outstanding debts, the assessable value for two years of the district.
(3.) Where it exceeds the value of one year, the Local Government Board
will not give their sanction until one of their inspectors has held a
local enquiry.
(4.) The money cannot be borrowed for a longer time than 60 years, and
it must be paid off within that time.
(5.) Certain regulations as to sinking funds, &c. (_Vide_ 38 & 39 Vic.
c. 55, s. 234 _et seq._)
The power to borrow money thus granted to local authorities has
undoubtedly given a considerable stimulus to the execution of important
sanitary works which could not be carried out if they had to be paid for
out of the current rates. It is also a fair and equitable arrangement
that permanent works should be paid for by those that reap the benefit
of them, and it is now so arranged that the money borrowed is repaid
within a certain specified time by equal annual payments, in order that
the ratepayer of the present shall not be unduly taxed for the benefit
of posterity.
No regular or fixed times have been settled by the Local Government
Board over which they will allow the repayment of loans to be spread,
but it appears that the duration of the proposed works somewhat guides
the length of time allowed, as will appear from the following list which
I have prepared from the eighth Annual Report of the Local Government
Board:
Description of Work. Number of Years.
Purchase of land 50 to 60
Sewage disposal 30 „ 50
Sewerage works 30 „ 50
Water supply 20 „ 50
Fire brigade purposes 30 and 60
Market Purposes 30 „ 60
Plan of district 20 „ 30
Lamps for public lighting 10 „ 20
Artizans and Labourers’ Dwellings Act 50
Erection of hospital 30
„ „ public baths 30
„ „ slaughter-houses 30
„ „ buildings at sewage farm 30
A public park 50
Cemeteries 30
Gas supply 30
Street improvements 15 to 30
Paving[249] and channelling 15 „ 20
Stables, urinals, enginehouse 20
Construction of a new road 20
Disinfecting apparatus 20
Mortuary and weighing machine 15
Steam road roller 10
Whenever a local authority decide to make application to the Local
Government Board for power to borrow money for any proposed improvements
or works within their district, it is the duty of the town surveyor to
prepare the necessary drawings and obtain the required information in
order to fill in the forms which are supplied from the Local Government
Board office.
With reference to this important part of his duty, I cannot do better
than give the following Suggestions as to the Preparation of Plans of
Proposed Works, by Robert Rawlinson, C.B., C.E., &c. (Chief Engineering
Inspector to the Local Government Board), prepared by him in 1878:
“It will in all cases be necessary, upon application being made for
sanction to a loan, for the execution of works, that plans (or tracings
of the plans), sections, estimates in detail and specifications be
submitted with the application, accompanied by information as to the
population at the two last periods of the taking of the census, the
rateable value of the district, and the amount of outstanding loans.”
“Such plans or tracings may be used for showing lines of main sewers,
drains, water-pipes and gas-mains. The lines of main sewers and drains
should have the cross sectional dimensions of the sewers and their
gradients distinctly marked (written and figured) upon them. The
dimensions of water and gas pipes should also be shown in figures or by
writing.”
“N.B.--No general map should be submitted which is drawn to a scale of
less than 6 inches to a mile, except when the inch ordnance map is
used.”
“Maps upon which sewerage works or water works are to be shown, or for
street improvements, should be not less than the ordnance scale of
¹⁄₂₅₀₀th.”
“The sections should be drawn to the same horizontal scale, and to a
vertical scale of 20 feet to 1 inch.”
Any detailed plan for the purposes of house drainage, paving, the
purchase of land &c., should be “constructed to a scale of not less than
10 feet to a mile, and upon this plan should be exhibited all houses and
other buildings, bench marks, the levels of streets and roads, of
cellars, of the sea at high and low tide level, and the summer and
flood levels of rivers. 3 feet by 2 feet will be a convenient size for
the sheets of this plan.”
“Enlarged detail plans and sections of sewers, side entrances,
man-holes, sewer sluices, sluice valves, water-pipe joints, and similar
details, should be to a scale not less than 8 feet to 1 inch, and for
some details 4 feet to 1 inch.”[250]
“As it may occasionally be desired to carry out works piecemeal, with a
view to save the time which would be occupied in the preparation of a
complete plan from actual survey, it will be sufficient in the first
instance to furnish any available general plan of streets and roads,
with the surface levels and those of the deepest cellars figured in feet
and inches, and the proposed scheme of works shown (or sketched)
thereon, after which the works can proceed in sections. It should be
understood, however, that a complete plan of the entire district must be
proceeded with, so that when the works are finished, the sanitary
authority and this Board may possess a proper record of them.”
And again, Mr. Rawlinson in the same year, at a meeting of the
Association of Municipal and Sanitary Engineers, writes as follows:
“Plans should be neatly and clearly drawn, the cross sectional
dimensions and the gradient being written on the _plan_ of sewers; there
should be a title and scale on each plan, as also on each sheet, and the
date with the name of the engineer or surveyor clearly written so as
easily to be read; this as a rule should be in the right-hand corner.
Many names are so written that experts cannot read them, and plans are
frequently sent out having no title, nor any scale, nor any name.”
“Plans of details, such as side entrances, man-holes, flushing chambers,
and sewer ventilating arrangements, should be at 4 feet to an inch,
larger works may be at 4, 10 to 20 feet to an inch. Clear understandable
and measurable details are desirable . . . I have much trouble in
looking over defectively prepared plans and crude ill-understood and
ill-digested schemes as they are submitted to the Local Government
Board, for approval and sanction to a proposed loan. One great fact
connected with the Board must not, however, be overlooked. It is not an
office of works, it does not undertake to devise neither does it make
itself responsible in any degree for the plans or for the estimates
which may have been sanctioned. Each engineer and each local authority
must both devise and execute the local works, and the district must
alone be responsible for the local expenditure. The Board neither
dictates as to works, nor superintends works, but reserves the power of
refusing sanction to a proposed loan, and of requiring full explanations
as to failures in the works, or as to expenses over estimates before
sanctioning a supplemental loan. The reason that the Board declines
responsibility ought to be clearly manifest; plans and details may be
the best possible, but the ultimate result depends on daily local
supervision, and this the Board does not give; neither local action nor
local responsibility is superseded.”
Speaking on this point at the first meeting of the Sanitary Institute of
Great Britain held at Croydon in 1879, Captain Douglas Galton, C.B.,
says:[251]
“Where a loan is applied for, the plan upon which the money is to be
spent is submitted for Government approval. The Government only lends
the money after the approval of the proposed scheme of expenditure by
one of their inspectors.”
“The Local Authorities of the towns to be drained cannot therefore be
responsible for the plan selected, for the Local Authorities must alter
their plans to suit the views of the inspector. The responsibility of
the engineer is diminished, because he may be compelled to modify his
plan in a manner in which he may not thoroughly approve, and the
inspector has no responsibility in the matter, because, after having
approved of the general scheme, he has no control over the details or
the execution of the work, nor can he be in any way held responsible, if
the result were a failure.”
[248] The Local Government Board have held a steam roller, a steam
fire-engine, a disinfecting apparatus, and lamp columns to be
permanent works.
[249] For asphalte pavements twelve years have been allowed.
[250] “Details may be drawn to any scale larger than the dimensions
named. Engraved or lithographed diagrams, if clear and distinct, will
be accepted. A new plan of any town or district cannot be used for
main sewering, water supply, gas supply, pavements, footwalks, and
other purposes without spoiling it; consequently it had better be
retained as a standard and be zincographed, there may then be copies
for all local purposes. The zinc plates to be the property of the
local authority.”
[251] _Vide_ ‘Transactions of the Sanitary Institute of Great
Britain,’ vol. i. p. 116.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
CONTRACTS.
Contracts being principally a legal question, it is not my intention to
say much on the matter.
In the Public Health Act 1875 will be found the following clauses:
“Any Local Authority may enter into any contracts necessary for carrying
this Act into execution (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 173).
“With respect to contracts made by an Urban Authority under this Act,
the following regulations shall be observed (namely):
“(1.) Every contract made by an Urban Authority whereof the value or
amount exceeds fifty pounds shall be in writing, and sealed with the
common seal of such authority:
“(2.) Every such contract shall specify the work, materials, matters or
things to be furnished, had or done, the price to be paid, and the time
or times within which the contract is to be performed, and shall specify
some pecuniary penalty to be paid in case the terms of the contract are
not duly performed:
“(3.) Before contracting for the execution of any works under the
provisions of this Act, an Urban Authority shall obtain from their
surveyor an estimate in writing, as well of the probable expense of
executing the work in a substantial manner as of the annual expense of
repairing the same; also a report as to the most advantageous mode of
contracting, that is to say, whether by contracting only for the
execution of the work, or for executing and also maintaining the same in
repair during a term of years or otherwise:
“(4.) Before any contract of the value or amount of one hundred pounds
or upwards is entered into by an Urban Authority ten days’ public notice
at the least shall be given, expressing the nature and purpose thereof,
and inviting tenders for the execution of the same; and such authority
shall require and take sufficient security for the due performance of
the same:
“(5.) Every contract entered into by an Urban Authority in conformity
with the provisions of this section, and duly executed by the other
parties thereto, shall be binding on the Authority by whom the same is
executed and their successors, and on all other parties thereto and
their executors, administrators, successors or assigns to all intents
and purposes: Provided that an Urban Authority may compound with any
contractor or other person in respect of any penalty incurred by reason
of the non-performance of any contract entered into as aforesaid,
whether such penalty is mentioned in any such contract, or in any bond
or otherwise, for such sums of money or other recompense as to such
Authority may seem proper” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 174).
In reading the numerous foot-notes that follow the above clauses in
Glen’s ‘Law of Public Health and Local Government,’ it will be seen that
contracts with corporations have been held to be very different from
ordinary ones between individuals or companies. All contracts should be
by deed under the seal of the corporation, or “there is no safety or
security for anyone dealing with such a body on any other footing,” and
this applies also in “respect of any variation or alteration in a
contract which has been made.”
“A committee of the corporation has no power to enter into any contract”
(38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 200).
A member of a corporation may not be “concerned in any bargain or
contract” entered into by the corporation, although this would not
vitiate the contract (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, sch. 11, clause 64), neither
may an officer of the corporation be “concerned or interested in any
bargain or contract” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 193).
It is, of course, necessary before any contract can be entered into,
that the town surveyor should prepare the specification, schedule of
prices and drawings where necessary; this entails a considerable amount
of work.
In addition to ordinary specifications for works, the town surveyor has
often to prepare specifications and schedules for the supply of the
following goods:
Ironmongery.
Paints, etc.
Disinfectants.
Castings.
Coals.
Harness.
Fodder.
Road metal.
Paving.
Clothing.
Stationery.
Horse hire.
and a host of other things too numerous to mention.
A well-written, clear, and comprehensive specification is a most
difficult thing to write, but it should be “common sense” from beginning
to end, any legal phraseology being left to the town clerk to introduce
in his “deed” as required by the Act.
For sewer and drain work lump sum contracts are often undesirable: it is
better to work according to a schedule of prices, and periodical
measurements.
It must not be forgotten that in all contracts the contractor seeks to
make a profit out of the work; if there is no intermediate contractor
this profit goes to the ratepayers. In most sanitary works also the men
employed by the local authority are more skilled in that particular
class of work than the chance men employed by a contractor, and for this
and many other reasons, administration by the local authority is in most
cases preferable to contracts.[252]
Where tenders have been invited by advertisement or otherwise, the
successful person should be written to, apprising him of the fact, and
requesting him to call, sign the necessary specification, deeds, and
drawings; an intimation should also be made to the unsuccessful
competitors that their tenders have not been accepted.
In conclusion, let me thank the authors of the following books for the
useful information which I have gained in perusing them for the purposes
of this work, and, let me add, they can be studied with advantage by
every “Town Surveyor”:
‘American Sanitary Engineering,’ by E. S. Philbrick.
‘Annales des Ponts et Chaussées,’ published in Paris.
‘Annual Reports of the Local Government Board,’ published in London.
‘A Practical Guide for Inspectors of Nuisances,’ by F. R. Wilson.
‘A Treatise on Roads,’ by Sir H. Parnell.
‘Cremation of the Dead,’ by W. Eassie.
‘Experience sur le tirage des Voitures,’ by M. Morin.
‘Healthy Dwellings,’ by D. Galton.
‘Health of Towns Commission,’ sundry reports.
‘Law of Public Health and Local Government,’ by W. C. and A. Glen.
‘Local Board Manual,’ by Owen Harris.
‘New Mode of Constructing Streets,’ by J. Edgworth.
‘Plumbing and House Draining,’ by W. P. Buchan.
‘Practical Treatise on Roads,’ by A. Penfold.
‘Repair of Main Roads,’ by W. H. Wheeler.
‘Roads and Streets,’ by D. Kinnear Clark.
‘Roads, Streets, and Pavements,’ by Q. A. Gillmore.
‘Roads and Roadways,’ by G. W. Willcocks.
‘Remarks on the Present System of Road Making,’ &c., by John Loudon
McAdam.
‘Sanitary Engineering,’ by Baldwin Latham.
‘Sanitary Engineering,’ by Bailey Denton.
‘Sanitary Work,’ by Charles Slagg.
‘Suggestions as to the Preparation of District Maps and of Plans for
Main Sewerage, Drainage, and Water Supply,’ by Robert Rawlinson, C.B.,
&c.
‘Street Pavements,’ by G. F. Crosby Dawson.
‘Steam Road Rolling,’ by Fred. A. Paget.
‘The Parks, Promenades, and Gardens of Paris,’ by W. Robinson.
‘The Public Health and Local Government Act,’ by J. Vesey Fitzgerald.
‘The Interments Act 1879,’ by T. Baker.
‘The Plumber and Sanitary Houses,’ by S. S. Hellyer.
‘The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads,’ by Thomas Codrington.
‘The true system of Wood Pavement,’ Anonymous.
‘The Surveyor of Highways,’ by Alex. Glen.
‘Tree Pruning,’ by A. des Cars.
Various papers in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers.
Various papers in the Proceedings of the Sanitary Institute of Great
Britain.
Various papers in the Proceedings of the Association of Municipal and
Sanitary Engineers and Surveyors.
Various papers from the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society.
Various papers from the Reports on the Application of Science and Art
to Street Paving.
Various reports by Mr. Haywood, Engineer to the Commissioners of
Sewers of the City of London.
Various reports by Mr. Till, Surveyor of Birmingham.
Various reports of Commissions, etc.
[252] Mr. Parry, C.E., Borough Surveyor of Reading, says, “My
experience of such works is that town authorities can obtain both
labour and materials cheaper than contractors, and with efficient
supervision the work costs less money.” (_Vide_ ‘Proceedings of the
Association of Municipal and Sanitary Engineers and Surveyors,’ vol.
iv. p. 89.)
INDEX.
Abattoirs, 328
Abrasion of stone, 48
Accidents to horses, 31
Accommodation in Cattle Market, 345
Acland, Dr., on the surveyor, 4
Acquisition of sewers, 252
Acreage of sewage farms, 265
Action of earth on sewage, 266
Additions to old buildings, 210
Advantage of plants for sewage, 270
Advantages of asphalte, 99
---- public abattoirs, 343
---- separate system, 261
---- steam rolling, 70
---- wood paving, 89
Alleys and courts if cleansed, 238
Allotting numbers, 154
Alteration of old building to new, 209
American footpath, 114
---- paving, 77
---- road rolling, 65
Analysis of asphalte, 97
Angell Lewis on the surveyor, 6
Angles of roads, 30
Annihilation of sewer gases, 277
Application to borrow, 376
Appointment of surveyor, 1, 3, 10, 18
Arc lights, 144
Area of cemeteries, 354, 363
---- sewers, 253, 254
Artificial asphalte, 117
---- stone pavements, 116
Artizans’ dwellings, 284, 291
Ashpits, 226
Asphalte, Mac Adam, 46
---- mastic, 107
---- roadways, 96
Asphaltic wood pavement, 82
Automatic flushing, 262
Aveling and Porter’s roller, 68
Awnings over paths, 184
Bargains. See Contracts
Bars opening outwards, 178
Bayley’s hydrostatic van, 245
Best stones for pitchers, 75
Bitumen, 96
Bituminous concrete, 78
---- mixture, 79
---- roadways, 46
Binding for roads, 62
Blinds over paths, 184
Blood-house, 341
Books on drainage, 315
---- useful, 384
Borrowing, 375
Borders for paths, 320
Bottles and brickbats, 225
Bottoming roadways, 37
Breakages in pipe sewers, 258
Breaking stone, 48, 51
Breaking-up streets, 157
Brick footpaths, 116
Bridges over streets, 33
Broad irrigation, 265
Brown’s street watering, 243
Buildings, dangerous, 188
---- projections of, 176
---- new, 206
---- setting back, 175
Buddle hole, 128
Bullock lairs, 346
---- rollers, 60
Burial fees, 356
---- in clay, 354
Burners, gas, 140
Burning refuse, 233
Butchers, 329, 334
Byelaws for new streets, &c., 206
Cage for trees, 325
Caithness flagging, 112
Caldrons, 107
Candle power, 136
Canvassing, 19
Capacities of surveyor, 5
Carcel power, 136
Carey’s wood pavement, 83
Cart for scavenging, 230
Cast-iron name plates, 151
Cattle lairs, 333
Cattle Market, 345
Causes of breakages in pipes, 258
Cellar coverings, 180
---- door projecting, 176
---- dwellings, 295
Cemeteries, 350
Channelling, 123
Chapel mortuary, 369
Chapels in cemeteries, 351
Charcoal sewer ventilators, 275
Chemical treatment of sewage, 268
Chesterfield lighting, 129
Chicago roads, 38
Chimney shafts, 190
---- ---- ventilators, 275
Chloride of calcium for watering, 247
Choice of street names, 152
Chokages in pipe sewers, 260
Cisterns, objectionable, 302
Clarke’s apparatus, 240
Clay slate, 49
Cleansing of streets, 234
---- private courts, &c., 238
Climate and trees, 321
Clinkers, 225
Closing polluted well, 301
---- slaughter-houses, 330
Coal plates, 182
Coefficients of road metal, 51
Collection of house refuse, 228
Combined system of sewerage, 261
Committees, 23
Common line of frontage, 177
Compensation for setting back, 175
Composition of sewer gas, 278
Compressed asphalte, 96
Concrete, 78
---- footpaths, 113
---- pipes, 254
Condemned meat, 339
Connection with main sewers, 305
Construction of asphalte roads, 98
Contour of roadways, 43
Contract with Gas Company, 132
Contracts, 381
---- for scavenging, 249
---- surveyor must not be interested in, 3, 382
Conversion into new building, 210
Cost of asphalte, 101
---- chemical treatment, 264
---- electric light, 145
---- kerbing, 125
---- maintenance of macadamised roads, 34, 41
---- melting snow, 241
---- pipes, 254
---- scavenging, 248
---- tree planting, 326
---- watering, 244
---- wood pavement, 91
---- working steam rollers, 61, 63
Core hard, 39
Coroner’s court, 370
Cremation, 361
Crops for sewage farm, 265
Croskey’s wood pavement, 82
Damage to roads, 161
---- trees, 327
Dangerous buildings, 188
---- crossings, 33
Deacon on streets, 76
Dead-house, 367, 369
Declaration of public streets, 204
Defacing numbers or names, 149
Defects in dwellings, 295
Defective cellar covers, 181
---- drains, 310
Definition of new building, 208
---- sewer, 252
---- street, 149, 205
Demolition of premises, 285
Deposit of plans of streets, 210
Depth of sewers, 253
Diameter of drains, 315
Diary of water-cart, 247
Dimensions of lairs and pens, 347
Disadvantages of steam rolling, 72
Diseased meat, 339
Disinfection, 371
Disposal of refuse, 232
---- road scrapings, 237
---- sewage, 263
Distance of lamps, 135
---- trees, 324
Division of cemeteries, 355
---- England, 2
Doors opening outwards, 178
Down pipes, 183
Drainage, 303
---- definition of, 303
---- of cemeteries, 351
---- slaughter-house, 335
Drain-cleaning rods, 260
Drains under houses, 316
Draught on roads, 29
Dry systems, 263
Drying sludge, 269
Dust-bins, 226
Dusty streets, 234
Duties of surveyor, 5, 7, 11, 20
Dwellings and cemeteries, 350
Dynamos, 141
Earth as a sewage filter, 266
Easements, 182
Eaves shuting, 183
Effect of traffic, 27
Elasticity of asphalte, 104
Electric lighting, 129, 140
Enamelled name plates, 152
Entrance to cattle market, 346
Erection of hoardings or scaffolds, 187
Escape from fire, 218
Euston pavement, 77
Evasion of Building Acts, 209
Examination of surveyor, 14
Fees for burials, 356
Fences, 320
Filling-in over pipes, 317
Filters for sewage, 267
Filtration of sewage, 266
Fire protection, 218
Fitness of stone, 48
Flagging, York, 110
---- Caithness, 112
---- blue lias, 113
Flag poles, 177
Flints, 50
Float observations, 265
Flushing courts and alleys, 238
Footpaths, 106
---- and snow, 241
Force required on roads, 30
Forms of Notice. See Notice
Foundation of macadamised roads, 39
French burial, 356
Frontage of streets, 174
Fryer’s destructor, 233
Fuel for rollers, 61
Furnaces as sewer ventilators, 276
Furniture of mortuary, 369
Gales and trees, 321
Galton on borrowing, 379
Garden refuse, 225
Gas-burners, 140
---- lighting, 130
Gates opening outwards, 178
Gauge of stone, 52
General markets, 348
German dead-house, 368
Germ theory, 271
Glass name tablets, 152
Gneiss, 49
Good house drainage, 315
Goux system, 233
Gradients of house-drains, 316
---- roads, 30
---- sewers, 253
---- for rollers, 62
Granite, 49
---- foot-pavement, 117
---- kerb, 124
Grass, 320
Grating for trees, 324
Gravel footpaths, 121
---- 50
Grave spaces, 360
---- yards, 350
Green and Son’s roller, 69
Grill for trees, 325
Gritted asphalte, 108
Ground floor, 208
Grouting, 79
Gulley gratings, 126
Hammer-broken stone, 52
Hand or hose watering, 244
Hard core, 39
Harrison’s wood pavement, 83
Hayward on snow, 239
Hayward’s pavement lights, 181
Heads of scavenging, 224
Healey’s boilers, 80
Health of district, 288
Henson’s wood pavement, 83
Hide store, 341
Highways, surveyor of, 20
Hoardings, 187
Hoisting machinery, 337
Horse-shoes, 27
House, definition of, 311
---- drainage, 303
---- refuse collection, 228
---- ---- disposal, 232
---- ---- destruction, 233
---- ---- removed, 223
Houses unfit for habitation, 284
Hydrostatic van, 245
Illuminating power, 135
Imperishable stone-paving blocks, 104
Importation of trees, 322
Improper water supply, 300
Improved wood pavement, 81
Improvement of courts and alleys, 287
---- streets, 174
---- private streets, 193
Incandescent lamps, 144
Inclination of roads, 30
Individuals breaking-up streets, 169
Industrial dwellings, 290
Inertia of load, 32
Ingredients used for precipitation, 269
Inlets for fresh air into sewers, 273
Inspection of drains, 305, 314
---- buildings, 217, 219
Insufficient w.c. accommodation, 297
Interception or dry systems, 263
Intermittent filtration, 266
Intersection of sewers, 254
Iron name plates, 151
Irrigation, 265
Joints of pipe drains, 316
Junction of drains, 307
---- sewers, 254
Keeping sewers clean, 251
Kerbing and channelling, 123
Killing rings, 336
Labourers’ dwellings, 284, 291
Lairs for cattle, 333, 346
Lamp-posts, 134
---- ---- as sewer ventilators, 274
Land necessary for cemetery, 354
Latrines, 282
Laying out a cemetery, 354
Leaky drains, 309
Leaves as refuse, 225
Letters for names, 152
Lias flagging, 113
Licence to break-up street, 172
Lieurner system, 262
Life of brooms, 235
---- carts, 231
---- paving stones, 76
---- wood, 88
Lighting of slaughter-house, 336
---- streets, 129
Ligno mineral pavement, 83
Limestone, 49
Lime-tree, 322
Line of frontage, 177
Lining of slaughter-house, 335
List of borrowing powers, 376
---- chemical processes for sewage, 268
---- duties of surveyor, 5, 21
---- persons called surveyors, 4
---- road metal, 49
---- shrubs, 320
---- trees, 322
---- useful books, 384
Liverpool scavenging, 235
Lloyd’s wood pavement, 82
Locomobiles, 107
Loose stones on road, 45
Macadamised roadways, 34
Machinery for electricity, 141
---- in slaughter-house, 337
Machines for sweeping, 234
---- stone-breaking, 53
Management of cemetery, 358
Manchester abattoir, 333
---- pavement, 78
Manholes for sewers, 253
Manufacturers’ refuse, 253
Markets, 344
Mastic asphalte, 107
Materials of sewage filters, 267
Mechanical subsidence of sewage, 267
Meetings of committees, 23
Melting snow, 240
Merit, test of, 14
Metal road, 48
Meters for public lamps, 133
Method of appointment, 18
Methods of disposal of sewage, 264
---- lighting, 131
---- numbering, 153
---- sewerage, 261
---- sewer ventilation, 276
Minton’s name plates, 151
Model bye-laws, 207
---- lodging-houses, 291
Metropolitan slaughter-house, 339
Money, receipt of, 3
Mortuaries, 365
Mount Sorrel, 75
Mowlem’s wood pavement, 83
Muddy streets, 234
Names of committees, 23
Naming and numbering streets, 149
Necessity for kerb, 123
---- slaughter-house, 328
Newcastle lighting, 147
New streets and buildings, 206
Nicholson’s wood pavement, 84
Norwich wood pavement, 84
Notices to repair private streets, 198
---- of assessment of cost of ditto, 201
---- of defective drainage, 313
---- for breaking-up streets, 158
---- cellar coverings, 181
---- for dangerous building, 190
---- defective shuting, 183
---- doors and gates opening outwards, 179
---- insufficient w.c. accommodation, 298
---- numbering, 155
---- overhanging trees, 185
---- permission to break-up streets, 172
---- to construct sewers on private lands, 256
---- to erect buildings, 214
---- to open slaughter-house, 321
---- signature of, 313
Number of graves in cemetery, 354
Objections to asphalte, 100
---- macadamised roadways, 44
---- steam rolling, 72
---- York flagging, 110
Observations of tides, 265
Obstruction in streets, 174
Obstructive buildings, 286
Old tins, 225
Opening graves, 356, 361
Open space at back of buildings, 218
---- ventilating shafts, 272
Ornamental shrubs, 320
Outfalls of sewers, 265
Overhanging trees, 185
Paget on steam rolling, 71
Pail system, 234
Pails, 263
Painted names, 151
Painting urinals, 282
Pamphlet on steam rolling, 65
Papers, examination, 16
Paris lighting, 135
---- roadways, cost of, 41
---- tree planting, 326
Parks, 318
Parry on contracts, 383
---- watering, 244
Party walls through roofs, 218
Paths in cemeteries, 355
Partially separate system, 262
Paving of Cattle Market, 346
---- lairs, 333, 346
Pebbles, 50
Pedestrian traffic, 33
Pens for sheep, 333, 346
Permission to break-up streets, 172
---- construct cellar, 182
Persons called surveyor, 4
Pig killing, 340
Pinned roadways, 36, 39
Pipe drains, 315
---- sewers, thickness, &c., 258
---- ---- diagrams, 259
Pitch boilers, 80
Pitched pavements, 73
Plan for breaking-up streets, 160
Plans of new streets or buildings, 210
---- of house drains, 317
---- for borrowing, 377
---- slaughter-house, 338
Plane tree, 322
Plants for sewage, 270
Plaster not house refuse, 225
Plates, name, 151
Playgrounds, 318
Pleasure grounds, 318, 350
Paving of slaughter-house, 334
Pole-axe, 336
Polluted water supply, 291
Porch, 176
Portable dust-bins, 227
Position of sewer, 254
Post-mortem room, 370
Powers to close slaughter-houses, 330
Power to borrow, 375
---- make contracts, 381
Precipitation of sewage, 268
Preservation of wood, 86
Private lands and sewer, 255
---- roads improvements, 204
---- slaughter-houses, 329
---- street improvements, 193
Privies, 263
Processes of chemical treatment, 268
Projections, 176
Proportions for asphalte, 109
Prosser’s wood pavement, 85
Protection of surveyor, 6, 8
Pruning trees, 321
Public abattoirs, 328
---- conveniences, 280
---- dust-bins, 228
---- lighting, 131
---- mortuaries, 365
---- works, 376
Punctuality, 24
Qualities of road metal, 49, 51
Quantity of land for sewage farm, 265
Rain-water pipes as ventilators, 274
---- ---- shutes, 183
Rate collecting by surveyor, 3
Rawlinson on borrowing, 377
Receipt of money, 3
Refuse, disposal of, 232
---- from manufactories, 253
---- receptacles, 229
---- trade and garden, 225
Register of drains, 317
---- graves, 360
Regulation of traffic, 33
Regulations of cemeteries, 358, 360
---- connections with sewers, 305
Regulations for breaking-up streets, 171
Reinstating trenches, 162
Removal of snow, 239
---- house refuse, 223
Removing projections, 176
Requirements of artizans’ dwellings, 291
---- drains, 317
---- roadways, 25
Remuneration of surveyor, 7
Reports, 24
---- on duties of surveyor, 10
Resistance of wheels, 31
Roads, private, improvement of, 204
---- in cemeteries, 355
Roadway, specifications of, 35, 36
Road metal, 48
---- ---- list of, 49
---- ---- specification of, 57
---- ---- weight of, 56
---- repairs, 66
---- rolling, 60
---- Roman, 73
Ruts in roads, 45
Safety in traffic, 31
Sale rooms, 341
Sanctuaries, 33
Sandstone, 50
Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, 14
Scaffolds, 187
Scavenging, 221
---- cart, 230
Sea-water for watering, 247
Section of roadway, 43
---- footpaths, 121
Sections of cemetery, 356
Security to be entered into, 3
Selection of trees, 321, 322
Separate system, 260, 262
Setting back buildings, 175
---- kerb, 124
Sewerage, 251
Sewerage, system of, 253
Sewer through private lands, 255
Sewered, 195
Sewage and plants, 270
---- crops for, 265
---- disposal, 263
---- filtration, 266, 267
---- irrigation, 265
---- mechanical subsidence, 267
---- precipitation, 268
---- screening, 267
---- value of, 265
Sewer gas, 277
---- ventilation, 271
Shafts for ventilation, 273
Shed, 176
Sheep pens, 333, 346
Shiel’s composite pavement, 85
Shone’s system, 262
Shop blinds, 184
Shrubs projecting, 176
---- 320
---- in cemeteries, 360
Shutes, 183
Shutter projecting, 176
Sight rails, 257
Sign projecting, 176
Site for abattoir, 332
---- of Cattle Market, 345
---- for cemetery, 351
Size of cellar covers, 181
---- drains, 316
---- graves, 356
---- pitchers, 74
---- rooms, 294
---- trees, 323
Slaughter-houses, 328, 334
Slaughtering, 342
Slippery roads, 32
Sludge, treatment of, 269
Snow, removal of, 239, 241
---- on footpaths, 241
Soil for cemetery, 352
Soot on trees, 321
Specific gravity of road metal, 49
Specifications of roadway, 35, 36
Specification for asphalte, 103
---- flagging, 110
---- for breaking-up streets, 161
---- of wood pavement, 94
---- road metal, 57
---- scavenging, 249
---- tar pavement, 118
Stalls in markets, 349
Stanford’s joint, 257
Step projecting, 176
Stone breaking, 48
Store for hides, 341
Stowe’s wood pavement, 84
Street, breaking-up, 155
---- cleansing, 234
---- definition of, 149, 205
---- lighting, 129
---- lines, 174
---- private, improvements, 193
---- trees, 318
---- watering, 242
Streets, new, 206
Stringent bye-laws, 219
Subjects requiring attention, 21
Subways, 168
Sugg’s regulator, 133
Supervision of new buildings, 217
Surface water over paths, 186
Subsoil water, 261
Surveyor, office first legalised, 1
---- appointment of, 1, 3, 10, 18
---- and private streets, 194
---- as rate collector, 3
---- duties of, 5, 7, 11, 20
---- examination of, 14
---- entry of, to see if new building, 209
---- may be also inspector of nuisances, 3
---- must not be interested in contracts, 3
---- of highways, 20
---- protection of, 6, 8
Sweeping machines, 234
Syenite, 49, 75
Tables of cost of roadways, 41
Table of scavenging, 236
---- watering, 246
Tallow market, 341
Tar paving, 118
Telegraphs under or across roads, 164
Telford, Thomas, 35
Tell-tale on water-cart, 247
Temporary obstructions, 192
Testimonials, 18
Test for asphalte, 97
---- brooms, 235
---- of good drains, 316
---- merit, 14
Thames Embankment, lighting, 147
Tides and outfalls, 265
Tins as refuse, 225
Title of surveyor, 4
Town surveyor. See Surveyor
Traction on roads, 28
Trade refuse, 225
Traffic, 25
Tram track, 80
Trap for drain, 317
Trappean rock, 49
Treatment of sludge, 269
---- wood, 86
Trees, 318
---- in cemeteries, 360
---- overhanging, 185
Trenches cut in roads, 161
Toughness of stone, 48
Tripery, 341
Troughs for pig-dressing, 340
Unhealthy areas, 288
Urinals, 280
Useful books, 384
Use of steam rollers, 61
Vacancy in office of surveyor, 10
Value of sewage, 265
Vans for watering, 245
Vault or cellar coverings, 180
---- ---- under-path, 182
Velocity in sewers, 254
Ventilation of house drain, 317
---- mortuaries, 369
---- sewers, 271
Vigilance of drain inspection, 309
Visit of scavengers, 230
Walls of cemeteries, 351
---- mortuaries, 369
Wall projecting, 176
---- slaughter-house, 335
Water and asphalte, 105
---- companies and streets, 157
---- for slaughter-house, 337
---- over footpaths, 186
---- supply to dwellings, 300
W.C. accommodation, 280, 297
---- in factories, 299
Watering streets, 242
Wear of paving stones, 76
Wearing effect of traffic, 27
Weather on stone, 48
Wheels, resistance of, 31
Weighing machines, 348
Weight of asphalte, 96
---- road metal, 56
---- rollers, 67
---- snow, 239
Widening streets, 174
Width of roadways, 32
Window projecting, 176
Wires for electricity, 141
Wooden name plates, 152
Wood paving, 81
---- treatment, 86
---- wear of, 88
Yards behind buildings, 218
York flagging, 110
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P. L. SIMMONDS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
_A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas._
By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 4to, with _numerous wood engravings and 29
plates_, cloth, 28_s._
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
Introduction -- History of Gas Lighting -- Chemistry of Gas
Manufacture, by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S. -- Coal, with Analyses,
by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and G. R. Hislop, Esqrs. -- Retorts,
Iron and Clay -- Retort Setting -- Hydraulic Main -- Condensers --
Exhausters -- Washers and Scrubbers -- Purifiers -- Purification --
History of Gas Holder -- Tanks, Brick and Stone, Composite, Concrete,
Cast-iron, Compound Annular Wrought-iron -- Specifications -- Gas
Holders -- Station Meter -- Governor -- Distribution -- Mains -- Gas
Mathematics, or Formulæ for the Distribution of Gas, by Lewis
Thompson, Esq. -- Services -- Consumers’ Meters -- Regulators --
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_Practical Geometry and Engineering Drawing_; a Course of Descriptive
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Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College. 20 _plates_, 4to, cloth,
15_s._
_The Elements of Graphic Statics._ By Professor KARL VON OTT, translated
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crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
_The Principles of Graphic Statics._ By GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, Lieut.
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_The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals._
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LOWIS D’A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
_Practical Hydraulics_; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of
Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS BOX. Fifth edition, _numerous plates_,
post 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
_A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and Vertical
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WILLIAM CULLEN, Millwright and Engineer. _With 11 plates._ Second
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_Aid Book to Engineering Enterprise Abroad._ By EWING MATHESON, M. Inst.
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and technical considerations by which success or failure is determined.
The information necessary to the designs of Engineers is classified, as
are also those particulars by which Contractors may estimate the cost of
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_The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; based on the Principle
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CONTENTS:
Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without
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chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies -- Chap. 4. The
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_The Practical Millwright’s and Engineer’s Ready Reckoner_; or Tables
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power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By THOMAS DIXON.
Fourth edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
_Breweries and Maltings_: their Arrangement, Construction, Machinery,
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and partly rewritten. By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 20 plates_,
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the Philadelphia Starch Works. _With 58 illustrations_, 344 pp., 8vo,
cloth, 18_s._
_A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc._;
for the use of Engineers. By THOMAS BOX. Third edition, _with 11
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_Mining Machinery_: a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools, and
other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with the
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Clay, Brick Earth, etc.
_Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, Roads, etc._,
varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. KENNEDY and
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_The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement_, with
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Concrete,’ etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._
_The Draughtsman’s Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing_; including
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C.E. 4to, cloth, 9_s._
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Bordering, and North Points -- Scales -- Plotting -- Civil Engineers’
and Surveyors’ Plans -- Map Drawing -- Mechanical and Architectural
Drawing -- Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulæ, etc., etc.
_The Boiler-maker’s and Iron Ship-builder’s Companion_, comprising a
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of ‘Mechanical Tables,’ etc. Second edition revised, _with
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_Rock Blasting_: a Practical Treatise on the means employed in Blasting
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Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford.
Second edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
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4to, cloth, 5_s._
_Sanitary Engineering_: a Guide to the Construction of Works of Sewerage
and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the calculations of the
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Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second edition, _with
numerous plates and woodcuts_, 8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 10_s._
_Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists_, giving the values
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_Screw Cutting Tables_, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the
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required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe Threads
and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. Second edition, royal 8vo, oblong,
cloth, 1_s._, or sewed, 6_d._
_A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears by
Simple Geometrical Construction_, based upon the principles enunciated
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and Allan’s Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable
expansion combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, Memb. Inst.
Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
_Cleaning and Scouring_: a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for
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_A Handbook of House Sanitation_; for the use of all persons seeking a
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Lectures on Sanitary Engineering, given before the School of Military
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his Son, E. F. BAILEY-DENTON, C.E., B.A. _With 140 illustrations_, 8vo,
cloth, 8_s._ 6_d._
_Treatise on Valve-Gears_, with special consideration of the
Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER. Third edition,
revised and enlarged, translated from the German, with the special
permission of the author, by MORITZ MÜLLER. _Plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._
6_d._
_A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users_, comprising a variety
of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government Inspectors,
Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and Slips,
Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public. By MAURICE
JOHN SEXTON. Second edition, royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._
_The Strains upon Bridge Girders and Roof Trusses_, including the
Warren, Lattice, Trellis, Bowstring, and other Forms of Girders, the
Curved Roof, and Simple and Compound Trusses. By THOS. CARGILL,
C.E.B.A.T., C.D., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers.
_With 64 illustrations, drawn and worked out to scale_, 8vo, cloth,
12_s._ 6_d._
_A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine_, containing Plans and
Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the
Principles involved in Design and Construction. By ARTHUR RIGG,
Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal
Institution of Great Britain. Demy 4to, _copiously illustrated with
woodcuts and 96 plates_, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2_l._ 2_s._;
or cheaper edition, cloth, 25_s_.
This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history of
the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples of Fixed Steam
Engines without entering into the wide domain of locomotive or marine
practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the most recent
arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping, Winding,
Portable, Semi-portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and other similar
Engines, by the most eminent Firms in Great Britain and America. The
laws relating to the action and precautions to be observed in the
construction of the various details, such as Cylinders, Pistons,
Piston-rods, Connecting-rods, Cross-heads, Motion-blocks, Eccentrics,
Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and Equilibrium Slide-valves, and
Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt with. In this connection will be
found articles upon the Velocity of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode
of Applying the Indicator, Heat and Expansion of Steam Governors, and
the like. It is the writer’s desire to draw illustrations from every
possible source, and give only those rules that present practice deems
correct.
_Barlow’s Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots,
Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000._ Post 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
_Camus (M.) Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels_, demonstrating the best
forms which can be given to them for the purposes of Machinery, such as
Mill-work and Clock-work, and the art of finding their numbers.
Translated from the French, with details of the present practice of
Millwrights, Engine Makers, and other Machinists, by ISAAC HAWKINS.
Third edition, _with 18 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
_A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering Surveying,
Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc._, with a general description of
the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting,
etc. By H. S. MERRETT. Third edition, _41 plates with illustrations and
tables_, royal 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:
Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land
Surveying; comprising General Observations -- The Chain -- Offsets
Surveying by the Chain only -- Surveying Hilly Ground -- To Survey an
Estate or Parish by the Chain only -- Surveying with the Theodolite --
Mining and Town Surveying -- Railroad Surveying -- Mapping -- Division
and Laying out of Land -- Observations on Enclosures -- Plane
Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling -- Simple and Compound Levelling --
The Level Book -- Parliamentary Plan and Section -- Levelling with a
Theodolite -- Gradients -- Wooden Curves -- To Lay out a Railway Curve
-- Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for
Estimates -- Cuttings and Embankments -- Tunnels -- Brickwork --
Ironwork -- Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description and Use of
Instruments in Surveying and Plotting -- The Improved Dumpy Level --
Troughton’s Level -- The Prismatic Compass -- Proportional Compass --
Box Sextant -- Vernier -- Pantagraph -- Merrett’s Improved Quadrant --
Improved Computation Scale -- The Diagonal Scale -- Straight Edge and
Sector. Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers -- Logarithmic Sines and
Co-Sines, Tangents and Co-Tangents -- Natural Sines and Co-Sines --
Tables for Earthwork, for Setting out Curves, and for various
Calculations, etc., etc., etc.
_Saws: the History, Development, Action, Classification, and Comparison
of Saws of all kinds._ By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. _With 220 illustrations_,
4to, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
_A Supplement to the above_; containing additional practical matter,
more especially relating to the forms of Saw Teeth for special material
and conditions, and to the behaviour of Saws under particular
conditions. _With 120 illustrations_, cloth, 9_s._
_A Guide for the Electric Testing of Telegraph Cables._ By Capt. V.
HOSKIŒR, Royal Danish Engineers. _With illustrations_, second edition,
crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
_Laying and Repairing Electric Telegraph Cables._ By Capt. V. HOSKIŒR,
Royal Danish Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
_A Pocket-Book of Practical Rules for the Proportions of Modern Engines
and Boilers for Land and Marine purposes._ By N. P. BURGH. Seventh
edition, royal 32mo, roan, 4_s._ 6_d._
_Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from 1 to 108,000._ By
CHARLES BABBAGE, Esq., M.A. Stereotyped edition, royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._
6_d._
To ensure the correctness of these Tables of Logarithms, they were
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the stereotyped sheets were hung up in the Hall at Cambridge
University, and a reward offered to anyone who could find an
inaccuracy. So correct are these Tables, that since their first issue
in 1827 no error has been discovered.
_The Steam Engine considered as a Heat Engine_: a Treatise on the Theory
of the Steam Engine, illustrated by Diagrams, Tables, and Examples from
Practice. By JAS. H. COTTERILL, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Applied
Mechanics in the Royal Naval College. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
_The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc._, with
Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the
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Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. Second edition,
_with wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
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Forms -- Staining -- Polishing -- Spinning Metals -- Materials --
Ornamental Turning, etc.
_Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air by
Self-Acting Suction Power_, with Review of the mode of Calculating the
Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J.
DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement,
_with plates_, demy 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
_Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present._ By the Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP,
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CONTENTS:
Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork -- Tools -- Time --
Historical Summary -- On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels and
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Motion Work -- Length of Time of Going without Winding up -- The Verge
-- The Horizontal -- The Duplex -- The Lever -- The Chronometer --
Repeating Watches -- Keyless Watches -- The Pendulum, or Spiral Spring
-- Compensation -- Jewelling of Pivot Holes -- Clerkenwell --
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_Spons’ Engineers’ and Contractors’ Illustrated Book of Prices of
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C.E., Author of ‘A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,’ etc. Second
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Exponents as Logarithms -- Logarithms -- Tables of Logarithms and
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Proportion -- The Series and the Summation of the Series -- Limit of
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A SUPPLEMENT
TO
SPONS’ DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING,
Civil, Mechanical, Military, and Naval.
EDITED BY ERNEST SPON, MEMB. SOC. ENGINEERS.
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Machine Tools.
Materials of Construction.
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Ores, Machinery and Processes employed to Dress.
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Pile Driving.
Pneumatic Transmission.
Pumps.
Pyrometers.
Road Locomotives.
Rock Drills.
Rolling Stock.
Sanitary Engineering.
Shafting.
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Well Sinking.
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Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs.
Alcohol, 23 pp. 16 figs.
Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp.
Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs.
Alloys.
Alum.
Asphalt.
Assaying.
Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs.
Blacks.
Bleaching Powder, 15 pp.
Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs.
Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs.
Carbon Bisulphide.
Celluloid, 9 pp.
Cements.
Clay.
Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 14 figs.
Cocoa, 8 pp.
Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs.
Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs.
Cotton Manufactures, 62 pp. 57 figs.
Drugs, 38 pp.
Dyeing and Calico Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs.
Dyestuffs, 16 pp.
Electro-Metallurgy, 13 pp.
Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs.
Feathers.
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Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 figs.
Food Preservation, 8 pp.
Fruit, 8 pp.
Fur, 5 pp.
Gas, Coal, 8 pp.
Gems.
Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs.
Graphite, 7 pp.
Hair, 7 pp.
Hair Manufactures.
Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs.
Honey.
Hops.
Horn.
Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs.
Indiarubber Manufactures, 23 pp. 17 figs.
Ink, 17 pp.
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Linen Manufactures, 16 pp. 6 figs.
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Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs.
Mordants, 13 pp.
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Rope, 16 pp. 17 figs.
Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs.
Silk, 8 pp.
Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 11 figs.
Skins, 5 pp.
Small Wares, 4 pp.
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Spices, 16 pp.
Sponge, 5 pp.
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Sugar, 155 pp. 134 figs.
Sulphur.
Tannin, 18 pp.
Tea, 12 pp.
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Transcriber’s Notes
Depending on the hard- and software used and their settings, not all
elements may display as intended; some of the larger tables are best
viewed on a wide screen in a wide window.
Inconsistent spelling, hyphenation, lay-out and use of accents and
thousands separators have been retained except as listed below.
The (inconsistent) use of spaces, underscores, hyphens etc. to
indicate blanks where names, data etc. need to be inserted has not
been standardised.
page 4, Dr. Ackland: possibly Henry Acland.
page 137, 855 décicarcel-cubes: probably the decimal point is missing.
page 372, Ranson’s: should possibly be Ransom’s (cf. Table of
Contents) or vice versa.
Index: not all items are given in alphabetical order, this has not
been corrected.
Changes made:
Footnotes have been moved to the end of each chapter.
Some obvious minor punctuation and typographical errors have been
corrected silently.
Vide has been standardised to _Vide_.
Some tables have been re-arranged or split to fit the available space.
page xv: Leichenhauser changed to Leichenhaus
page 1: c. 63 _s._ 37 changed to c. 63 s. 37
page 14: closing quotes removed from after ... instructions thereon.
page 16: opening quotes removed from before Syllabus of Subjects ...
page 38: closing quote removed from after ... finished pavement.
page 52: Ellisons changed to Ellison’s
page 85, footnote [73]: Henry Allnut changed to Henry Allnutt
page 93: 5 0 changed to 5·0
page 137: décicarcel-tubes changed to décicarcel-cubes
page 164: closing quote removed from after ... is broken up.
page 184: nor exceeding changed to not exceeding
page 233: depot changed to depôt as elsewhere
page 247, footnote [172]: Beaumé changed to Baumé
page 322: Oilantus changed to Ailantus
page 334: (2.) added before _The slaughter-houses._
page 357: footnote anchor [227] inserted
page 368: LEICHENHAUSER changed to LEICHENHAUS
page 371: closing quote added after ... ss. 120 and 121.
page 379: closing quotes added after ... nor any name. and after ...
one of their inspectors.
catalogue page 11: Lord Lindsay changed to LORD LINDSAY as other
authors
catalogue page 15 and 16: several list items moved to new lines as the
other list items.