THE IMAGE OF GOD.
If man is immortal, we should naturally suppose that the Bible would
make known so weighty a truth in some of the instances where it has had
occasion to use the words immortal and immortality. Where else could it
more properly be revealed? And the fact that its use of those terms
affords no proof that man is in possession of this great attribute, but
rather that it belongs to God alone, should cause a person to receive
with great allowance the positive assertions of popular theology on this
question. Nevertheless it is supposed that there are other sources from
which proof can be drawn that man has a hold on life equal with that of
Jehovah himself; so that he will live as long as God exists.
The first of these is the opening testimony of the Bible concerning man,
which asserts that he was to be made in the image of God. Gen. 1:26, 27:
“And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let
them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the
air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every
creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his
own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created
he them.”
The first impulse of a person unacquainted with this controversy would
be to ask in astonishment what this has to do with the immortality of
man; nor would his astonishment be in any wise diminished when he heard
the reply that as God is immortal, man, made in his image, must be
immortal also. Has God, then, no other attribute but immortality, that
we must confine it to this? Is not God omnipotent? Yes. Is man? No. Is
not God omnipresent? Yes. Is man? No. Is not God omniscient? Yes. Is
man? No. Is not God independent and self-existent? Yes. Is man? No. Is
not God infallible? Yes. Is man? No. Then why single out the one
attribute of immortality, and make the likeness of man to God consist
wholly in this? In the form of a syllogism the popular argument stands
thus:--
_Major Premise_: God is immortal. 1 Tim. 1:17.
_Minor Premise_: Man is created in the image of God. Gen. 1:27.
_Conclusion_: Therefore man is immortal.
This is easily quashed by another equally good, thus:--
1. God is omnipotent.
2. Man is made in the image of God.
3. Therefore man is omnipotent.
This conclusion, by being brought within the cognizance of our senses,
becomes more obviously, though it is not more essentially, absurd. It
shows either that the argument for immortality drawn from the image of
God, is unqualified assumption, or that puny and finite man is clothed
with all the attributes of the deity.
In what respect, then, is man in the image of his Maker? A universal
rule of interpretation, applying to Bible language as well as any other,
is to allow every word its most obvious and literal import, unless some
plain reason exists for giving it a mystical or figurative meaning. The
plain and literal definition of image is, as given by Webster, “An
imitation, representation or similitude of any person or thing,
sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made _perceptible to the
sight_; a _visible_ presentation; a copy; a likeness; an effigy.” We
have italicized a portion of this definition as containing an essential
idea. An image must be something that is visible to the eye. How can we
conceive of an image of anything that is not perceptible to the sight,
and which we cannot take cognizance of by any of the senses? Even an
image formed in the mind must be conceived of as having some sort of
outward shape or form. In this sense, of having outward form, the word
is used in each of the thirty-one times of its occurrence elsewhere in
the Old Testament.
The second time the word image is used, it is used to show the relation
existing between son and father, and is a good comment on the relation
which Gen. 1:26, 27, asserts to exist between man and God. Gen. 5:3:
“And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years and begat a son in his own
likeness, after his image.” No one would think of referring this to
anything but physical resemblance. Now put the two passages together.
Moses first asserts that God made man in his own image, after his
likeness, and a few chapters farther on asserts that this same man begat
a son in his own likeness, after his image. And, while all must admit
that this latter refers to bodily form or physical shape, the
theological schools tell us that the former, from the same writer, and
with no intimation that it is used in any other sense, must refer solely
to the attribute of immortality. Is not this taking unwarrantable
liberty with the inspired testimony? There is no room for any other
conclusion than that just as a son is, in outward appearance, the image
of his father, so man possesses, not the nature and attributes of God in
all their perfection, but a likeness or image of him in his physical
form.
It may be said that the word image is used in a different sense in the
New Testament, as, for example, in Col. 3:9, 10: “Lie not one to
another, seeing that ye have put off the old man with his deeds, and
have put on the new man, which is renewed in knowledge after the image
of him that created him.” Let it ever be borne in mind that the point
which popular theology has to prove is that man is immortal because in
the image of God. This text is against that view; for that which is here
said to be in the image of Him that created him, is not the natural man
himself, but the new man which is put on, implying that the image had
been destroyed, and could be restored only in Christ. If, therefore, it
meant immortality as used by Moses, this text would show that that
immortality was not absolute, but contingent, and, having been lost by
the race, can be regained only through Christ.
Eph. 4:24, shows how this new man is created: “And that ye put on the
new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness.”
Nothing is said about immortality even in connection with the new man.
Again: The word here translated image (ἐικων) is defined by Greenfield,
as meaning by metonymy, “an exemplar, model, pattern, standard, Col.
3:10.” No such definition as this is given by Gesenius to the word in
Genesis. So, though this Greek word may here have this sense, it affords
no evidence that the Hebrew word in Gen. 1:26, 27, can refer to anything
else but the outward form.
The same reasoning will apply to 1 Cor. 15:49, where the “image of the
heavenly,” which is promised to the righteous, is something which is not
in possession of the natural man, but will be attained through the
resurrection: “we _shall_ bear the image of the heavenly.” It cannot
therefore refer to the image stamped upon man at his creation, unless it
be admitted that that image, with all its included privileges, has been
lost by the human race--an admission fatal to the hypothesis of the
believers in the natural immortality of man.
In 1 Cor. 11:7, we read that man, as contrasted with the woman, is “the
image and glory of God.” To make the expression “image of God” here mean
immortality, is to confine it to man, and rob the better part of the
human race of this high prerogative.
In Gen. 9:6, we read: “Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his
blood be shed; for in the image of God made he man.” Substituting what
the image is here claimed to mean, we should have this very singular
reading: “Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed;
for he made him immortal, and his life cannot be taken.” Evidently the
reference in all such passages is, not only to “the human face divine,”
but to the whole physical frame, which, in comparison with all other
forms of animated existence, is upright and godlike.
But here the mystical interpretation of our current theology has thrown
up what is considered an insuperable objection to this view; for how can
man be physically in the image of God, when God is not a person, is
without form, and has neither body nor parts? In reply, we ask, Where
does the Bible say that God is a formless, impersonal being, having
neither body nor parts? Does it not say that he is a spirit? John 4:24.
Yes; and we inquire again, Does it not say that the angels are spirits?
Heb. 1:7, 14. And are not the angels, saying nothing of those instances
in which they have appeared to men in bodily form, and always in human
shape (Gen. 18:1-8, 16-22; 32:24; Hos. 12:4; Num. 22:31; Judges 13:6,
13; Luke 1:11, 13, 28, 29; Acts 12:7-9; &c., &c.), always spoken of as
beings having bodily form? A spirit, or spiritual being, as God is, in
the highest sense, so far from not having a bodily form, must possess
it, as the instrumentality for the manifestation of his powers. 1 Cor.
15:44.
Again, it is urged that God is omnipresent; and how can this be, if he
is a person? Answer: He has a representative, his Holy Spirit, by which
he is ever present and ever felt in all his universe. “Whither shall I
go,” asks David, “from thy Spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy
presence?” Ps. 139:7. And John saw standing before the throne of God
seven Spirits, which are declared to be “the seven Spirits of God,” and
which are “sent forth into all the earth.” Rev. 4:5; 5:6.
We now invite the attention of the reader to a little of the evidence
that may be presented to show that God is a person, and so that man,
though of course in an imperfect and finite degree, may be an image, or
likeness of him, as to his bodily form.
1. God has made visible to mortal eyes parts of his person. Moses saw
the God of Israel. Ex. 33:21-23. An immaterial being, if such a thing
can be conceived of, without body or parts, cannot be seen with mortal
eyes. To say that God assumed a body and shape for this occasion, places
the common view in a worse light still; for it is virtually charging
upon God a double deception: first, giving Moses to understand that he
was a being with body and parts, and, secondly, under the promise of
showing himself, showing him something that was _not_ himself. And he
told Moses that he would put his hand over him as he passed by, and then
take it away, that he might see his back parts, but not his face. Has he
hands? has he back parts? has he a face? If not, why try to convey ideas
by means of language?
Again, Moses, Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and seventy of the elders, saw the
God of Israel. Ex. 24:9-11. “And there was under his feet as it were a
paved work of a sapphire stone.” Has he feet? Or is the record that
these persons saw them, a fabrication? No man, to be sure, has seen his
face, nor could he do it and live, as God has declared. Ex. 33:20; John
1:18.
2. Christ, as manifested among men, is declared to be the image of God,
and in his form. Christ showed, after his resurrection, that his
immortal, though not then glorified, body, had flesh and bones. Luke
24:29. Bodily he ascended into Heaven where none can presume to deny him
a local habitation. Acts 1:9-11; Eph. 1:20; Heb. 8:1. But Paul, speaking
of this same Jesus, says, “Who is the image of the invisible God, the
firstborn of every creature.” Col. 1:15. Here the antithesis expressed
is between God who is invisible, and his image in the person of Christ
which was visible. It follows, therefore, that what of Christ the
disciples could see, which was his bodily form, was the image, to give
them an idea of God, whom they could not see.
Again: “Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, who,
being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God.”
Phil. 2:5, 6. It remains to be told how Christ could be in the form of
God, and yet God have no form.
Once more: “God who at sundry times, and in divers manners, spake in
time past unto the fathers by the prophets, hath in these last days
spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by
whom also he made the worlds; who being the brightness of his glory, and
the _express image of his person_,” &c. Heb. 1:1-3. This testimony is
conclusive. It is an inspired declaration that God has a personal form;
and to give an idea of what that form is, it declares that Christ, just
as we conceive of him as ascended up bodily on high, is the express
image thereof.
The evidence already presented shows that there is no necessity for
making the image of God in which man was created to consist of anything
else but bodily form. But to whatever else persons may be inclined to
apply it, Paul in his testimony to the Romans, forever destroys the
possibility of making it apply to immortality. He says, Rom. 1:22, 23:
“Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, and changed the
glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible
man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.” The word
here rendered uncorruptible is the same word that is translated immortal
and applied to God in 1 Tim. 1:17. Now if God by making man in his image
stamped him with immortality, man is just as incorruptible as God
himself. But Paul says that he is not so; that while God is
uncorruptible or immortal, man is corruptible or mortal. The image of
God does not therefore, confer immortality.