CLASSIFICATION OF RACES AND PEOPLES.
Criticism of anthropological classifications--Frequent confusion
of the _classing of races and of peoples_--The determining of
races can be based only on _somatic characters_--For the classing
of peoples, on the contrary, it is necessary to take into account
_ethnic characters_ (linguistic and sociological), and above all
_geographical distribution_--_Classification of races proposed by
the author_--Succinct characterisation of the twenty-nine races
which are therein mentioned--_Classification of ethnic groups_
adopted in this work.
Exception has frequently been taken to the anthropological
classifications of different authors, from the time of F. Bernier
(1672) to our own days, in that they recognise in humanity an
excessively variable number of races, from two (Virey in 1775) up
to thirty-four (Haeckel in 1879).[324] These strictures are by no
means deserved, seeing that those who make them almost always compare
classifications dating from various times, and consequently drawn up
from facts and documents which are not comparable. In all sciences,
classifications change in proportion as the facts or objects to be
classed become better known.
Besides, if we go to the root of the matter we perceive that the
diversity in the classifications of the genus _Homo_ is often only
apparent, for most classifications confuse ethnic groups and races. If
my readers refer back to what I said in the introduction on “races”
and “ethnic groups,” they will understand all the difficulties this
causes.
In order to class peoples, nations, tribes, in a word, “ethnic
groups,” we ought to take into consideration linguistic differences,
ethnic characters, and especially, in my opinion, geographical
distribution. It is thus that I shall describe the different peoples
in the subsequent chapters, while classing them geographically. But
for a classification of “races” (using the word in the sense given to
it in the introduction), it is only necessary to take into account
physical characters. We must try to determine by the anthropological
analysis of each of the ethnic groups the races which constitute it;
then compare these races one with another, unite those which possess
most similarities in common, and separate those which exhibit most
dissimilarities.
On making these methodic groupings we arrive at a small number of
races, combinations of which, in various proportions, are met with in
the multitude of ethnic groups.
Let us take for example the Negrito race, of which the Aetas of the
Philippines, the Andamanese, and the black Sakai are the almost pure
representatives. This race is found again here and there among the
Melanesians, the Malays, the Dravidians, etc. In all these populations
the type of the Negrito race is revealed on one side by the presence
of a certain number of individuals who manifest it almost in its
primitive purity, and on the other by the existence of a great number
of individuals, whose traits likewise reproduce this type, but in a
modified form, half hidden by characters borrowed from other races.
Characteristics of various origin may thus be _amalgamated_, or merely
exist in _juxtaposition_.
Race-characters appear with a remarkable persistency, in spite of
all intermixtures, all modifications due to civilisation, change of
language, etc. What varies is the _proportion_ in which such and such a
race enters into the constitution of the ethnic group. A race may form
the preponderating portion in a given ethnic group, or it may form
a half, a quarter, or a very trifling fraction of it; the remaining
portion consisting of others. Rarely is an ethnic group composed
almost exclusively of a single race; in this case the notion of race
is confused with that of _people_. We may say, for example, that the
tribes called Bushmen, Aetas, Mincopies, Australians, are formed of
a race still almost pure; but these cases are rare. Already it is
difficult to admit that there is but one race, for example, among the
Mongols; and if we pass to the Negroes we find among them at least
three races which, while being connected one with another by a certain
number of common characteristics, present, nevertheless, appreciable
differences. Now, each of these races may be combined, in an ethnic
group, not only with a kindred race, but also with other races, and it
is easy to imagine how very numerous may be these combinations.
I have just said that the number of human _races_ is not very
considerable; however, reviewing the different classifications
proposed, in chronological order, it will be seen that this number
increases as the physical characters of the populations of the earth
become better known. Confining ourselves to the most recent and
purely somatological classifications, we find the increase to be as
follows:--In 1860, Isid. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire admitted four principal
races or “types,” and thirteen secondary ones.[325] In 1870, Huxley
proposed five principal races or types, and fourteen secondary ones or
“modifications.”[326] Finally, in 1878, Topinard enumerated sixteen
races, and increased this number in 1885 to nineteen.[327] In mixed
classifications, based on both somatic and ethnic characters, a very
much greater number of sub-divisions is found, but the reason of that
is that “ethnic groups” are included.
Putting these aside, we see in the most complete mixed classifications
only four or five principal races, and twelve to eighteen secondary
races. Thus Haeckel and Fr. Mueller admit four principal races (called
“tribes” by Haeckel, “sub-divisions” by Mueller), and twelve secondary
races (called “species” and sub-divided into thirty-four “races” by
Haeckel, called “races” and sub-divided into numerous “peoples” by
Fr. Mueller).[328] On the other hand, De Quatrefages sub-divides his
five “trunks” into eighteen “branches,” each containing several ethnic
groups, which he distinguishes under the names of “minor branches” and
“families.”[329]
Some years ago I proposed a classification of the human races, based
solely on physical characters.[330] Taking into account all the new
data of anthropological science, I endeavoured, as do the botanists,
to form natural groups by combining the different characters (colour
of the skin, nature of the hair, stature, form of the head, of the
nose, etc.), and I thus managed to separate mankind into thirteen
races. Continuing the analysis further, I was able to give a detailed
description of the thirty sub-divisions of these races, which I called
_types_, and which it would have been better to call secondary races,
or briefly “races.” A mass of new material, and my own researches,
have compelled me since then to modify this classification. This is
how it may be summarised in the form of a table, giving to my former
“types” the title of race or sub-races, and grouping them under six
heads--
A. /Woolly Hair, Broad Nose/. Races and Sub-races.
Yellow skin, steatopygous, _Bushmen_ (s. r. 1
short stature, dolichocephalic Hottentots and Bushmen)
{ Reddish-brown, very short _Negrito_ (s. r. 2
{ stature, sub-brachycephalic Negrillo and Negrito)
Dark { or sub-dolichocephalic
skin { Black, stature tall, _Negro_ (s. r. 3
{ dolichocephalic Nigritian and Bantu)
{ Brownish-black, medium _Melanesian_ (s. r. 4
{ stature, dolichocephalic Papuan and Melanesian)
B. /Curly or Wavy Hair/.
{ Reddish-brown, narrow nose, _Ethiopian_ 5
{ tall stature,
{ dolichocephalic
Dark { Chocolate-brown, broad nose, _Australian_ 6
skin { medium stature,
{ dolichocephalic
{ Brownish-black, broad or _Dravidian_ (s. r. 7
{ narrow nose, short stature, Platyrhine and
{ dolichocephalic Leptorhine)
Skin of a tawny white, nose narrow, _Assyroid_ 8
hooked, with thick top,
brachycephalic
C. /Wavy Brown or Black Hair, Dark Eyes/.
Clear brown skin, black hair, _Indo-Afghan_ 9
narrow, straight or convex nose,
tall stature, dolichocephalic
{ { Aquiline nose, _Arab_ or _Semite_ 10
{ { prominent
{ { occiput,
{ { dolichocephalic,
{ Tall { elliptical form
Tawny { stature, { of face
white { stature, { Straight coarse _Berber_ (4 sub-races) 11
skin, { stature, { nose,
black { elongated { dolichocephalic,
hair { face { square face
{ { Straight fine _Littoral European_ 12
{ { nose,
{ { mesocephalic,
{ { oval face
{ Short stature, _Ibero-insular_ 13
{ dolichocephalic
{ Short stature, round _Western European_ 14
Dull { face strongly
white { brachycephalic
skin, { Tall stature, _Adriatic_ 15
brown { brachycephalic,
hair { elongated face
/D. Fair, Wavy or Straight Hair, Light Eyes/.
{ Somewhat wavy, reddish; _Northern European_ 16
Reddish { tall stature,
white { dolichocephalic
skin, { Somewhat straight, _Eastern European_ 17
fair { flaxen-haired,
hair { short stature,
{ sub-brachycephalic
/E. Straight or Wavy Hair, Dark, Black Eyes/.
Light brown skin, very hairy _Ainu_ 18
body, broad and concave nose,
dolichocephalic
{ Prominent nose, sometimes _Polynesian_ 19
{ convex, tall stature,
{ elliptical form of face,
{ brachy- or meso-cephalic
Yellow { Short stature, flattened, _Indonesian_ 20
skin, { sometimesconcave nose,
smooth { projecting cheek-bones,
body { lozenge-shapedface,
{ dolichocephalic
{ Short stature, prominent _South American_ (s. r. 21
{ straight or concave nose, Palæo-Am. & S. Amer.)
{ meso- or dolichocephalic
/F. Straight Hair/.
{ Straight { Tall stature, _North American_ (s. r. 22
{ or { mesocephalic Atlantic and Pacific)
Warm { aquiline { Short stature, _Central American_ 23
yellow { nose { brachycephalic
skin { Straight nose, tall stature, _Patagonian_ 24
{ brachycephalic,
{ square face
Brownish-yellow skin, short _Eskimo_ 25
stature, round flattened
face, dolichocephalic
{ Turned-up nose, short _Lapp_ 26
{ stature,
{ brachycephalic
{ Straight or concave _Ugrian_ (s. r. Ugrian 27
Yellowish- { nose, short stature, and Yeniseian)
white { meso- or dolichocephalic,
skin { projecting cheek-bones
{ Straight nose, medium _Turkish_ or 28
{ stature strongly _Turco-Tatar_
{ brachycephalic
Pale yellow skin, projecting _Mongol_ (s. r. 29
cheek-bones, Mongoloid eye, Northern and Southern)
slightly brachycephalic
My table contains the enumeration of the principal somatic characters
for each race. Arranged dichotomically for convenience of research,
it does not represent the exact grouping of the races according to
their true affinities. It would be vain to attempt to exhibit these
affinities in the lineal arrangement of a table; each race, in fact,
manifests some points of resemblance, not only with its neighbours in
the upper or lower part of the table, but also with others which are
remote from it, in view of the technical necessities of construction of
such a table. In order to exhibit the affinities in question, it would
be necessary to arrange the groups according to the three dimensions
of space, or at least on a surface where we can avail ourselves of two
dimensions. In the ensuing table (p. 289) are included twenty-nine
races, combined into seventeen groups, arranged in such a way that
races having greatest affinities one with another are brought near
together. Seven of these groups only are composed of more than one
race. They may be called as follows (see the table):--XIII., American
group; XII., Oceanian; II., Negroid; VIII., North African; XVI.,
Eurasian; X., Melanochroid; IX., Xanthochroid. This table shows us
clearly that the Bushman race, for example, has affinities with the
Negritoes (short stature) and the Negroes (nature of the hair, form of
nose); that the Dravidian race is connected both with the Indonesian
and the Australian; that the place of the Turkish race is, by its
natural affinities, between the Ugrians and the Mongols; that the
Eskimo have Mongoloid and American features; that the Assyroids are
closely related to the Adriatics and the Indo-Afghans; that the latter,
by the dark colour of their skin, recall the Ethiopians, and the Arabs
by the shape of the face, etc. Here are, moreover, some details of
the twenty-nine races (marked by their numbers of order) of the first
table, and of the seventeen groups of the second (marked in Roman
figures).
I. 1. The _Bushman_ race is found in a relative state of purity among
the people called Bushmen (Fig. 24), and less pure among the Hottentots
(Fig. 143). The presence of the Bushman type may be detected among a
great number of Negro peoples to the south of the equator (for example,
among the Bechuana and Kiokos, etc.).
II. The _Negroid_ group comprises three races: Negrito, Negro, and
Melanesian.
2. The _Negrito_ race may be split up into two sub-races: _a_, the
_Negrilloes_ of Africa, of which the pure representatives are the
Akkas, the Batuas, and other sub-dolichocephalic pigmies; and _b_,
the _Negritoes_ of Asia (Andamanese, Fig. 124, black Sakai, Fig. 123,
Aetas, etc.), mesocephalic or sub-brachycephalic, of a little taller
stature than the Negrilloes. The presence of Negrito elements has been
noticed among different Bantu negroes (for example, among the Adumas).
As to the influence of the Negrito type on that of the Malays, the
Jakuns, certain Indonesians, etc., it is perfectly well recognised.
3. The _Negroes_ may likewise be sub-divided into two sub-races: _a_,
the _Nigritians_, of the Sudan (Fig. 140) and of Guinea (Fig. 9),
more prognathous (more “negroid,” if we may thus express it) than
_b_, the _Bantus_ of sub-equatorial and southern Africa (Figs. 47,
141, and 142). The Negro element is strongly represented in the mixed
populations of Africa (certain Berbers and Ethiopians, islanders of
Madagascar). The majority of the Negroes of America belong to the
Negritic sub-race.
4. The _Melanesian_ race differs from the Negro race especially in
having less woolly hair with broader spirals (see p. 39), and the skin
a lighter colour. It comprises two variations or sub-races: one with
elongated ovoid face, hooked nose, especially prevalent in New Guinea
(_Papuan sub-race_, Figs. 53 and 152), and the other with squarer
and heavier face, which occupies the rest of Melanesia (_Melanesian
sub-race_ properly so called, Fig. 153).[331] The first of these
sub-races enters into the composition of several mixed tribes of
Celebes, Gilolo, Flores (Figs. 146 to 148), Timur, and other islands of
the Asiatic Archipelago situated farther to the east.
III. 5. The _Ethiopian_ race forms by itself the third group. It is
preserved fairly pure among certain Bejas (Fig. 138) and the Gallas,
but is modified by the admixture of Arab blood among the Somalis,
Abyssinians, etc., and by Negro blood among the Zandehs (Niam-Niams,
etc.), and especially among the Fulbé or Peuls, though among the latter
fine Ethiopian types, almost pure, are still met with (Fig. 139).
/Grouping of the Human Races According To Their Affinities/.
XIII. XI.
=Pata- North American. XII. Ainu. =IV.=
gonian.= Central American. Polynesian. =Australian.=
South American. Indonesian. V. =II.=
Dravidian. =Melanesian.=
XIV. XVII. =Negrito.=
Eskimo. Mongolian. =Negro.=
I.
VI. Bushmen.
Assyroid.
XV. XVI.
Lapponic. Ugrian. =Turkish.= VII.
Indo-Afghan. =III.=
=Ethiopian.=
IX. X. VIII.
Eastern European. Western European. Adriatic. Arab.
Northern European. Ibero-Insular. Littoral. Berber.
IV. 6. The _Australian_ race (Figs. 14, 15, 149, and 150) is remarkable
for its unity and its isolation on the Australian continent, and even
the _Tasmanians_ (see Chapter XII.), the nearest neighbours to the
Australians, at the present day extinct, had a different type.
V. 7. The _Dravidian_ race, which it would have been better to call
_South-Indian_, is prevalent among the peoples of Southern India
speaking Dravidian tongues, and also among the Kols and other peoples
of India; it presents two varieties or sub-races, according to
Schmidt:[332] _a_, _leptorhinean_, thin nose, very elongated head
(Nairs, etc.); _b_, _platyrhinean_, with very broad nose and a somewhat
shorter head (Dravidians properly so called, Figs. 8, 126, and 127).
The Veddahs (Figs. 5, 6, and 133) come much nearer to the Dravidian
type, which moreover penetrates also among the populations of India,
even into the middle valley of the Ganges.
VI. 8. The _Assyroid_ race, so named because it is represented in a
very clear manner on the Assyrian monuments, is not found pure in any
population, but it counts a sufficient number of representatives to
give a character to entire populations, such as the Hadjemi-Persians
(Fig. 22), the Ayssores, certain Kurdish tribes, and some Armenians
and Jews. The characteristic Jewish nose of caricature, in the form of
the figure _6_, is an Assyroid nose; it is almost always associated
with united eyebrows and thick lower lip. The Todas (Fig. 130) partly
belong, perhaps, to this type.
VII. 9. The _Indo-Afghan_ race (see Chapter X.) has its typical
representatives among the Afghans, the Rajputs, and in the caste of the
Brahmins, but it has undergone numerous alterations as a consequence
of crosses with Assyroid, Dravidian, Mongol, Turkish, Arab, and other
elements (Figs. 125 and 134).
VIII. The _North African_ group is composed, 10, of the Arab or Semite
race, represented by typical individuals among the Arabs and certain
Jews (Fig. 21), the features of which are often found in most of the
populations of Syria, Mesopotamia, Beloochistan (Fig. 134), Egypt, and
the Caucasus; 11, of the _Berber_ race (Fig. 136), which admits four
varieties or “types,” according to Collignon (see Chapter XI.).
IX. The _Melanochroid_ group comprises the four dark-complexioned races
of Europe (12 to 15), _Littoral_, _Ibero-insular_, _Western_ (Fig. 98),
and _Adriatic_.
X. The _Xanthochroid_ group contains the two fair races of Europe
(16 and 17), _Northern_ (Figs. 88 to 90) and _Eastern_. (For further
details respecting groups IX. and X. see Chapter IX.)
XI. 18. The _Ainu_ race is preserved fairly pure among the people of
this name (Figs. 49 and 117); it forms one of the constituent elements
of the population of Northern Japan (see Chapter X.).
XII. The _Oceanian_ group is formed of two races, the relations of
which are somewhat vague. 19. The _Polynesian_ race (Figs. 154 to 156),
found more or less pure from the Hawaiian Islands to New Zealand,
undergoes changes in the west of Polynesia owing to intermixture with
the Melanesians (Fiji, New Guinea). It furnishes perhaps a more hirsute
sub-race in Micronesia. 20. The _Indonesian_ race is represented by
the Dyaks, the Battas, and other populations of the Malay Archipelago
(Nias, Kubus), or of Indo-China (Nicobariese, Nagas, Fig. 17 and
Frontispiece). It is modified by intermixture with Negrito elements
(White Sakai of the Malay peninsula), Hindus (Javanese, Fig. 145),
Mongoloids (Malays, Khamtis, Fig. 22), or Papuans (Natives of Flores,
Figs. 146 to 148).
XIII. The American group comprises the four races numbered in my
table 21 to 24, which will be dealt with in the chapter devoted to
America. Let me merely say that the type of _Central Americans_,
brachycephalic, short, with straight or aquiline nose (Figs. 163 and
164), is frequently met with on the Pacific slope of the two Americas,
as well as on several points of the Atlantic slope of South America. In
the former of these two regions the population is principally formed of
a blending of this type with the _North American_ race; in the latter,
with the _South American_ race (Fig. 171).
Two sub-races may be distinguished in the North American race: _a_,
_Atlantic_, mesocephalic, of very tall stature, good representatives
of which, for example, are the Siouans (Figs. 158 and 159); and _b_,
the _Pacific_, of which the Tlinkit Indians may give an approximate
idea, differing from the former by shorter stature, more rounded head,
and better developed pilous system. Further, in the _South American_
race we most probably admit two sub-races: _a_, the _dolichocephalic_
race, with hair often wavy, or even frizzy (Figs. 48, 165, 172, and
175),[333] which is perhaps derived from the oldest inhabitants of the
continent, and which I called _Palæo-American_ type in my first attempt
at a classification of the human races (1889), and another (_b_),
which would be the present type of South American _mesocephalic_ race
with straight hair (Figs. 167 to 170). The tall _Patagonian_ race,
brachycephalic, of deep brown colour, has its representatives among the
Patagonians and among certain peoples of Chaco and the Pampas.[334]
XIV. 25. The _Eskimo_ race (Fig. 157) has kept fairly pure on the
east coast of Greenland, as well as in the north of Canada; but it is
modified by intermixtures with the North American race in Labrador,
in Alaska, on the west coast of Greenland (where there is, further,
intermixture with the Northern European race), and with the Mongolic
races (Chukchi, Aleuts, etc.) on the shores of Behring’s Sea.
XV. 26. The _Lapp_ race is fairly pure among some tribes of
Scandinavian Lapps; elsewhere it is blended with the northern and
eastern races (Scandinavians, Finns, Russians).
XVI. The two races which compose the _Eurasian_ group (so named because
its representatives inhabit Europe as well as Asia) have only a few
common characters (yellowish-white skin, modified Mongolian features,
etc.). 27. The _Ugrian_ race predominates among the eastern Finns
(Ostiaks, Permiaks, Cheremiss, Fig. 106), and perhaps as a variety
among the Yeniseians. It is found again interblended with the Samoyeds,
and perhaps with the Yakuts. 28. The _Turkish_ race, which I would
willingly call _Turanian_, if this term were not too much abused,
enters into the composition of the peoples called Turco-Tatars, who
speak Turkish idioms. The type, fairly pure, is common among the
Kirghiz and the Tatars of Astrakhan (Figs. 107, 108), but in other
ethnic groups it is weakened by intermixture with such races as the
Mongolo-Tunguse (Yakuts), Ugrian (Shuvashes), Assyroid (Turkomans,
Osmanli Turks, etc.).
XVII. The _Mongol_ race admits two varieties or sub-races: _Tunguse_
or _Northern Mongolian_, with oval or round faces and prominent
cheek-bones, spread over Manchuria, Corea, Northern China, Mongolia
(Figs. 20, 115, 116, and 118); and _Southern Mongolian_, with
lozenge-shaped or square faces and cheek-bones laterally enlarged,
which may be observed especially in Southern China (Fig. 119) and in
Indo-China (Fig. 121).
We have now sketched out the classing of _races_, that is to say of the
somatological units. It remains for us to deal with the “ethnic groups”
or sociological units.
In these the grouping must rest on linguistic, sociological, and
especially geographical affinities, for sociological difference, are
very often the product of differences in the immediate environment.
I have already spoken of the classing of languages (p. 127) and social
states (p. 124). In subordinating them to considerations of habitat, I
shall give the table of mixed classification, geographico-linguistic,
which I have adopted in the descriptive part of this work. But first, a
few words on the relations of the different classifications of ethnic
groups one with another.
The purely linguistic grouping does not correspond with the
geographical grouping of peoples: thus in the Balkan peninsula, which
forms a unit from the geographical point of view, we find at least four
to six different linguistic families; in the British Isles, two or
three, etc. Neither does this grouping coincide with the somatological
grouping: thus, the Aderbaijani of the Caucasus and Persia, who speak a
Turkish language, have the same physical type as the Hadjemi-Persians,
who speak an Iranian tongue; the Negroes of North America speak
English; several Indians of Mexico and South America speak Spanish
as their mother-tongue; different Ugrian tribes (Zyrians, Votiaks,
Permiaks) make use of Russian, etc. In European countries cases of
changes of language in any given population are known to every one. The
limits of the Breton language in France, of the Irish in Ireland in the
sixteenth century, were at least 60 miles to the east of their present
frontier. The limits of Flemish in France, of Lithuanian in Prussia,
have perceptibly receded to the east during the last hundred years; it
is the same with so many other linguistic limits in Europe, the only
continent where accurate data on this subject exist.
But similar, though isolated facts may be adduced from other parts of
the world. Thus in India the Irulas, who differ physically from the
Tamils, yet speak their language; many of the Kol, Dravidian, and other
tribes at the present time speak Hindustani instead of their primitive
tongues. According to the last census,[335] out of 2,897,591 Gonds,
only 1,379,580, less than half, speak the language of their fathers.
However, in certain regions where there is little intermixture due to
conquest, in South America for example, language may give valuable
indications for the classification of ethnic groups. As to “states
of civilisation,” it is very difficult to make clear sub-divisions,
seeing that frequently one and the same people may be at the same
time shepherds and fishers (Chukchi), hunters and tillers of the soil
(Tlinkits), hunters, shepherds, and tillers of the soil (Tunguses),
etc. Certain characters of civilisation, especially of material
culture, are of clearly defined extent, and form what Bastian calls
“ethnographic provinces.” I have spoken of them in connection with the
geographical distribution of plate-armour, the throwing-stick, pile
dwellings, etc. But similarity of manners and customs, and identity
of objects in common use, do not yet give us the right to infer an
affinity of race or language, and still less a common origin. At the
very most, they may indicate frequent communication, whether pacific
or not, between two peoples and “adoption” of customs and material
culture. Sometimes even two distinct peoples, having never communicated
with each other, may happen to produce almost identical objects and
adopt almost similar manners and customs, as I have previously shown.
Having said this much I shall proceed to give the classification of the
“ethnic groups” adopted in this work.
I adopt in the first place the best known geographical division, into
five parts, of the world (including Malaysia or the Asiatic Archipelago
with Oceania).[336] I afterwards divide each part of the world into
great linguistic or geographical regions, each comprising several
populations or groups of populations, according to the following
arrangement:--
I. /Europe/.--We may distinguish here two linguistic groups:
Aryan and Anaryan, and a geographical group, that of the Caucasians.
The _Aryans_ are sub-divided into six groups: the Latins or Romans
(examples: Spaniards, French, etc.), the Germans or Teutons
(Germans, English, etc.), the Slavs (Russians, Poles, etc.), the
Helleno-Illyrians (Greeks and Albanians), the Celts (Bretons, Gaels,
etc.), and the Letto-Lithuanians (Letts and Lithuanians). The
_Anaryans_ are represented in Europe by the Basques (whose language
is not classified), and by peoples of Finno-Ugrian languages (Lapps,
Western Finns, Hungarians, and Eastern Finns; the latter partly in
Asia). The _Caucasians_ are the native peoples of the Caucasus; they
form four groups: Lesgian, Georgian or Kartvel, Cherkess, and Ossets.
The language of the last is Iranian; the idioms of the three others
form a group apart, not classified.
II. /Asia/.--We include in this continent six great geographical
regions. _Northern Asia_ comprises three groups of populations:
_Yenisians_ (Samoyeds, Toubas, etc.), the _Palæo-asiatics_ (Chukchis,
Giliaks, Ainus), and the _Tunguses_ (Manchu, Orochons, etc.). _Central
Asia_ likewise contains three groups of populations: _Turkish_
(Yakuts, Kirghiz, Osmanlis, etc.), _Mongol_ (Buriats, Kalmuks, etc.),
and _Thibetan_ (Lepchas, Bods, etc.). _Eastern Asia_ is occupied by
three “nations”: _Japanese_, _Coreans_, and _Chinese_. _Indo-China_,
or the Transgangetic peninsula, includes five ethnic divisions: the
_Aborigines_ (Negritoes, Tsiam, Mois, Mossos, Naga), the _Cambodians_,
the _Burmese_, the _Annamese_, and the _Thaï_ (Shans, Kakhyens,
Siamese, Miao-tse, etc.). The Cisgangetic peninsula, or India, includes
four linguistic divisions: the _Dravidians_ (Tamils, Khonds, etc.),
the _Kols_ (Santals, etc.), the _Indo-Aryans_ (Hindus, Kafirs, etc.),
and _the peoples whose languages are not classified_ (_Veddahs_,
_Singhalese_, _Nairs_, etc.). _Anterior Asia_ is divided between two
great linguistic groups: _Eranian_ or _Iranian_ (Persians, Afghans,
Kurds, etc.) and _Semite_ (Syrians and Arabs, the latter partly in
Africa), and further comprises some other peoples _not classified_
(Brahuis, Takhtajis), or _cosmopolites_ (Gypsies and Jews).
III. /Africa/.--In this continent there are three great
divisions: one linguistic in the north, the Semito-Hamites; and two
ethnic or even somatological ones in the south, the Negroes and the
Bushmen-Hottentots. The peoples speaking _Semitic_ or _Hamitic_
languages may be united into three groups: the _Arabo-Berbers_
(Touaregs, Fellahs, etc.), the _Ethiopians_ (Gallas, Bejas,
Abyssinians), and the _Fulah-Zandehs_ (Fulahs, Niam-Niams, Masai,
etc.). The _Bushmen-Hottentots_ form an ethno-somatological group
quite apart. As to the _Negroes_, they may be divided as follows:--the
_Negrilloes_ or Pygmies (Akkas, Batuas, etc.), the _Nigritians_ or
_Negroes properly so called_ (Dinkas, Hausas, Wolofs, Krus, Tshis,
etc.), and the _Bantus_ (Dwalas, Batekes, Balubas, Swaheli, Kafirs,
Bechuanas, etc.). The populations of the _Island of Madagascar_ also
form a _linguistic and geographical_ group apart.
IV. /Oceania/.--Four ethnic regions are here well defined:
Malaysia, Australia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Malaysia (to which,
strictly speaking, should be joined a portion of the populations of
Madagascar, Indo-China, and the Sino-Japanese islands) comprises
four great groups of populations: the _Negritoes_ (Aeta, etc.), the
_Indonesians_ (Battas, Tagals, etc.), and mixed peoples like the
Javanese, the Bugis, the Malays, etc. _Australia_ is peopled, over
and above the white or yellow colonists, by only one race-people, the
_Australians_; the _Tasmanians_ who lived near them no longer exist.
_Melanesia_ is peopled by Papuans (of New Guinea), and by _Melanesians
properly so called_ (of New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, etc.). Lastly,
_Polynesia_ comprises the _Polynesians properly so called_ (Samoans,
Tahitians), and the _Micronesians_ (natives of the Carolines, the
Marshall Islands, etc.).
V. /America/.--For _North America_ we may adopt three
ethno-geographical groups: the _Eskimo_, with the Aleuts; the _American
Indians_ (Athapascans, Yumas, Tlinkits, etc.); and the _Indians
of Mexico and of Central America_ (Aztecs, Pimas, Miztecs, Mayas,
Isthmians, Ulvas, etc.).
_South America_ has four geographical groupings: the _Andeans_
(Chibchas, Quechua-Aymara, etc.); the _Amazonians_ (Caribs, Arawak,
Pano, Miranha, etc.); the Indians of _East Brazil_, and of the _central
region_ (Tupi-Guarani, Ges or Botocudo-Kayapo, etc.); and, finally,
the _Patagonians_, tribes of Chaco, of the Pampas, etc., with the
_Fuegians_.
It is likewise well, as regards the New World, to take into account
the imported Negroes, and the descendants of colonists: Anglo-Saxon in
the north, Hispano-Lusitanians in the south. These settlers form the
nucleus of the different civilised nations of the two Americas, around
which are grouped other elements from Europe or originating on the spot
(Half-breeds of various degrees, Quadroons, Creoles, etc.).