Economy - overview:
Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture
in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources. One-half of its
irrigated land is planted in cotton, making it the world's
tenth-largest producer. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in
power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken
a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton
sales to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain
limited. In 1998-2003, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack
of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on
extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total
exports rose by 38% in 2003, largely because of higher international
oil and gas prices. Overall prospects in the near future are
discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, the burden of
foreign debt, and the unwillingness of the government to adopt
market-oriented reforms. However, Turkmenistan's cooperation with
the international community in transporting humanitarian aid to
Afghanistan may foreshadow a change in the atmosphere for foreign
investment, aid, and technological support. Turkmenistan's economic
statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject
to wide margins of error. In any event, GDP increased substantially
in 2003 because of a strong recovery in agriculture and rapid
industrial growth.
GDP:
purchasing power parity - $31.34 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
21.1% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 27%
industry: 50%
services: 23% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:
34.4% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.8 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5% (2002 est.)
Labor force:
2.34 million (1996)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 48%, industry 15%, services 37% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues: $588.6 million
expenditures: $658.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1999 est.)
Industries:
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Industrial production growth rate:
1% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:
10.18 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 99.9%
hydro: 0.1%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:
8.509 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
980 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
20 million kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
162,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:
63,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
NA (2001)
Oil - imports:
NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:
273 million bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production:
48.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
9.6 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
38.6 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.43 trillion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products:
cotton, grain; livestock
Exports:
$2.97 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:
gas 57%, oil 26%, cotton fiber 3%, textiles 2% (2001)
Exports - partners:
Ukraine 49.7%, Italy 18%, Iran 13.1%, Turkey 6.2% (2002)
Imports:
$2.25 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 60%, foodstuffs 15% (1999)
Imports - partners:
Russia 19.8%, Turkey 12.8%, Ukraine 11.7%, UAE 10%, US 7.5%, China
6%, Germany 5.7%, Iran 4.4% (2002)
Debt - external:
$2.4 billion to $5 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
$16 million from the US (2001)
Currency:
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Currency code:
TMM
Exchange rates:
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (2002), 5,200 (2001), 5,200
(2000), 5,200 (1999), 4,890.17 (1998); note - the official exchange
rate has not varied for the last four years; the unofficial rate has
fluctuated slightly, hovering around 21,000 manats to the dollar
Fiscal year:
calendar year