(A.D. 1487.)
[Venerated in Unterwalden, in Switzerland, whence his cultus has
spread into France and the Netherlands. His life was written the year
after his death by Heinrich von Gundelfingen, canon of Bern. See also
Albrecht v. Bonstetten, Leben d. Selig. Nicolaus von der Flue, vom
j. 1487 aus einer Nürnberger Handschrift herausgegeben v. C. Morel,
Einsiedeln, 1862. The following account is condensed from Catholic
Legends, Burns, London.]
Nicolas von der Flue was born in Unterwalden in the year 1417, near the
village of Sachseln. He was descended from a race of good and pious
shepherds, in whom were transmitted from father to son the ancient
virtues of the Swiss, and who enjoyed during successive centuries
the esteem of their fellow-countrymen. His parents had an honest
competence; and, after the example of their fathers, they adhered
stedfastly to the true and ancient faith, respected the laws of their
country, and brought up their children in piety and virtue. They tended
their flocks with unwearied care; and, after a life of tranquility,
fell asleep in God, full of confidence; for they had walked before
Him, like the patriarchs, to the borders of Jordan. The young Nicolas
grew up beneath their salutary tutelage, and manifested always an
obedient spirit and a love of virtue; gentle and pious even from the
days of his childhood. It was often remarked by those around him, that
after the hard labour of a whole day in the fields, when he returned
home in the evening, he would disappear by stealth to pray in some
secret place. His spirit began thus early to mortify the body, in
order to give itself without distraction to elevated contemplation.
When some one, out of kindness, warned him not to ruin his health in
his youth by such severe fasts as he was accustomed to observe, he
replied, with sweetness, that such was the will of God concerning him.
Notwithstanding his fervent and austere devotion, his demeanour was
cheerful and affable; and he discharged with fidelity all the duties
which his condition of life imposed upon him. He entered upon manhood
endowed with a noble firmness of soul, a penetrating intelligence, and
great purity of heart. In his twenty-third year he took arms, at the
call of the magistrates, in the campaign against Zurich; and again,
fourteen years later, at the time of the occupation of Thurgau, when
he commanded, as captain, a company of 100 men, and manifested such
bravery, that his country decreed him a gold medal as a recompense. A
yet more honourable circumstance in the same expedition was the saving
of the monastery of the valley of S. Katharine, near Diessenhofen,
which to this day reveres him as its deliverer. It was owing to his
exhortations that the Swiss relinquished their design of setting fire
to the abbey, in order to expel the enemy, who abandoned it soon after
of their own accord. In battle he carried his sword in one hand, his
chaplet in the other: he showed himself at once a fearless soldier and
a merciful Christian, protecting the widow and the orphan, and not
permitting the conquerors to perpetrate acts of violence against the
vanquished.
Arrived at manhood, Nicolas married a virtuous young girl, named
Dorothea Wysyling. They had ten children, five sons and five daughters.
Nicolas was himself unanimously elected governor and judge of Obwalden.
The high dignity of Landaman was decreed him by the general assembly
several times; but he feared the great responsibility; and, without
doubt, he felt also that God had reserved him for some other and
greater thing.
Nicolas had thus lived fifty years for the good of his country and
family, and esteemed by all, when, in the year 1467, he felt himself
drawn to a closer walk with God, in a life of entire separation from
the world. His eldest son, John von der Flue, thus speaks of him: "My
father always retired to rest at the same time as his children and
servants; but every night I saw him rise again, and heard him praying
in his chamber until morning. Many times, also, he would repair in
the silence of the night to the old church of S. Nicholas, or to
other holy places." These hours of solitude were to him the happiest
moments of his life; and the interior impulse became even more powerful
to consecrate the remainder of his life to the devout contemplation
of eternal truths. God also favoured him frequently with miraculous
intimations of His divine will. On one occasion, when he went to visit
his flock at a place called Bergmatt, according to his wont, he knelt
upon the grass, and began to pray, when God vouchsafed him a consoling
vision. He beheld a fragrant lily, white as snow, come out of his
mouth, and rise towards heaven. Whilst he regaled himself with the
perfume and beauty of the flower, his flock came gambolling towards
him, and amongst them a noble horse. As he turned to look, the lily
inclined itself towards the horse, which advanced and drew it from his
mouth; by which Nicolas was made to understand that the treasure to
which he should aspire was in heaven: and if his heart was not wholly
detached from the things of earth, he would forfeit the possession of
the celestial joys reserved for him.
Another time, while engaged in the ordinary business of his house, he
saw three men approach him, of venerable aspect, one of whom addressed
him thus:--
"Tell us, Nicolas, wilt thou put body and soul into our power?"
"I give myself to none," replied he, "but the Almighty God, whom I have
long desired to serve with my soul and body."
At these words the strangers turned with a smile one towards the other,
and the first answered: "Because thou hast given thyself wholly to God,
and art bound to Him for ever, I promise that in the 70th year of thine
age thou shalt be delivered from all the troubles of this world. Remain
constant in thy resolution. Thou shalt bear in heaven a glorious banner
amidst the armies of God, if thou hast borne with patience the cross
that we lay upon thee."
Upon this the three men disappeared. These visions confirmed him in
his resolution of separating from the world. He disclosed to his wife
the desire of his soul, and entreated her, for the love of God, to
give him permission to fulfil this vocation. She consented with calm
resignation, and Nicolas began at once to arrange the affairs of his
house, assigning to each of his children his part of the inheritance.
He then assembled all his household,--his old father, 70 years of
age, his wife, his children, and his friends; he appeared before
them barefoot and bareheaded, clothed in the long robe of a pilgrim,
with a staff and chaplet in his hand; he thanked them for all the
kindness they had shown him, exhorted them for the last time to fear
God before all things; then he gave them his blessing, and departed.
That this separation was a trial to him, was evidenced by his frequent
expressions of thankfulness to God that He had strengthened him to
overcome for His service the love he bore to his wife and children.
Nicolas set out with a tranquil heart for the place which God had
chosen for him. Crossing valleys and mountains, he arrived at the
limits of the Confederation. When not far from Aarau, at a spot whence
he could see beyond the frontiers the little town of Liechstall, he had
a remarkable vision. The town, with its houses and towers, appeared
to him enveloped in flames. Terrified with this spectacle, he entered
into conversation with a peasant whom he found in a neighbouring
farmhouse, and made known to him his purpose, begging him to point
out a solitary spot where he might be able to carry it into effect.
This man counselled him to remain in his own country; because, as the
Confederates were not always well received in other parts, he might be
unfavourably regarded, and his retreat be disturbed. Brother Nicolas
thanked his host for this good counsel, and turned his face again
towards home. He rested not till he reached Melchthal, his native
place; where he repaired to one of his pastures called the Kluster.
There he made a little hut of branches and leaves under a larch tree,
in the midst of thorny bushes, and remained without discovery till
the eighth day, neither eating nor drinking, but absorbed in prayer.
Some hunters in pursuit of game first became aware of his retreat,
and spoke of him to his brother, Peter von der Flue, who visited
him, and besought him not to suffer himself to die of hunger in so
wild a solitude. Brother Nicolas assured him that he need be without
uneasiness on his account, as he had experienced no evil result up to
that time. Nevertheless, that he might not seem to tempt God, he sent
secretly for the curé of Kerns, named Oswald Isner, and acquainted him
with the whole case. This good man gave the following testimony after
the hermit's death, as may be read in the parish record of the year
1488:--
"When Bro. Nicolas had passed eleven days without food, he sent for me,
and asked me whether he should take some nourishment or continue his
trial, as he had always desired to be able to live without eating, in
order that he might be more effectually separated from created things.
When I saw that this could come only from the source of divine love, I
counselled Bro. Nicolas to persevere as long as he was able; and from
this time to the day of his death, a period of more than twenty years,
he continued to dispense with bodily food. As the pious brother was
more familiar with me than with any other person, I sought earnestly
to learn from him how his strength was sustained; and one day he told
me, in great secrecy, that when he assisted at Mass, and the priest
communicated, he received a strength which enabled him to refrain from
all other nourishment."
When the fame of this miraculous life spread abroad, people flocked
from all parts to see a man whom God had so distinguished, and to
convince themselves of its reality by personal observation. His quiet
life was, in consequence, so much disturbed, that he determined to
seek a more isolated spot. After traversing several of the wildest
valleys with this intention, he beheld above a gloomy gorge, down which
the Melch precipitates itself with deafening roar, a brilliant light
descending from heaven. Obedient to this indication of the will of God,
he built there a little hut. But the same year, his neighbours, the
inhabitants of Obwalden, edified by his holy life, built him a chapel
with a small cell attached, and presented it to him as a mark of their
affection. Brother Nicolas entered this new dwelling, and continued
there to serve God in the same supernatural life. Meanwhile, the renown
of his extraordinary mode of existence extended far and wide: many were
unwilling to believe that a man could thus live miraculously by the
sole grace of the Almighty, whilst others glorified God on his behalf.
The magistrates of the canton, desiring to verify the fact of the
monastic life of Blessed Nicolas, sent officers, who, for the space
of a month, occupied day and night all the avenues of his retreat,
in order that no person might bring provisions. Thomas, suffragan
bishop of Constance, subjected the brother to a similar test when he
consecrated the chapel; and after him bishop Otho visited the hermit.
The archduke Sigismund of Austria sent, for the same purpose, his
physician, the learned and skilful Binhard de Horneck, in order that
he might attentively observe Nicolas during several days and nights.
Frederick III., the emperor, also appointed delegates to examine him;
but all these expedients served only to confirm the truth. Those who
visited him were so struck with the piety and humility of the servant
of God, that all their doubts vanished, and they left him penetrated
with the most profound respect. When asked how he could exist without
food, his simple reply was, "God knows."
It was only on Sundays and festival days that he left his cell, and
assisted with the rest of his parishioners at divine service in the
church of Sachseln. Once a year he repaired to Lucerne for the great
procession, and to visit the celebrated places of pilgrimage. When the
journey became too fatiguing on account of his advanced age, and the
gifts of pious persons enabled him to procure the services of a priest,
he heard Mass daily in his own chapel, and confessed and received the
Holy Communion frequently. He consecrated to the service of God all the
hours from midnight to midday, at which time he prayed and meditated,
especially on the passion of Jesus Christ our Saviour, who, as he
said, communicated to him in the exercise a miraculous strength, a
supernatural food.
During the remainder of the day, from midday to the evening, he
received those who visited him; or, when the weather was fine, he would
traverse the mountains praying, or visit his friend, Brother Ulrich,
and converse with him on divine things. Ulrich was a German gentleman,
originally from Bavaria, who, after many remarkable adventures, had
quitted the world to establish himself near Nicolas, in this solitude.
Lodged in the hollow of a rock, he led a life similar to his, save only
that he could not dispense with food, which the pious country-people
provided for him. In the evening Brother Nicolas resumed his prayers;
then he went to take a short repose upon his couch, which consisted
only of two planks, with a piece of wood or a stone for a pillow.
At this period the cities and states of the Swiss Confederation were at
the height of their prosperity; the fruit of three memorable victories
over the forces of the Duke of Burgundy.
Six years had not elapsed since the first of these--that of Granson.
In this famous engagement, the Confederates had humbled the haughty
arrogance of Charles the Bold: his fine army, three times stronger
than their own, had been cut in pieces; and this hitherto unconquered
hero, the master of the richest provinces on this side the Alps--the
two Burgundies, Gueldres, and almost all Belgium,--this warrior, before
whom France trembled, and whom Lorraine had been unable to resist,
fled from the field of battle with only six companions. Four hundred
pieces of artillery, six hundred banners, his ducal hat, his sword of
state, the three large diamonds, celebrated throughout Europe, which
were destined at a subsequent period to adorn the crowns of mighty
potentates;--in a word, a camp which was unequalled in richness and
magnificence throughout Christendom, and could only be compared to the
camps of the Turks, fell into the hands of poor mountaineers, who, with
the help of God, had defended their liberty against the cupidity and
pride of a foreign foe.
The second battle took place on the plains of Morat. Charles of
Burgundy was again routed with enormous loss, and obliged to fly a
second time, having with him only thirty men. The Confederates, after
the battle, fell on their knees in thanksgiving for the success of
their arms; the trumpets poured forth a joyous blast; messengers,
decorated with green branches, ran in all haste through the towns and
villages, and the bells rang out exulting peals.
The third of these great battles was fought by the Swiss near Nancy.
The Burgundian, in his despair, had collected all that remained of his
forces, and having on this occasion to contend with troops superior to
his own, he displayed a valour worthy of his name and ancestors. But
all his efforts were in vain; and Charles, the last of his house on the
throne of Burgundy, was once more totally defeated.
The reputation of the Swiss became so great in consequence of these
successes, that the most powerful princes of Europe sent ambassadors
to their assemblies, and sought their alliance. At the negotiations
held at Zurich, in 1478, for concluding peace with Burgundy, were to
be seen envoys from the emperor of Germany, the king of France, the
Archduke of Austria, and counts and lords from far and near. The Swiss
had no longer a single enemy to fear.
The immense booty taken from the Burgundians, and the payments made
on various accounts by France, had occasioned large sums of money to
circulate among the people; and the Swiss had lost something of their
pure and disinterested love for their country.
At the close of the year, 1481, on S. Thomas's Eve, the deputies of the
Cantons met at Stanz, in Unterwalden, for deliberation on matters of
the highest importance connected with the welfare of the Confederacy.
The minds of the delegates had been already so warped by jealousy and
selfishness, that the members of the assembly of Stanz could come to
no mutual understanding, and were unceasingly embittered against each
other. There were two parties in the assembly at variance with each
other; that of the towns, and that of the country. The peasants of Uri,
of Schwytz, and Unterwalden desired peace, and distrusted the ambition
of the citizens, who would draw them needlessly into war. They sought
to maintain the Swiss Confederation within its ancient limits, and
were not disposed to strengthen the opposite party by the admission
of new towns. On the contrary, the towns of Lucerne, of Berne, and of
Zurich exerted themselves to obtain admittance into the Confederation
for Soleure and Friebourg; because they themselves lay exposed to
the attacks of the enemy, Switzerland not having as yet any natural
frontier; and these towns had fought faithfully for Switzerland in the
wars against Charles, and the Confederates in the hour of danger had
promised to admit them into the league.
To this source of discord was added the envy excited by the division
of the Burgundian booty. It was in vain that the cantons of Glarus and
Zug sought to interpose their mediation, and that meetings were held in
various places to reconcile differences. And now the Confederates were
assembled for consultation for the last time at Stanz. The animosity
of party, however, was so great, that after three sessions of angry
debates, the members rose with agitated countenances, and separated
without taking leave of one another, to meet again, perhaps, only in
the conflict of civil war. That which neither the power of Austria, nor
the fury of Charles of Burgundy had ever been able to accomplish, the
Swiss were themselves in danger of bringing about by their own internal
dissensions; and the liberty and happiness of their country stood in
jeopardy.
These considerations filled all good citizens with sorrow and alarm,
and, amongst others, a curé of Stanz, named Henry Im Grand, a man full
of zeal for the good of his country. As he reflected on the danger
which threatened her, his thoughts turned to Brother Nicolas. "This
man," said he to himself, "is, perhaps, the only one whose voice will
command attention now," and, taking his staff, he went in quest of him.
Brother Nicolas replied to his entreaty to come to Stanz with his usual
gravity: "Return," said he, "tell the envoys of the Confederation that
Brother Klaus has something to propose to them."
The priest, full of hope, resumed his journey with all possible
speed; he hastened to the inns where the deputies were preparing for
departure, and conjured them to be again reconciled, and to listen for
the last time to the counsels and proposition of the pious hermit. They
consented; and some hours after, the brother appeared in the midst of
the assembly.
Notwithstanding his great age, Nicolas had performed this long and
difficult journey without resting; his fine majestic figure--which
time had scarcely bent, was seen advancing across the market-place
of Stanz to the town-hall. He wore, according to custom, his simple,
dark-coloured dress, which descended to his feet; he carried his
chaplet in one hand, and grasped his staff with the other; he was, as
usual, barefoot and bareheaded; and his long hair, a little touched by
the snows of age, fell upon his shoulders. When the holy man entered
the hall before all the Confederates, they rose with one accord to
greet him. After a few moments, silence was broken by the sonorous
voice of the hermit, who addressed them with earnest words, and God
gave such grace to his words that in one hour all difficulties were
smoothed away, and base passions were silent through shame before the
severe counsel of a man who appeared before this assembly with hands
raised towards heaven, as a prophet sent from God.
The Confederates, in accordance with Nicolas's advice, received
into their league the towns of Freibourg and Soleure; the ancient
treaties of alliance were confirmed, and further consolidated by
being established on the basis of new laws unanimously enacted. The
pacification of all the Swiss cantons, the maintenance of public
order, and of the authority of the magistrates against disturbers
of the peace, the division of booty according to the rule given by
Nicolas,--such were the points upon which the Confederates, who had so
long contended with so much animosity, came this same day to an entire
agreement.
The brother returned the same evening to his peaceful hermitage. At
Stanz the bells were rung, and sounds of rejoicing floated across
the lakes and through the valleys to all the villages and towns of
Switzerland, from the snowy heights of S. Gothard to the smiling plains
of Thurgau. There was as much joy and gladness everywhere as after the
victories of Granson and Morat, and with as just cause; for there the
Confederates had delivered their country from foreign enemies; here
they saved it from their own passions. Their true deliverer, who had
obtained from them this victory over themselves, was the poor Brother
Nicolas, and as such he was everywhere recognised and extolled.
The towns and countries of the Confederation, and above all, Soleure
and Freibourg, satisfied with the happy termination of their
dissensions, testified their gratitude to the brother by sending him
letters of thanks and precious gifts. He accepted the latter only when
they were destined to adorn his chapel. Berne sent a courier with
a letter of thanksgiving and a handsome present. The answer which
the brother returned, through the medium of his son John, exists to
this day in the archives of Soleure, to which city it was presented
by Berne. From this time the general veneration for Brother Klaus
increased continually.
Nicolas lived six years longer in his peaceful retreat, rich in
benedictions. At length the time arrived when God would call His
faithful servant from the miseries of the world to eternal joy.
Before his death, God sent him a sharp sickness, in which he suffered
indescribable pain. In this condition of suffering he turned from
side to side, writhing upon his couch like a worm trodden under foot.
These frightful pains lasted eight days. He bore them with perfect
resignation, and continued to exhort those who surrounded his bed of
death so to conduct themselves in this life as to leave it with a
peaceful conscience. "Death," said he, "is terrible; but it is still
more terrible to fall into the hands of the living God." When his pains
were a little relieved, and the moment of death drew near, Nicolas
desired with all the ardour of devotion to receive the sacred Body
of the Saviour, and to be strengthened by the Sacrament of Extreme
Unction. Near the dying man stood his faithful companion, Brother
Ulrich, his old friend Henry Im Grand, and the pious anchorite, Cecil,
who after his death led for seventy years the same solitary life in a
neighbouring cell; his faithful wife and children also gathered round
him. In their presence he received the holy Sacraments with tokens of
deep humility; then he thanked God anew for all the benefits He had
dispensed to him, prostrated himself, and died the death of the just.
This event took place on the first day of the spring of the year 1487,
the feast of S. Benedict, the same on which seventy years previous he
was born.
The lily had been the favourite symbol of this pure calm soul; the lily
in flower, resplendent with a divine glory, was Brother Klaus himself,
the humble servant of God, whose name, it is said, even S. Charles
Borromeo never pronounced but with uncovered head.
The skeleton of Brother Klaus reposes in a shrine above the high
altar of the Church at Sachseln, where also are preserved the habit,
staff, and rosary of the saint. A contemporary portrait exists in the
town-hall of Sarnen. He is represented as deadly pale, with deep sunk
eyes, which are red with constant weeping. His chapel and hermitage are
still shown in Melchthal.
[Illustration: Decorative motif]
March 23.
S. PROCULUS, _B. of Verona, 4th cent._
SS. FINGAR, PIALA, _V._, AND COMPANIONS, _MM. in Cornwall, circ._
A.D. 450.
S. VICTORIAN, _Proconsul of Carthage_, AND COMPANIONS, _MM., circ._
A.D. 484.
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A.D. 484.
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S. ALPHONSO TORIBIO, _B. of Lima, in Peru_, A.D. 1606.
B. JOSEPH ORIOL, _P. at Barcelona_, A.D. 1702.