Cancer pisum, pea, size of a pea; in mussels
Cancer minutus, minute, smaller than the preceding; among sea weeds
Cancer longicornis, long horned, size of the last
Cancer plati-cheles, great clawed, size of a horse bean
Cancer Bernardus, hermit; in the deserted shells of wilks, &c.
Cancer gammarus, lobster
Cancer homarus; on the coast of Ireland
Cancer astacus, cray-fish
Cancer serratus, prawn
Cancer squilla, white shrimp
Cancer crangon, shrimp
Cancer linearis, linear shrimp
Cancer atomos, atom shrimp
Cancer locusta, locust; frequently skipping in summer on the sea
shore
Cancer mantis; Weymouth
Cancer pulex, water flea; in rivulets
Cancer salinus; in Lymington salt water
Monoculus apis; in fish ponds and ditches
Monoculus pulex, very minute; frequent and numerous in stagnant water
Monoculus quadricornis
Oniscus asilus, sea louse
Oniscus entomon, sea wood-louse; on the coasts
Oniscus aquaticus; in clear springs
Oniscus asellus, millepes or wood louse; in old walls, &c.
Oniscus armadillo; under stones
Julus terrestris, feet 200; under stones
Julus sabulosus, feet 240
VERMES.
1. _Intestina._
Gordius aquaticus, like a horse hair; in water and clay
Gordius lacustris; in the liver of the pike
Ascaris vermicularis; at the bottom of lakes, and in the intestines of
children and horses
Ascaris lumbricoides; in the human intestines
Lumbricus terrestris, earth worm; in the ground and in the human
intestines
Lumbricus marinus, sea worm
Fasciola hepatica, gourd worm; in ditches, rivulets, and in the liver
of sheep
Fasciola intestinalis; in the intestines of fishes
Fasciola barbata; in the intestines of the sepia loligo
Sepunculus nudus; in the sea
Hirundo medicinalis, common leech; in shallow waters
Hirundo sanguisuga, horse leech; in fresh water
Hirundo geometra; in fresh water
Hirundo muricata, sea leech
2. _Mollusca._
Limax ater, black snail; in moist shady places
Limax rufus, red; at the foot of mountains
Limax maximus, large grey; in thick woods
Limax agrestis, small grey; on cabbages
Limax flavus, amber; on plants
Doris argo, sea lemon
Doris verrucosa; Aberdeen
Doris elutrina; Anglesea
Aphrodita acculeata, sea mouse; often found in the stomach of a cod
Aphrodita squamata; Anglesea
Aphrodita minuta; ibid.
Nereis noctiluca, scarce visible to the naked eye; shines by night in
the sea, so as to make the water appear on fire
Nereis locustris; in clayey water
Ascidia rustica; Scarborough
Actinea sulcata; rocks of Cornwall and Anglesea
Holothuria pentactes; in the deep
Lernea cyprinacea; in fishponds, adhering to the sides of carp
Lernea salmonea; adheres to the gills of salmon
Lernea asellina; in the gills of cod, &c.
Sepia officinalis, ink or cuttlefish; in the sea
Sepia sepiola; off Flintshire
Medusa cruciata
Medusa aurita, sea nettle
Medusa capillata, sea lungs
Asterias rubens, five-fingered star fish
Asterias glacialis, common ditto
Asterias oculata, dotted ditto
Asterias minuta; Denbigh
Asterias hastata; Cornwall
Asterias nigra; ibid.
Echius esculentus, sea hedgehog; on the coast, near Scarborough
Echius spatagus, sea egg; on the Yorkshire coast
3. _Testacca_.
Chiton crinitus, hairy chiton; Aberdeen
Chiton marginatus; in the sea, at Scarborough
Chiton levis, lock broom; West Ross, North Britain
Lepas. Animal, triton
Lepas balanus; adhering to rocks and shells
Lepas balanoides, acorn fish; frequently adheres to oysters
Lepas tintinabulum; on bottoms of ships
Lepas anatifera, barnacle, see page 344
Pholas. Animal, ascidia
Pholas dactylus, piddock; in stones, shines by night
Pholas crispatus; frequent on the Yorkshire coast
Solen. Animal, ascidia
Solen siliqua; frequent on the shore near Scarborough
Solen vagina; Anglesea
Solen pellucidus; ibid.
Solen legumen; ibid.
Tellina. Animal, tethys
Tellina cornea, size of a pea; in pools of fresh water
Cardium Animal, tethys
Cardium echinatum; on the Yorkshire coast
Cardium edule, common cockle
Mactra. Animal, tethys
Mactra solida; on the Yorkshire coast
Mactra lutraria; sea, at the mouth of rivers
Donax. Animal, tethys
Donax trunculus; on the coast near Scarborough
Ostrea maxima, large scallop; on the Irish coast, and near Portland
Ostrea obliterata, small scallop
Ostrea edulis, common oyster
Anomia truncata; in limestones
Anomia crispa; in bluish limestone, in Craven, and other parts
Anomia squamula; on oysters, crabs, and lobsters
Anomia ephipium; adhering to oyster shells
Mytilus. Animal, ascidia
Mytilus rugosus; in lime-stone
Mytilus edulis, common muscle
Mytilus cygneus; in many lakes in the north
Buccinum. Animal, limax
Buccinum lapillus, larger English purple fish; on the shore
Buccinum minimum, less than a pea
Helix, snails. Animal, limax
Helix lapicida; in woods in Lincolnshire
Helix planorbis; in rivulets
Helix cornea; in still rivers and pools
Helix vivipera; ibid.
Helix putris; in rivers and pools
Serpula. Animal, terebella.
Serpula spirorbis; adheres to sea weeds on the coast
Sabella. Animal, nereis
Sabella alviolata, English tubular sand coral; on the Yarmouth coast,
and on Peington strand, Devon
4. _Lithophyta._
Coral, calcareous, fixed, built by animals
Madrepora. Coral, with cavities, lamellosa-stellated. Animal, medusa
Madrepora musicalis; on the Irish coast
Millepora. Animal, hydra
Millepora fascialis, stony foliaceous coralline; adhering to an oyster
shell, on the coast of the Isle of Wight
Cellepora, coral, submembranaceous, composed of round shells. Animal,
hydra
Cellepora pumicosa, appears in the microscope like a pumice-stone;
found on the sickle coralline, like white sand
5. _Zoophyta._
Gorgonia placomus, warted sea fan; on the Cornish coast
Gorgonia anceps, sea willow
Gorgonia flabellum, Venus fan
Alcyonium. Florets, hydræ, between the cortex; epidermis vesicular,
porous
Alcyonium digitatum, dead-man’s hand; frequently taken up by fishermen
trawling for flat fish on the Kentish coast
Alcyonium schlosseri; on the Cornish coast
Alcyonium ficus, sea-fig; near Sheerness
Spongia oculata, branched sponge; on the coast
Spongia dicotoma, forked sponge; on the Cornish and Yorkshire coasts
Spongia lacustris, creeping sponge; at the bottom of lakes in
Westmoreland
Spongia fluviatilis, river sponge; in the Thames, Cam, &c.
Flustra foliacea, broad-leaved horn-wrack; on the coast
Tubularia indivisa, tubular coralline
Tubularia ramosa, small rarified tubular coralline
Tubularia fistulosa, bugle coralline
Tubularia campanulata, creeping, extremely minute
Corallina officinalis, coralline of the shops; fixed to rocks and
shells, by stony joints
Corallina rubens, crested or coxcomb coralline, like moss in round
tufts, resembling a bird’s crest; the microscope shews the filaments
to be dichotomous
Corallina corniculata, white slender-jointed coralline; adheres to
small fuci
Sertularia rosacea, lily-flowering oralline; on oysters
Sertularia pumila, sea-oak coralline; about Sheerness
Sertularia abietina, sea-fir; on oysters, muscles, &c.
Sertularia argentea, squirrel’s tail; on oysters in the Isle of Shepey
Sertularia cornuta, very minute--with many others
Vorticella, see page 396 & seq.
Hydra, see page 363 & seq.
Tænia solium; in the intestines of various animals
Tænia vulgaris, common tapeworm; in the intestines of men and brutes
Animalcula infusoria, see page 428 & seq.[170]
[170] Those who are desirous of seeing well delineated and elegantly
coloured figures of a variety of curious objects among the insect
class, particularly such as require investigation by the microscope,
will be amply gratified by having recourse to Donovan’s History of
British Insects. From the Naturalists Miscellany, by G. Shaw, M. D. F.
R. & Vice Pres. L. S. numbers of beautiful subjects may likewise be
selected.
II. FOSSILS.
Ketton or kettering stone
Spar opake; in mines in Wales, Derbyshire, &c.
Spar refracting; in lead mines in Derbyshire, &c.
Spar diaphonous; in various parts of the kingdom
Spar stalactitical, Knaresborough, &c.
Fluor transparent, diaphonous resembling emeralds, saphires, topazes,
amethysts, &c.
METALS.
Aurum nativum; said to be found in some rivers in North Britain
Argentum mineralizatum; in small quantities in lead and copper ores
Plumbum galena, lead glance; in various parts of England
Plumbum stibiatum, antimonial lead ore
Plumbum crystallinum, lead crystals
Plumbum spatosum, lead spar
Plumbum calciforme, lead ochre
Plumbum nativum, native lead
Cuprum nativum
Cuprum cæruleum montanum, mountain blue; in the mines of Derbyshire
Cuprum viride montanum, mountain green; in copper mines of England,
Ireland, and the Isle of Man
Cuprum rubrum, glass copper ore; generally found with native copper
Cuprum cinereum, grey copper ore
Ferrum crystallinum, crystalline ore; Forest of Dean, Langron in
Cumberland
Ferrum cærulescens, bluish ore
Ferrum micaceum, glimmer
SEMI-METALS.
Vismutum ochra, flowers of bismuth
Vismutum mineralizatum, bismuth ore
Antimonium striatum, striated antimonial ore
Antimonium rubrum, red antimonial ore
PETREFACTIONS.
Animals, or parts of animals, changed into a fossile substance
_Vermes._
Helmintholithus ammonita, nautilus; in strata of earth and stones, on
the sea-shore, &c.
Helmintholithus anomites; in great abundance, particularly at
Sherborne in Gloucestershire
Helmintholithus gryphites; in chalk hills, &c.
Helmintholithus judaicus; in many parts, particularly chalk pits in
Kent
Helmintholithus echinites; Surrey, Essex, Kent, Middlesex, in chalk
and gravel pits
Helmintholithus astrion, sea-star; in chalk pits, &c.
Helmintholithus astroites, star stone; Gloucestershire, Norfolk, &c.
and many more.
_Vegetables._
Phytolithus plantæ; grass, reeds, horse-tail, &c. found in the black
slate called plate, immediately above the pit coal, in various parts
of England.
Phytolithus filices, ferns; ditto, Newcastle, &c.
Rhizolithus, roots of trees and plants buried in the earth
Lithophyllum, leaves of trees; at Knaresborough, also impressed in
stone
Carpolithus, fruits, particularly impressions of the cones of pines,
hazel, oak
_Fishes._
Ichthyolithus siliquastra, fossile pods, often resembling half the pod
of a lupine, &c. sometimes extremely minute, at other times near two
inches long.
Ichthyolithus vertebra, of various genera, often in pits and quarries,
particularly at Richmond in Surrey, on the cliffs of Shepey Island,
&c.
_Insects._
Enthomolithus cancri, claws, or parts of claws; in pits in several
parts of England
_Shrubs._
Graptolithus dentrides, representing shrubs, plants, or moss; on
various stones, slates, and flints, in many parts of England, &c.
III. VEGETABLES.
Having thus enumerated a considerable variety of articles in the animal
and fossile kingdoms, the only part which remains to be noticed is that
of vegetables. To any person possessing but a superficial knowledge of
botany, it must be obvious that this branch of natural history is
extensive in the extreme; and that, consequently, to point out but a
small number of such plants as form interesting objects for the
microscope, would greatly extend this list, already sufficiently large;
for,
“How incompetent is human effort to portray the beauties of this sublime
subject! How inadequate the most descriptive talent to approximate to
our view the vegetative profusion contained within the recess of nature!
How limited have been our public researches! How contracted the
knowledge which has been as yet obtained! What an incomprehensible store
remains yet concealed, impenetrable to mortal view!”[171]
[171] Observations on the Structure and Economy of Plants, by R.
Hooper, M. D., F. L. S. page 128. This work contains an ingenious
display of the analogy which subsists between the animal and the
vegetable kingdom.
From a source so abundant, the botanist will be under no difficulty in
selecting for himself; those who have not made the science a part of
their studies, will be materially assisted by having recource to the
elegant figures and their descriptions in the Botanical Magazine, by W.
Curtis, F. L. S. the well-known author of Flora Londinensis; and English
Botany, by J. E. Smith, M. D. F. R. & Pres. L. S. published by Ja^{s}.
Sowerby, F. L. S. I shall, therefore, just mention in general terms
those parts of plants which are peculiarly adapted for microscopical
investigation. These are as follow:
The trunk, composed of
Epidermis or cuticle
Cortex or outer bark
Liber or inner bark
Alburnum
Lignum or wood
Medulla or pith
The root cut transversely or longitudinally
Leaves and their fibres
The parts of fructification, consisting of
The calyx or flower cup
corolla or foliation, containing the leaves or petals, and the
nectarium
stamina or threads, their filaments and anthera or summit, and the
pollen contained therein[172]
The pistillum or pointal, its germen, style, and stigma
pericarpium, seed vessel, or germen grown to maturity
semina, seeds and their parts
receptaculum, the base on which the fructification is seated
[172] The pollen or meal is a fine dust designed for the impregnation
of the germen; a small quantity of this meal being put into hot water
and applied to the microscope, will exhibit the bursting of the
elastic covering of each grain; and the escape of the smaller atoms,
which is the true farina.
Of the various classes of plants, that called cryptogamia is eminently
calculated for microscopical observation; comprizing the filices, the
musci, the algæ, and the fungi. On these subjects Hedwig has produced a
valuable work, entitled Theoria Generationis et Fructificationis de
Plantarum Cryptogamicarum, of which a new and much improved edition has
just appeared, and to which for further information I refer the reader.
A LIST OF MR. CUSTANCE’S VEGETABLE CUTTINGS, THAT USUALLY ACCOMPANY THE
MOST COMPLETE SORT OF MICROSCOPES MADE BY MESSRS. W. AND S. JONES.
English oak.
Evergreen ditto.
Norway oak.
Ash.
Cedar.
Cork.
Savin.
Fir.
Ceanothus.
Hazel.
Lime.
Elm.
Elm root.
Mulberry ditto.
Grape root.
Lime ditto.
Beech.
Birch.
Plum.
Ivy.
Spanish elder.
American climber.
Cissampelos.
Virgin’s bower.
Magnolia grandiflora.
Gelder-rose.
Althæa frutex.
Tulip tree.
Ash.
Spanish chesnut.
Platanus orientalis.
Viburnum lantana.
Oak root.
Ash root.
Asp root.
Walnut ditto.
Grape vine.
Indian turpeth.
China root.
Jasmine.
Dog rose.
Raspberry.
Barberry.
Briar.
Elder root.
Ditto branch.
Willow root.
Ditto branch.
Mulberry.
Fig.
Sycamore.
Maple.
American dogwood.
Ptelea trifoliata.
Ligneous night-shade.
Sumach.
Apricot.
Medlar.
Bay.
Laurel.
Sea weed.
Longitudinal cutting of plane tree.
Ditto of Spanish elder.
Ditto of briar.
Common cane.
Ditto with curious center.
Bamboo cane.
Sarsaparilla.
Longitudinal cuttings of sugar cane.
Elder.
Rose tree.
Mugwort.
*Longitudinal slices of elder.
*Ditto grape vine.
*Transverse ditto.
*Dogwood.
*Plane tree.
*Beech.
*Grape vine.
*Spanish chesnut.
*Walnut.
*Fig.
*Ditto longitudinal.
Asparagus.
Artichoke.
Thistle.
Fennel.
Parsley.
Ditto root.
Sunflower.
Ditto root.
Agrimony.
Eryngo.
Potatoe stalk.
Centaurea.
Indian reed.
Ditto corn.
Amaranthus.
Bromelia pinguin.
Campanula.
Monkshood.
Lavatera.
Solidago.
Mugwort.
Chrysanthemum.
Helianthus.
Wormwood.
Bulrush.
Portugal reed.
Burdock.
Ditto.
Wild mustard.
Aloe flower stalk.
Solomon’s seal.
Tulip.
Calamus aromaticus.
Buckbean.
Gourd.
Melon.
Crown imperial.
Flower-de-luce.
Pine apple.
White lily.
Asparagus.
Ragwort.
Water flag.
Sugar cane.
Stems of leaves of hog’s fennel.
Hemlock.
Chesnut.
Wild turnip.
Stems of the leaves of red dock.
Horse-radish.
Cabbage.
Carrots.
Roots of phytolacca.
Teasel.
Carrot.
Fennel.
Stinging-nettle roots curiously variegated.
Roots of parsley and wormwood variegated.
Stalks of fern, with variations.
N. B. Those marked with an * Mr. Custance conceives prove Dr. Hill in an
error, when he observed, that the pith of a shoot is not connected with
the pith of the branch. See his Construction of Timber, &c. p. 103, 8vo
edition.
SALTS, AND VARIOUS CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.
SALTS.
Salt ammoniac, crude
Salt ammoniac, volatile
Salt of amber
Salt of Benjamin, commonly called flowers of Benjamin
Salt of berberry
Salt of buckthorn
Salt of butcher’s broom
Salt of carduus
Salt of chamomile
Salt of coral
Salt of cucumber
Salt, Epsom, so called
Salt of fennel
Salt gem
Salt, glauber’s, vitriolated natron
Salt of hartshorn
Salt of lavender
Salt of lead, commonly called sugar of lead
Salt of limons
Salt of liquorice
Salt of millepedes
Salt of mugwort
Salt of nitre, or salt petre
Salt of Peruvian bark
Salt polychrest
Salt Rochelle
Salt of tartar
Salt of tartar vitriolated
Salt of tobacco
Salt of urine
Salt of wood sorrel
Salt of wormwood, and a great variety of others.[173]
[173] To ascertain the true configurations of salts, particular
attention should be paid to obtain them genuine; it may therefore be
proper to apprize the reader, that some of those above enumerated are
not easily procured in that state; consequently, though they exhibit
pleasing figures, yet they may not be those of the real salt purposed
to be investigated. Many hundred weights of some salts are annually
manufactured, and sold under names very different from what they
really are. Nor is this circumstance confined to salts only: for want
of botanical knowledge, preparations of different plants have been
frequently sold possessed of medical properties very different from
those intended. A valuable medicine, the extract of Hemlock, for
instance, instead of being prepared of the conium maculatum, has been
made in large quantities of the chærophyllum sylvestre, and thus
administered! On this unpleasant subject I could enlarge, were it not
digressing from that before us. Whilst such evils exist, need we
wonder if the physician as well as the patient are often disappointed
in the beneficial effects expected from the adhibition of medicines?
PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY.
Acetated quicksilver
Calcined ditto
Calomel
Muriat, commonly called corrosive sublimate
Red nitrated, or red precipitate
Sulphurated, or factitious cinnabar
MISCELLANEOUS.
Camphor
Crystals (called cream) of tartar
Iron, ammoniacal, or martial flowers
Verdigrise, ditto distilled
Vitriol, blue, or vitriolated copper
Vitriol, green, or vitriolated Iron
Vitriol, white, or vitriolated zinc, &c. &c.
After having particularized so many of the works of NATURE, let us now
pay some attention to those of ART. But what an humiliating contrast
shall we meet with! If our design in viewing objects by the microscope
be to discover beauty, harmony, and perfection, it will be necessary to
limit our inquiries to the former, happily alone sufficiently abundant;
if, on the contrary, we are desirous of discovering deformity and
imperfection, we must confine ourselves to the latter. Even those works
of art that appear to the unassisted eye as decisive proofs of
consummate skill in the workman, and which excite our admiration for
their apparent neatness and accuracy, when brought to this test, exhibit
their real state; and, consequently, tend but to display the inferiority
of the most finished performance of the ablest artist, when put in
competition with the glorious productions of nature. The finest works of
the loom and of the needle, if exhibited with the microscope, prove so
rude and coarse, that were they to appear thus to the naked eye, so far
from affording delight to our belles, would be rejected with disgust.
But the more we inquire into the works of nature, the more fully are we
satisfied of their divine origin: in a flower, for instance, we see how
fibres too minute for the unassisted sight are composed of others still
more minute, till the primordial threads or first principles are utterly
indiscernible; whilst the whole substance presents a celestial radiance
in its colouring, with a richness so superior to silver or gold, as if
it were intended for the cloathing of an angel, and we have the highest
authority for asserting, that the greatest monarch of the East in all
his glory, was not arrayed like one of these. A very few specimens of
art will, therefore, suffice.
The edge of the sharpest razor or penknife
Teeth of rasps and files
Threads of the finest screws
Finest engravings on gold, silver, copper, &c.
Coins, medals
Seals, intaglios
Best executed miniature paintings, prints, drawings, &c.
The finest laces, silks, and ribbons
Smallest needles, pins, &c.
Woolen and linen cloth, plain or printed; camblets, bombazeens, &c.
A drop of ink on paper
Paper, from the coarsest to the finest
The writing of the ablest penman
The finest specimens of the typographic art, &c. &c.
An inspection of a few of the above articles only will clearly
demonstrate, that as in the moral and political world, so in the works
of art, perfection is unattainable by mortal man. With the fullest
impression of which truth in the mind of the editor, and an appeal to
the candour of his readers towards those imperfections which they may
have discovered in this performance, he shall now conclude with,
FINIS.
ADDITIONS.
The following is a new, useful, and ready method of making globules for
microscopes, differing from the customary one described in page 8, and
is extracted from Mr. W. Nicholson’s scientifical Journal of Natural
Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts. No. 3, June 1, 1797. p. 134.
“The usual method has been to draw out a fine thread of the soft white
glass called crystal, and to convert the extremity of this into a
spherule by melting it at the flame of a candle. But this glass contains
lead, which is disposed to become opake by partial reduction, unless the
management be very carefully attended to. I find that the hard glass
used for windows seldom fails to afford excellent spherules. This glass
is of a clear bright green colour when seen edgeways. A thin piece was
cut from the edge of a pane of glass less than one-tenth of an inch
broad. This was held perpendicularly by the upper end, and the flame of
a candle was directed upon it by the blow-pipe at the distance of about
an inch from the lower end. The glass became soft, and the lower piece
descended by its own weight to the distance of about two feet, where it
remained suspended by a thin thread of glass about one five-hundredth of
an inch in diameter. A part of this thread was applied endways to the
lower blue part of the flame of the candle without the use of the
blow-pipe. The extremity immediately became white-hot, and formed a
globule. The glass was then gradually and regularly thrust towards the
flame, but never into it, until the globule was sufficiently large. A
number of these were made, and being afterwards examined by viewing
their focal images with a deeper magnifier, proved very bright, perfect,
and round.”
* * * * *
The opake solar microscope has been made by the late Mr. Martin of
larger dimensions than described in page 106. The illuminating lens, at
A B, Plate V. Fig. 1, and the breadth of the mirror were about four
inches and an half, instead of three inches, which gives more than
double the light of the former; and, consequently, all the larger sort
of opake and transparent objects, to the size of one and an half or two
inches in diameter, as well as diverting objects painted on glass, like
the magic lanthorn sliders, are shewn with the greatest distinctness,
and has by Mr. Martin been called the MEGALASCOPE of the apparatus.