Dulux Nobel Chemical Finishes Ltd., London.
Glyptal British Thompson Houston Co., Ltd., Rugby.
Micanite Micanite and Insulators Co., Ltd., Walthamstow,
London.
Paralac Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., London.
Acrylate resins:
Diakon and Perspex Mouldrite Ltd., Division of Imperial Chemical
Industries, Ltd., London.
Aniline resins:
Panilax Micanite and Insulators Co., Ltd., London.
APPENDIX D
TRADE NAMES FOR SYNTHETIC RESINS MADE IN GERMANY
_Trade name_ _Maker_
Tar-acid resins:
Alberid Dr. Kurt Albert G. m. b. H., Chemische Fabrik,
Wiesbaden-Biebrich.
Albertol Dr. Kurt Albert G. m. b. H., Chemische Fabrik,
Wiesbaden-Biebrich.
Ambresit Chemische Fabrik Ambra, Zittau i. Sachsen (in
liquidation).
Ammoplaste I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Backdura Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Bakelit Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Bakelit A (Resol) Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Bakelit C Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Bezet Harz Louis Blumen, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Boschbakelite Robert Bosch A. G., Stuttgart.
Celloresen Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Dekorit Dr. F. Raschig G. m. b. H., Ludwigshafen a.
Rhein.
Durax
Durophen Dr. Kurt Albert G. m. b. H., Wiesbaden-Biebrich.
Elastolith Herold A. G., Hamburg 33.
Ethyl cellulose I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Faturan Dr. Heinr. Traun & Sohne, Hamburg.
Ferrozell Deutsche Ferrozell G. m. b. H., Augsburg.
Greif Faturan Dr. H. Traun & Sohne, Hamburg.
Havegit Saureschutz G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Herolith Herold A. G., Hamburg.
Hornolith Hornolith G. m b. H., Berlin S 59.
Ivorax Herold A. G., Hamburg.
Koraton Wedig & Reu.
Kunstharz 26 Z I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Laccain Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Leukorit Dr. F. Raschig G. m. b. H., Ludwigshafen a.
Rhein.
Lithocorn A. Elhardt Sohne, Kempten, Bayern.
Marbolith Herold A. G., Hamburg 33.
Metakalin I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Neoresit August Nowak A. G., Bautzen.
Novolack Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Novotext Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft, Berlin.
Ornalith Herold A. G., Hamburg
Phenolplaste I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Redmanol (Bakelit A) Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Resenoplast Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Resinit Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Resinole Dr. F. Raschig G. m. b. H., Ludwigshafen a.
Rhein.
Resit Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Resol Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Schellackersatz I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Dr. A. Wacker Gesellschaft für Elektrochemische
Industrie G. m. b. H., München.
Dr. Kurt Albert, Wiesbaden-Biebrich.
Sipilite Bakelite G. m. b. H., Berlin.
Supraresen Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Syntellac Dr. A. Wacker G. m. b. H., München.
Tenazit Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft, Berlin.
Toplast Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Trolon Rheinisch-Westfalische Sprengstoff Fabriken,
Troisdorf.
Turbax Jaroslaw’s Erste Glimmerwarenfabrik, Berlin
SO 36.
Vigorith Dr. F. Raschig, Ludwigshafen a. Rhein.
Vinnapas Dr. A. Wacker G. m. b. H., München.
Wackerschellack Dr. A. Wacker G. m. b. H., München.
Wenjazit Kunst-Rohstoff A. G., Hamburg-Einbeck.
Alkyd resins:
Alftalate Dr. Kurt Albert G. m. b. H., Chemische Fabrik,
Wiesbaden-Biebrich.
Alkydal I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Beckacite Beckacite Kunstharzfabrik, G. m. b. H.,
Hamburg-Wandsbeck.
Beckosol Beckacite Kunstharzfabrik, G. m. b. H.,
Hamburg-Wandsbeck.
Duxol Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Duxalid Louis Blumer, Zwickau i. Sachsen.
Geaphthal Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft, Berlin.
Glyptal Dr. Kurt Albert G. m. b. H., Wiesbaden-Biebrich.
Urea resins:
Hares L H. Rommler A. G., Berlin W 62.
Locron I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Pluviusin Kunstharzfabrik Dr. F. Pollack, Vienna, German
branch Berlin.
Pollopas Rheinisch-Westfalische Sprengstoff Fabriken,
Troisdorf, Bez. Koln.
Vinyl resins:
Acronal I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Mowilith I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Polystyrene resins:
Metastyrol I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Mollit I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Frankfort-on-Main.
Trolitul Rheinisch-Westfalische Sprengstoff Fabriken,
Troisdorf.
Acrylate resins:
Plexigum Rohm & Haas, Darmstadt.
Other resins:
Coumarone resins Kokawerke & Chemische Fabriken A. G., Berlin
N. W. 40.
Harz No. 30 Ciba A. G., Berlin-Wilmersdorf.
Harz No. 238 Ciba A. G., Berlin-Wilmersdorf.
Ultrasit Chemische Fabrik Ambra, Zittau, Sachsen, (in
liquidation).
Utilith Deutsche Rohstoffindustrie, Augsburg.
APPENDIX E
LIST OF UNITED STATES MANUFACTURERS OF RAW MATERIALS FOR SYNTHETIC
RESINS[28]
Phenol:
Barrett Co., New York, N. Y.
Calco Chemical Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N. J.
Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.
Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.
Cresols:
Barrett Co., New York, N. Y.
Calco Chemical Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N. J.
Givaudan-Delawanna, Inc., Delawanna, N. J.
Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.
Swann & Co., Birmingham, Ala.
Xylenols:
Barrett Co., New York, N. Y.
Calco Chemical Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N. J.
Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.
Butyl phenol (p-tertiary), Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.
Phenyl phenols, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.
Resorcinol, tech.:
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Pennsylvania Coal Products Co., Petrolia, Pa.
Naphthalene:
Barrett Co., New York, N. Y.
Calco Chemical Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N. J.
Coopers Creek Chemical Co., West Conshohocken, Pa.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.
Shell Chemical Co., San Francisco, Calif.
Standard Naphthalene Products Corp., South Kearney, N. J.
White Tar Co. of N. J., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Phthalic acid and anhydride:
American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y.
Barrett Co., New York, N. Y.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.
National Aniline & Chemical Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.
Maleic acid and anhydride:
National Aniline & Chemical Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.
American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y.
Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Malic acid, National Aniline & Chemical Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.
Adipic acid, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Succinic acid and anhydride:
American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y.
National Aniline & Chemical Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.
Urea, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Formaldehyde:
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Empire Oil & Refining Co., Bartlesville, Okla.
Heyden Chemical Corp., New York, N. Y.
Hexamethylenetetramine, tech.:
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Heyden Chemical Corp., New York, N. Y.
Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Furfural, Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill.
Vinyl acetate:
Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., New York, N. Y.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
Niacet Chemicals Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Vinyl chloride, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., New York, N. Y.
APPENDIX F
GLOSSARY[29]
_Alkyd resin._—Any condensation product involving a polybasic acid and
a polyhydric alcohol. Typical examples are phthalic glyceride and its
modifications containing combined fatty acids or rosin. Representative
examples are Rezyls and Glyptal.
_Aminoplast._—General terms for synthetic resins from amino or amido
compounds. A typical example is urea-formaldehyde.
_Amorphous._—Devoid of crystalline structure. This condition is rare.
Many substances which are apparently amorphous show microcrystallinity,
particularly under X-ray examination.
_A-stage resins._—Thermosetting resins reacted only to the initial stage
where they are soluble and fusible. The normal stage of a resin used for
impregnation.
_Bonding strength._—The amount of adhesion between a binder and filler.
More specifically, the measure of the extent to which the composite
layers of a laminated product are bonded together.
_Brittleness._—Liability to break, generally to a conchoidal fracture.
_B-stage resins._—Thermosetting resins reacted to a stage where they
soften when heated and swell in contact with liquids but do not entirely
fuse or dissolve. This is the preferred stage for the resin in molding
compositions.
_Casting._—Forming a material into a shape by pouring it when liquid into
a mold. The product from the mold is used as such or mechanically worked
in various ways to the final articles, as by sewing, cutting, blanking,
turning, drilling, forming, swaging, grinding, polishing, sanding, or
routing.
_Compressive strength._—Resistance to deformation under applied pressure.
_Condensation._—A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules
combine with a separation of water or some other simple substance.
Applied to synthetic resins it means the formation of a resin by
combination of a number of molecules with elimination of water,
ammonia, hydrogen chloride, or other simple substance. Examples of
condensation resins are alkyd, phenol-aldehyde, and urea-formaldehyde
resins. The final products are also called condensation-polymers. (See
Polymerization.)
_Copolymerization._—The term applied when two or more substances
polymerize at the same time to yield a product which is not a mixture of
separate polymers but a complex having properties different from either
polymer alone. For example, vinylite is produced by polymerization of a
mixture of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride.
_C-stage resins._—Thermosetting resins in the final stage in which they
are infusible and insoluble. The state of the resin in the final molded
article.
_Curing._—The change of a binder from the soluble-fusible condition
to the substantially insoluble-infusible form by chemical action. The
heat-setting of a resinoid. Action is analogous to vulcanization of
rubber.
_Dielectric strength._—Voltage gradient at which a continuous electrical
discharge will take place between two electrodes when the material in
question is placed between the electrodes and a potential difference is
applied to them.
_Elastic._—A substance which exhibits rubberlike properties or “high
elasticity” over a wide range of applied forces.
_Elastic deformation._—When a substance reverts to its original
dimensions on release of an applied stress.
_Elastic limit._—The point at which a body begins to yield under a
stress; that is, when the stress is equal to or greater than the internal
friction.
_Elasticity._—The property by virtue of which a body reverts to its
normal bulk or shape after deformation by an applied force.
_Extrusion molding._—A molding procedure for extended shapes of uniform
cross section, whereby a heat-softened substance is forced through an
orifice of form coinciding with the cross section of the article.
_Flexibility._—Capability of bending without breaking.
_Gums._—Viscous vegetable secretions which harden but, unlike resins, are
water soluble. The name is often applied, particularly in the varnish
industry, to natural resins such as copals.
_Hardness._—Property of substances determined by their ability to
abrade or indent one another. Often measured by the extent or depth of
indentation produced by a standard substance under a predetermined load.
_Impact strength._—The measure of toughness of a material. Generally
determined by the energy required to break a specimen in one blow.
_Injection molding._—A molding procedure whereby a heat-softened plastic
material is forced from a receptacle into a cavity which gives the
article of desired shape. Used particularly for thermoplastics since
the scrap can be reused. As soon as the composition in the mold cools
sufficiently to be rigid, the mold is opened and the molded article
removed. An analogy of injection molding in another field is shown by the
linotype machine.
_Inserts._—Parts of a finished molded article which are of different
material from the molding composition but are set in place or positioned
by the molding operation.
_Laminated products._—Sheets of material united by a binder. For example,
sheets of paper or wood coated and/or impregnated with a resinous
composition and subjected to pressure, generally with heat.
_Monomer._—The simplest repeating structural unit of a polymer. For
addition polymers this represents the originally unpolymerized compound.
_Phenoplast._—A general term for phenol-aldehyde resins. Synonymous with
popular term “phenolics.”
_Plastics._—All substances that can be molded. In general a plastic is a
substance which behaves as a solid at stresses less than a certain amount
known as the yield value and as a viscous liquid at stresses greater
than this. The name is also applied to substances which originally but
not ultimately fulfill this condition. For example, it is applied to
thermoset compositions or resinoids in the final stages.
_Plasticity._—Susceptibility to and the retention of deformation.
Capacity of taking and retaining the form of a mold. The property of
solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the
action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or
molded under larger stresses.
_Polymerization._—A chemical change resulting in the formation of
a new compound whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the
original substances. The products of the reaction are called polymers.
To distinguish from those resulting from condensation (q. v.), they
are often designated addition polymers, since the reaction is that of
successive addition of a large number of relatively small molecules
(monomers) to form the final polymer.
_Power factor._—In an insulating material, the ratio of total power
loss (watts) in the material to the product of voltage and current in a
capacitor in which that material is a dielectric.
_Preforms._—Molding powders converted by pressure and without heat
into a denser coherent form which approximates the shape of the final
hot-pressed article. Molding material converted to preforms has about
half the bulk factor of the original powder. Other forms of densified
composition which do not necessarily approximate the shape of the final
molding are tablets, briquettes, pellets, pills, and balls.
_Resin._—A term generally referring to a physical condition at room
temperature approximating the physical properties of natural resins.
However, the temperature of reference should not be limited to room
temperature and the term is here intended to embrace all substances which
within a certain temperature range show these, properties. For example,
many oil-modified alkyd resins are viscous liquids at room temperature
but not at lower temperatures; polystyrene is a resin at room temperature
but rubberlike when warmed.
_Resinoids._—The class name applied to thermosetting resins. Temporary
thermoplastics. The name is also often applied to the final cured resins.
_Softening point._—Resins have no sharp melting point. Application of
heat causes gradual change from a brittle or exceedingly thick and slow
flowing material to a softer and less viscous liquid. The softening point
is the temperature at which the material flows at a definite rate or to a
definite distance.
_Synthetic resin._—A complex, substantially amorphous, organic semisolid
or solid material (usually a mixture of substances) built up by chemical
reaction of comparatively simple compounds and, depending upon the
temperature at which the examination is made, approximating the natural
resins in various physical properties: namely, luster, fracture,
comparative brittleness, insolubility in water, fusibility or plasticity
when heated or exposed to heat and pressure, and, at a certain more
or less narrow temperature range before fusion, showing a degree of
rubberlike extensibility; but commonly deviating widely from natural
resins in chemical constitution and behavior with reagents.
_Synthetic rubber._—Caoutchouc synthesized in the laboratory. The term is
a misnomer and most probably represents an impossibility.
_Tensile strength._—The greatest internal force per unit of cross section
which a material develops before failure under tension.[30]
_Thermoplastic._—The property of softening under heat. All molding
materials are thermoplastic at the initial application of heat. One class
(the so-called thermoplastics) remains soft permanently under heat; the
other (thermosetting), after first softening, sets or cures more or less
quickly to a more solid form. A practical distinction is that with the
first class the mold must be cooled before the molded article is removed,
but not with the second. A thermoplastic substance is adequately rigid
at normal temperatures and under ordinary conditions of stress but is
capable of deformation under heat and pressure.
_Thermosetting._—The property of undergoing a chemical change when
heated whereby a hardened product is obtained. Property most pronounced
in phenol and urea formaldehyde resins and less so with alkyds. A
thermosetting substance possesses initially the properties of a
thermoplastic but under the influence of heat undergoes chemical change
so that it is no longer thermoplastic but becomes permanently infusible.
_Viscosity._—Internal friction or resistance to change of form of a
liquid. The constant ratio of shearing stress to rate of shear.
_Water-absorption._—Amount of water taken up when exposed to humid
conditions or when immersed. Both rate of absorption and total absorption
are important, also change in dimensions. A certain amount of absorbed
water may improve mechanical properties but usually weakens electrical
characteristics.
FOOTNOTES
[1] A glossary of technical terms is included in appendix F. p. 160 of
this report. There are, however, certain fundamental terms which it would
be advisable to have clearly in mind at this point.
[2] Shellac is a substance secreted by lac insects feeding on certain
types of hardwood trees.
[3] Journal of the Society of Chemical industry, 1901. Vol. 20, p. 1075.
[4] Current sales prices in the United States average between 7 and 10
cents per pound and any imports would be dutiable under the provisions
of par. 28 of the Tariff Act of 1930 at 45 percent ad valorem based on
American selling price plus 7 cents per pound. Based on an American
selling price of 7 cents per pound, the import duty would be slightly
more than 10 cents per pound, while on an American selling price of 10
cents per pound the duty would be 11.5 cents per pound.
[5] Zelov, Victor I. Automatic Molding, Pt. 2, Advantages and
limitations. Modern Plastics, v. 15, No. 2, p. 206; October 1937.
[6] For texts and interpretation of exclusion orders see Treasury
Decisions 41512; 41895; 44411; 44491; 44776; and 44977.
[7] American selling price is defined in section 402, (g) as: “The
American selling price of any article manufactured or produced in the
United States shall be the price, including the cost of all containers
and coverings of whatever nature and all other costs, charges, and
expenses incident to placing the merchandise in condition packed ready
for delivery, at which such article is freely offered for sale to all
purchasers in the principal market of the United States, in the ordinary
course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities in such market, or
the price that the manufacturer, producer, or owner would have received
or was willing to receive for such merchandise when sold in the ordinary
course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities, at the time of
exportation of the imported article.”
[8] United States value is defined in section 402, (e) as: “The United
States value of imported merchandise shall be the price at which such
or similar imported merchandise is freely offered for sale, packed
ready for delivery, in the principal market of the United States to all
purchasers, at the time of exportation of the imported merchandise, in
the usual wholesale quantities and in the ordinary course of trade, with
allowance made for duty, cost of transportation and insurance, and other
necessary expenses from the place of shipment to the place of delivery, a
commission not exceeding 6 per centum, if any has been paid or contracted
to be paid on goods secured otherwise than by purchase, or profits not to
exceed 8 per centum and a reasonable allowance for general expenses, not
to exceed 8 per centum on purchased goods.”
[9] The reclassifications read:
PAR. 2. “Vinyl acetate, polymerized or unpolymerized, and synthetic
resins made in chief value therefrom, not specially provided for.”
PAR. 11. “Synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate, not
specially provided for.”
[10] See sections on import under each resin.
[11] Reduced May 23, 1934, from 25 cents per pound and 30 percent by
Presidential proclamation under Section 336 of the Tariff Act of 1930.
[12] Based on the total sales in 1937 reported to the Tariff Commission;
sales in dollars dived by quantity (net resin content).
[13] The new consumption-restriction regulations are—
_Exterior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement_:
1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may be repainted with
oil paints, without restrictions;
2. Surfaces calcimined may be painted with paints containing not
more than 15 percent oil;
3. Unpainted surfaces may be painted only with paints free of oil.
_Exterior use on wood_:
Linseed oil paint may be used for the first coat, and succeeding
coats may contain up to 70 percent oil.
_Exterior and interior use on metal_:
Oil paints may be used without restriction.
_Interior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement_:
1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may only be repainted
with paint containing not more than 15 percent oil.
2. Unpainted surfaces must be painted with paint free of oil.
_Interior use on wood, to be cleaned with soap and soda_:
El Varnish and oil varnish may be used for the first coat
followed by paint containing up to 70 percent oil.
_Interior use on wood, not cleaned with soap and soda_:
As above, except that succeeding coats may contain not more than
40 percent oil.
[14] Acknowledgment: Most of the information about the industry in Great
Britain was submitted by Norman Inwood of the staff of the American
consulate general at London, England.
[15] Acknowledgment: Information obtained on the synthetic resin industry
in France was furnished by Addison E. Southard, American consul general
at Paris.
[16] Acknowledgment: Much of the information on the Japanese synthetic
resin industry included herein was furnished by Carl H. Boehringer,
Assistant Trade Commissioner at Tokyo at the request of the U.S. Tariff
Commission.
[17] These figures are based on an average naphthalene content of coal
tar of slightly less than 10 percent. The total amount contained would,
of course, not be recovered even under ideal market conditions as to
price and demand.
[18] Par. 1651. Coal-tar products: ... naphthalene which after the
removal of all the water present has a solidifying point less than 79° C.
... (Free).
[19] Par. 27. Coal-tar products:
(_a_) (1), (5) ... naphthalene which after the removal of all water
present has a solidifying point of 79° C. or above; all the foregoing
products in this paragraph whether obtained, derived, or manufactured
from coal tar or other sources; ... 40 percent ad valorem and 7 cents per
pound.