FRONTISPIECE—The Colour of the Converter Flame during
the Bessemerising of Copper Matte.
PAGE
Fig. 1.—Fluctuations in the Price of Best Select Copper, 12
" 2.—Annual Production of Copper, 16
" 3.—Equilibrium Diagram, Cu-Zn Series, 22
" 4.—Influence of Arsenic and Antimony on the
Electrical Conductivity of Copper, 25
" 5.—Relations of Copper and Oxygen, 27
" 6.—Microstructure of Copper containing Oxygen
(Heyn), _Plate to face_ 28
" 7.—Relations of Copper and Arsenic, 29
" 8.—Freezing-Point Curve of Iron-Copper Sulphides
(Mattes), 38
" 9.—Outline of Sampling Scheme, Anaconda, 48
" 10.—Section through Sampling Mill, 48
" 11.—Brunton Sampler, 49
" 12.—Outline of Smelting Scheme at the Anaconda
Smelter, Montana, U. S. A., 54
" 13.—Sketch Plan of Briquetting Plant, 56
" 14.—Section through Auger-Former, showing
Briquetting Mechanism of Chambers’ Machine, 56
" 15.—Chambers’ Briquette-making Machine,
_Plate to face_ 57
" 16.—Dwight-Lloyd Sintering Machine, 60
" 17.—O’Harra Furnace (Fraser-Chalmers), illustrating
Principle of Mechanical Rabbling by Travelling
Ploughs, 71
" 18.—Section through Mechanically Rabbled Roaster
Furnace (illustrating Improvements for Protecting
Driving Mechanism), 71
" 19.—MacDougal Roaster—Vertical Section, 74
" 20.—Herreshof Furnace—Section indicating
Connections for Cooling Rabbles and Spindles, 74
" 21.—Spindle Connections and Guide Shields of
Evans-Klepetko Roasters, 76
" 22.—Rabble-blades and Bases, 77
" 23.—Development of the Reverberatory Furnace
(Gowland), 90
" 24.—Draft Pressure Record of Anaconda Reverberatory
Furnace, 94
" 25.—Skimming Reverberatory Furnace, Anaconda,
_Plate to face_ 96
" 26.—Transverse Section of Modern Reverberatory
Furnace, Anaconda, indicating Foundations,
Hearth, and Bracing, 96
" 27.—Reverberatory Furnace under Construction,
_Plate to face_ 96
" 28.—Sectional Plan and Elevation of Reverberatory
Furnace at Anaconda, 98
" 29.—Fire-box End of Reverberatory Furnace, showing
massive Bracing, Charge Bins, and Charging Levers,
Anaconda, _Plate to face_ 100
" 30.—Interior of Reverberatory Furnace (looking
towards Skimming Door), showing Expansion Spaces
in Roof, and Charging Holes, Anaconda,
_Plate to face_ 100
" 31.—Shelby Oil-Burner for Reverberatory Furnace Use, 106
" 32.—Modern Blast-Furnace Shell of Sectioned Jackets
(P. & M. M. Co.), _Plate to face_ 122
" 33.—Blast-Furnaces under Construction, showing
Fixing of Jackets, Bottom Plate, Method of
Support, Sectioning, etc. (T. E. Co.),
_Plate to face_ 124
" 34.—Development of the Blast Furnace (Gowland), 126
" 35.—Plan of 51-foot Blast Furnace, Anaconda,
indicating Position of Crucibles, Spouts, and
Connecting Bridge between Old Furnaces, 128
" 36.—Longitudinal Section and Part Elevation of
87-foot Blast-Furnace, Anaconda, indicating
Crucibles of Old Furnaces, Bridge, and Jacketing, 128
" 37.—Copper Contents in the Slags accompanying Mattes
of Various Grades, 132
" 38.—Water-Jacketed Blast Furnace, lower portion
indicating Air and Water Connections, Bottom
Supports, End Slag Spouts, etc.
(P. & M. M. Co.), _Plate to face_ 134
" 39.—Tapping Breast of Blast Furnace, Cananea, 136
" 40.—Rivetted Steel Water-Jacket, showing Tuyere
Holes and Water Inlets, etc. (P. & M. M. Co.), 137
" 41.—Transverse Section through Modern Blast Furnace,
showing Arrangements of Boshed Lower Jackets,
Upper Jackets, and Plates, Stays and Supports,
etc., 138
" 42.—Interior of Anaconda Blast Furnace, showing
Jacketing, Tuyere Holes, and Bridge,
_Plate to face_ 138
" 43.—Showing Upper Jackets, Apron and Mantle Plates
and Superstructure of Blast Furnace, Anaconda,
_Plate to face_ 140
" 44.—Charging Blast Furnaces, Anaconda,
_Plate to face_ 140
" 45.—Blast-Furnace Shell, with Air Connections
(P. & M. M. Co.), 142
" 46.—Details of Tuyere, Cananea Blast Furnace, 142
" 47.—=V=-Shaped Charging Car, indicating Mechanism
for Release and Tilting, 153
" 48.—End View of Blast Furnace, showing Tilting of
Charge Car, Anaconda, 155
" 49.—Hodge’s Charging Car, 155
" 50.—Freeland Charging Machine (D. S. C. & I. Co.), 157
" 51.—Freeland Charger-Details, 157
" 52.—Slag Spout, showing Method of Trapping Blast,
also Replaceable Nose-Piece of Spout (A), 159
" 53.—Details of Slag Spout, Cananea, 161
" 54.—Slag Spout, showing Method of Support, 161
" 55.—General View of Settler (T. E. Co.), 163
" 56.—Method of Lining Settler, Cananea, 163
" 57.—Arrangement for Matte and Slag Discharge from
Settlers (T. C. C.), 164
" 58.—Tap-hole Casting and Detail for Settlers, 165
" 59.—Anaconda Blast Furnace (51 feet long), showing
Settlers, _Plate to face_ 166
" 60.—Hoppers of Flue-Dust Chambers and Tracks for
Cars underneath, 167
" 61.—Slotted Tuyeres, 12 inches by 4 inches
(T. C. C.), 185
" 62.—Sectional Elevation and Plan of Barrel-Shaped
Silica-Lined Converter (Peters), 196
" 63.—Latest Form of Silica-Lined Barrel Converter, 197
" 64.—Longitudinal Section of Basic-Lined Converter, 198
" 65.—Basic-Lined Converter, indicating Tuyeres,
Lining, &c., 199
" 66.—Composition of a Charge during Bessemerising
Operation, 208
" 67.—Pouring Slag, Anaconda, 209
" 68.—General View of Converter Shop, Anaconda,
_Plate to face_ 214
" 69.—Sectional Plan, Elevation, and Transverse
Sections of Refining and Anode-Casting Furnace,
Anaconda (Peters), 220
" 70.—Indicating Tilting and Pouring Mechanism of
Ladle of Casting and Refining Furnaces, 225
" 71.—Walker’s Anode-Casting Machine,
_Plate to face_ 226
" 72.—General View of Tank-room of Electrolytic
Refinery (Perth Amboy, N.J.),
_Plate to face_ 226
" 73.—Indicating Methods of Suspending and Connecting
Electrodes (Perth Amboy, N.J.), 234
" 74.—Indicating Connections for Circulation of
Electrolyte (Barnett), 235
" 75.—Tank-house, showing Anode Crane (Ulke), 237
" 76.—Microstructure of Commercial Copper containing
Oxygen (Hofman), _Plate to face_ 242