish to go out? Annie-low?
Die Tuck-o-boo.
Drink (give me) Emmie-ray.
Duck Me-ah-tuck.
Ear See-yow-tee.
East Ka-ning-nah.
Early Oo-blah.
Eat Tun-wah-wa.
Egg Mun-nee.
Empty E-mah-ik-took.
End for end Ig-loo-ahnee.
Eye Egee.
Ermine Ter-re-ak.
Enough Ta-bah.
Far away Wash-ig-too-aloo.
Fat Owk-shaw.
Farewell Ta-bow-e-tee.
Faster Ook-shoot.
Father At-at-a.
Father (my) At-at-a-ga.
Female Ungna.
Fire Ick-o-ma.
Fish Ick-kal-luck.
Fox Tar hed ne-ah.
Fur Mit kote.
Game (deer, etc.) O-ko-ko.
Go Owd-luck-too.
Give me Kidj-you.
Gone Pete-hung-e-too.
Good Pee-a-uke.
Glad (I am) Pee-a-wee-unga.
Glove Po-a-low.
Glad (it will make me) Pee-a-yow-appy.
Good morning Ah-shu-id-lee.
Good-bye Ta-bow-a-ting.
Gun Kook-e-you.
Goose Ne-uck-a-luck.
Grave E-le-wah.
Hair of the head Noo-yah.
Hair of the face Oo-ming.
Here (take it) Awk.
Here (this place) Man-nee.
Hat Uck-che-wa-loo.
Hills Kak-ka.
How many Katch-ening.
House Igloe.
How do you do (salute)? Ashow-you-didlee?
Well thank you (reply) Ta-bow-you-adlo.
Halloo Chimo.
Hot Oo-co.
Hungry Ka-pa.
Hungry (they are) Kak-too.
Hard-tack Shee-va.
Ice (salt water) Se-co.
Ice (fresh water) Nee-lug.
Ice (to cut with chisel) Too-y-lako.
Iceberg Pick-a-lulial.
Ice chisel Too-woke.
I, me, mine Oo-wunga.
I did not see it Tacko-naumee.
I want it Oo-wung-aloo.
It is good Pee-a-uke.
Island Kig-yuck-ta.
Island (large) Kack-ec-tuck-dua.
Iron Sev-wick.
Ivory Too-wak.
Indian Ik-kil-lin.
Jack-knife Pook-ta-you.
Jump Ob-look-too.
Just right Nah-muck-too.
Kick Ish-ec-ma-ac-too.
King’s Cape Telle-pin.
Knife Chub-beck.
Kill To-ko-pah-hah.
Kiss Coon-e-glee.
Laugh Ig-luck-too.
Land Noo-na.
Land (main) Eel-a-wee-yun.
Lake Siscell.
Large Unga-you.
Last year Uck-kaw-nee.
Lead Uck-e-chu.
Live (reside) Noona-gin.
Look at it Tack-o-wack.
Line Ud-le-ung.
Little Mick-a-you.
Little River Koog-ah-la.
Long ago Tap-shoo-mann-nee.
Loon Kok-saw.
Man Ung-oon.
Make Sen-a-you.
Me Oo-wunga.
Meat Pak-too.
Matches Icko-ma.
Medicine man Ang-e-koke.
Mine Pie-ga.
Mica Ked-luck-e-yack.
Moon Tuck-ee.
Morning Ood-la.
Mouse Ah-ving-ea.
Musk-ox Oo-ming-munk.
Much Am-e-suit.
Mountain King-yi.
Narwhal Ud-lee-ung.
Near (very) Koon-e-took-aloo.
Near (rather) Koon-e-took-e-makea
Next year Uck-kak-go.
Needle Mit cone.
No Au-guy, Nowk.
North Wungna.
North Star Nicky-chew-e-too.
Now Man-nah.
Night Oo-din-nook.
Oar E-poot.
Old man Ick-too-aloo.
Old woman Ning-e-wah-loo.
One Attowsha.
One more At-ta-loo.
On the other side Igloe-annie.
Out of doors Seel-a-me.
Open the door Mat-a-wa-goo.
Only one Ta-but-tua.
Over there Ti-ma.
Paper Al-le-lay-yook.
Perhaps Shug-a me.
Pork Ook-e-mara.
Powder Uck-dua.
Presently Wet-chow.
Pretty Mah-muk-poo.
Quick Tu-quilee.
Rain See-la-loo.
Rabbit Ook-quil-la.
Rat Tithea.
Rapids E-tem-na-zuck.
Raven Too-loo-ah.
Reindeer Took-too.
Reindeer horns Nug-dew.
Reindeer (fawn) No-kak.
Reindeer (young buck) Nu-ka-tu-a.
Red Owg.
River Koog.
Rock We-a-gook.
Run Ood-luk-too.
Remember Kow-ye-mee-yow-a.
Rope Ook-so-noya.
Red-head Ky-yow-aloo.
Resolution Island Too-jung.
Reside Noo-naggin.
River (big) Koog-o-ak.
Resemble Ti-ma-too.
Same Ti-ma-too.
Seal (small) Poe-see.
Seal Net-chuck.
Seal (fresh water) Kaus-e-gea.
Seal (square flipper) Ug-jook.
Seal (jumping) Ky-aug-lee.
Ship Oo-may-ac-due.
Steamship Ick-o-ma-ling.
South Neeg-yill.
Stars Ud-loo-a-ah.
Sun Suc-e-nok.
Summer Oak-e-youk.
Spear (seal) Oo-nah.
Shut the door Oo-may-glee.
Something to eat I-pa-pa.
Sick Ah-ah.
See Tacko.
Small Micky-you.
Small (very) Micky-uck-aloo.
Spots Mee-luck.
Scars Kidley.
Steal Tidley-poo.
Speak Wah-poo.
Shot Uck-e-la.
Spear (to kill with) Now-lick-ta.
Sew Muck-chuck-too.
Shoot Kook-o-ak-too.
Short time ago Tick-e-cove.
Six Uck-bin-e-gin.
Seven Uck-bin-e-mok-o-nik.
Sleep Shin-ig-poo.
Smell Tee-pe.
Sister Ne-yowk-a-loong-a.
Sleeping bag Shin-ig-bee.
Spy glass King-noot.
Swap (trade) Ok-ke-lay-yook.
Strong Shung-e-yook.
Spring Oo-ping-yak.
Snow Con-nee.
Snow-house Igloe.
Sinew Ib-a-loo.
Smoke E-shik.
Smoke (verb) Pay-u-let-ee.
Smoke (give me) Pay-u-let-ee-de-lung-a.
Snow stick An-owt er.
Take Pe-e ock-i-re.
Tent To-pick.
Teeth Kee you.
Thimble Teck-kin.
Thunder Kud-loo.
Tide rising Ill-e-pook.
Tide falling Tine-e-pook.
To-day Ood-loome.
To-night Ood-la.
To-morrow Kow pung.
The other day Tatch-e-munny.
Tongue Ook-ah.
Trade Ok-ke-lay-loo.
Tracks Too-me.
Trousers Kod-ling.
Thank you Koo-id-na-mik.
Thread Ib-e-loo.
Tell Kow-yow-ya.
That will do Ta-ba.
Throw Me-loo-e-ak-took.
Ugly Pe-ne-took.
Understand Kow-e-me-yow.
Up Ta-pau-ney.
Warm Oo-ko.
Water Emmick.
Warmth (personal) Oo-ko-ning ah.
Walrus I-byl.
Walrus hide Kow.
Wait Watch-ow.
Walk Pe-shook-too.
Wake up Too-pook-poo.
What is that? Kiss-yowa?
What do you want for it? Kiss-yow-ok-a-la-loo?
What are you making? Kiss-yow-livie?
What? Shua?
Where Now-te-mee.
When Kunga.
When do you go? Kunga aud-luck-too.
We U-va-gnt.
Who Kee-a.
Who owns it? Kee-a-pinga?
Winter Ook-e-yook.
Wind An-a-way.
White man Kud-loo-nah.
White Kak-owk-tah.
Why Kun-we-mun?
Whale Ook-bik.
Whip Ip-e-row-ter.
Will you? E-ben-loo?
Wife Nell-e-aug-na.
Wood Kee-yow.
Woman Koo-nee.
Wolverine Cow-bik.
Woman’s boat Oo-me-ack.
Wolf Am-miow.
Work Sen-a-yow.
White gull Now-yah.
Yes Ah-me-lah.
Year Ok-ah-ney.
Yesterday Ick-puck-shall.
Yesterday evening Ick-puck-shall-ood la.
You Ib-bee (or Ich-bin).
You and I Oo-bah-gook.
Young boy Un-nick-e-loo-ga.
Young girl Pen-nick-e-loo-ga.
Youngster Neu-ta-a.
NUMERALS.
One At-tow-sha.
Two Mok-oo.
Three Ping-ah-suet.
Four Seet-a-mut.
Five Ted-le-mut.
Six Uck-bin-e-gin.
Seven Uck-bin-e Mok-o-nik.
Eight Uck bin-e-Mok-o-suet.
Nine Uck-bin-e-seet-a-mut.
Ten Ko-ling.
Twenty Mok-ko ling.
PHRASES.
Come in Ki-low-it.
Go ahead At-tay.
Give me a light Ik-ke de-lung-a.
Give me a drink Im-mil-bah.
Give me a smoke Pay-u-let-e-delung-a.
It is good Pee-a-uke.
I don’t know Shu-ga-mee.
I don’t understand Cow-you-mung-e-too.
What is the name of? I-ting-er?
What are you making? Shu-la-vik?
Which way? Nel-le ung-nook?
Where from? Nuck-ke-nu-nah?
Where do you come from? Nuck-ke-pe-wict?
Who is it? Kee-now-yah?
CLASSIFIED INDEX.
NAMES OF PERSONS.
Aberdeen, Earl and Countess of, 112.
Athabasca, Bishop of, 45, 46.
Back, Sir George, 124.
Christopher, Capt., 172.
Corrigal, James, portrait, 11;
engaged, 41.
Daly, Hon. T. M., 80.
Flett, John, engaged, 9;
portrait, 11.
Franklin, Sir John, 124.
French, Pierre, Louis and Michel, engaged, 9:
portrait of, 11.
Gordon, Commander, 181.
Hawes, Capt., 213.
Hearne, Samuel, 215-217.
Howard, Inspector, 26, 28, 30.
Isbister, Mr. and Mrs., 247.
La Perouse, 217.
Lofthouse, Jos. (Rev.) and wife, 206, 211-213;
portraits, 212.
Lofthouse, Miss Marjorie, 212, 251.
Macdonald, J. K., 248.
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, 49.
Macoun, Prof. John, 251.
Matheson, Mr., 209.
Markham, Admiral R. N., 91.
Maurice, François, portrait, 11;
engaged, 41.
Middleton, Capt., 214.
Mills, Capt. J. W., 28, 45, 53, 55.
Milne, Dr., 240, 242.
Moberly, Mr., H. B. C. officer, 9, 41.
Moberly, the guide, engaged, 53.
Mowat, Mr., 240, 242, 244.
McConnell, Mr., 28, 37.
McKay, Dr., 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 57.
Ogilvie, Wm., D.L.S., 28, 30, 48.
Omen, Arthur, 219.
Ray, Dr., 124.
Reed, Mr., 59.
Richardson, Sir John, 124.
Robson, Joseph, 215.
Russell, Mr., 48.
Schott, river pilot, 30, 32-34, 42.
Schultz, Sir John and Lady, 13, 115.
Selwyn, A. R. C., portrait, 74.
Tyrrell, J. Burr, 7, 70, 173;
portrait, 219.
Westasecot, Charlie, 243.
Westasecot, James, 207.
Westasecot, William, 226.
Wolseley, Lord, 9.
Young, Bishop, 49, 52, 55.
WILD GAME, FISH, ETC.
Arctic birds, 132.
Arctic hare, 132, 185.
Bear, black, 73.
Bear, polar, 132, 158, 159, 189-198, 218, 225.
Buffalo, 89;
trails of, 13.
Caribou. (See Reindeer.)
Duck, wild, 160, 184, 187.
Ermine, 98.
Fox, 161, 235.
Goose, wild, 47, 58, 102, 112.
Gull, 184.
Loon, 17.
Marmot, 187.
Moose, 23-25.
Musk ox, 107, 113.
Pike, 58.
Ptarmigan, 160, 185, 186, 204, 205, 208, 234, 235.
Rabbit, 43, 186, 235.
Reindeer (or caribou), 84-87, 95, 96, 99, 109, 132, 147-149, 186-188,
224-226.
Salmon trout, 66, 93, 161.
Seal, 127-171, 203.
Walrus, 132, 133, 140, 153-158.
Whale, 132, 133, 182.
Whitefish, 51, 66, 93, 161, 245.
Wolf, 17, 23, 98, 99, 108, 120, 120, 161, 224, 225.
Wolverine, 99, 100.
TIMBER, MINERALS, ETC.
Aspen, 81.
Balsam, 47.
Birch, 21, 40, 57, 71, 111, 245, 246.
Coal, 14, 60.
Copper, 173.
Fir, 59.
Glaciers, 81.
Gneiss, Laurentian, 57, 175.
Gold, 14, 173.
Huronian schists, 118, 173, 182.
Iron ore, 60.
Jack-pine, 16, 17, 58, 245, 246.
Lignite, 14.
Limestone, 38, 39;
Cambrio-Silurian, 92.
Marl, 120.
Natural gas, 36.
Poplar, 15, 21, 40, 46, 57, 245, 246.
Quartzite, 109, 181.
Sand, curious hills of, 99, 105.
Sand, “Kames,” 80.
Sandstone, cretaceous, 57;
soft, 111.
Silver, 173.
Spruce, 17, 21, 40, 46, 47, 57, 71, 84, 90, 93, 203, 204, 227, 245,
246.
Tamarack, 79, 84, 85.
Tar sand beds, 36, 37.
Trappean rock, 110, 173.
Willow, 111, 208.
RIVERS, LAKES AND LOCALITIES.
Aberdeen Lake, 112, 114.
Active Man Lake, 8.
Alaska, 130.
Arctic Ocean, 8, 19, 28, 111.
Asia, 130.
Athabasca Delta, 47.
Athabasca Lake, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 28, 48, 56, 57, 58, 77, 80, 84.
Athabasca Landing, 15, 17, 19, 20, 26, 40.
Athabasca River, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 26, 36, 40.
Back Lake, 246.
Baker Lake, 111, 125, 172.
Barlow Lake, 84.
Barren Lands, 7, 8, 90, 93, 101, 110, 113, 124-5, 216.
Beaver Hills, 60.
Behring Straits, 130.
Berens River, 249.
Big Cascade, 38.
Birch Lake, 73.
Black Lake, 7, 8, 49, 53, 64, 68, 69, 76, 77, 172-3, 175-6.
Boiler Rapid, 37.
Brûle Rapid, 36.
Button’s Bay, 208.
Calgary, 13, 14.
Cary Lake, 85, 90.
Caughnawaga, 9.
Chesterfield Inlet, 119, 172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 182.
Churchill River, 210-11.
Clear Water River, 40.
Clinton Golden Lake, 112.
Copper Mine River, 94, 216.
Corbet’s Inlet, 183.
Crooked Rapid, 38.
Daly Lake, 80, 81.
Deer Lake, 245.
Duck Creek, 230.
Edmonton, 10, 12, 14, 20, 61.
Fishing River, 58.
Flamboro’ Head, 233.
Fort Chippewyan, 12, 45-55, 61, 63.
Fort Churchill, 107-8, 174-177, 181, 187, 191, 200, 203-221, 224,
226, 232, 239, 242-3.
Fort Fond du Lac, 59, 61, 75.
Fort McMurray, 9, 10, 26, 28, 30, 36, 40, 42-6.
Fort Prince of Wales, 210-217.
Fort Smith, 28, 46.
Fort Vermilion, 49.
Fox River, 244.
Grand Rapids, 20, 26-28, 32-36, 42.
Grassy Island, 208.
Great Fish River, 111.
Great Slave Lake, 7, 53, 112.
Great Slave River, 28, 55.
Hamilton, 7.
Hays River, 241, 243, 245.
Heart Creek, 232.
Height of Land, 8, 17, 76-81, 173.
Hudson Bay, 7, 8, 107-8, 119, 124, 130, 172, 174, 181.
Hudson Straits, 45, 53, 107, 130, 164, 192.
Isle-à-la-Crosse, 9, 41.
Lachine Rapids, 9.
Lady Marjorine Lake, 110.
Lake of the Woods, 118, 173.
Lake Superior, 173.
Lake Winnipeg, 247, 249.
Little Cascade, 38.
Long Rapids, 38.
Lower Telzoa River, 102-113.
Mackenzie River, 19, 26, 28, 48, 129.
Manitoba, 12.
Marble Island, 107, 181-2.
Markham Lake, 91, 92.
Montreal, 221.
Mountain Rapid, 37, 38.
Nelson River, 238-9, 243.
Neville Bay, 185.
North Bay, 12.
North Pole, 174.
North-West Passage, 172, 214.
Norway House, 244, 247-8.
Old Man Island, 60.
Oxford House, 241-2, 244, 247.
Peace River, 49.
Prince Albert, 9.
Prince of Wales Sound, 130;
Cape, 164.
Rankin Inlet, 183.
Rapid of the Jolly Fool, 23.
Rocky Mountains, 14.
Salmon Creek, 226.
Sam’s Creek, 231.
Saskatchewan River, 14, 17, 248-9.
Schultz Lake, 115, 117.
Seal Islands, 236.
Selkirk, 249.
Selwyn Lake, 74, 78.
Sloop’s Cove, 214.
Stone River, 64-5.
Stony River, 218, 226.
Telzoa River Delta, 124.
Telzoa River Rapids, 83.
Telzoa River, 77, 82, 91, 92.
Tobaunt Lake, 94, 99, 173.
Toronto, 7, 12.
Twin Mountains, 110.
West Selkirk, 248.
Wharton Lake, 109.
White Bear Creek, 230.
White Mountain, 110.
Winnipeg, 12.
Wolverine Lake, 8, 71, 76.
Wolverine River, 73.
York Factory, 218, 228, 230, 232, 239-246.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Adventures:
in Boiler Rapid, 37;
in Mountain Rapid, 39-40;
with a black bear, 73;
on Telzoa River, 83;
on Corbet’s Inlet, 183-4;
at sea, 201-2;
on Nelson River, 236;
on Back Lake, 246.
American naturalist, meeting an, 48.
Ancient sea-beaches, 114.
Arrival at Fort Churchill, 209.
Arrival at Nelson River, 231.
Arrival at Norway House, 247.
Arrival at West Selkirk, 249.
_Athabasca_, steamer, 20, 26, 27.
Black flies, 66.
Bread-making, novel method of, 75.
Breeding-place of wild geese, 102.
Buffalo trails, ancient, 13.
Cacheing our supplies, 200.
Cairn of rocks built, 90, 95, 180.
Camp in the woods, 222-3.
Canadian, an old-time, 247.
Canadian Geological Survey, 7, 37, 70, 74, 173.
Canadian Pacific Railway, 12, 13.
Canoe race with Indians, 20.
Canoes secured, 9.
Corrigal meets with accident, 66.
Crossing Nelson River, 236-8.
Crippled, 220.
Deer _vs._ canoe, a race, 85.
Desperate situation, 203.
Dog-sleds, 219.
Dried fish and seal-oil, 238.
Dysentery, 201.
Encounter with polar bears, 189-90, 192-5, 218.
Encounter with wolves, 98.
Eskimos, bartering with, 107, 123, 175.
Eskimos first met with, 105.
Eskimos, photographing, 120.
Eskimo, appearance of, 127-8;
clothing, 128-9;
tattooing, 129;
cheek-stones, 129;
origin of, 130;
range of, 130;
temperament, 132, 161, 164;
feast, 132-3;
dwellings, 135-9;
ingenuity, 139;
implements, 139;
kyack, 141;
oomiack, 142;
komitick, 143;
dog-whip, 144;
sleeping-bag, 145;
customs, 147-171;
weapons, 147, 153-5, 160;
seal-hunting, 149-153;
walrus-hunting, 155-8;
polar bear-hunting, 158-9;
hunting birds, 159-60;
fishing, 160-1;
trapping, 161;
amusements, 162-4;
marriages, 165;
religious beliefs and ceremonies, 165-9;
laws, 169-70;
legends, 170;
burials, 171;
vocabulary, 273.
Famine at Fort McMurray, 42-3.
Feeding dogs at H. B. Co.’s posts, 51.
Finding Eskimo cache, 109.
First camp, 21.
First rapid, 23.
Flora, collecting, 70.
Forest, limit of, 83.
François’ chase of wolverine, 99, 100-1.
François’ tug-of-war, 237-8
French missionaries returning, 59.
Fur trade, new conditions in, 241.
Gale on Lake Tobaunt, 102.
Glaciers, 81.
_Grahame_, steamer, 28, 45, 46, 52, 55.
Grove of spruce, isolated, 90.
Guide procured, 53.
Guide deserts us, 62-4.
Historic ruins, 210, 215-17.
Hudson’s Bay Company, 9, 12, _et seq._
Ice-fields on Lake Tobaunt, 96-8.
Ice, massive walls of, 22.
Ice-pack, all night in an, 202.
Indians:
Chippewyan, 7, 32, 40, 48, 221;
Cree, 23, 40, 43, 219, 230;
Iroquois, 9.
Inventory of our supplies, 54.
Indian camps, 77, 227, 230;
dance, 32;
log-houses, 64;
maps, 8;
tepee, 227;
tradition, 69;
types of, 18.
Iroquois, craftiness of our, 71.
Kyack _vs._ canoe, a race, 120.
Last trees seen, 93.
Louis crippled, 249.
Louis shoots polar bear, 189-90.
Low temperature, 245, 247.
Mathematical instruments provided, 10.
Meeting an old shipmate, 45.
Michel’s feet frozen, 202.
Michel left at York Factory, 242.
Missionaries, hospitable, 211.
Moose hunt, 24.
Mosquito torments, 55, 66.
Moss-bogs, 81.
Moss fuel, 101.
Mountain of iron ore, 60.
Musk-ox robes, 122, 123.
Nailing up the flag of Canada, 79.
Names carved on rocks, 215.
Navigation of Athabasca River, 26-28.
Navigation of Telzoa River, 173.
North-West Mounted Police, 26;
banqueted by, 28.
Our only seal shot, 203.
Our party separates, 248.
Parting with civilization, 70.
Perilous situation, 236.
Picturesque scenery, 14, 19, 21-2, 46, 112-13.
Plants collected, list of, 251-72.
Pierre exhausted, 204.
Poisoned by polar bear liver, 192.
Portaging, an achievement in, 71.
Prairie travel, 15-17.
Provisions exhausted, 234.
Reaching tide water, 176.
Red River cart trail, ancient, 244.
Relief party from Churchill, 206.
Remarkable island, 92.
Rich mineral district, 173.
Running the Grand Rapids, 33-35.
Sand formations, curious, 80-1, 99.
Seventeen hours in ice-water, 203.
Shooting pike with revolver, 58.
Snow-blindness, 134.
Snow-goggles, 135.
Snowshoes, 221;
practice with, 215.
Snow in August, 96.
Solitary grave, 60, 75.
Starving Cree camp, 44.
Stone pillars, 113.
Storm on Baker Lake, 175.
Storm on the Telzoa, 116.
Struggle with shore-ice, 199-203.
Tar wells, curious, 37.
Tepee remains, ancient, 92.
Travelling by carryall, 248-9.
Visit to Eskimo camp, 118.
Visit to Eskimo village, 122.
Water-spouts on Daly Lake, 80.
Welcome ablutions, 240.
Whale-boat on Chesterfield Inlet, 177.
Winter sets in, 199.
Without food or fuel, 187.
Wood violets, 90.
_Wrigley_, steamer, 28, 46.