official statistics. It is known that the Netherlands exported small
quantities to Great Britain in 1929 and 1933.
TABLE 38.—_Naphthalene: Exports from the United Kingdom_
----+-------------------+---------------------------------------
| Quantity | Value
+---------+---------+-------------------+-------------------
Year| | | To all countries | To United States
| To all |To United+--------+----------+--------+----------
|countries| States | Pounds |Dollars[1]| Pounds |Dollars[1]
| | |sterling| |sterling|
----+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------+----------
| _1,000 | _1,000 | | | |
| pounds_| pounds_| | | |
1928| 5,132| ([2]) | 20,607| 100,278| ([2]) | ([2])
1929| 9,185| 4,312| 32,348| 157,110| 12,558| 60,993
1932| 11,132| 7,514| 26,869| 94,205| 14,274| 50,046
1933| 14,718| 10,480| 38,172| 161,728| 19,604| 83,059
1934| 11,955| 6,492| 35,226| 177,514| 13,025| 65,637
1935| 14,490| 7,999| 49,939| 244,789| 18,413| 90,256
1936| 26,332| 13,412| 120,372| 598,357| 46,158| 229,447
----+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------+----------
[1] Conversion to dollars at annual average quotations of the
Federal Reserve Board.
[2] Not available.
Source: The Trade of the United Kingdom, 1929 and 1936.
_Belgium._—The distillation of coal tar is one of the oldest and most
important branches of the Belgian chemical industry. Approximately 90
batteries of byproduct-coke ovens, with a total of 3,000 ovens are in
operation. Practically all of the coal tar produced in these operations
is distilled for the recovery of the several products. The output of
naphthalene is shown in table 39.
TABLE 39.—_Naphthalene: Belgian production, 1928-35_
-------+--------------
Year | Quantity
-------+--------------
|_1,000 pounds_
1928 | 26,000
1929 | 26,500
1930 | 24,200
1931 | 22,000
1933 | 12,000
1935[1]| 25,000
-------+------------
[1] Estimated.
Source: Consular reports.
Belgian imports and exports of naphthalene, by countries, are shown in
tables 93 and 94 (see pp. 146, 147). Belgium is a net importer of crude
naphthalene and a net exporter of refined naphthalene. In 1937, it
imported 9 million pounds and exported 6.7 million of crude; it imported
only 19 thousand pounds and exported 14 million pounds of refined.
_Czechoslovakia._—The annual output of naphthalene in Czechoslovakia is
shown in table 40.
TABLE 40.—_Naphthalene: Czechoslovak production, in specified years,
1928-35_
----+--------------
Year| Quantity
----+--------------
|_1,000 pounds_
1928| 5,733
1930| 6,174
1931| 2,205
1932| 1,543
1933| 6,835
1934| 9,040
1935| 10,805
----+-------------
Source: Consular reports.
_France._—Naphthalene is produced in France by a number of manufacturers,
most of whom consume their production in their own factories. The
French output is said to be insufficient to meet domestic requirements.
Estimated production is given as approximately 30 million pounds
annually. Appreciable quantities are imported from nearby countries.
Imports from Belgium in recent years average between 1 million and 3
million pounds.
_Poland._—Production of crude naphthalene in Poland is shown in table 41.
TABLE 41.—_Crude naphthalene: Polish production, 1928-36_
----+--------------
Year| Quantity
----+--------------
|_1,000 pounds_
1928| 4,708
1929| 5,257
1930| 3,925
1931| 3,486
1932| 3,704
1933| 4,795
1934| 7,705
1935| 5,021
1936| 2,836
----+--------------
Source: Consular reports.
_The Netherlands._—Statistics of production are not available. Exports in
recent years, however, have averaged about 10 million pounds annually. It
is believed that the production of crude naphthalene exceeds 15 million
pounds a year.
Table 95 (see p. 148) shows Netherland imports and exports of naphthalene
by countries in recent years. Imports in 1937 amounted to 2 million
pounds and exports to 15 million pounds.
_Canada._—Statistics of production are not available. The annual output
of crude naphthalene is estimated at 2 to 3 million pounds.
Imports of refined naphthalene are usually about 1 million pounds (see
table 96, p. 150). Exports are probably small, although in 1929 and 1934
those to the United States alone were over 1 million pounds.
_The Soviet Union._—Statistics of production of naphthalene in the
Soviet Union are not available. The annual output has been estimated at
10 million pounds in 1933 and 15 million pounds in 1935. Exports have
increased substantially in recent years, those to the United States from
1 million pounds in 1934 to 6 million pounds in 1935. Exports to Germany
were 361 thousand pounds in 1933; 1 million pounds in 1934; and 531
thousand pounds in 1935.
_Japan._—Japanese production of naphthalene has been small compared with
the output of other tar products. The output of crude naphthalene in 1934
was reported to have been 381 thousand pounds. Expansion of the byproduct
coking industry in Japan and Manchuria has increased the production
of coal tar, byproduct ammonia, and benzol. Japan has imported large
quantities of naphthalene in recent years, principally from Germany and
Belgium. The increased consumption in Europe may so reduce supplies from
these sources as to cause Japan to increase the recovery at home.
Japanese imports of naphthalene from principal sources, are shown in
table 97 (see p. 150). In 1936, 12.6 million pounds were imported.
United States imports.
_Rates of duty._—Prior to September 8, 1916, all grades of naphthalene
were imported free of duty. Since that time crude naphthalene has
remained free but refined naphthalene has been subject to the tariff
treatment shown in table 42.
TABLE 42.—_Naphthalene: Rates of duty upon imports into the United
States, 1916-38_
-------------------+------------------------+----------------------------
| Rate of duty |
+------+-----------------+
Period | | | Authority
|Crude | Refined |
-------------------+------+-----------------+----------------------------
To Sept. 8, 1916 | Free | Free | Free under par. 452 of the
| | | act of 1913 and
| | | under previous acts.
| | |
Sept. 9, 1916, to | do. | 15 percent ad | Revenue Act of 1916.
Sept. 8, 1921. | | valorem and |
| | 2½ cents |
| | per pound. |
| | |
Sept. 9, 1921, to | do. | 15 percent ad | Emergency Tariff Act of
Sept. 21, 1922. | | valorem and | 1921. (Title V,
| | 2 cents | prohibited imports for
| | per pound. | 3 months except when
| | | not obtainable in
| | | sufficient quantities
| | | or on reasonable terms
| | | as to quality, price,
| | | and terms of delivery).
| | |
Sept. 22, 1922, to | do. | 55 percent ad | Crude, free under par. 1549
Sept. 21, 1924. | | valorem and | and refined dutiable
| | 7 cents | under par. 27 of the
| | per pound.[1] | Tariff Act of 1922.
| | |
| | |
Sept. 22, 1924, to | do. | 40 percent ad | Ad valorem rate on refined
June 17, 1930. | | valorem and | reduced as provided for
| | 7 cents | in Tariff Act of 1922.
| | per pound.[1] |
| | |
June 18, 1930, to | do. | do. | Crude, free under par. 1651
Apr. 30, 1935. | | | and refined dutiable
| | | under par. 27 Tariff Act
| | | of 1930.
| | |
May 1, 1935, to— | do. | 20 percent ad | Refined reduced under
| | valorem and | trade agreement
| | 3½ cents | with Belgium.[2]
| | per pound.[1] |
-------------------+------+-----------------+----------------------------
[1] Ad valorem based on American selling price or United States
value.
[2] Generalized to all countries which do not discriminate
against United States products.
Under the Tariff Act of 1930, crude naphthalene is on the free list[18]
and refined naphthalene is dutiable at 7 cents per pound and 40
percent ad valorem on the basis of American selling price, since it is
competitive with refined naphthalene produced in this country.[19] Under
the trade agreement with Belgium, effective May 1, 1935, the duty on
refined naphthalene was reduced to 20 percent[20] ad valorem and 3½ cents
per pound on imports from that country. Under the Trade Agreements Act
this reduction applies also to imports from all other countries which
do not discriminate against commerce of the United States. In July 1938
Germany was the only one not receiving the reduced rate, exports from
that country being subject to the rates specified under the Tariff Act of
1930.
_Import statistics._—Table 43 shows imports of crude naphthalene
(solidifying at less than 79° C.) and table 44 of refined naphthalene
(solidifying at or above 79° C.) The unit invoice values of imports of
refined naphthalene in 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, and 1935 indicate that the
imported product was probably not naphthalene as recorded but one of its
derivatives provided for elsewhere in paragraph 27.
TABLE 43.—_Crude naphthalene (solidifying at less than 79° C.): United
States imports for consumption, in specified years, 1919-37_
--------------+--------------+--------------+----------+-----------
Calendar year | Rate of duty | Quantity | Value | Value per
| | | | pound
--------------+--------------+--------------+----------+-----------
| |_1,000 pounds_| |
1919 | Free | 3,239 | $92,265 | $0.028
1920 | do. | 15,012 | 530,219 | .035
1923 | do. | 20,992 | 575,702 | .027
1924 | do. | 5,267 | 96,491 | .018
1925 | do. | 1,980 | 26,593 | .013
1926 | do. | 6,963 | 126,088 | .018
1927 | do. | 6,576 | 131,436 | .020
1928 | do. | 19,926 | 357,679 | .018
1929 | do. | 35,007 | 598,718 | .017
1930 | do. | 27,667 | 397,292 | .014
1931 | do. | 30,971 | 318,578 | .013
1932 | do. | 27,002 | 234,557 | .009
1933 | do. | 42,786 | 451,019 | .010
1934 | do. | 47,995 | 669,383 | .014
1935 | do. | 48,455 | 643,249 | .013
1936 | do. | 39,806 | 785,396 | .020
1937[1] | do. | 52,664 |1,133,157 | .022
--------------+--------------+--------------+----------+-----------
[1] Preliminary.
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.
TABLE 44.—_Refined naphthalene (solidifying at or above 79° C): United
States imports for consumption, in specified years, 1919-37_
---------------+---------------------+---------+-------+------+---------
| | | | |Computed
Calendar year | Rate of duty |Quantity | Value |Unit | ad
| | | |value |valorem
| | | | | rate
---------------+---------------------+---------+-------+------+---------
| | _Pounds_| | |_Percent_
1919 |15 percent + 2½ cents| 7,650| $384|$0.050| 64.8
| per pound | | | |
1920 | do. |3,697,562|416,172| .112| 37.2
1923 |55 percent + 7 cents | 9,605| 194| .020| 401.6
| per pound | | | |
1924 | do. | 4,549| 1,147| .252| 82.8
1925 | do. | | | |
1926 |40 percent + 7 cents | 424| 125| .295| 63.7
| per pound | | | |
1927 | do. | 18,668| 3,077| .165| 82.5
1928 | do. | 27| 6| .222| 71.5
1929 | do. | ⎫ | | |
1930 | do. | ⎪ | | |
Jan. 1-June 17 | do. | ⎪ | | |
June 18-Dec. 31| | ⎬ None | | |
1931 | do. | ⎪ | | |
1932 | do. | ⎪ | | |
1933 | do. | ⎭ | | |
1934 | do. | 66| 6| .091| 116.7
1935 | do.[1] | 99| 31| .313| 62.4
1936 |20 percent + 3½ cents| 30| 20| .667| 50.5
| per pound[2] | | | |
1937[3] | do.[2] | 5,055| 1,085| .215| 36.3
---------------+---------------------+---------+-------+------+---------
[1] From Germany. No imports under trade agreement rate.
[2] Belgo-Luxemburg trade agreement rate.
[3] Preliminary.
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.
Table 45 shows the principal sources of our imports of crude naphthalene
in recent years. Germany was the principal source until 1936; the United
Kingdom, previously the next most important source, was first in 1936 and
1937. In the last three years appreciable quantities have been received
from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union, hitherto unimportant
sources.
TABLE 45.—_Crude naphthalene (solidifying under 79° C.): United States
imports for consumption from principal sources, in specified years_
-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
Source | 1929 | 1931 | 1933 | 1934
-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
| Quantity in thousands of pounds
-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
Germany | 21,931 | 17,444 | 20,797 | 22,219
Belgium | 2,531 | 253 | 4,970 | 7,314
United Kingdom | 8,096 | 11,339 | 15,704 | 6,968
Poland and Danzig | | | | 5,766
Canada | 1,488 | 331 | 223 | 1,073
Netherlands | 44 | 937 | 1,092 | 621
Czechoslovakia | | | | 2,984
U. S. S. R. | | | | 1,050
All other countries| 918 | 667 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Total | 35,007 | 30,971 | 42,786 | 47,995
+---------+---------+---------+---------
| Value
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Germany |$382,078 |$170,463 |$242,501 |$326,607
Belgium | 48,508 | 2,506 | 57,243 | 90,424
United Kingdom | 124,427 | 123,890 | 135,853 | 78,968
Poland and Danzig | | | | 89,002
Canada | 23,344 | 3,808 | 2,729 | 18,703
Netherlands | 614 | 11,837 | 12,693 | 8,739
Czechoslovakia | | | | 44,371
U. S. S. R. | | | | 12,569
All other countries| 19,747 | 6,074 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Total | 598,718 | 318,578 | 451,019 | 669,383
+---------+---------+---------+---------
| Value per pound
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Germany | $0.017 | $0.010 | $0.012 | $0.015
Belgium | .019 | .010 | .012 | .012
United Kingdom | .015 | .011 | .009 | .011
Poland and Danzig | | | | .015
Canada | .016 | .011 | .012 | .017
Netherlands | .014 | .013 | .012 | .014
Czechoslovakia | | | | .015
U. S. S. R. | | | | .012
All other countries| .022 | .009 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Average | .017 | .010 | .011 | .014
+---------+---------+---------+---------
| Percent of total quantity
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Germany | 62.7 | 56.3 | 48.6 | 46.3
Belgium | 7.2 | .8 | 11.6 | 15.3
United Kingdom | 23.1 | 36.6 | 36.7 | 14.5
Poland and Danzig | | | | 12.0
Canada | 4.3 | 1.1 | .5 | 2.2
Netherlands | .1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 1.3
Czechoslovakia | | | | 6.2
U. S. S. R. | | | | 2.2
All other countries| 2.6 | 2.2 | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0
-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
-------------------+---------+---------+----------
Source | 1935 | 1936 | 1937[1]
-------------------+---------+---------+----------
| Quantity in thousands of pounds
-------------------+---------+---------+----------
Germany | 15,742 | 2,712 | 12,129
Belgium | 2,388 | 2,025 | 1,995
United Kingdom | 10,689 | 16,301 | 17,594
Poland and Danzig | 5,075 | 1,969 | 2,312
Canada | 76 | 255 | 734
Netherlands | 1,344 | 3,794 | 3,359
Czechoslovakia | 6,960 | 6,595 | 6,414
U. S. S. R. | 6,158 | 5,145 | 7,091
All other countries| 22 | 1,010 | 1,038
+---------+---------+----------
Total | 48,455 | 39,806 | 52,664
+---------+---------+----------
| Value
+---------+---------+----------
Germany |$230,820 | $75,314 | $287,901
Belgium | 31,375 | 55,503 | 51,227
United Kingdom | 123,545 | 273,964 | 340,760
Poland and Danzig | 63,992 | 35,439 | 55,184
Canada | 1,169 | 4,093 | 7,941
Netherlands | 19,724 | 105,404 | 93,045
Czechoslovakia | 98,099 | 120,529 | 128,197
U. S. S. R. | 74,354 | 97,815 | 146,331
All other countries| 171 | 17,335 | 22,571
+---------+---------+----------
Total | 643,249 | 785,396 |1,133,157
+---------+---------+----------
| Value per pound
+---------+---------+----------
Germany | $0.015 | $0.028 | $0.024
Belgium | .013 | .027 | .026
United Kingdom | .012 | .017 | .019
Poland and Danzig | .013 | .018 | .024
Canada | .015 | .016 | .011
Netherlands | .015 | .028 | .028
Czechoslovakia | .014 | .018 | .020
U. S. S. R. | .012 | .019 | .021
All other countries| .008 | .017 | .022
+---------+---------+----------
Average | .013 | .020 | .022
+---------+---------+----------
| Percent of total quantity
+---------+---------+----------
Germany | 32.5 | 6.8 | 23.0
Belgium | 14.9 | 5.1 | 3.8
United Kingdom | 22.0 | 41.0 | 33.4
Poland and Danzig | 10.5 | 5.0 | 4.4
Canada | .2 | .6 | 1.4
Netherlands | 2.8 | 9.5 | 6.4
Czechoslovakia | 14.4 | 16.6 | 12.2
U. S. S. R. | 12.7 | 12.9 | 13.4
All other countries| | 2.5 | 2.0
+---------+---------+----------
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0
-------------------+---------+---------+----------
[1] Preliminary.
Source: Compiled from official statistics of the United States
Department of Commerce.
United States exports.
Exports are not shown separately; it is doubtful if any naphthalene is
exported. Demand in the United States has exceeded domestic production.
Competitive conditions.
The commercial development and widespread application of surface coatings
and finishes made from alkyd resins, in which phthalic anhydride and
glycerin are the principal components, has resulted in a world-wide
shortage of naphthalene, which is a raw material used in making phthalic
anhydride. In recent years about one-half of domestic requirements
of crude naphthalene have been imported (see table 46) from Europe,
principally Germany and the United Kingdom. Increased demand for the same
purposes, in these countries, has so reduced the quantities available
for export as to create a serious shortage in the United States. Germany
placed an embargo on exports late in 1935 and continued it until late in
1937.
TABLE 46.—_Crude naphthalene: United States production, imports, and
apparent consumption in specified years_
--------+--------------+--------------+--------------+----------------
| | | Apparent |Percent supplied
Year | Production[1]| Imports[2] |consumption[3]| by
| | | | imports
--------+--------------+--------------+--------------+----------------
|_1,000 pounds_|_1,000 pounds_|_1,000 pounds_|
1923 | 53,325 | 20,992 | 74,317 | 28
1927 | 53,601 | 6,577 | 60,178 | 11
1929 | 39,263 | 35,007 | 74,270 | 47
1931 | 20,934 | 30,971 | 51,905 | 60
1932 | 13,593 | 27,002 | 40,595 | 66
1933 | 30,621 | 42,786 | 73,407 | 58
1934 | 37,922 | 47,995 | 85,917 | 56
1935 | 47,653 | 48,455 | 96,108 | 50
1936 | 89,536 | 39,806 | 129,342 | 31
1937[4] | 115,979 | 52,664 | 168,643 | 31
--------+--------------+--------------+--------------+----------------
[1] From table 33.
[2] From table 43.
[3] Production plus imports.
[4] Preliminary.
Vast quantities of naphthalene potentially available in this country were
not recovered because of the low prices prevailing until 1936. Since
then an increase in the price of crude naphthalene from 1.55 cents to
2.5 cents and 3 cents per pound has stimulated production and has led to
additional recovery.
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
Description and uses.
Phthalic anhydride is an aromatic polybasic organic acid anhydride made
from naphthalene by vapor phase catalytic oxidation. It is marketed as
white needle-shaped crystals or flakes having a melting point of 130°
to 131° C. and boiling at 284° to 285° C. It is the cheapest and most
widely used aromatic organic acid. Its most important use is in the
manufacture of synthetic resins of the alkyd type. Other important uses
are in dye intermediates; in phenolphthalein; in benzoic acid; in dyes
such as indigo, phloxines, rhodamines, erythrosines; and in esters such
as dibutyl phthalate (widely used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose
lacquers and films and of interest as a greaseless lubricant), diethyl
phthalate (used as a perfume fixative and denaturant of alcohol),
dimethyl phthalate (used as a plasticizer in cellulose acetate films),
and diamyl phthalate (used as a plasticizer). Important new processes
using phthalic anhydride as a raw material include the syntheses of
anthraquinone, substituted anthraquinones, and benzoyl benzoic acid.
Before the World War phthalic anhydride was made by heating naphthalene
with sulphuric acid in the presence of mercury; the sulphuric acid acted
as an oxidizer, and sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide were liberated.
This process was used in Europe and in the United States to produce the
small quantities of phthalic anhydride needed for the manufacture of
certain dyes and intermediates. It proved highly unsatisfactory as to
operation; the yield varying widely from batch to batch. The sales price
of the phthalic anhydride produced at that time was as high as $4.25 per
pound, whereas it is 12 to 14 cents per pound today.
In September 1916, Gibbs and Conover, working in the Color Laboratory
of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of
Agriculture, developed a process for the synthesis of phthalic anhydride
by the direct vapor phase catalytic oxidation of naphthalene. This work
was done under the United States Government’s wartime investigation of
the manufacture of intermediates and dyes. Gibbs and Conover were granted
United States Patent No. 1,285,117 covering the basic process, and the
invention was assigned to the people of the United States. This process
revolutionized the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, causing the market
price to drop to $2.85 per pound in 1918, to 46 cents per pound in 1920,
and to 13 cents in 1930. With each decline in price new outlets were
found, and domestic production increased practically every year, rising
from 227,000 pounds in 1918 to 23,500,000 pounds in 1935.
By a remarkable coincidence the same basic process was developed
in Germany, by Alfred Wohl, in the laboratories of the Interessen
Gemeinschaft Industrie A. G. (German I. G.), at almost the same time that
Gibbs and Conover made their discovery. In 1920 Wohl applied for a United
States patent covering this process, claiming invention in the summer of
1916. There was some doubt whether his discovery had been made 2 months
earlier or 3 days later than that of Gibbs and Conover, but in July 1934
the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals rendered a decision
in favor of the German inventor, allowing Wohl’s claim filed with the
German patent office on June 28, 1916. Therefore, Wohl’s claim covering
the air oxidization process was upheld and he was granted United States
Patent No. 1,971,888, issued August 28, 1934 and assigned to the German
I. G.
Several domestic firms began commercial production of phthalic anhydride
about 1918 under the patent of Gibbs and Conover and have since operated
the process continuously. Such manufacturers are presumably protected
from possible patent litigation and the payment of royalties under the
Wohl patent by section 3 of the so-called Nolan Act of 1921, which
states: “No patent granted or validated ... shall affect the right of any
citizen of the United States or his successor in business to continue
the manufacture, use, or sale commenced before the passage of this Act,
nor shall the continued manufacture, use, or sale by such citizen ...
constitute an infringement.”
United States production.
Table 47 shows the production and sales of phthalic anhydride from 1917
through 1937.
TABLE 47.—_Phthalic anhydride: United States production and sales,
1917-37_
------+------------+------------------------+-----------
| | Sales |
Year | Production +------------+-----------+ Unit value
| | Quantity | Value |
------+------------+------------+-----------+-----------
| _Pounds_ | _Pounds_ | |
1917 | 138,857 | 138,857 | $587,240 | $4.23
1918 | 227,414 | 227,414 | 648,650 | 2.85
1919 | 290,677 | 290,677 | 290,037 | .99
1920 | 796,210 | 796,210 | 362,431 | .46
1921 | 202,471 | 202,471 | 79,162 | .39
1922 | 1,629,182 | 1,317,625 | 461,944 | .35
1923 | 2,343,802 | 2,091,100 | 596,508 | .29
1924 | 2,787,308 | 2,277,073 | 556,265 | .24
1925 | 3,900,332 | 3,560,429 | 701,840 | .20
1926 | 4,379,108 | 3,446,175 | 604,949 | .18
1927 | 4,549,820 | 4,064,476 | 686,946 | .17
1928 | 6,030,854 | 5,445,432 | 888,156 | .16
1929 | 9,168,946 | 7,450,037 | 1,147,953 | .15
1930 | 6,693,001 | 5,614,012 | 724,909 | .13
1931 | ([1]) | | |
1932 | 6,259,000 | 5,695,000 | 663,000 | .12
1933 | 14,075,844 | 11,593,716 | 1,271,887 | .11
1934 | 20,680,379 | 13,511,253 | 1,575,787 | .12
1935 | 23,421,558 | 17,931,662 | 2,105,134 | .12
1936 | 31,244,378 | 22,905,873 | 2,824,471 | .12
1937 | 45,210,784 | 17,565,905 | 2,492,473 | .14
------+------------+------------+-----------+-----------
[1] Not available.
Source: Compiled from annual reports of the Tariff Commission on
dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals in the United States.