[Illustration: Martineau]
There is a romance in the title of this chapter, should some one arise
to write it It was Lord Brougham who first spoke of Harriet Martineau as
the "deaf girl of Norwich," which does more than any other words written
about her to suggest a great disadvantage under which she accomplished
more than any other woman ever attempted. The phrase quoted occurs in
one of those letters which show that kindly feeling and genuine interest
in progress was natural to Lord Brougham, though obscured by the
turbulence of his later life. He first brought Miss Martineau into
notice. He wrote: "There is at Norwich a deaf girl, who is doing more
good than any man in the country. Last year she (Harriet Martineau)
called upon me several times, and I was struck with such marks of energy
and resolution in her, which I thought must command success in some line
or other of life."
If the reader can realise what deafness means, he will know how great
was her disablement Asking questions is the surest way of acquiring
knowledge, or verifying it. Harriet Martineau was discouraged in asking
questions, because she could not hear the answers, unless given through
a speaking-tube, which imposed efforts on her friends she was loath to
subject them to. She could hear no great singer, actor, or orator. These
noble sources of pleasure and ideas were denied to her. She could take
no part in public meetings or conferences, save those of which the
business was foreknown to her. Then she was dependent upon some friend
who indicated to her the time when she might intervene. Not hearing
conversation, she could only learn indirectly what had gone before. Nor
was it always possible to hear accurately, or interpret what was told to
her. How, under these disadvantages, she acquired her large knowledge,
her wonderful judgment of character, her unrivalled mastery of political
questions of the day--which made her the greatest political woman in
English history--proves the possibility of seemingly impossible things.
She wrote some twenty small volumes of "Tales of Political Economy,"
which were as eagerly looked forward to as the small volumes in which
Sterne's "Tristram Shandy" appeared, or Dickens's "Pickwick Papers."
James Mill and Charles Buller told her it was impossible to make the
"Dismal Science" entertaining, but she did it, and she was the first who
did it. She translated Comte's "Positive Philosophy" so well that Comte
had it retranslated from English into French, as being better than his
own work.
In 1852-3 Harriet Martineau invited me to visit her at Ambleside,
saying, "I should like a good long conversation with you on the
Abolitionists and American slavery, and also on the intolerable
iniquities of the _Leader?_" What they were I do not recall--probably
Copperheadism* in one of the editors, which she could sharply detect.
* "Copperhead" was the name of a venomous American snake,
which gave no warning of its approach. The slavery
Copperhead during the Civil War proclaimed his attachment to
the Union, and argued against it. There are Copperheads in
every movement.
On Sunday, the day after my arrival, she drove me to Wordsworth's house
and other places of interest. At my request she extended the drive to
Coniston Water, some miles away, and on to Brantwood, the place Mr.
Ruskin afterwards bought of Mr. Joseph Cowen, who held a mortgage of
L7,000 upon it. Brantwood was then the residence of W. J. Linton, and
Col. Stolzman and his wife were inmates. The Colonel was an old Polish
officer, who, when a young man, was present at Fontainebleau, when
Napoleon took leave of his Old Guard. Miss Martineau's quick eye took in
at a glance the surroundings of the dwelling, and she explained to Mrs.
Linton, who looked delicate, what should be done to render the house
healthier, as the rains falling on the hill behind made the undrained
foundation damp. Miss Martineau had an instinct of domesticity.
I never knew a more womanly woman. Her life was an answer to those
who think that active interest in public affairs is incompatible with
household affection. After my return home she wrote: "I enjoyed your
visit very much; and I hope you will come as often as you conveniently
can. It will be a great benefit, as well as pleasure to me. My good
girls, Caroline and Elizabeth, send you respectful thanks for your
remembrance of them. I, too, am obliged by your thoughtfulness of them.
But let this be once for all. You will come again, I hope; and my girls
will enjoy being hospitable, in their own way, to one whom I had led
them to respect as they do you"--mentionable as showing the tact,
judgment, independence, and friendliness of the hostess to visitors and
those of her household.
She aided the diffusion of opinions she thought ought to have a hearing
without altogether coinciding with them. She sent L10 towards the
establishment of the Fleet Street House. She took in the _Reasoned_
sending a double subscription. Many editors will appreciate so excellent
an example. Her interest in the _Reasoner_ was less in the subjects
discussed, than in its endeavour to maintain in controversy that
fairness to adversaries, which we should have wished (but did not even
expect) to be shown towards ourselves.
Of the L500 given by Mr. Loombs in aid of her translation of Comte's
great work, she arranged to reserve L150 for Comte, whose rights, as
author, she considered ought to be respected. Many unrequited authors
would be glad if all translators held the same opinion.
In 1854-5 she was told by her physicians that she had heart disease,
which might end her life any day. I mentioned to Professor Francis
William Newman the jeopardy she was said to be in. At times restoratives
had to be administered before she could be brought down to dinner. Mr.
Newman desired me to tell her that he had had, some years previously,
heart trouble. All at once a shock came as though a pistol had been
discharged in his brain, and he expected fatal results. Yet he recovered
his usual health and lived to a great age. Harriet Martineau lived
twenty-two years after her friends were instructed to expect her death
daily. Fearless and indifferent when the end might come, she was saved
from the apprehensiveness by which the timid invite what they dread.
It was during this--the period when her physicians apprehended her early
death--that I one day (February 5, 1855) received the following note at
147, Fleet Street:--
"Miss H. Martineau presents her compliments to Mr. Holyoake, and is
happy to find that she may hope to see him this week, and to thank him
for his kindness in sending her some interesting papers by post.
"Miss H. Martineau will be happy to see Mr. Holyoake at tea on Wednesday
evening next, if he can favour her with his company at seven o'clock.
"55, Devonshire Street, Portland Place."
In accordance with this note I took tea with her. She conversed in her
accustomed unperturbed way, and said, "I sent for you that you may bear
witness that I die on your side. An attempt will be made to represent
that my opinions have vacillated. Whereas I have gone right on, as, I
believe, from truth to truth. My views may not, however, have been those
of progress."
I remarked that I had bought her earlier works to satisfy myself of the
successiveness of her convictions, as expressed in her writings, and
thought she rightly described them as being intrinsically progressive.
"Yes," she added, "my views from time to time were at successive stages,
as they are now, clear and decided. Certainly I was never happier in my
life than at the present time. Christians, if they think it worth while
to attempt it, will not be able to make a 'Death Bed' out of me. I wish
you to know my opinions at this time. We have to vindicate the truth as
well as to teach it."*
* I put these words down the same night; thus I am able to
quote them.
For myself, I was neither priest nor confessor. Had I been, I should
have felt it presumption to attempt to confirm one better able to teach
me than I was to teach her. All I said was: "It is certainly a moral
relief not to hold the cardinal Christian tenets of faith, as so many
preachers speaking, as they assume to do, in the name of God, explain
them. To act according to conscience and speak according to knowledge,
never ceasing to consider what we can do for the service of others, is
the one duty which a future life, if it comes, will not contradict."
Though no one was so well able as herself to write her biography, it was
not in her mind to do it, and she wrote to me to give her the names of
persons I thought might undertake it. I named three: Charles Knight,
who knew more of her life than any one else, eligible to write it; next
Francis William Newman, who, being a many-sided thinker, and largely
coinciding with her views, could justly estimate her earlier and
later convictions. The third was Mr. H. G. Atkinson, who was entirely
conversant with her convictions and career, but who declined with
expressions of diffidence, though I urged him to undertake the work. At
length she did it herself, in a way which showed no one else could have
done it so well. She left instructions in her will that I should receive
a copy of her Autobiography, which appeared in three volumes, and
came to me (February 28, 1877) from Mr. Thomas Martineau, one of her
executors.
No autobiography produced in its day a greater impression. The treatment
Miss Martineau had received from eminent adversaries astonished a
generation in which greater controversial fairness had come to prevail.
The friends of those who had assailed her felt some consternation at the
imperishable descriptions of their conduct, which would never cease to
be associated with their names, and they made public attempts to explain
the facts away.
Her mind was photographic in other respects. She saw social facts and
their influences, their nature and sequences, with a vividness no other
writer of her day did. Her charming romance, the "Feats of the Fiord"
impressed Norwegians with the belief that she was personally familiar
with the country, where she had never been. There was "caller" air in
the pages which made the reader hungry.
The autobiography contains a small gallery of statues of contemporaries,
of note in their time, sculptured from life, as perfect in their way
as Grecian statues. Their excellencies are generously portrayed for
admiration, and their defects described for the guidance of survivors.
Not like the false eulogies of the dead, which, by pretending
perfection, lie to the living, where silence on errors or deficiencies
are of the nature of deceit, and sure to be resented when the truth
comes to be known. Only that admiration is lasting which is fully
informed.
No character of Lord Brougham so striking and true as hers, has ever
been drawn. Eminent biographers and critics, including Carlyle, have
delineated him, but her portrait--drawn twenty years before theirs
appeared--Professor Masson assured me her character of Brougham was the
most perfect of all.
Her two-sided estimate gave discomfort to those content with obliqueness
in knowledge, but those who have the impartial instinct seek reality,
by which no one is deceived. The light and shade of character, like the
light and shade of a painting, alone give distinctiveness and truth.
But whoever delineates so must suffer no distorting tints of pique, or
spite, or prejudice on his palate.
Miss Martineau entered into a correspondence on "Man's Nature and
Development," with Mr. Henry G. Atkinson, which, when published, was
reviewed by her brother, Dr. James Martineau, in the _Prospective
Review_ No. xxvi., Art 4, for which he selected the offensive and
ignorant title of "Mesmeric Atheism." It was misleading, because
mesmerism has no theology. It was ignorant, because neither Mr. Atkinson
nor Dr. Martineau's sister were Atheists. Their disavowal of Atheism was
in the book before him.