CONCLUSION--A LOOK AHEAD
In the opening chapters of this volume we have seen Cuba as it is and
speculated on what it should have presented to the world at the close of
the present century. The past, it is to be hoped, is a closed book. The
future is more hopeful, perhaps, but replete with difficult problems and
many dangers. The war has emancipated the people of Cuba from Spain,
made them a self-governing people protected by a great nation, the flag
of which is a symbol of freedom and a guaranty of the fruits of
individual endeavour. The fate of Cuba and the Cubans no longer rests in
the hands of a small cabal of mediæval and selfish statesmen at Madrid,
intent only upon enriching the mother country. It rests with the people
of the United States who are to-day actively and impartially discussing
the future of the Island. The question is not how much the United States
can make out of Cuba, but how best to make a prosperous, peaceful, and
useful neighbour of an island within a hundred miles from the shores of
the Great Republic. The people of Cuba must disabuse themselves of the
idea that the future of their native land is in the hands of some one
man or any set of men. They must comprehend, on the contrary, that it
has been committed to the care of a liberty-loving people as jealous of
popular rights as those Cuban patriots who, like Marti and Gomez and
Maceo and Garcia and Quesada, risked their lives to make their country
free. That the people of the United States will deal justly and fairly
with the people of Cuba does not admit of doubt, and the closer the
people of the two countries come together on a platform of mutual trust
and confidence, the sooner a stable government will be established. It
may be well for our Cuban friends to remember that a considerable number
of the seventy-five millions in the American Republic have, themselves,
exchanged for the Stars and Stripes flags that mean as much to them as
the Cuban flag to the most patriotic Cuban, and around which cluster as
tender memories as those which the flag of the Cuban Republic suggests.
The great newspaper press of the United States is discussing all sides
of the Cuban question as intelligently and vigorously, and as fairly and
honestly towards Cuban interests, as it does our own important domestic
questions, and no Cuban need for a moment fear that the conclusions
reached will be other than for the best interests of all concerned. If,
at the conclusion of military occupation, Cuba is made an independent
republic, it will be because the people of Cuba and the people of the
United States, acting jointly, so decide. If, on the contrary, the
future of Cuba shall lie in the still greater independence of American
Statehood, it will be by the mutual consent of the people of the two
countries. There are no other possibilities in the final solution of the
political future of Cuba.
The more stable the government of Cuba, the more certain the industrial
development. The closer and stronger the ties which bind Cuba to the
United States, the greater the prosperity and the more rapid the
reconstruction of the Island. To the outside world Cuba has become part
of the United States, and the arrangements in respect of the government
of the Cuban people a domestic affair. Whether the present government be
termed Military Protectorate, Military Occupancy, or Statehood, the fact
remains that the strength of Cuba to-day is in its close alliance with
the United States. Commercially and industrially, as has been repeatedly
shown in this volume, the two countries fit perfectly. The products Cuba
produces can all find a market in the United States, while the needs of
Cuba can all be supplied by its continental neighbour. The Cubans have
had a taste of the prosperity which followed reciprocal commercial
relations with the United States. The golden possibilities of absolute
free intercourse between Cuba and the United States must be apparent to
the more intelligent Cubans. That sentiment for a flag and a country is
natural and laudable cannot be denied, but in the final and mutual
coming together of Cuba and the United States, the single Star becomes
not less bright by reason of association or companionship with the other
Stars, together making an harmonious whole and representing all that is
best and most hopeful for mankind.
A great change has already taken place in Cuba in the six weeks of
United States occupancy. The author has had opportunity to study three
stages in the recent history of Cuba. He visited the four western
provinces soon after the signing of the Protocol of Peace and before the
Spanish had relinquished control. He was in Santiago after six months of
American occupancy, and in the chapter on that province has made note of
the good work inaugurated by Major-General Leonard Wood, Governor of the
province. Again after six weeks of American control he travelled over
much the same ground as in September and October, and has noted in the
preceding chapter the improved condition. A good deal of honest and
intelligent work has already been done by the United States for Cuba.
A new tariff has been framed and put in operation by the War Department,
aided by experienced officers from the Treasury Department. The
Post-Office Department has inaugurated an improved mail service. The
telegraph lines are rapidly being put in order. The United States
sanitary authorities are laying their plans for a vigorous campaign
against epidemic disease this summer. The governors of cities are as
rapidly as possible cleaning up the streets and preparing plans for
modern sewerage and drainage. Under the direction of General Brooke and
the immediate supervision of General Chaffee, a complete system for
policing the rural districts of the Island with Cuban police is in
progress of organisation. For this purpose the Cuban army will be
utilised as far as possible. The United States has abolished many
onerous taxes, stopped the draining away to Spain of the resources and
revenues of Cuba, and rigorously applied all available methods and
instruments to build up the Island and to improve the condition of the
people. It has endeavoured to establish the principle that the Island
should be governed in the interest of Cuba, by Cubans, for the people of
Cuba.
There still remains a great deal of work to do. The thin end of the
wedge of the stronger civilisation has been inserted, but time and
patience and strength will all be required to drive it home. The
programme mapped out is a long and expensive one and more money than is
at present in sight will be required to carry it through. The building
of public roads, the establishment of public schools, and the
inauguration of sanitary work are three branches of the civil government
that must be pressed forward with all possible vigour, immediately after
the scheme for policing Cuba has been completed. The importance of
teaching English in all Cuban public schools must not be overlooked,
because the Cuban people will never understand the people of the United
States until they appreciate our institutions. A complete reform of the
judiciary must follow. The laws relating to ownership and transfer of
property must be revised, safeguards added to the laws relating to
mortgages, and some of the old customs repealed. Savings banks must also
be established, for no people can become permanently prosperous where
thrift is unknown and where there are no opportunities for saving the
surplus earnings of the population. The Government of the United States,
acting in conjunction with the Cuban people, has a serious and important
work to perform.
The Government, however, cannot be depended upon to do it all. The
people must get to work again themselves and help in every possible way
in the work of reconstruction. To be successful this work should be
begun in the right way from the foundation up, or it will become
top-heavy, and the second condition of the Cuban people will be worse
and more helpless than the first. The population must be got to work
again in its strong industries and the fields must be made to yield in
abundance before enterprises, of which so much is heard, and the success
of which depends so largely upon the prosperity of the people, can be
made to pay. In the chapters on Sugar, Tobacco, Mining, Agriculture,
Timber, Fruit-Production, and Miscellaneous Industries the reader may
learn the true source of Cuban wealth. The industrial and commercial
future of Cuba depends upon how thoroughly and how persistently these
industries are worked, and not upon distribution of foreign capital in
enterprises which in the end must be fed by the wealth coming from the
soil. For judicious investment there is opportunity in Cuba, but the
scramble for franchises of various kinds has inflated values, and unless
conservatism prevails there is danger of repeating in Cuba some of the
follies with which the New South is strewn. The basic industries must be
vigorously worked in Cuba. Unless this is done the author sees only
trouble and disaster ahead.
To do this successfully the labour market must be enlarged by
immigration, and to attract immigration the condition of the labourer
must be improved. The chapter on Labour aims to give an idea of Cuban
labour as it is. The picture is not attractive. Where is the labour to
come from to build up the wasted fields of Cuba? It is a hard question
to answer. Efforts are being made by those who best know the needs of
Cuba to entice labour thither. They should be encouraged, for unless
more labourers can be found the return of prosperity will be painful and
prolonged over many years.
The opportunities for American labour in Cuba are circumscribed. If the
climate were more temperate and the dangers of disease less there would
undoubtedly be an influx of labour from the United States. Just as the
restless and hopeful population of the Eastern States has migrated
westward and to some extent southward in our own country, so it would
find its way to Cuba if conditions allowed of extensive settlement and
home-making. In the opinion of the author they do not, and hence the
industrial rehabilitation of Cuba must rely upon other sources than the
United States for its supply of labour. Of course Americans will settle
in Cuba and do business in Cuba and possibly make their fortunes in
Cuba. Not in the way they have settled up our own unsettled area by
purchasing farms and building homes, but in projecting and pushing
enterprises. In Cuba, sugar production has become two distinct
industries: one the sugar factory and the other the _colonia_, or
cane-raising farm, or estate. The central, or sugar factory, often owns
large areas of land, but does not depend wholly upon its own acres for
cane. Some factories depend more largely upon the colonias, or small
farms which supply the cane. This cane the central brings to the
sugar-house by the aid of narrow-gauge railways, extending over the
estate and into adjoining farms. There are opportunities for farm
labourers who can withstand a tropical climate, to settle on small areas
of land and raise sugar cane. Every possible encouragement will be given
this class of immigrants. Mr. J. White Todd, who lived twenty years in
Cuba, has informed the author that in his opinion industrious immigrants
from Southern Italy and Southern Spain will find ample opportunities in
Cuba to establish homes and make a profitable living raising cane for
the sugar factories. If they are willing to work, the owners of the
centrals or factories will gladly secure them the land and tide them
over the first crop. This class of labour and the Canary Islanders are
the only ones likely to take up and work small sugar farms in Cuba.
Heretofore the experience with the negroes has not been satisfactory,
though under a better system of government it may be different. The
success of the sugar factory depends so largely upon the available sugar
cane of the district that the central is always glad to aid a labourer
likely to become a thrifty _colono_.
In coffee and tobacco there are possibilities on a small scale, and also
in fruit-growing, when roads and highways have been sufficiently
improved to get the product to market. Herein lies the only feasible
opportunity for small American capitalists who desire to live in a
tropical climate. It is true, only a small portion of this wonderful
Island is under cultivation. In time it might all be utilised, the
larger part, of course, in sugar. In the chapter on Sugar the
possibilities of this crop and its relation to the sugar-production of
the world have been fully discussed. When continental Europe tires of
paying a bounty for producing sugar, Cuba must take its place as the
first sugar-producing country of the world; a place it would never have
lost had it not been for misgovernment, war, and failure promptly to
adopt modern methods when beet-sugar first became a factor in the
world's supply.
The particular lines in which the enterprise, ingenuity, and capital of
the United States can be utilised in Cuba will undoubtedly be in the
establishment of public and semi-public works and in the improvement of
methods of production. Here are some of the enterprises likely to be
taken up by American and English capitalists:
Sanitary Improvements and Water-works.
Street Railways and light railway transportation in suburban districts.
Gas-works and Electric Lighting.
Unifying and extension of railway system.
Establishment of better facilities for coastwise transportation.
Navigation between Cuba and the United States.
Wharfage, Lighterage, and Public Warehouses.
Telegraphic and Telephone Services.
Public Roads and Highways.
Savings Banks and Financial Institutions to aid commerce and industry.
Places of Amusement, Tropical Gardens, and Hotels.
The directing hand of American enterprise will be soon felt in these
branches of modern endeavour, and the effect must be an improved
condition of life and of morals. To make these enterprises profitable,
however, the real productive forces of the Island must first be revived,
and if possible increased. The strength of the building of our own
nation lies in the fact that our productive powers were developed first
and the modern improvements and conveniences have been gradually coming
along in the proper order. Nothing could be more unfortunate for Cuba
than a wild and speculative plunge in the above direction before the
real strength of the Island is again concentrated and put in vigorous
working order. In the first place, it would temporarily take away the
working forces from the land. In the second place, these enterprises
cannot be made self-sustaining until normal productive conditions are
restored. The effect, therefore, would be loss of capital and
disappointment. The objective and immediate point for good work should
be the land. If the new industrial impetus shall be in this direction
the Cuban problem will be simplified and the future of Cuba full of
promise.
INDEX
Acana wood, 341
Adams, Charles Francis, 43
Agricultural products, imports of, from United States, 330
Agriculture and stock, 329-337
Aguacate, population, 124
_Aguacates_, 345
Aguado y Rico, Fernando, School of Arts and Trades, 150, 151;
Industrial School. 381-388
Alameda of Havana, 153
Albarran, Dr., 97
Albear, Colonel, 168
Albertini, 97
Alcala, José Anton, statement in regard to taxes other than customs duties, 249
Alexandria Line of steamers, 366
Alfonsino, Spanish, value of, 23
Alfonso XII., population, 123
Alger, Hon. R. A., letter to Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, 390, 391
Alianza Bank, 198
Almendares River, 178
Alonso Rojos, population, 124
Alquizar, population, 123
Alto Songo, population, 124
Amaro, population, 124
Amended Cuban tariff, official, 221-247.
Americans in Santiago, 62-72
American Mall S.S. Co., 47
Amusements, 100
Annexation, 32-36
_Anon_ fruit, 347
Annual deaths in Havana, table, 165
Antomarchi, physician of Napoleon, 129
Apezteguia, Marquis de, on future of Cuba, 37-42; 43, 47, 60, 115
Ariza and Herrara, 167, 168, 171
_Arroba_, 83
Arroyo Navanijo, population, 123
Artemisa, population, 123;
description, 132
Asphaltum, 327, 328
Atkins, E. F., statement in regard to sugar, 287
Atkins & Co., Messrs. E., 284
Atkinson, Edward. 43
Autonomist party, 8
Auxiliary vessels N. V. and Cuba Mail S. S. Co., 368
Average production of tobacco of world (table), 316
_Bagasse_, 286, 287, 297
Bahia Honda, population, 123;
description, 132
Bainoa, population, 124
Baker, Capt. L. D., 47, 53
Bananas, production of Santiago province, 67, 344;
shipments of, 345
"Banco Hispano-Colonial," of Barcelona, 257
Banes, description, 136;
exports of fruit, 136;
shipments of bananas, 345;
exports of pineapples, 348
Bank of Commerce, 198
Banking, history of, 199, 200
Banks and Currency, 190-203
Banks of Havana, list of, 198
Banyan tree, 342
Baracoa, population, 123;
capital removed from, 129;
description, 136;
shipments of bananas, 345;
production of cocoanuts, 345
Barbadoes, cost of Muscovado sugars at, 286
Barbour, Maj. George M., 62, 119
Baria wood, 341
_Barracones_, 80
_Barrios_, 173
Batabano, sanitary condition, 120;
population, 123;
description, 133, 140
Bates, General, 405
_Batey_, 82
Bayamitas iron mines, 322
Bayamo, population, 123;
description, 137
Beal, P. M., statement in regard to sugar farms, 284, 285
Beal & Co., 284
Beans, 331
Beaulieu, Paul Leroy, on Cuban debt, 258, 261
Bees, 337
Beet-sugar competition, 76;
production of, 283;
comparative value, 288;
imports from Europe into United States, 289
Bejucal, population, 123;
description, 134
Belen Church of Havana, 152
Bemba (_see_ Jovellanos)
Berracoe iron mines, 322
Betancourt, Gen. Pedro, 405
Bock, Gustavo, on production, manufacture, and
necessities of tobacco in Cuba, 307-316
Bolondron, population, 123
Boniato manganese mines, 324
Bonnet, Wm., statement in regard to sugar, 291-294
Boston Fruit Company, 53;
manganese mines, 324
Botanical Gardens of Havana, 146
Brazil Line of steamers, 367
British Colonial Government, article on, by Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, 48, 50, 51
British Consul-General at Havana on reciprocity, 273, 274
Brooke, Maj.-Gen. John R., 69;
letter from Secretary Alger to, 390, 391, 399;
letter and cable from General Gomez, 403
Brooks, Mr. (of Brooks & Co.), 193
Bueycito manganese mines, 324
Building stone, 328
Butler, Maj.-Gen. M. C., 44;
on future of Cuba, 45, 46
Caballeria, 83, 310
Cabañas, fort of Havana, 141
Cabañas, population, 124;
description, 133
Cabonico, shipments of bananas, 345
Cabrera, 329
Caibarien, population, 123;
description, 131
Caibarien Railway, 355
Caiguaran wood, 341
Caimitillo wood, 342
Caja de Ahorros, 198
Cajobaba iron mines, 322
Calabazar, population, 124
Calaboya, population, 124;
description, 135;
River, 135
_Calzada_, 352
Camaguey (Puerto Principe), 126
Camarones, population, 124
_Camino Central_ (Central Road), 351
Campbell, Capt. J. A., 392, 401
Campo de Marte of Havana, 146
Canada, sugar exported from Cuba to, 1893-1897, 294
Canary Islanders, value as labourers, 78-80
Canasi, population, 124
Candelaria, population, 124
Cane, yield of, per _caballeria_, 83;
theoretical sugar contents of one hundred pounds of, 286;
theoretical pure sugar contents of one hundred pounds, 287
Caney, population, 124
Cannau River, 114
Canovas, Prime Minister, invented name "realidad nacional," 12
Capdevilla, 149
Capital, American and English, enterprises for, 414, 415
Capital, inducement to, and revival of credit, necessary
to reconstruction of tobacco industry, 309
Cardenas, sanitary condition, 117;
population, 123;
description, 130;
exports and imports, 130;
minerals, 130;
deposits of asphaltum, 327, 328
Cardenas and Jucaro Railway, 354
Carnegie, Andrew, 43
Carpintero iron mines, 322
Cartagena, population, 124
Casa Blanco, suburb of Havana, 152
Casilda, seaport of Trinidad, 127
Casilda and Fernandez Railway, 355
Castillo, General, 399, 406
Catalina, population, 124
_Catana_, 339
Cattle, 332, 334;
cost of importing, 333;
export possibilities, 334
Causes of unfortunate situation of sugar industry, 299
Cauto River, 131, 360
Caves, of Bellamar, 126;
of Arcos de Carguanabo, 133
Cayajabos, population, 124
Cayo Romano, 138
Cedar, 341, shipments, 341
"Cedula" or head tax, 27
Ceiba del Agua, population, 124
Ceiba wood, 342
_Celador_, 173
_Century Magazine_, series of articles on slave trade in, 74
Cereals, 330
Cerro of Havana, 152;
salubrity, 167
Cervantes, population, 123
Chadwick, Edwin, 159
Chaffee, General, 405, 406-410
Chamber of Commerce of Santiago, memorial to President, 192
Chamberlain, E. T., on navigation, 31
Chamberlain, Hon. Joseph, article on British Colonial Government, 48, 50, 51
Characteristics of people, 97-100
Chavez Creek, 162
Chinamen, comparative value of, as labourers, 83
Chinese coolie labour, 77
Chinese immigration prohibited, 84
Chorreta Vedado of Havana, 152;
salubrity, 167
Church of the Merced, of Havana, 152
Cidra, population, 124
Ciego de Avila, population, 124
Cienfuegos, sanitary condition, 113;
population, 123;
description, 127;
harbour, 358
Cienfuegos and Santa Clara Railway, 354
Cigarettes, value of manufacture of, per annum, 313
Cigars, exports from Havana, 306
Cigars, cigarettes, and packages of smoking tobacco for home consumption, 312
Cigars, exportation of, decrease from 1889 to 1897 (table), 314
Cigars, number manufactured in 1889 for exportation and local consumption, 313
Cimarrones, population, 124
Cities and towns, 122-138
_City of Alexandria_, 366
_City of Washington_, 366
City property, face value of tax receipts on, 1886-1898, 252;
actual amount of taxes collected on, 253
Civil Guards, 261
Clark, William J., 285, 286
Coal, 326; analysis of, 327
Coasting trade, regulation of, 362
Coast line, 358
Cobre, description, 137, 318, 325
Cobre manganese mines, 324
Cocoa shipments, 345
Cocoanuts, 345
Cocoanut-oil shipments, 345
Coffee, 349, 350
Coins, gold, value of, 23, 190-192
Cojimar, description, 134
Collection of taxes other than customs duties by Spanish Bank, 252, 254
Colón, population, 123;
description,135;
market, 162
_Colonia_, 284
Colonia Guabairo, 284
Colonial government, Jamaica, 48
Columbus, Christopher, place of burial, 142;
discovery of tobacco, 302
Commerce, 267-280;
value of, 267
_Commercial Cuba_, quotation from, 285
"Commercial relations between Cuba and the United States,"
by E. Sherman Gould, 274-280
Commission of Cuban officers on payment of insurgent soldiers, 204
Compania del Ferro Carril de Cienfuegos a Santa Clara,
traffic and fiscal statement (table), 359
Compania del Ferro Carril de Matanzas, traffic and fiscal
statement (table), 359
Compania del Ferro Carril de Sagua la Grande, traffic and fiscal statement, 359
Compania Transatlantica, 261
Compania Transatlantica Español, 369, 370
Compania Unida de los Ferro Carril de Caibarien, traffic
and fiscal statement (table), 359
Comparative value of cane sugar as against beet sugar, 288
Concha (_see_ La Isabela)
Conclusion--a look ahead, 408-415
Conditions which confront us, 14-31
Consolacion del Sur, population, 123;
description, 133
Constancia mine, 328
Construction of roads necessary to reconstruction of tobacco industry, 309
"Consumption Tax," 26
Coolie labour, 76;
imported from China, 77
Copper, 325
Cornill, Lieutenant, 404
Corral Nuevo, population, 123
Cortes, district of, 307
Cortez, F., 128
Cost, average, of production of German raw sugar, 288
Cost of farming, 83
Cost of production of sugar in Cuba, 289
Cotton, 331, 332
Cramp & Sons, 367
Cuban debt, statement of (table), 259-261
Cuba Submarine Telegraph Company, 361
Cuen wood, 342
Cuero iron mines, 123
Cuevitas, population, 123
Cuia wood, 342
Currency question, 21-26
Custom-House receipts, 213;
1886 to 1897, inclusive, by custom-house districts (table), 218;
during 1895-96, specifying taxes (table), 220
Customs of living, 98-100
Daiquiri, 322
Daiquiri Bay, 320
Davis, Captain, 110
Davis, General, 405
Davis, Surgeon, 162, 163
Death-rate of Havana, 145, 154
Deaths in Havana, first eleven months 1898, 110;
rate in Havana compared with other cities, 111;
table, 165
Debt of Cuba, 259-261
Debt of the city of Havana, 180-183;
compared with United States cities, 182
Decline of Cuban tobacco industry, cause of, 314
De la Plata iron mines, 322
Delinquent taxes, total and percentage, 1886-98, 253;
percentage of each year, 253
Demajobo iron mines, 322
Density of population of Havana, 169, 171
De Soto, 140
Destruction of tobacco industry, causes of, 307, 308
Diana Key, 328
Disbanding of army, discussion with General Gomez, 395, 398
Diseases, principal, 111
Distances, table of, 375
Distribution of fund for relief of army, memorandum between
General Gomez and Robert P. Potter, 398, 399
Donaldson, W. A., 69, 71
Dorothea and Recrio iron mines, 322
Dos Bocas manganese mines, 324
Drainage of Havana, 168
Ducasse, General, 106
Dudley, D. E., report on Cienfuegos, 113-115
Duelling, 99
Dumois family in banana business, 67
Ebony, 341
Economic condition at time of signing of protocol, Aug. 12, 1898, 1-13
_Economiste Français_, article by Paul Leroy Beaulieu on Cuban debt, 258
Economia iron mines, 322
Education, public money for, 388
Education and religion, 376-389
Education under Spanish rule, 28
"_Emancipados_," 74
Empresa Unida de los C. de H. de Cardenas y Jucaro, traffic
and fiscal statement (table), 359
Encrucijada Railway, 355
_Engineering Magazine_, article by E. Sherman Gould on
"Commercial relations between Cuba and the
United States," 274
England, sugar exported from Cuba to, 1893-97, 294
English in Jamaica, 47, 61
Enterprises for American and English capital, 414, 415
Equipment of railroads, 357
"Evangelist Island" (_see_ Isle of Pines), 138
Expenditure, annual, of sugar estates, 297, 298
Expenditures of Cuba, analysis of, 256-263;
methods suggested, 265, 266
Expenditures of Jamaica, 57
Expense of producing one hundred bales of tobacco, 310
Expenses, sovereignty (table), 256
Expenses of Havana, 184-186;
for salaries of police department, 174, 175
Exportation of tobacco to United States, 1889-97, 315
Export duty on leaf tobacco to be maintained, 315
Export price of German sugar, 288
Exports, from Cuba to the United States, 1893 (table), 268;
from United Stales to Cuba, 1893 (table), 268;
from United States to Cuba in 1889 and 1893, value of (table), 275, 276;
of sugar to United States, Canada, Spain, and England. 294
Exports and reshipments, 1885-96, values of (table), 217
Face value of tax receipts handed to Spanish Bank for
collection, 1886-98 (table), 252
Farm labour on _colonia_, 79-85
Fibre plants, 332
Figueras, Fran, on annexation, 33, 264
Fire department of Havana, organisation, 179;
expense, 180
Firmeza, iron mines in, 320
Fiscal statement of railways of Western Cuba, 359
Foreign population, 100
Foreign tonnage of Havana, 371
Fortifications of Havana, 141
Free importation of cattle necessary to reconstruction of
tobacco industry, 308, 309
French lines of steamships, 371
French Submarine Cable Company, 361
Fruit-bearing trees, 344-349
Fruit trees and timber, 338-350
Gage, Hon. Lyman J., order in relation to currency, 195;
report in relation to visit to General Gomez, 390-407
Garcia, Dr., invented "cold box" in yellow fever, 118
Garcia, General, 204, 401, 408
Genuineness of Cuban tobacco, protection and guarantee of, 310
Geological formation of Havana, 167
German sugar, average cost of production of, 288;
export price, 288
Gibara, population, 123;
description, 137;
shipments of bananas, 345
Gibara-Holguin Railway, 355
Gibara or Mayari tobacco, 305
Gold and silver, 325, 326
Gold coins, value of, 23
Gollan, British Consul-General at Havana, estimate of factory
cost of sugar, 285
Gomez, General José Miguel, 204
Gomez, General Maximo, sympathy with United States, 16;
letter from, 17;
visit to, 390-407;
letter from General Brooke, 392;
memorandum regarding distribution of funds for relief of army, 398;
cable from Secretary Hay, 406;
personality of, 407, 408
Gomez de Avellanda, Dona Gertrudis, birthplace of, 129
Gould, Hon. Charles W., 249
Gould, E. Sherman, article on "Commercial relations between
Cuba and the United States," 274-280
Granadillo wood, 341
Grasses, 332
Greene, General F. R., report on condition of Havana,
160-163, 172-175, 177, 182, 186
Grifa, district of, 307
Guama iron mines, 322
Guana, population, 123
Guanabacoa, sanitary condition, 120;
population, 123;
description, 134, 152;
high death-rates, 166
_Guanabana_, 347
Guanajay, population, 123;
description, 133
Guanajayabo, population, 123
Guane, district of, 307
Guane, town of, population, 124
Guano palm, 339
Guantanamo, sanitary condition, 119;
population, 123;
description, 137
Guantanamo Railway, 355
_Guarda Civil_, 173
Guaurabo River, 127
Guido, steamer, 367
Güines, sanitary condition, 120;
population, 123;
description, 134
Guira, population, 123
Guira de Melena, population, 123
Hanabanilla River, 114
Hanna, Lieutenant, 393
Harbour of Havana, cleansing of, 168
Harbours of Cuba, 358
Hard woods, varieties, 341
Hatillo manganese mines, 324
Havana, possibilities of, 3;
sanitary condition, 109-113;
population, 123;
chapter on, 139-153;
commercial importance, 140;
history, 140;
harbour, 141;
churches, 142;
parks, 143;
street railways, 143;
sewerage, 144;
water supply, 144;
telephone system, 144;
fire department, 145;
death-rate, 145, 154;
commerce, 145;
education, 146-151;
hotels, 151;
theatres, 152;
suburbs, 152;
weather observations, 152;
municipal problems, 172-189
Havana Commercial Company, 306
Havana province, area and population, 122;
tobacco production of, 304
_Havana_, steamer, 367
Hay, Hon. John, cable to General Gomez, 406
Hecker, Colonel, 343
Henequin, 332
Henry Clay and Bock Company Limited, 306, 307
Heredia, José Maria, birthplace of, 129
Hill, Mr. G. Everett, report on sanitary condition of Havana, 154-158, 160
Hill, Robert T., on population, 101-105
Hogs, 337
Holguin, population, 123;
description, 137
Home consumption of tobacco, 312
Horses, 336
Hospitality, 98
Immigration, promotion of, necessary to reconstruction of tobacco industry, 309
Imports and exports, 1886-97, receipts from, by custom-house
districts, average, 219
Imports from United States, agricultural products, 330
Imports of merchandise, value of in 1895, 214;
value of by tariff classes, for 1895-96, 217
Indigo plant, 332
Industrial Bank, 198
Industrial School, 381-388
Ingleterra Hotel of Havana, 152
Insurgent troops, disposal of, 89;
payment of, 204-210; 390-407
Internal revenue, receipts from taxes (table), 254
Internal revenue taxes, collection of, 203
Internal taxes, 248-255
International Ocean Telegraph Company, 361
Iron ore, production of in Santiago, 321
Iron-ore mining, when begun, 318;
history, 318-321;
mining properties, 322
Islands of Cuba, 138
Isle of Pines, description, 138;
gold and silver, 325;
production of pineapples, 348
Izquierdo, Colonel Luis Ramos, 285
Izquierdo, José M., in regard to street-sweeping contracts, 112, 113
Jagua, bay of, 127
Jaguey wood, 342
Jamaica, English in, 47, 61
Jamaica, revenue, 55, 56;
expenditures, 57;
roads, 58, 59;
tariff, 59, 60
Jamaica negro, value as labourer, 84
Jaruco, population, 123;
description, 134
"Jerked beef," 335, 336
Jesus del Monte, 152;
salubrity and altitude, 167
Jibacoa, population, 124
Jicota River, 114
Jiguani, population, 124;
description, 137
Jique wood, 341
Johnston, Dr. James, 47
Jovellanos, population, 123;
description, 135
Jover, Dr. Antonio, 194, 195
Jucaro Morón Railway, 355
Juragua Group iron mines, 322
Juragua Iron Company, 319-322, 356
Keys, 138
La Boca (_See_ La Isabela), population, 124
La Cienaga of Havana, 152
La Cruces, population, 123;
description, 135
La Esperanza, population, 123
La Estrella of Santiago, 130
La Isabela, population, 123;
seaport of Sagua, 131;
description, 135
La Plaza of Batabano, 133
La Socapa of Santiago, 130
La Vija, 127
Labour, outlook for, 73-89;
increased demand for, 86;
for mining, 323;
opportunities for, 412, 413
Lagunillas, population, 124
Lakes, 360
Lampton. W. J., 139
Land and professional taxes, 248
Lane, Ralph, discovery of tobacco, 302
Lanuza, Dr. José Gonzales, 204
Las Casas, 140
Las Tunas Railway, 355
Lastres, Dr. Joaquin, on University of Havana, 378-381
Lead, 326
Lee, General, 405
Lemons, 346
Lengua de vaca, 332
Lighthouses, 360
Lignum vitæ, 341
Limonar, population, 124
Llave del Nuevo Mundo, 140
Logan, Major John A., 394
Los Tres Reyes of Havana, 141
Louvre Hotel of Havana, 152
Ludlow, General, 144, 172, 174
McCullough, ex-chief of police of New York, 174
McKinley, President, 43;
order in regard to currency, 196;
cable from General Gomez, 402, 403
McKinley Tariff law, reciprocity of, 273
Macagua, population, 123;
description, 135
Maceo, General, inaugurated revolution, 137, 408
Macio manganese mines, 324
Macurijes, population, 123
Madalena iron mines, 322
Madruga, population, 124;
description, 134
Mahogany, 339, 341;
shipments to United States, 340
Majagua wood, 341
Mamey, 346
Managua, population, 124
Manganese, 323, 324;
mines, list of, 324
Mangar, population, 124
Manicaragua district, silver in, 326
Mantua, population, 124
Manufacture of tobacco; importance and prospects, 313;
number of workmen employed in Havana, 313;
decrease, 314
Manufactures under Spanish rule, 29
Manufacturing establishments of tobacco owned by English,
French, and German companies, 306
Manzanillo, sanitary condition, 119;
population, 123;
description, 131;
exports of lumber, 132;
petroleum in, 328
Marble, 328
Margarita manganese mines, 324
Marianao, sanitary condition, 120;
population, 124;
description, 134, 152
Marianao Railway, 355
Mariel, population, 123
Maritime Security Bank, 198
Marti, 408
_Mascotte_, steamer, 371
Matanzas, sanitary condition, 116, 117;
population, 123;
description, 125
_Matanzas_, steamer, 367
Matanzas Province, area and population, 122
_Matanzas_ Railway, 354
Mayari y Gibara tobacco, 305;
production of, estimate, 311
Melena del Sur, population of, 124
Menocal, General, 176, 405
_Mexico_, steamer, 367
Milanes, birthplace of, 129
Mineral Springs of Madruga, 134;
of San Antonio de los Banos, 135
Mines and mining, 318-328
Mining properties in Santiago, list of, 322
Moboa wood, 342
Monteagudo, General, 405
Montoro, Marquis Rafael, 91, 211, 212, 214
Moret law, 76, 77
Morion, population, 123
Morro, of Santiago, 130;
of Havana, 141
Mules, 336, 337
Municipal problems in Havana, 172-189
Muñoz del Monte, Adolfo, 36;
article in _Revista de Agriculture_, 295-299
Munson Steamship Line, 370
Muscovado sugars, cost of, 286, 295
Ñañigos, 101
Napoleon, French, value of, 23
Nassau, sugar exported from Cuba to, 1897, 294
Natural gas, 328
Navigation, 362-375
Navajas-Jaguey Railway, 354
Navigation policy of United States, 364, 365
Negro, Cuban, characteristics of, 101
_Newport_, steamer, 366
New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company, 365;
list of steamers, 366, 368;
routes, 368;
rates, 369
_Niagara_, steamer, 367
Nickel, 328
Nueva Gerona, 138
Nueva Paz, population, 123
Nuevitas, population, 123;
description, 136;
exports, 136
Oath for police force, 176
Obstacle to Cuban commerce, 269
Officers and soldiers of the Cuban army, number of, 208
Old Dominion Steamship Company, 366
_Olivette_, steamer, 371
Oranges, 345, 346
_Orden Publico_, 173
_Orizaba_, steamer, 366
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 366
Palma Real, 338
Palmillas, population, 124
Palmira, population, 123
Panupo Iron Company, 324
Parque Central of Havana, 143
Parque de Isabela of Havana, 153
Partagos Company, 306
Partidos leaf, 303, 304
Partido tobacco, production of, estimate, 311
Pasaje Hotel of Havana, 152
Paseo de Carlos III. of Havana, 146
Paseo de Tacon of Havana, 143
Patti, Adelina, first appearance, 129
Payment of insurgent soldiers, 204, 210;
suggestions in relation to, 391, 392
Peace Commission, 258
Pelaez, Philip, 264
Pepper, Charles M., on negroes of Cuba, 105-107;
in regard to timber and lumber in Cuba, 343;
on education, 377, 378
Perez de Montes de Oca, Dona Luisa, birthplace of, 129
Perna, Dr. Luis, on tuberculosis, 115, 116
Petroleum, 328
Philip I., 281
Pinar del Rio, sanitary condition, 119;
population, 123;
description, 132
Pinar del Rio Province, area and population, 122;
tobacco production, 304, 307;
grasses of, 332
Pinar del Rio (River of Pines), 338
Pineapple, export of, 348
Placido, 129
Plant Line, 371
Playa de Marianao of Havana, 152
Plaza de Armas of Havana, 153
Policy of United States toward Cuba, 15
Political condition at time of signing of protocol, August 12, 1898, 1-13
Political future of Cuba, 32-46
Ponupo Mining and Transportation Company, 356
Population, 90-107;
1774-1899 (table), 92;
estimated, 93;
total census, 1887, 94;
by colour, 94;
density of, 94;
by sex, 95, 96; census, 1877, 96;
of cities and towns (table), 123
Portillo manganese mines, 324
Port regulations, amended 371-374
Potatoes, 330
Poultry, 337
Prado of Havana, 143, 153
Price of sugar, average, 298
Proctor, Hon. R., 405
Production of iron ore in province of Santiago (table), 321
Prohibition of importing and reimporting all tobacco should be maintained, 316
Providencia iron mines, 322
Provinces, population and area, 122, 123
Public money for education, 388
Public works needed in Havana, 176
Puerto Principe, sanitary condition, 117;
population, 123;
description, 126
Puerto Principe, street railways in, 353
Puerto Principe and Nuevitas Railway, 355
Puerto Principe Province, area and population, 122;
tobacco production of, 305;
iron ore in, 322;
silver in, 326
Puertos Grandes, suburb of Havana, 152
Quemado manganese mines, 324
Quemados de Guines, population, 123
Quesada, Señor Gonzalo de, 204, 393, 408
Quicksilver, 328
Quivican, population, 123
Railroads, steam, 354-358
Railways of Western Cuba, traffic and fiscal statement, 359
Railway supplies, obtained from United States, 280
Railway system, under Spanish rule, 30
Rainfall of Havana, 164
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 302
Ramas manganese mines, 324
Ramsden, Frederick W., on coal, 326
Rancho Velez, population, 124
Ranchuelo, population, 123
Rates, New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company, 369
Rations, farm labourers', 81
Rebellion of 1895-98, effect of, on sugar industry, 282
Receipts and expenditures of the Budget of the Island of
Cuba for 1898-99 (table), 211
Reciprocity, British Consul-General at Havana on, 273, 274
Reconstruction of tobacco industry, what is necessary for, 308-310
Red Telefonica de la Habana, 144, 361
Regla, population, 123;
description, 134, 141, 152
Regla and Guanabacoa Railway, 355
Regulations for labourers, 81, 82
Relative importance of sugar-producing countries of the world, 301
Religion, 388, 389
Religion and education, 376-389
Remates, district of, 307
Remedios, population, 123;
description, 135
Remedios leaf, 305
Remedios tobacco, production of, estimate, 311
Revenue, customs tariff, 211-220
Revenue, how spent, 256-266
Revenue of Cuba, internal taxes, 248-255
Revenue of Havana, 183, 184
Revenue of Jamaica, 55, 56
_Revista de Agriculture_, article by Adolfo Muñoz del Monte, 295-299
Rivers, 360
Roads, waggon, 351-353
Roads in Jamaica, 58, 59
Roble amarillo wood, 341
Roble blanco wood, 341
Rodriguez, General, sympathy with United States, 16
Roque, population, 124
Rosewood, 342
Routes of New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company, 368
Royal Commission, report on condition of West Indies, 52, 53
Rubens, Horatio S., 204
Rural police, establishment of corps of, necessary to
reconstruction of tobacco industry, 309, 310
Rural real estate, face value of tax receipts on, 1886-98, 252;
actual amount collected, 253
Sabalo, district of, 307
Sabanilla and Maroto Railway, 356
Sabanilla del Encomendador, population, 123
Sagua de Tanamo, population, 124
Sagua la Grande, population, 123;
description, 131
Sagua la Grande Railway, 354
Salaries paid Cuban and United States armies per month, 209
Salud, population, 124
Sampson, Admiral, 149
Sancti Spiritu, population, 123;
description, 135
San Andres manganese mines, 324
San Antonio de Cabezas, population, 124
San Antonio de las Vegas, population, 124
San Antonio de los Banos, population 123;
description, 135
San Antonio de Rio Blanco del Norte, population, 124
San Cayetano and Vinales Railway, 355
San Cristobal, population, 123;
description, 133
San Cristobal de la Habana (_see_ Havana)
San Diego de los Banos, description, 133
San Diego del Valle, population, 124
San Felipe, population, 123
San Jose Bank, 198
San Jose de las Lajas, population, 123
San Jose de los Remos, population, 124
San Juan de las Yeras, population, 123
San Juan manganese mines, 324
San Juan y Martinez, population, 123
San Luis, population, 123
San Maestro range, 323, 324
San Matias de Rio Blanco, population, 124
San Miguel, population, 124
San Nicolas, population, 124
San Vincente mineral springs, 133
Sanguily, Colonel Manuel, 204
Sanitary conditions, rural, 121
Sanitary report of Colonel Waring, 154-171
Sanitary work in Cuba, 108-121
Santa Ana, population, 124
Santa Clara, sanitary condition, 120;
population, 123;
description, 128
Santa Clara Province, area and population, 122;
tobacco production of, 304, 305;
iron ore in, 322;
silver in, 326;
asphaltum, 327
Santa Cruz, population, 123
Santa Cruz del Sur, population, 124
Santa Domingo, population, 123
Santa Fe, 138
Santa Filomena manganese mines, 324
Santa Isabel, population, 123;
description, 136
Santa Maria del Rosario, population, 124
Santiago, Americans in, 62-72;
Custom-House receipts, estimate of, 71
Santiago, Chamber of Commerce, memorial to President, 192
Santiago, iron mines near, 319
Santiago, sanitary condition, 117;
population, 123;
description, 128;
fortifications, 130
Santiago de las Vegas, population, 123
Santiago Province, area, 122;
population, 123;
tobacco production of, 305;
manganese in, 323;
copper in, 325;
silver in, 326;
lead in, 326
Santo Domingo, Church of, Havana, 152
Santo Espiritu (_see_ Sancti Spiritu)
_Sapotilla_, 347
_Sapotes_, 345
Savings banks in Cuba, 199
School of Arts and Trades, 382
Schuman, Mr., 192
_Scribner's Magazine_, article Hon. Jos. Chamberlain, 48
_Seguranca_, steamer, 366
_Semilleros_ (planting beds), 305
_Seneca_, steamer, 366
Sevilla iron mines, 322
Sheep, 337
Siboney, 322
Sierra Maestre range, iron mines in, 319, 323, 324
Sigua Bay, 320
Sigua Iron Company, 319-322
Silver, Spanish, value of, 24
Slave-trade, horrors of, 74
Smith Key of Santiago, 130
Sores, Jacob, 141
South-eastern _Calzada_, 352
Southern _Calzada_, 352
South-western _Calzada_, 352
Spain, sugar exported from Cuba to, 1893-97, 294
Spain's policy toward Cuba in relation to commerce, 272
Spanish-American Iron Company, 319-322
Spanish army, mortality, 1897 (table), 165
Spanish Bank of the Island of Cuba, 198, 199;
branches of, 251
Spanish imports into Cuba, 1896 (table), 270, 271
Spanish peasants, value as labourers, 78
Steam railroads, 354-358
Steamers of Compania Transatlantica Español, 369, 370
Steamers of New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company, list of, 366
_S. S. Admiral Sampson_, 47
Sternberg, Surgeon-General, 111
Stock, 329-337
Strawberry, 348
Street railways, 353
Streets of Havana, paving of, 169
Street-sweeping contracts, J. M. Yzquierdo in regard to, 112, 113
Sugar, production of,
1869-98 (table), 292;
1879-98 (table), 293;
prices of, 293;
local consumption, 1893-97, 294;
distribution of crops, 1893-97, 294;
classes made during thirty years before 1884, 295;
left in store December 1, 1897, 295;
history and future outlook, 281-301;
total production of the world (table), 300;
producing countries of the world, relative importance of, 301;
beet, competition of, 293
Sugar, beet and cane, total production in 1893-94, 283
Surgirdero of Batabano, 133
Tacon market, 162
Tacon Theatre of Havana, 152
Tapaste, population, 124
Tariff, amended, how framed, 216;
amended official rates, 221-247
Tariff of Jamaica, 59, 60
Tariff, Spanish, actuating principle of, 18
Tariff, Spanish, 215
Tax receipts delivered for collection to the Spanish Bank
of the Island of Cuba (tables), 201, 202
Tax receipts handed to Spanish Bank for collection, 1886-98,
face value of (table), 252
Taxes in Cuba, classification, 212
Taxes collected during 1894-95, by provinces, per cent., 250
Taxes collected by the Spanish Bank, 1886-93, actual amount
of (table), 253
Taxes and Imposts (table), 248
Taxes, minor, face value of receipts, 252;
actual amount collected 1886-98, 253
Taxes other than customs duties, statement of José Anton
Alcala, chief of tax bureau of Spanish Bank, 24
Taxes on professions, trades, etc., 1886-98, face value
of receipts on, 252;
actual amount collected, 1886-98, 253
Taylor, A. H., 169
Telegraph lines, 360, 361
Telephones, 361
Temperature of Havana, 164
Theoretical sugar contents of 100 pounds cane, 286
Timber and fruit trees, 338-350
Tobacco, 302-316
Tobacco, exports of, percentage shipped by Havana, 306;
decrease in shipments to United States in 1897, 307
Tobacco, United States imports, from Cuba, 312
Tobacco, history of cultivation, 302, 303
Tobacco, leaf, exportation of, increase, 314
Tobacco manufacturing companies, list of, 306
Tobacco manufactories of Havana, 145
Tobacco production, report by provinces, grade, amount
consumed, and amount exported, 304, 305;
in eastern provinces, estimate, 311;
in Havana Province, estimate, 311;
in Pinar del Rio, estimate, 311;
in Las Villas Sta. Clara, estimate, 311;
in normal times, by provinces, estimate, 311;
of the world, average (table), 316
Tobacco raising, methods of, 305, 306
Tobacco, yield per acre, 306;
number of persons engaged in cultivating, 306
Todd, J. White, on labour, 413
Tonnage of Havana, foreign, 371
Tonnage of Havana and other ports, 358
Total delinquent taxes, 202
Trade of Cuban ports, 218
Traffic of railways of Western Cuba, 359
Tramways of Havana, 176, 177
Transportation, 351, 361
Treaty of Vienna, 73
Trelles, Modesto, statement in regard to "jerked beef," 335, 336
Trinidad, cost of Muscovado sugars at, 286
Trinidad, population, 123;
description, 127;
exports, 128
Tunas de Zaza, population, 124;
description, 136;
exports, 136
Union Bridge Company of New York, 276
United Railways Company, 354
United Railways of Havana and Regla Warehouse, Ld., traffic
and fiscal statement (table), 359
United States, sugar exported from Cuba to, 1893-97, 294
University of Havana, 148, 378, 381
Uplands, climate of, 121
Upmann & Company, H., 306
Uvera and Jaqueca iron mines, 322
Values of sugar in Cuba, on what dependent, 289
Van Leer, Major, 343
Vegetables, 331
Velasquez, Diego, 127, 129, 140
Vereda Nueva, population, 124
Vienna, treaty of, 73
_Vigilancia_, steamer, 366
Villalon, Colonel José Ramon, 204, 206;
regarding payment of army, 391, 392
Vinales, population, 124; description, 133
_Volante_, 353
Vuelta Abajo, tobacco district, 132
Vuelta Abajo tobacco, production of, e stimate, 303, 304, 308, 310-313, 315
Wages, farm labourers', 80, 81, 85
Waggon roads, 351-353
War, causes of, 7, 8
War debt, 257, 259
Ward, James E., 365, 366
"Ward Line," 365
Waring, Colonel George E., 144;
sanitary report, 154-171
Water supply of Havana, 156, 177-179
Western _Calzada_, 352
Western Railway, 354
Western Railways of Havana, Ld., 276;
traffic and fiscal statement (table), 359
West India and Panama Telegraph Company, 361
Willet & Gray, Messrs., total sugar production of the world
(year 1895), (table), 299, 300
Wood, Major-General Leonard, 63-66, 68, 69, 392, 399, 408
Wyman, Dr., 111
Ximeno, Mr. Albert de, 393
Yaba wood, 342
_Yagua_, 338
Yarey palm, 339
Yellow fever commission, Havana, extracts from report of, 164-171
Yuca, 331
_Yucatan_, steamer, 366
Yumuri River, 125; cañon of, 126
_Yumuri_, steamer, 366, 367
Yzquierdo, José M., on street-sweeping contracts, 112
Zanjon, peace of, 8, 76
Zapote, 348
Zaza Railway, 355
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba=> Banco Español de la Isla de Cuba {pg
22}
deadly miasms=> deadly miasmas {pg 121}
neither chiselled, carved, inalid=> neither chiselled, carved, inlaid
{pg 239}
better know abroad=> better known abroad {pg 339}
for fancy varietes=> for fancy varieties {pg 339}
Wisconsin or Pennyslvania=> Wisconsin or Pennsylvania {pg 343}
Compania Transatlantica Español=> Companía Transatlántica Español {pg
369}
(_f_) The tonnage tax on entries=> (_e_) The tonnage tax on entries {pg
373}
Yumuri River, 125; canon of, 126=> Yumuri River, 125; cañon of, 126
{index}
Yzquierdo, Jose M., on street-sweeping contracts, 112=> Yzquierdo, José
M., on street-sweeping contracts, 112 {index}
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The following shows the precise value of both the Spanish Alfonsino
and the French Napoleon, with the inflated value. It also shows the cost
of Spanish silver in Havana in September, 1898. These facts are
necessary to a complete view of the subject of Cuban currency:
STATEMENT SHOWING VALUE OF UNITED STATES GOLD IN COMPARISON WITH SPANISH
AND FRENCH GOLD AT ACTUAL LEGAL-TENDER VALUE
Spanish Alfonsino $5.30
French Napoleon 4.24
Spanish Alfonsino, value in Havana $5.30
Value in United States mint ($4.80 less shipping
expenses) 4.776
------
$0.524
Exchange 10-31/32%
French Napoleon, value in Havana $4.24
Value in United States mint ($3.84 less shipping
expenses) 3.8208
-------
$0.4192
Exchange 10-31/32%
Value of $5, less 1/2% shipping expenses $4.975. At 10-31/32% .....$5.53
[2] Taking into account the weight of gold contained in the United
States gold ten-dollar piece and in the Spanish Alfonsino or centen
(5.30 Cuban dollars), the value of the American eagle is exactly 10.9875
Cuban dollars, or practically 11 Cuban dollars. There is a shade of
difference, namely, $5.53, which would equal $11.06, for the American
eagle in the estimate given in the former footnote, but the exchange is
included in the calculation. As the matter now stands in Cuba, a
ten-dollar American gold piece is worth 11 Spanish dollars in gold.
[3] In this year there was no expenditure for this purpose.
[4] Includes Market Dues and Pounds.
[5] In this year there was no expenditure for these purposes.
[6] Half-year.
[7] A cable despatch to the New York _Sun_, dated Santiago, December
19th, a week after the author left Santiago, contains the information
that General Wood has now completed his scheme of local taxation, and
that the local machinery will soon be in running order. The despatch
says:
"A committee of the Chamber of Commerce met General Wood at the
palace to-day and agreed to accept the scheme of municipal taxation
arranged by the committee of American officers and Cubans. The
scheme in operation the first year will yield annually $240,000, or
sixty per cent. under the Spanish schedule. It is not retroactive.
General Wood decided to-day, after consultation, that it will be
impossible to make many merchants pay the back tax without
litigation. The city loses nearly $100,000 by the ruling."
[8] The amended Cuban tariff, prepared under the direction of the author
of this book, went into force in all ports in Cuba, January 1, 1899.
Elsewhere in the present volume will be found an epitome of the tariff,
and also of the other forms of Cuban taxation.
[9] Barracones are the buildings occupied by the working people.
[10] Batey is the space occupied by the buildings.
[11] A caballeria contains 324 cordeles or 33-1/3 acres.
[12] An arroba is twenty-five pounds.
[13] It is not certain that the remains of Columbus were in this
Cathedral at the time of the supposed removal that lately took place;
there are strong reasons to believe that his body is still at San
Domingo.
[14] In Cuba you must use stamped paper in writing to government
officials. The higher the official, the more expensive the stamped paper
to be used, and as only a certain number of words are allowed per sheet,
correspondence with those in authority may become expensive.
[15] The two hurricanes of October, 1870, were the cause of the short
crop of 1871.
[16] Since this chapter was written an American syndicate known as the
Havana Commercial Co. has been formed. This company has absorbed some
fourteen factories in Cuba.
[17] Complete figures not obtainable.
[18] Including the Regla Warehouses.
[19] Since this chapter was written these charges have been extended to
all Cuban ports.
[20] See Chapter XIV.
[21] The estimate of the Cuban Commission, as given to Commissioner
Porter, aggregated, for commissioned officers, non-commissioned
officers, and privates, 45,031 men, which, at 100 silver dollars each at
the value established by order of the President (60 of U. S.), would
aggregate 2,701,860 U. S. dollars, or nearly $300,000 less than the
amount appropriated by Congress.