CHAPTER XXVII_The Southern South

MORAL REMEDIES

The regeneration of a race, as of mankind, is something that must proceed

from within and work outward. Hence the most obvious remedy for race

troubles is that both races should come up to a higher plane of living.

What has been the progress of the Negro in that direction; what is the

likelihood of further advance? The chance of the blacks is less than it

would be if the white race had a larger part in it. The Negro is

insensibly affected by the spirit of the community in which he lives. He

knows that though ruffians threaten him with revolvers or with malignant

looks that have a longer range, there are also broad-minded and

large-hearted white men who bid him rise; but he is almost cut off from

the machinery of civilization set in motion by his white neighbor; he

cannot use or draw books from the public library; he practically cannot

attend any churches, lectures, or concerts, except those provided directly

for him. On the plantation he hardly sees a white face, except those of

the managers and their families. He has little opportunity to talk with

white men; none for that interchange of thought which is so much promoted

by sitting round the same table. He can attend no colleges or schools with

white students. In the common schools and in many institutions above, he

meets only negro teachers. He is far more cut off from the personal touch

and influence of white men and women of high quality than he was in

slavery times.

Within his own race he experiences the influences of some notable minds,

and, with few exceptions, the men recognized by the Negroes as their chief

leaders counsel moderation and preach uplift. Many of the lesser leaders

are deficient in character, and a large fraction of the ministers of the

gospel do not, by their lives or conversation, enforce the lessons which

they teach from the pulpit; they also have not the advantage of training

by white teachers. In the process of separation of races, the negro mind

has gone far toward losing touch with the white mind. The best friends of

the race are grieved and humiliated from time to time to find that they

had expected something which the Negroes did not recognize as due from

them--service, loyalty, gratitude. Thousands of people believe that the

Negro makes it the object of his life to cheat a white man. Thousands of

Negroes feel that they are not bound by promises or contracts made to

their own hurt.

Since the white race is not in such friendly relations with the Negro as

to impress upon him the causes of white superiority, some Southern writers

would like to see a sort of benevolent state socialism applied to the

Negro, such as laws under which the coming and going of the blacks should

be regulated, their implements secured, and labor distributed where it was

needed. Like many other suggestions, this remedy would cure the Negro's

shiftlessness by taking away his self-control, and would apply to the lazy

black man a régime which would be abhorrent if employed upon the lazy

white man.

Where the Whites appreciate and aid the Negroes, the color line cuts them

off from making the distinctions which are the rewards of the energetic

and successful in other communities. The negro poet, the essayist, and

the educator have no fellowship with those neighbors who could appreciate

their genius. So far as the South can prevent it, the most energetic and

successful negro business man can hope for no public office. The machinery

for uplifting the Negro through white influence is no longer in operation.

The inferior race is thrown back upon members of the inferior race for its

moral stimulus; and then is reproached because it does not form higher

ideals and advance more rapidly. The successful Negro exercising a good

influence among his fellows cannot be admitted to the white man's club,

cannot be made the intimate of men of kindred aims. As Senator Williams

says: "When we find a good negro we must encourage him to stay good and to

grow better. We are doing too little of that. The old adage, 'Give a dog a

bad name and you have made a bad dog,' is a good one. Indiscriminate

cursing of the whole negro race, good and bad alike included, is an

exemplification of the adage. I have frequently thought how hard it was

for a good negro, especially during campaign times, to stay good or to

grow better when he could not come within sound of a white speaker's voice

without hearing his whole race indiscriminately reviled without mention of

him as an exception, even in the neighborhood where he was known to be

one."

One of the strongest civilizing forces both North and South has been the

Church, through which has been spread abroad not only the incitements to

life on a high plane, but the intellectual stimulus of the preacher's

voice, of the association of keen men, of Bible study. The Negro has the

outward sign of this influence, the force of which is recognized by all

candid people; but his clergy are not, as a class, moral leaders, and

here, as in so many other directions, he is deprived of the leadership of

the Whites. For similar populations in the North there is an apparatus of

missions, and the schools and colleges planted by Northerners in the South

are almost all substantially missionary movements; but the South dislikes

them and makes almost no effort to rival them. The Christian church, which

is the bearer of civilization to Africa, China, the American Indians,

leaves the Negroes in great part to christianize themselves if they can.

The white man has another opportunity of helping upward his dark neighbor

through his control of legislatures and courts. Garner would solve the

problem--"not by denying him the advantages of education, but by curbing

his criminal instincts through a more rigid enforcement of the law. The

laws against carrying concealed weapons, against gambling, and against

vagrancy should, if necessary, be increased in severity and enforced with

a vigilance and certainty which will root out gambling, force the idle

vagrant to work, and send the pistol carrier to prison. The abolition of

the saloon and the extirpation of the 'blind tiger' and the cocaine dive

would remove the most potent external causes of negro criminality....

Conditions could be materially improved by the establishment of a more

adequate police surveillance and control and the introduction of a more

effective police protection, for it is a well-known fact that in most

Southern communities this protection is notoriously insufficient. It is

also well worth considering whether some reasonable and effective measures

might not be taken to prevent the movement of the negroes to the towns and

cities and their segregation in particular localities." Says an Alabamian

lawyer: "A different and milder set of laws ought to be enacted for him

than for the white man.... His best friends in the South are among our

'gentlemen.' The low White has no use for him. He hates the Negro and the

Negro hates him." From the federal government, as has been shown above, no

effective legislation can be expected; but may not something be done by

special state action?

Many observers are alive to the possibility of removing temptations which

are thought to be specially alluring to the Negro. The ill-disposed

country black is a rover, a night-hawk, and has his own kinds of good

times, including a supply of whisky; the bad town Negro finds his

pleasures right at hand, and is frequently abetted in them by the white

man. To be sure, low drinking houses, gambling houses and worse places,

flourish among all races in New York, and are no more likely to be

exterminated in New Orleans than in the Northern city for such

considerations. John Sharp Williams would resort to "some sort of

common-sense remedies of the negro question upon the criminal side,

principally in the nature of preventives. In the first place, they suggest

the rigid enforcement of vagrant laws by new laws whenever, in justice and

right, they need strengthening. In the second place, they suggest a

closing of all low dives and brothels where the vagrant, tramp, and idle

negroes consort and where their imaginations--they being peculiarly a race

of imagination and emotion--are inflamed by whisky, cocaine, and lewd

pictures. It must be remembered that that which would not inflame the

imagination of a white man will have that effect upon the tropical,

emotional nature of the darky.... We ought, like Canada and Cape Colony,

to have mounted rural police or constabulary, whose duty it would be to

patrol the country districts day and night." The cry in the Southern

newspapers against negro dives generally ignores the fact that many of

them are carried on by white people, and others are partially supported

by white custom. At the bottom of humanity race distinctions disappear,

and you could find, if you searched for it, in many Southern towns,

beneath the lowest negro deep a lower white deep. The difficulty with

Southern legislation is that it is more hostile to negro dives than to

white dives.

A more promising legislative remedy is an efficient vagrant law, by which

the hopelessly idle, the sponges on the industry of their race, should

receive the dread punishment of work. Northern states which are unable to

find statutes and magistrates strict enough to put an end to the

intolerable white tramp nuisance, have little cause to criticise the

Southern loafers, of whom the Whites are found in quite as large a

proportion as the Negroes. Several states already have vagrant laws, but

they are applied chiefly to Negroes, often very inequitably, and play into

the iniquitous system by which sheriffs make money in proportion to the

number of prisoners that they arrest and keep in jail. The _Birmingham Age

Herald_ says that to abolish imprisonment for nonpayment of criminal costs

is "as much out of our reach as is a flight to Mars.... We must build

jails to suit the operations of the collectors of fees. There is no help

for it."

Suggestions that there be a kind of negro court for the less serious negro

crimes, have been made by Thomas Nelson Page and others; and Negroes could

probably administer as good local justice as some of their dominant race.

In the island of St. Helena, for instance, where seven thousand people for

a long time had no local court, a white magistrate was sent over who sat

day after day drunk on the bench, finally shot a man (the second homicide

on that island in forty years), and was put on his trial, but still held

his judicial office. Perhaps a special negro court for petty crimes would

increase the sense of responsibility; but it collides with the present

system of selling petty criminals to the planters.

Something could be done by an efficient system of rural police such as is

needed all over the country, North and South. In Georgia and South

Carolina bills have lately been pending for a state mounted police which

would be a sort of revival of the volunteer patrols of slavery times. The

suggestion is fought hard, however, on the ground that white men might be

obliged to give an account of themselves as well as Negroes.

The only thoroughgoing legislative measure which seems likely to help the

Negro is prohibition, which is now sweeping through the Lower South. It is

a region which suffers from hard drinking, and there has long been a

strong sentiment against the traffic; but the tumultuous success of

prohibition laws in communities like Alabama and Mississippi is due in

great part to the conviction of employers of labor in cotton mills, in

ironworks, in the timber industry, and on the land, that they are losing

money because their laborers are made irregular by drunkenness. That

objection applies as much to the selling of liquor to Whites as to

Negroes; but the drinking white men have an influence over prosecuting

officers that the Negroes cannot command; and it looks as though the

result would be a kind of prohibition which shuts off the stream from the

dusky man's throat while leaving it running for the white man. If the

South succeeds in keeping liquor away from the Negro in the Southern

cities, it will show more determination than exists in any Northern center

of population.

In general, legislation is not a remedy for the race question, because

breaches of the law come from both sides; and nobody is skillful enough

to draft a bill which will, if righteously applied, apply only to criminal

and dissolute Negroes. The cutting down of drinking shops, the arrest of

the drones, a rural police, enforcement of the liquor laws, will help in

the South because it will bring about a feeling of responsibility in both

races--but race hostility is not caused by laws, is not curable by laws,

and relies upon defying laws.

Perhaps the most striking failure of the Whites to exercise an influence

over the Negroes is through the negro schools. They are, to be sure,

carried on under laws made by white men, administered by state and county

white officials, but there the relation ends. Even from the point of view

of an unsympathetic superior race, the schools are badly supervised; and

when it comes to the teachers, the lower race is thrown back upon teachers

of the lower race. In the North the raw children from the alien families

are Americanized by their fellows in the public schools, under the

influence of teachers taken from the class of the population which has

most opportunity for training. Not so in the South, where the blind are

expected to lead the blind, where negro teachers trained by Negroes are

expected to inculcate the principles of white civilization.

The refusal of the South to permit white people, and especially white

women, to teach the Negroes, is a plant of recent growth. In slavery times

the white mistresses and their daughters habitually taught the household

servants their duties and set before them a standard of morals. Beyond

that, they were often proud of teaching capable slaves to read and write.

On every theory of the relation of the races this transmittal of

civilization was not only allowable, but a sacred duty. Nowadays the

mistresses have the smallest control over or influence upon their

domestic servants; and, with few exceptions, the South absolutely refuses

to improve the low estate of the Negroes by permitting the white young

people to teach them.

The arguments against putting white teachers into negro schools are

altogether weak. The first is that it is unsafe for white women, but the

Northern women who have been for years among Negroes as teachers have no

fear nor cause for fear; and the influence of a pure and refined white

woman would tend to diminish some of the worst crimes of the black race.

It is urged, however, that even men could not teach Negroes, first,

because the Negroes would not trust their girls to them; secondly, because

it would cut off the field or negro employment; thirdly, because a white

man does not wish to teach Negroes; and, finally, because none but

inferior men would seek such employment.

Surely the poor little black children are not likely under any

circumstances to suppose that they are the equals of the members of the

proud families that held their fathers in slavery! The white people sorely

need the employment; the Negroes still more need the example and

admonition of trained and high-minded people. The relation is not unknown.

In the public schools of Charleston, for forty years, the negro children

have been taught by white ladies, and as well taught as the white

children. In Alabama, and even in Virginia, public schools were for a time

taught by Whites, and you hear of sporadic cases elsewhere, as in a

district of Louisiana, where the mother of the chairman of the school

board was a teacher, and she was so incapable that no white school would

have her on any terms, so they compromised by giving her a negro school.

With these small exceptions, a relation between the races, through which

none of the dreaded evils of race equality could come about, was rejected;

and that is the main reason why the negro schools have been poor and

continue inferior. The Southern woman is not below the Northern in a sense

of duty; the Southern schoolmarm is the equal of her Yankee sister in

refinement and in pluck; and the Southern woman was the only class of

people in the South who could at the same time have taught the

pickaninnies to read, and the older people to recognize that the Whites

were their best friends.

Of all the remedies suggested, education is the most direct and the most

practical because it has so far been neglected; education is needed for

the safety of the race. As Leroy Percy, the successful planter, puts it:

"You cannot send these men out to fight the battle of life helplessly

ignorant. In slavery, he was the slave of one, and around him was thrown

the protecting care of the master. In freedom you cannot, through the

helplessness of ignorance, make him the slave of every white man with no

master's protection to shield him"; and he adds, "The education of the

Negro, to the extent indicated, is necessary for the preservation of the

character and moral integrity of the white men of the South." Professor

Garner roundly declares that "Governor Vardaman's contention that

education increases the criminality of the negro is nothing but bold

assertion and has never been supported by adequate proof."

Education is just as much needed to break windows into dark minds, to open

up whatever of the spiritual the Negro can take to himself. It is the one

remedy in which the North can take direct part, and never was there more

need of maintaining the schools in the South, supported chiefly by

Northern contributions; for they have the opportunity to teach those

lessons of cleanliness of body and mind, of respect for authority, of

thrift, personal honesty, of human relations, which the public schools are

less fitted to inculcate. Many of these schools have white teachers, all

have white friends; they interfere in no way with the education furnished

by the South; they teach no lessons harmful to the Negro or the white man;

they perform a function which the Whites in the South offer to their own

race by endowed schools and colleges, and which they do not attempt to

provide for the Negroes. Education is not a cure-all, education is only

the bottom step of a long flight of stairs; but neither race nor

individual can mount without that step.

Throughout this book it has been steadily kept in mind that there are two

races in the South between which the Southern problem is divided; and that

there can be no progress without both races taking part. Here is the most

difficult part of the whole matter: the two races, so closely associated,

are nevertheless drifting away from each other. Time was when men like

Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, and Senator Lamar, of Mississippi,

expected that Whites and Negroes would coöperate in political parties;

time was when former slaveholders joined with former slaves in a confident

attempt to bring the Negroes up higher. Those voices of encouragement

still are heard, but there is in them a note of weariness. Almost

everybody in the South would be pleased if the Negroes (of course without

prejudice to the white domination) would rise or rise faster. It would

mean also much to the white race if the cook always came in the morning,

and the outside man never got drunk, and the cotton hand would raise a

bale to the acre, and the school child would learn to read about how to

keep his place toward the white man.

Every thinking man in the South knows that he is worse off because the

Negro is not better off. That is the reason of the rising dissatisfaction,

wrath and resentment in the minds of many Whites. They feel that the Negro

has no sense of responsibility to the community; they accuse him of

sullenness, of a lack of interest in his employment and his employer. Just

what the Negro thinks in return is hard to guess. "Brer Rabbit, 'e ain't

sayin' nuffin"; but it is plain that the races are less friendly to each

other, understand each other less, are less regardful of each other's

interests, than at any time since freedom was fairly completed. We have

the unhappy condition that while both races are doing tolerably well, and

likely to do better, race relations are not improving.

In other parts of the country where there are such rivalries, efforts are

made to come to an understanding. Each side has some knowledge of the

arguments of the other; they appeal to the same press; the leaders sooner

or later are brought together in legislatures or in a social way, and

gradually come to understand each other's difficulties. Some efforts have

been made in the South to study this question in association. The Negroes

have now several organizations which bring people together for discussion.

The Agricultural and Industrial Fairs which they are beginning to carry on

are one such influence. The negro schools of the Calhoun and Talladega

type do something; the large annual conferences organized by Atlanta,

Tuskegee, and Hampton, with their subsequent publications, are a kind of

clearing house of opinions on the conditions of the Negro and of sound

advice. A few years ago the attempt was made in the so-called Niagara

Movement to organize the Negroes in defense of their political rights.

On the side of the Whites there has been the Ogden Movement, for the

improvement of the Southern white education, part of the outcome of which

has been the formation of the General Education Board and Southern

Education Board. The _South Atlantic Quarterly_, published at Trinity

College, North Carolina, encourages a free exchange of views on Southern

conditions; and though the _Manufacturers' Record_ lays the responsibility

for the Atlanta riots upon the Southern white people who have been urging

moderation in the South, the Southern educational movement goes on

steadily, and seems to be gaining ground.

An effort was made after the riots to bring about a Southern commission of

three white men from each state, to discuss plans for keeping up the race

integrity of the Whites, including the Negro to stay on the soil,

educating both races, and reforming the courts, but it was allowed to

fail. Some Southern newspapers bitterly attacked it on the ground that no

discussion was necessary; that everybody knew all the facts that were

cogent, and that any such discussion of the negro problem would be likely

to bring down criticism from "doctrinaires, theorists and self-constituted

proprietors of the universe in the North." To the Northern mind this seems

one of the most alarming things about the whole matter. The labor question

in the Northeast, the land question in the Northwest, are openly discussed

man to man, and newspaper to newspaper. Nobody thinks that the conditions

in the South are agreeable; everybody would like to see some betterment;

and the refusal to discuss it simply makes the crisis worse.

This opposition is still stronger against any form of joint discussion

between representatives of the white and negro races. The real objection

seems to be that it would be a recognition that the Negro had a right to

some share in adjusting his own future, and that what he thinks about the

question ought to have weight with the white people. This is another of

the cruel things about the whole situation. The whole South is acquainted

with the negro criminal and the shiftless dweller on the borders of the

cities; almost no white people are acquainted by personal observation with

the houses, with the work, and still less with the character and aims of

the best element of the Negroes. For this reason, Northern investigators

have a certain advantage in that they may freely read the statements of

both sides, supplement them out of personal experience and conversation,

and try to strike a balance. There are plenty of reasonable people in both

races, each of whom knows his own side better than anybody else can

possibly know it; hence mutual discussion, common understanding, some kind

of programme toward which public sentiment might be directed, would seem

an obvious remedy, and is upheld by such men as Thomas Nelson Page; yet it

is a remedy which is never tried.

All the suggestions that have been discussed above may be roughly

classified into remedies of push and remedies of pull, and this

classification corresponds to the points of view of the two dominant

classes of Southern Whites. In studying the books, the articles and the

fugitive utterances on this subject, in talking with men who see the thing

at first hand, in noting the complaints of the Negroes and the Whites

alike, it is plain that there is in the South a strong negro-hating

element, larger than people like to admit, which appeals to drastic

statutes, to unequal judicial punishments, to violence outside of the

law; in a word, to "keeping the nigger down." Alongside it the thinking

class of Southern people (which appears to be gaining ground) seeks the

elevation of both races, and especially of that one which needs it most.

Meanwhile the Negro sits moodily by, waiting for the superior race to

decide whether he shall be sent to the calaboose or to school.

The Southern problem is thus brought down in its last analysis to the

simple question whether the two races can permanently live apart and yet

together. That depends, in the first place, on the capacity of the Negro

to improve far enough to take away the reproach now heaped upon him; and

in the second place in the willingness of the Whites to accept the

deficiencies of the negro character as a part of the natural conditions of

the land, like the sterility of parts of the Southern soil, and to leave

him the opportunity to make the most of himself.

The three fundamental duties of the white man, according to Judge Hammond,

of Atlanta, are to see "that his own best interest lies in the cultivation

of friendly relations with the negro.... To treat the negro with absolute

fairness and justice ... advising him and counseling him about the

important affairs of his everyday life." These duties lie upon the white

man because, as Thomas Nelson Page states it: "Unless the whites lift the

Negroes up, the Negroes will drag them down."

Nobody, white or black, North or South, is able to point out any single

positive means by which the two races are both to have their full

development and yet to live in peace. Every positive and quick-acting

remedy when examined is found invalid. Violence of language or of behavior

of both sides does nothing whatever to remove the real difficulties. The

agencies of uplift are slow and uncertain and nobody can positively

predict that they will do the work. The South, with all its magnificent

resources, is far behind the other sections of the Union, both in wealth

and productive power. It can only take its proper place in the Union by

raising the average character and energy of its people--of all its

people--for it cannot be done by improving either race while the other

remains stationary.

In a word, the remedy is patience. Dark as things look in the South, it is

subject to mighty forces. In many ways the strongest influence for peace

and concord in the South is simply self-interest. The most intelligent and

thoughtful men in the South see clearly that unless the people can be made

to improve, the section will always lag behind. Side by side with this

force is the spirit of humanity, of practical Christianity, which forbids

that millions of people shall be cut off from the agencies of

evangelization. The South is behind no other part of the country in a

sense of the greatness of moral forces.

From every point of view, the obvious thing for the South is to make the

best of its condition and not the worst, to give opportunities of uplift

to all those who can appropriate them, to raise the negro race to as high

a point as it is capable of occupying. This is a long, hard process, full

of disappointment and perhaps of bitterness. The problem is not soluble in

the sense that anyone can foresee a wholly peaceful and contented

community divided into two camps; but the races can live alongside, and

coöperate, though one be superior to the other. That superiority only

throws the greater responsibility on the upper race. Nobody has ever given

better advice to the South than Senator John Sharp Williams--"In the face

of this great problem it would be well that wise men think more, that good

men pray more, and that all men talk less and curse less." In that spirit

the problem will be solved, because it will be manfully confronted.

MAP AND TABLES

[Illustration: THE SOUTH IN 1900-1909]

COMPARATIVE POPULATION (1900)

WHITE ELEMENTS CONTRASTED

(_In Thousands_)

-----------------------------------+------------------------------------

NORTHERN GROUPS (1900). | EQUIVALENT SOUTHERN GROUPS (1900).

-------------+------+-------+------+--------------+------+--------+-----

-------------+------+-------+------+--------------+------+-------+------

1 Colorado | 529| 9| 540| 1 Alabama | 1,001| 827| 1,829

| | | | | | |

2 Indiana | 2,459| 58| 2,516| 2 Arkansas | 945| 367| 1,312

| | | | | | |

3 Indian | 303| 37| 392| 3 Florida | 297| 231| 529

Ter. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

4 Iowa | 2,219| 13| 2,232| 4 Georgia | 1,181| 1,035| 2,216

| | | | | | |

5 Kansas | 1,416| 52| 1,470| 5 Louisiana | 730| 651| 1,382

| | | | | | |

6 Michigan | 2,399| 16| 2,421| 6 Mississippi| 641| 908| 1,551

| | | | | | |

7 Minnesota | 1,737| 5| 1,751| 7 North | | |

| | | | Carolina | 1,264| 624| 1,894

| | | | | | |

8 Nebraska | 1,059| 6| 1,066| 8 South | | |

| | | | Carolina | 558| 782| 1,340

| | | | | | |

| | | | 9 Tennessee | 1,540| 480| 2,021

| | | | | | |

| | | |10 Virginia | 1,193| 661| 1,854

| | | | +------+-------+------

| | | | States | 9,350| 6,566|15,928

| | | | | | |

| | | |11 Texas | 2,427| 621| 3,049

| | | | | | |

+------+-------+------+ Total 11 +------+-------+------

Total |12,121| 196|12,388| States |11,777| 7,187|18,977

+======+=======+======+ +======+=======+=======

| | | | | | |

Dakota | 312| ...| 319|12 Delaware | 154| 31| 185

| | | | | | |

10 Oklahoma | 368| 19| 398|13 Dist. of | | |

| | | | Columbia | 192| 87| 279

| | | | | | |

Dakota | 381| ...| 402|14 Kentucky | 1,862| 285| 2,147

| | | | | | |

12 Utah | 272| 1| 277|15 Maryland | 952| 235| 1,188

| | | | | | |

13 Wisconsin | 2,058| 3| 2,069|16 Missouri | 2,945| 161| 3,107

| | | | | | |

14 California| 1,403| 11| 1,485| | | |

| | | | | | |

15 Idaho | 154| ...| 162| | | |

| | | | | | |

16 Montana | 226| 2| 243| | | |

| | | | | | |

17 Oregon | 395| 1| 414| | | |

| | | | | | |

18 Vermont | 343| 1| 344| | | |

+------+-------+------+ +------+-------+------

Double Total|18,033| 234|18,501| Total South |17,882| 7,986|25,883

-------------+------+-------+------+--------------+------+-------+------

COMPARATIVE POPULATION (1900)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

(_In Thousands_)

------------------------+----------------------+---------------+

| RACES. | DISTRIBUTION. |

------------------------+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

------------------------+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

1 Alabama | 1,001| 827| 1,829| 134| 1,695 |

2 Arkansas | 945| 367| 1,312| 71| 1,241 |

3 Florida | 297| 231| 529| 79| 450 |

4 Georgia | 1,181| 1,035| 2,216| 244| 1,972 |

5 Louisiana | 730| 651| 1,382| 314| 1,068 |

6 Mississippi | 641| 908| 1,551| 41| 1,510 |

7 North Carolina | 1,264| 624| 1,894| 97| 1,797 |

8 South Carolina | 558| 782| 1,340| 100| 1,240 |

9 Tennessee | 1,540| 480| 2,021| 270| 1,751 |

10 Virginia | 1,193| 661| 1,854| 272| 1,582 |

| | | | | |

+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

Total 10 States | 9,350| 6,566| 15,928| 1,622| 14,306 |

| | | | | |

11 Texas | 2,427| 621| 3,049| 344| 2,705 |

+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

Total Seceding States | 11,777| 7,187| 18,977| 1,966| 17,011 |

+=======+======+=======+======+========+

12 Delaware | 154| 31| 185| 77| 108 |

13 District of Columbia | 192| 87| 279| 278| ... |

14 Kentucky | 1,862| 285| 2,147| 363| 1,784 |

15 Maryland | 952| 235| 1,188| 557| 631 |

16 Missouri | 2,945| 161| 3,107| 956| 2,151 |

| | | | | |

+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

Total Border States | 6,105| 799| 6,906| 2,232| 4,674 |

+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

Total South | 17,882| 7,986| 25,883| 4,198| 21,685 |

------------------------+-------+------+-------+------+--------+

-----------------------+------------------------+--------------

| FOREIGN WHITES. | ESTIMATES.

-----------------------+-------+---------+------+------+-------

-----------------------+-------+---------+------+------+-------

1 Alabama | 14 | 30 | 44| 1,986| 2,018

2 Arkansas | 14 | 33 | 47| 1,403| 1,422

3 Florida | 19 | 24 | 43| 613| 629

4 Georgia | 12 | 25 | 37| 2,406| 2,444

5 Louisiana | 52 | 108 | 160| 1,513| 1,539

6 Mississippi | 8 | 20 | 28| 1,682| 1,708

7 North Carolina | 4 | 8 | 12| 2,032| 2,059

8 South Carolina | 5 | 12 | 17| 1,435| 1,454

9 Tennessee | 18 | 41 | 59| 2,147| 2,147

10 Virginia | 19 | 33 | 52| 1,953| 1,973

| | | | |

+-------+---------+------+------+-------

Total 10 States | 165 | 334 | 499|17,170|17,418

+-------+---------+------+------+-------

11 Texas | 178 | 289 | 467| 3,455| 3,537

| | | | |

Total Seceding States | 343 | 623 | 966|20,625|20,955

+=======+=========+======+======+=======

12 Delaware | 14 | 22 | 36| 193| 194

13 District of Columbia| 20 | 38 | 58| 303| 308

14 Kentucky | 50 | 139 | 189| 2,291| 2,320

15 Maryland | 93 | 179 | 272| 1,261| 1,275

16 Missouri | 216 | 524 | 740| 3,320| 3,363

| | | | |

+-------+---------+------+------+-------

Total Border States | 393 | 902 | 1,295| 7,368| 7,460

+-------+---------+------+------+-------

Total South | 736 | 1,525 | 2,261|27,993|28,415

-----------------------+-------+---------+------+------+-------

COMPARATIVE POPULATION (1900)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

(_In Thousands_)

---------------------+-----------------------+---------------+

| RACES. | DISTRIBUTION.|

---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

1 Colorado | 529| 9 | 540| 206 | 334|

2 Indiana | 2,459| 58 | 2,516| 608 | 1,908|

3 Indian Territory | 303| 37 | 392| ... | 392|

4 Iowa | 2,219| 13 | 2,232| 375 | 1,857|

5 Kansas | 1,416| 52 | 1,470| 205 | 1,265|

6 Michigan | 2,399| 16 | 2,421| 747 | 1,674|

7 Minnesota | 1,737| 5 | 1,751| 470 | 1,281|

8 Nebraska | 1,059| 6 | 1,066| 169 | 897|

9 North Dakota | 312| ... | 319| 10 | 309|

10 Oklahoma | 368| 19 | 398| 20 | 378|

11 South Dakota | 381| ... | 402| 10 | 392|

12 Utah | 272| 1 | 277| 70 | 207|

13 Wisconsin | 2,058| 3 | 2,069| 634 | 1,435|

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Total | 15,512| 219 | 15,853| 3,524 | 12,329|

+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+

14 California | 1,403| 11 | 1,485| 650 | 835|

15 Idaho | 154| ... | 162| ... | 162|

16 Montana | 226| 2 | 243| 66 | 177|

17 Oregon | 395| 1 | 414| 99 | 315|

18 Vermont | 343| 1 | 344| 39 | 305|

19 Washington | 496| 3 | 518| 165 | 353|

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Total | 3,017| 18 | 3,166| 1,019 | 2,147|

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Double Total | 18,529| 237 | 19,019| 4,543 | 14,476|

+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+

20 Arizona | 93| 2 | 123| ... | 123|

21 Illinois | 4,735| 85 | 4,822| 2,272| 2,550|

22 Nevada | 35| ... | 42| ...| 42|

23 New Mexico | 180| 2 | 195| ...| 195|

24 New Hampshire | 411| 1 | 412| 159| 253|

25 Wyoming | 89| 1 | 93| 22| 71|

26 West Virginia | 915| 43 | 959| 74| 885|

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Total | 6,458| 134 | 6,646| 2,527| 4,119|

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Grand Total | 24,987| 371 | 25,665| 7,070| 18,595|

---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

--------------------+-------------------------+--------------

| FOREIGN WHITES. | ESTIMATES.

--------------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

--------------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

1 Colorado | 90 | 127 | 217 | 603 | 616

2 Indiana | 142 | 364 | 506 | 2,678| 2,711

3 Indian Territory| 5 | 10 | 15 | 498| 519

4 Iowa | 306 | 652 | 958 | 2,210| 2,206

5 Kansas | 127 | 276 | 403 | 1,546| 1,612

6 Michigan | 540 | 832 | 1,372 | 2,557| 2,585

7 Minnesota | 505 | 806 | 1,311 | 1,980| 2,026

8 Nebraska | 177 | 326 | 503 | 1,068| 1,068

9 North Dakota | 113 | 133 | 246 | 440| 464

10 Oklahoma | 16 | 38 | 54 | 558| 590

11 South Dakota | 88 | 156 | 244 | 455| 466

12 Utah | 53 | 116 | 169 | 310| 316

13 Wisconsin | 516 | 956 | 1,472 | 2,229| 2,261

+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

Total | 2,678 | 4,792 | 7,470 |17,132|17,440

+=======+=========+=======+======+=======

14 California | 317 | 442 | 759 | 1,621| 1,648

15 Idaho | 22 | 43 | 65 | 198| 206

16 Montana | 62 | 71 | 133 | 294| 304

17 Oregon | 54 | 85 | 139 | 465| 475

18 Vermont | 45 | 73 | 118 | 349| 350

19 Washington | 102 | 129 | 231 | 599| 615

+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

Total | 602 | 843 | 1,445 | 3,526| 3,598

+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

Double Total | 3,280 | 5,635 | 8,915 |20,658|21,038

+=======+=========+=======+======+=======

20 Arizona | 22 | 26 | 48 | 140| 144

21 Illinois | 965 | 1,498 | 2,463 | 5,319| 5,419

22 Nevada | 9 | 12 | 21 | 42| 42

23 New Mexico | 13 | 18 | 31 | 213| 216

24 New Hampshire | 88 | 80 | 168 | 429| 433

25 Wyoming | 17 | 24 | 41 | 102| 104

26 West Virginia | 22 | 49 | 71 | 1,057| 1,076

+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

Total | 1,136 | 1,707 | 2,843 | 7,302| 7,434

+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

Grand Total | 4,416 | 7,342 |11,758 |27,960|28,472

--------------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-------

COMPARATIVE VALUATION OF PROPERTY (1860-1909)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

(_In Millions_)

Column headings:

P: Population [thousands]

AV: Assessed Valuation

RV: Real Valuation

-------------+-------------------------+----------------+

| 1860. | 1890. |

+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

| P | AV | P | RV | AV |

-------------+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

1 Alabama | 964 | 432 | 1,513 | 623 | 259 |

2 Arkansas | 435 | 179 | 1,128 | 455 | 175 |

3 Florida | 140 | 69 | 391 | 389 | 92 |

4 Georgia | 1,057 | 618 | 1,837 | 852 | 416 |

5 Louisiana | 708 | 436 | 1,119 | 495 | 234 |

6 Mississippi| 791 | 410 | 1,289 | 454 | 167 |

Carolina | 993 | 292 | 1,618 | 584 | 235 |

Carolina | 705 | 490 | 1,151 | 401 | 168 |

9 Tennessee | 1,111 | 382 | 1,768 | 888 | 383 |

10 Virginia | 1,596 | 657 | 1,656 | 862 | 415 |

+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

Total | 8,500 | 3,965 | 13,470 | 6,003 | 2,544 |

11 Texas | 604 | 267 | 2,235 | 2,106 | 781 |

+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

States. | 9,104 | 4,232 | 15,705 | 8,109 | 3,325 |

+========+=======+========+========+=======+

12 Delaware | 112 | 40 | 168 | 176 | 66 |

Columbia | 75 | 40 | 230 | 344 | 153 |

14 Kentucky | 1,155 | 528 | 1,859 | 1,172 | 548 |

15 Maryland | 687 | 296 | 1,043 | 1,085 | 529 |

16 Missouri | 1,182 | 267 | 2,679 | 2,398 | 888 |

+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

Total | 3,211 | 1,171 | 5,979 | 5,175 | 2,184 |

+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

Total South | 12,315 | 5,403 | 21,684 | 13,284 | 5,509 |

-------------+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

-------------+-------------------------+----------------+

| 1904. | 1906. |

-------------+--------+--------+-------+----------------+

| P | RV | AV | P | AV |

-------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+

1 Alabama | 1,955 | 965 | 323 | 2,018 | 344 |

2 Arkansas | 1,385 | 804 | 250 | 1,422 | 250 |

3 Florida | 596 | 431 | 100 | 629 | 131 |

4 Georgia | 2,368 | 1,167 | 505 | 2,444 | 578 |

5 Louisiana | 1,487 | 1,032 | 301 | 1,539 | 459 |

6 Mississippi| 1,656 | 688 | 223 | 1,708 | 223 |

Carolina | 2,004 | 842 | 433 | 2,059 | 489 |

Carolina | 1,416 | 586 | 210 | 1,454 | 250 |

9 Tennessee | 2,122 | 1,104 | 352 | 2,172 | 475 |

10 Virginia | 1,933 | 1,288 | 424 | 1,973 | 424 |

+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+

Total | 16,922 | 8,907 | 3,121 | 17,418 | 3,623 |

11 Texas | 3,374 | 2,836 | 1,082 | 3,537 | 1,139 |

+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+

States. | 20,296 | 11,743 | 4,203 | 20,955 | 4,762 |

+========+========+=======+========+=======+

12 Delaware | 191 | 230 | 76 | 194 | 76 |

Columbia | 298 | 1,040 | 198 | 308 | 198 |

14 Kentucky | 2,263 | 1,527 | 668 | 2,320 | 644 |

15 Maryland | 1,246 | 1,511 | 644 | 1,275 | 644 |

16 Missouri | 3,278 | 3,760 | 1,243 | 3,363 | 1,489 |

+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+

Total | 7,276 | 8,068 | 2,829 | 7,460 | 3,051 |

+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+

Total South | 27,572 | 19,811 | 7,032 | 28,415 | 7,813 |

-------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+

-------------+------------+----------+----------+

| 1907. | 1908. | 1909. |

| Assessed | Assessed | Asses'd |

| Valuation. |Valuation.|Valuation.|

-------------+------------+----------+----------+

1 Alabama | 451 | 451 | 484 |

2 Arkansas | 302 | 302 | 327 |

3 Florida | 142 | 142 | 131 |

4 Georgia | 700 | 700 | 705 |

5 Louisiana | 459 | 459 | 524 |

6 Mississippi| 223 | 223 | 393 |

7 North | | | |

Carolina | 575 | 575 | 565 |

8 South | | | |

Carolina | 267 | 267 | 271 |

9 Tennessee | 475 | 475 | 444 |

10 Virginia | 424 | 424 | 580 |

+------------+----------+----------+

Total | 4,018 | 4,018 | 4,424 |

11 Texas | 1,139 | 1,139 | 2,174 |

+------------+----------+----------+

Total | | | |

Seceding | | | |

States. | 5,157 | 5,157 | 6,598 |

+============+==========+==========+

12 Delaware | 76 | 76 | 76 |

13 Dist. | | | |

Columbia | 279 | 279 | 312 |

14 Kentucky | 644 | 644 | 753 |

15 Maryland | 765 | 765 | 765 |

16 Missouri | 1,553 | 1,622 | 1,547 |

+------------+----------+----------+

Total | 3,317 | 3,386 | 3,453 |

+------------+----------+----------+

Total South | 8,474 | 8,543 | 10,051 |

-------------+------------+----------+----------+

COMPARATIVE VALUATIONS OF PROPERTY (1860-1909)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

(_In Millions_)

Column headings:

P: Population [thousands]

AV: Assessed Valuation

RV: Real Valuation

---------------+-------------+--------------------+---------------------+

| 1860. | 1890. | 1904. |

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

| P | AV | P | RV | AV | P | RV | AV |

---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

1 Colorado | 34| ...| 412| 1,146| 221| 590| 1,208| 465 |

2 Indiana | 1,350| 411| 2,192| 2,095| 857| 2,646| 3,106| 1,360 |

3 Indian Terr.| ...| ...| 180| ...| ...| 477| 459| ... |

4 Iowa | 675| 205| 1,912| 2,287| 519| 2,214| 4,049| 642 |

5 Kansas | 107| 23| 1,427| 1,799| 348| 1,534| 2,253| 378 |

6 Michigan | 749| 164| 2,094| 2,095| 898| 2,530| 3,282| 1,578 |

7 Minnesota | 172| 32| 1,302| 1,692| 589| 1,934| 3,344| 871 |

8 Nebraska | 29| 7| 1,059| 1,276| 185| 1,068| 2,010| 295 |

9 North Dakota| ...| ...| 183| 337| 88| 416| 736| 117 |

10 Oklahoma | ...| ...| 62| ...| ...| 526| 636| ... |

11 South Dakota| ...| ...| 329| 425| 140| 444| 680| 173 |

12 Utah | 40| 4| 208| 349| 106| 303| 488| 50 |

13 Wisconsin | 776| 186| 1,687| 1,833| 577| 2,197| 2,839| 1,358 |

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

Total | 3,932| 1,032|13,047|15,334| 4,528|16,879|25,090| 7,287 |

+======+======+======+======+======+======+======+=======+

14 California | 380| 140| 1,208| 2,534| 1,101| 1,594| 4,115| 1,551 |

15 Idaho | ...| ...| 84| 208| 26| 191| 343| 67 |

16 Montana | ...| ...| 132| 453| 113| 283| 746| 153 |

17 Oregon | 52| 19| 314| 590| 166| 454| 852| 174 |

18 Vermont | 315| 85| 332| 266| 162| 348| 360| 168 |

19 Washington | 12| 4| 349| 761| 218| 582| 1,052| 298 |

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

Total | 759| 248| 2,419| 4,812| 1,786| 3,452| 7,468| 2,411 |

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

Double Total | 4,691| 1,280|15,466|20,146| 6,314|20,331|32,558| 9,698 |

+======+======+======+======+======+======+======+=======+

20 Arizona | ...| ...| 60| 189| 28| 137| 306| 45 |

21 Illinois | 1,712| 389| 3,826| 5,067| 810| 5,220| 8,817| 1,083 |

22 Nevada | 7| ...| 46| 180| 25| 42| 221| 28 |

23 New Mexico | 94| 21| 154| 231| 43| 209| 332| 42 |

24 New | | | | | | | | |

Hampshire | 326| 124| 377| 325| 263| 426| 517| 221 |

25 Wyoming | ...| ...| 61| 170| 33| 100| 330| 47 |

26 W. Virginia | ...| ...| 763| 439| 187| 1,037| 840| 242 |

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

Total | 2,139| 534| 5,287| 6,601| 1,389| 7,171|11,363| 1,708 |

+======+======+======+======+======+======+======+=======+

Grand Total | 6,830| 1,814|20,753|26,747| 7,703|27,502|43,921|11,406 |

---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+

----------------+---------------+-------+-------+-------

| 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909.

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

| P | AV | AV | AV | AV

----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

1 Colorado | 616| 465| 465| 465| 465

2 Indiana | 2,711| 1,598| 1,598| 1,768| 1,776

3 Indian Terr. | 519| ...| ...| ...| ...

4 Iowa | 2,206| 635| 590| 599| 613

5 Kansas | 1,612| 378| 425| 2,454| 2,511

6 Michigan | 2,585| 1,596| 1,654| 1,654| 1,649

7 Minnesota | 2,026| 871| 1,037| 1,037| 1,091

8 Nebraska | 1,068| 313| 329| 392| 392

9 North Dakota | 464| 196| 196| 227| 280

10 Oklahoma | 590| 97| 97| 97| 860

11 South Dakota | 466| 173| 173| 284| 321

12 Utah | 316| 146| 146| 146| 146

13 Wisconsin | 2,261| 1,385| 1,385| 1,385| 2,479

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Total | 17,440| 7,853| 8,095| 10,508|12,583

+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======

14 California | 1,648| 1,595| 1,879| 1,995| 2,337

15 Idaho | 206| 81| 81| 116| 121

16 Montana | 304| 234| 251| 252| 280

17 Oregon | 475| 188| 188| 188| 598

18 Vermont | 350| 188| 184| 184| 186

19 Washington | 615| 329| 573| 573| 790

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Total | 3,598| 2,615| 3,156| 3,308| 4,312

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Double Total | 21,038| 10,468| 11,251| 13,816|16,895

+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======

20 Arizona | 144| 45| 76| 81| 84

21 Illinois | 5,419| 1,083| 1,127| 1,127| 1,264

22 Nevada | 42| 44| 44| 44| 74

23 New Mexico | 216| 43| 43| 43| 64

24 New Hampshire| 433| 232| 238| 245| 249

25 Wyoming | 104| 51| 64| 68| 186

26 W. Virginia | 1,076| 875| 850| 850| 1,068

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Total | 7,434| 2,373| 2,442| 2,458| 2,989

+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======

Grand Total | 28,472| 12,841| 13,693| 16,274|19,884

----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

COMPARATIVE BANKING STATISTICS (1865-1906)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

(_In Thousands of Dollars_)

-----------------+------------------------------+----------+

| NATIONAL BANKS, 1865. |All Banks,|

+---+--------+---------+-------+ 1896. |

-----------------+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+

1 Alabama | 2| ... | ... | ... | 6,856 |

2 Arkansas | 0| ... | ... | ... | 3,555 |

3 Florida | 0| ... | ... | ... | 5,531 |

4 Georgia | 1| 100 | 350 | 466 | 10,952 |

5 Louisiana | 1| 500 | 5,089 | 6,572 | 25,307 |

6 Mississippi | 1| 50 | 86 | 163 | 8,909 |

7 North Carolina| 2| 68 | 52 | 141 | 9,722 |

8 South Carolina| 0| ... | ... | ... | 9,891 |

9 Tennessee | 7| 340 | 939 | 1,850 | 21,723 |

10 Virginia | 10| 1,089 | 3,910 | 7,246 | 28,244 |

+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+

States | 24| 2,147 | 10,426 |16,438 | 130,690 |

11 Texas | 0| ... | ... | ... | 31,747 |

+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+

States | 24| 2,147 | 10,426 |16,438 | 162,437 |

+===+========+=========+=======+==========+

12 Delaware | 11| 1,328 | 1,555 | 4,479 | 7,020 |

13 Dist. Columbia| 6| 1,550 | 5,483 |18,396 | 18,677 |

14 Kentucky | 11| 2,272 | 2,129 | 6,841 | 41,502 |

15 Maryland | 27| 11,910 | 15,212 |38,923 | 87,354 |

16 Missouri | 11| 3,574 | 5,622 |14,144 | 117,150 |

+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+

States | 66| 20,634 | 30,001 |82,783 | 271,703 |

+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+

Whole South | 90| 22,781 | 40,427 |99,221 | 434,140 |

-----------------+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+

-----------------+----------------------------------+--------------------

| NATIONAL BANKS, 1905. | ALL BANKS, 1906.

+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

-----------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

1 Alabama | 67| 5,993| 21,235| 37,809| 52,004| 238,514

2 Arkansas | 28| 2,650| 8,803| 15,323| 19,533| 62,608

3 Florida | 34| 2,840| 14,085| 22,837| 31,878| ...

4 Georgia | 63| 6,371| 22,527| 43,333| 68,131| 594,700

5 Louisiana | 35| 5,905| 30,091| 55,678| 83,634| 984,264

6 Mississippi | 25| 2,970| 8,578| 16,139| 44,727| ...

7 North Carolina| 48| 3,850| 14,057| 26,499| 47,377| 19,484

8 South Carolina| 24| 2,986| 9,059| 18,819| 41,095| 68,415

9 Tennessee | 68| 8,425| 36,417| 66,079| 86,706| 594,979

10 Virginia | 85| 8,344| 42,277| 76,381| 95,132| 411,353

+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------|----------

States | 477| 50,334| 207,129| 378,897| 570,217| 2,974,317

11 Texas | 440| 32,295| 101,285| 189,484| 130,364| 946,197

+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

States | 917| 82,629| 308,414| 568,381| 700,581| 3,920,514

+=====+========+=========+=========+=========+==========

12 Delaware | 24| 2,274| 8,164| 14,220| 24,552| 65,309

13 Dist. Columbia| 12| 4,827| 21,868| 41,391| 47,861| 284,214

14 Kentucky | 124| 14,686| 40,208| 89,523| 105,252| 674,079

15 Maryland | 89| 17,294| 61,986| 130,422| 171,313| 1,442,156

16 Missouri | 101| 23,580| 117,079| 309,821| 347,613| 4,373,738

+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

States | 350| 62,661| 249,305| 585,377| 696,591| 6,839,496

+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

Whole South |1,267| 145,290| 557,719|1,153,758|1,397,172|10,760,010

-----------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

COMPARATIVE BANKING STATISTICS (1865-1906)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

(_In Thousands of Dollars_)

----------------+--------------------------------+----------+

| |All Banks.|

| NATIONAL BANKS, 1865. | 1896. |

| |Deposits. |

+----+--------+---------+--------+ |

----------------+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

1 Colorado | 1| 200 | 162 | 427 | 29,967 |

2 Indiana | 70| 12,260 | 10,526 | 33,259 | 52,386 |

3 Indian Terr. | 0| ... | ... | ... | 704 |

4 Iowa | 36| 3,196 | 5,110 | 11,128 | 78,440 |

5 Kansas | 2| 200 | 2,479 | 2,910 | 30,529 |

6 Michigan | 35| 4,148 | 4,307 | 11,665 | 103,671 |

7 Minnesota | 11| 1,345 | 1,894 | 4,582 | 68,494 |

8 Nebraska | 2| 115 | 337 | 525 | 30,866 |

9 North Dakota | 0| ... | ... | ... | 7,032 |

10 Oklahoma | 0| ... | ... | ... | 756 |

11 South Dakota | 0| ... | ... | ... | 7,217 |

12 Utah | 0| ... | ... | ... | 6,366 |

13 Wisconsin | 34| 200 | 262 | 463 | 68,864 |

+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

Total | 191| 21,664 | 25,077 | 64,959 | 485,292 |

+====+========+=========+========+==========+

14 California | 0| ... | ... | ... | 202,874 |

15 Idaho | 0| ... | ... | ... | 1,969 |

16 Montana | 0| ... | ... | ... | 16,801 |

17 Oregon | 0| ... | ... | ... | 9,262 |

18 Vermont | 27| 4,863 | 1,019 | 10,384 | 40,572 |

19 Washington | 0| ... | ... | ... | 9,229 |

+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

Total | 27| 4,863 | 1,019 | 10,384 | 280,707 |

+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

Double Total | 218| 26,527 | 26,096 | 75,343 | 765,999 |

+====+========+=========+========+==========+

20 Arizona | 0| ... | ... | ... | 1,548 |

21 Illinois | 76| 10,715 | 15,783 | 39,812 | 213,799 |

22 Nevada | 0| ... | ... | ... | 580 |

23 New Mexico | 0| ... | ... | ... | 2,311 |

24 New Hampshire| 38| 4,635 | 1,390 | 10,814 | 71,922 |

25 Wyoming | 0| ... | ... | ... | 2,651 |

26 West Virginia| 12| 1,652 | 2,325 | 4,807 | 17,746 |

+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

Total | 126| 17,002 | 19,498 | 55,433 | 310,557 |

+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

Grand Total | 344| 43,529 | 45,594 |130,776 |1,076,556 |

----------------+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+

---------------+----------------------------------+----------------------

| NATIONAL BANKS, 1905. | ALL BANKS, 1906.

+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

---------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

1 Colorado | 74| 7,093| 66,618| 102,970| 93,243| 399,242

2 Indiana | 197| 20,551| 91,727| 160,193| 203,333| 511,813

3 Indian Terr. | 133| 5,629| 11,657| 24,059| 15,529| ...

4 Iowa | 281| 17,665| 69,709| 134,197| 262,176| 308,990

5 Kansas | 171| 10,313| 50,236| 84,155| 118,269| 99,533

6 Michigan | 88| 12,720| 74,719| 115,736| 278,579| 830,735

7 Minnesota | 229| 18,606| 83,491| 145,250| 179,699| 1,374,158

8 Nebraska | 159| 10,885| 56,822| 106,743| 114,645| 524,947

9 North Dakota | 97| 3,498| 14,519| 22,396| 35,416| 27,935

10 Oklahoma | 98| 3,780| 12,822| 21,881| 26,985| ...

11 South Dakota| 72| 2,790| 13,752| 20,510| 41,982| 18,554

12 Utah | 17| 1,948| 10,758| 18,392| 38,331| 267,961

13 Wisconsin | 115| 13,585| 85,736| 124,241| 189,181| 476,709

+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

Total |1,731| 129,063| 642,566|1,080,723| 1,597,368| 4,840,677

+=====+========+=========+=========+==========+===========

14 California | 95| 23,065| 92,111| 181,699| 593,979| 2,506,729

15 Idaho | 27| 1,275| 8,282| 11,392| 19,194| ...

16 Montana | 29| 2,895| 18,855| 27,005| 37,663| 42,113

17 Oregon | 43| 3,160| 24,285| 38,193| 34,535| 259,704

18 Vermont | 50| 5,935| 12,796| 27,362| 65,240| ...

19 Washington | 36| 4,013| 36,100| 51,225| 91,309| 843,145

+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

Total | 280| 40,343| 192,429| 336,876| 841,920| 3,651,691

+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

Double Total|2,011| 169,406| 834,995|1,417,599| 2,439,288| 8,492,268

+=====+========+=========+=========+==========+===========

20 Arizona | 13| 705| 4,319| 6,247| 13,708| ...

21 Illinois | 346| 48,709| 276,382| 572,972| 714,421| 11,174,325

22 Nevada | 4| 407| 1,333| 2,136| 5,813| ...

23 New Mexico | 23| 1,342| 7,194| 11,012| 10,782| ...

24 New | | | | | |

Hampshire | 55| 5,330| 15,307| 31,044| 93,083| ...

25 Wyoming | 19| 1,085| 6,630| 9,498| 11,620| ...

Virginia | 79| 6,604| 24,848| 43,079| 76,465| 50,918

+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

Total | 539| 64,182| 336,013| 675,988| 925,892| 11,225,243

+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

Grand Total |2,550| 233,588|1,171,008|2,093,587| 3,365,180| 19,717,511

---------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------

COMPARATIVE MANUFACTURES (1905)

SOUTHERN GROUPS

(_Money Values in Thousands of Dollars_)

Column heading:

No.: No. of Establishments

----------------+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

----------------+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

1 Alabama | 1,882| 62,173| 105,383| 21,878| 60,458| 109,170

2 Arkansas | 1,907| 33,089| 46,306| 14,544| 21,799| 53,864

3 Florida | 1,413| 42,091| 32,972| 15,767| 16,532| 50,298

4 Georgia | 3,219| 92,749| 135,212| 27,392| 83,625| 151,040

5 Louisiana | 2,091| 55,859| 150,811| 25,316| 117,035| 186,380

6 Mississippi | 1,520| 38,690| 50,256| 14,819| 25,801| 57,451

7 North Carolina| 3,272| 85,339| 141,001| 21,375| 79,268| 142,521

8 South Carolina| 1,399| 59,441| 113,422| 13,869| 49,969| 79,376

9 Tennessee | 3,175| 60,572| 102,439| 22,806| 79,352| 137,960

10 Virginia | 3,187| 80,285| 147,989| 27,943| 83,649| 148,856

| | | | | |

+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

States | 23,065| 610,288|1,025,791| 205,709| 617,488|1,116,916

| | | | | |

11 Texas | 3,158| 49,066| 115,665| 24,469| 91,604| 150,528

| | | | | |

+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

States | 26,223| 659,354|1,141,456| 230,178| 709,092|1,267,444

+=======+========+=========+========+==========+=========

12 Delaware | 631| 18,475| 50,926| 8,158| 24,884| 41,160

of Columbia | 482| 6,299| 20,200| 3,658| 7,732| 18,359

14 Kentucky | 3,734| 59,794| 147,282| 24,439| 86,545| 159,754

15 Maryland | 3,852| 94,174| 201,878| 36,144| 150,024| 243,376

16 Missouri | 6,464| 133,167| 379,369| 66,644| 252,258| 439,549

| | | | | |

+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

States | 15,163| 311,909| 799,655| 139,043| 521,443| 902,198

+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

Whole South | 41,386| 971,263|1,941,111| 369,221| 1,230,535|2,169,642

----------------+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------

COMPARATIVE MANUFACTURES (1905)

EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

(_Money Values in Thousands of Dollars_)

Column heading:

No.: No. of Establishments

----------------+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

----------------+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

1 Colorado | 1,606| 21,813| 107,664| 15,100| 63,114| 100,144

2 Indiana | 7,044| 154,174| 312,071| 72,056| 220,507| 393,954

3 Indian Terr. | 466| 2,257| 5,016| 1,114| 4,849| 7,909

4 Iowa | 4,785| 49,451| 111,427| 22,997| 102,844| 160,572

5 Kansas | 2,475| 35,570| 88,680| 18,883| 156,510| 198,245

6 Michigan | 7,446| 175,229| 337,894| 81,279| 230,081| 429,120

7 Minnesota | 4,756| 69,636| 184,903| 35,843| 210,554| 307,858

8 Nebraska | 1,819| 20,260| 80,235| 11,022| 124,052| 154,918

9 North Dakota | 507| 1,755| 5,704| 1,031| 7,096| 10,218

10 Oklahoma | 657| 3,199| 11,108| 1,655| 11,545| 16,550

11 South Dakota | 686| 2,492| 7,585| 1,422| 8,697| 13,085

12 Utah | 606| 8,052| 26,004| 5,157| 24,940| 38,926

13 Wisconsin | 8,558| 151,391| 412,647| 71,472| 227,255| 411,140

+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

Total |41,411| 695,279|1,690,938| 339,023| 1,392,044|2,242,639

+======+=========+=========+========+==========+=========

14 California | 6,839| 100,355| 282,647| 64,657| 215,726| 367,218

15 Idaho | 364| 3,061| 9,689| 2,059| 4,069| 8,769

16 Montana | 382| 8,957| 52,590| 8,652| 40,930| 66,415

17 Oregon | 1,602| 18,523| 44,024| 11,444| 30,597| 55,525

18 Vermont | 1,699| 33,106| 62,659| 15,221| 32,430| 63,054

19 Washington | 2,751| 45,199| 96,953| 30,087| 66,166| 128,522

+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

Total |13,637| 209,201| 548,562| 132,120| 389,918| 689,833

+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

Double Total |55,048| 904,480|2,239,500| 471,143| 1,781,962|2,932,472

+======+=========+=========+========+==========+=========

20 Arizona | 169| 4,793| 14,396| 3,969| 14,595| 28,083

21 Illinois |14,921| 379,436| 975,845| 208,405| 840,057|1,410,342

22 Nevada | 115| 802| 2,892| 693| 1,628| 3,096

23 New Mexico | 199| 3,478| 4,638| 2,153| 2,236| 5,706

24 New Hampshire| 1,618| 65,366| 109,495| 27,693| 73,216| 123,611

25 Wyoming | 169| 1,834| 2,696| 1,261| 1,301| 3,523

26 West Virginia| 2,109| 43,758| 86,821| 21,153| 54,419| 99,041

+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

Total |19,300| 499,467|1,196,783| 265,327| 987,452|1,673,402

+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

Grand Total |74,348|1,403,947|3,436,283| 736,470| 2,769,414|4,605,874

----------------+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------

COMPARATIVE CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS (1904-1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

-----------------+-----------+-------------------+----------------------+

| | PRISONERS | INSANE IN HOSPITALS |

|Delinquents| (June 30, 1904). | (Jan. 1, 1905). |

| (June 30, +-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

-----------------+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

1 Alabama | 37 | 270| 1,798| 2,068| 1,222| 490| 1,712|

2 Arkansas | ... | 251| 632| 884| 56| 107| 669|

3 Florida | 31 | 140| 1,094| 1,234| 457| 283| 740|

4 Georgia | 99 | 544| 2,029| 2,579| 2,049| 915| 2,964|

5 Louisiana | 36 | 325| 1,355| 1,680| 1,122| 467| 1,589|

6 Mississippi | ... | 114| 1,122| 1,238| 981| 598| 1,579|

7 North Carolina | ... | 269| 912| 1,185| 1,532| 545| 2,077|

8 South Carolina | ... | 142| 903| 1,045| 709| 498| 1,207|

9 Tennessee | 246 | 600| 1,397| 1,997| 1,457| 336| 1,793|

10 Virginia | 279 | 401| 1,494| 1,895| 2,239| 1,200| 3,439|

| | | | | | | |

+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

Total 10 States| 728 |3,056|12,736|15,805| 12,330| 5,439| 17,769|

11 Texas | ... |1,835| 2,667| 4,504| 3,081 | 401| 3,482|

| | | | | | | |

Total +-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

Seceding States| 728 |4,891|15,403|20,309| 15,411| 5,840| 21,251|

+===========+=====+======+======+=======+======+=======+

| | | | | | | |

12 Delaware | 98 | 66| 94| 160| 288| 78| 366|

Columbia | 405 | 12| 34| 46| 2,074| 517| 2,591|

14 Kentucky | 301 | 923| 1,298| 2,221| 2,632| 508| 3,140|

15 Maryland | 1,070 | 750| 1,117| 1,867| 2,189| 325| 2,514|

16 Missouri | 670 |1,752| 1,040| 2,793| 4,923| 273| 5,196|

+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

Border States | 2,544 |3,503| 3,583| 7,087| 12,106| 1,701| 13,807|

+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

Total South | 3,272 |8,394|18,986|27,396| 27,517| 7,541| 35,058|

-----------------+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+

------------------+------------------------

| PAUPERS

| (Jan. 1, 1905).

+--------+------+--------

| White | Negro| Total

------------------+--------+------+--------

1 Alabama | 414| 357| 771

2 Arkansas | 476| 167| 643

3 Florida | 80| 70| 150

4 Georgia | 602| 407| 1,009

5 Louisiana | 149| 14| 163

6 Mississippi | 223| 280| 503

7 North Carolina | 981| 578| 1,559

8 South Carolina | 415| 289| 704

9 Tennessee | 1,343| 641| 1,984

10 Virginia | 1,112| 883| 1,995

| | |

+--------+------+--------

Total 10 States| 5,795| 3,686| 9,481

11 Texas | 742| 221| 963

| | |

+--------+------+--------

Total | | |

Seceding States| 6,537| 3,907| 10,444

+========+======+========

| | |

12 Delaware | 229| 63| 292

13 District of | | |

Columbia | 90| 160| 250

14 Kentucky | 1,396| 306| 1,702

15 Maryland | 1,325| 405| 1,730

16 Missouri | 2,257| 244| 2,501

| | |

+--------+------+--------

Total | | |

Border States | 5,297| 1,178| 6,475

+--------+------+--------

Total South | 11,834| 5,085| 16,919

------------------+--------+------+--------

COMPARATIVE CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS (1904-1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN

GROUPS

----------------+-------------+----------------------+

| | PRISONERS |

| Juvenile | (June 30, 1904). |

|Delinquents, +-------+------+-------+

| 1904. | | | |

----------------+-------------+-------+------+-------+

1 Colorado | 288 | 901| 120| 1,022|

2 Indiana | 872 | 1,719| 419| 2,138|

Territory | ... | ...| ...| ...|

4 Iowa | 714 | 1,131| 122| 1,255|

5 Kansas | 372 | 1,918| 801| 2,876|

6 Michigan | 1,114 | 1,857| 124| 1,995|

7 Minnesota | 360 | 995| 59| 1,067|

8 Nebraska | 164 | 430| 85| 519|

Dakota | 39 | 198| 5| 203|

10 Oklahoma | ... | 21| ...| 22|

Dakota | 65 | 217| 9| 245|

12 Utah | 79 | 212| 11| 223|

13 Wisconsin | 543 | 1,311| 32| 1,366|

+-------------+-------+------+-------+

Total | 4,610 | 10,910| 1,787| 12,931|

+=============+=======+======+=======+

14 California | 474 | 3,036| 165| 3,355|

15 Idaho | ... | 183| 8| 196|

16 Montana | 78 | 519| 38| 571|

17 Oregon | 93 | 360| 21| 399|

18 Vermont | 137 | 262| 12| 274|

19 Washington | 158 | 841| 37| 911|

+-------------+-------+------+-------+

Total | 940 | 5,201| 281| 5,706|

+-------------+-------+------+-------+

Double Total | 5,550 | 16,111| 2,068| 18,637|

+=============+=======+======+=======+

20 Arizona | 31 | 289| 13| 318|

21 Illinois | 1,386 | 2,550| 629| 3,180|

22 Nevada | ... | 99| 5| 129|

23 New Mexico | ... | 236| 15| 265|

24 Wyoming | ... | 195| 26| 230|

25 New | | | | |

Hampshire | 181 | 411| 5| 416|

Virginia | 314 | 535| 604| 1,139|

+-------------+-------+------+-------+

Total | 1,912 | 4,315| 1,297| 5,677|

+-------------+-------+------+-------+

Grand Total | 7,462 | 20,426| 3,365| 24,314|

----------------+-------------+-------+------+-------+

----------------+----------------------+----------------------

| INSANE IN HOSPITALS | PAUPERS

| (Jan. 1, 1905). | (Jan. 1, 1905).

+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

| | [1]| | | [1]|

----------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

1 Colorado | 880| 31| 911| 452| 10 | 462

2 Indiana | 4,324| 125| 4,449| 3,206| 129 | 3,335

Territory | ...| ...| ...| ...| ... | ...

4 Iowa | 4,603| 60| 4,663| 2,055| 41 | 2,096

5 Kansas | 2,539| 121| 2,660| 693| 93 | 786

6 Michigan | 5,483| 81| 5,564| 2,796| 57 | 2,853

7 Minnesota | 4,263| 14| 4,277| 557| 8 | 565

8 Nebraska | 1,592| 16| 1,608| 477| 10 | 487

Dakota | 473| 4| 477| 233| 3 | 236

10 Oklahoma | 394| 19| 413| 58| 4 | 62

Dakota | 591| 31| 622| 161| 3 | 164

12 Utah | 373| 3| 376| 184| 3 | 187

13 Wisconsin | 5,024| 25| 5,049| 1,707| 6 | 1,713

+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

Total | 30,539| 530| 31,069| 12,579| 367 | 12,946

+=======+======+=======+=======+======+=======

14 California | 5,705| 305| 6,010| 4,156| 136 | 4,292

15 Idaho | 277| 3| 280| 111| 1 | 112

16 Montana | 563| 16| 579| 420| 9 | 429

17 Oregon | 1,276| 47| 1,323| 378| 11 | 389

18 Vermont | 883| 2| 885| 414| 11 | 425

19 Washington | 1,420| 27| 1,447| 311| 7 | 318

+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

Total | 10,124| 400| 10,524| 5,790| 175 | 5,965

+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

Double Total | 40,663| 930| 41,593| 18,369| 542 | 18,911

+=======+======+=======+=======+======+=======

20 Arizona | 258| 12| 270| 180| 11 | 191

21 Illinois | 10,184| 264| 10,448| 5,238| 149 | 5,387

22 Nevada | 175| 11| 186| 162| 4 | 166

23 New Mexico | 112| 1| 113| ...| ... | ...

24 Wyoming | 104| 3| 107| ...| ... | ...

25 New | | | | | |

Hampshire | 608| 2| 610| 1,064| 12 | 1,076

Virginia | 1,417| 86| 1,503| 846| 115 | 961

+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

Total | 12,858| 379| 13,237| 7,490| 291 | 7,781

+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

Grand Total | 53,521| 1,309| 54,830| 25,859| 833 | 26,692

----------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

[1] Not possible for figures of Jan. 1, 1905, to distinguish between

blacks and other colored insane and paupers; not important except in

California where on Dec. 31, 1903, there were 218 Mongolian insane.

COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

Key:

POP: Estimated Population [thousands].

ESP: Estimated School Population [thousands].

NPR: Number Pupils Enrolled [thousands].

NPA: Number Pupils Attending [thousands].

ADS: Average Days of School

NUM: Number

AVS: Average Monthly Salary.

VSP: Value of School Property [thousands].

ANR: Annual Revenue [thousands].

RPP: Revenue per Person of School Age.

ANO: Annual Outgo [thousands].

OAA: Outgo per Average Attendance.

OPV: Outgo per $10,000 Actual Property.

-----------------+------+-----+-----------+----+-----------+------+

| | | AND | | | |

| | +-----+-----+ +-------+---+ |

| POP | ESP | NPR | NPA | ADS| NUM |AVS| VSP |

-----------------+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+

1 Alabama | 1,986| 663| 400| 210| 103| 5,400| 28| 2,200|

2 Arkansas | 1,403| 474| 336| 207| 88| 7,826| 40| 3,171|

3 Florida | 613| 185| 123| 84| 108| 2,925| 38| 1,290|

4 Georgia | 2,406| 803| 499| 311| 118| 10,360| 34| 4,010|

5 Louisiana | 1,513| 493| 210| 146| 130| 4,680| 40| 3,660|

6 Mississippi | 1,682| 572| 404| 233| 123| 8,922| 31| 2,190|

7 North Carolina| 2,032| 676| 474| 280| 95| 9,687| 31| 3,183|

8 South Carolina| 1,435| 497| 303| 200| 106| 6,059| 30| 2,000|

9 Tennessee | 2,147| 687| 508| 349| 113| 9,784| 36| 5,172|

10 Virginia | 1,953| 618| 362| 215| 128| 9,072| 29| 4,298|

+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+

States |17,170|5,668|3,619|2,235| ...| 74,715|...|31,174|

| | | | | | | | |

11 Texas | 3,455|1,156| 756| 502| 112| 17,116| 53|11,897|

+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+

States |20,625|6,824|4,375|2,737| ...| 91,831|...|43,071|

+======+=====+=====+=====+====+=======+===+======+

12 Delaware | 193| 51| 37| 25| 170| 897| 40| 1,627|

Columbia | 303| 66| 51| 41| 181| 1,478| 64| 5,816|

14 Kentucky | 2,291| 709| 501| 310| 90| 10,449| 44| 6,118|

15 Maryland | 1,261| 352| 227| 140| 192| 5,150| 47| 4,790|

16 Missouri | 3,320| 978| 729| 471| 152| 17,385| 47|22,593|

+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+

States | 7,368|2,156|1,545| 987| ...| 35,359|...|40,944|

+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+

Total South |27,993|8,980|5,920|3,724| ...|127,190|...|84,015|

-----------------+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+

--------------------+--------------+-----------------------

| REVENUE. | EXPENDITURE.

+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

| ANR | RPP | ANO | OAA | OPV

--------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

1 Alabama | 1,589| 2.39| 1,475| 7.03| 13.0

2 Arkansas | 2,042| 4.31| 1,955| 9.43| 21.5

3 Florida | 946| 5.20| 945| 11.30| 21.9

4 Georgia | 2,397| 3.03| 2,328| 7.47| 19.2

5 Louisiana | 2,219| 4.51| 2,169| 14.83| 15.0

6 Mississippi | 1,859| 3.35| 1,869| 8.01| 27.1

7 North Carolina | 1,881| 2.78| 1,936| 6.90| 24.6

8 South Carolina | 1,310| 2.64| 1,305| 6.51| 20.3

9 Tennessee | 3,102| 4.52| 2,933| 8.41| 23.6

10 Virginia | 2,432| 3.94| 2,378| 11.05| 16.6

+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

States | 19,777| ...| 19,293| ...| ...

| | | | |

11 Texas | 6,406| 5.54| 6,400| 12.76| 21.9

+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

States | 26,183| ...| 25,693| ...| ...

+=======+======+=======+=======+=======

12 Delaware | 499| 9.75| 540| 17.93| 21.4

Columbia | 1,680| 25.54| 1,676| 41.28| 15.1

14 Kentucky | 2,723| 3.94| 2,663| 8.59| 17.4

15 Maryland | 3,163| 8.99| 2,961| 21.32| 18.2

16 Missouri | 10,330| 10.56| 10,102| 21.46| 26.3

+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

States | 18,395| ...| 17,942| ...| ...

+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

Total South | 44,578| ...| 43,635| ...| ...

--------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------

COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

Column headings:

EP: Estimated Population [thousands].

ESP: Estimated School Population [thousands].

NPE: Number Pupils Enrolled [thousands].

APA: Average Number Pupils Attending [thousands].

ADS: Average Days of School.

AMS: Average Monthly Salary.

VSP: Value of School Property [thousands].

AR: Annual Revenue [thousands].

RP: Revenue per Person of School Age.

AO: Annual Outgo [thousands].

OAA: Outgo per Average Attendance.

OAP: Outgo per $10,000 Actual Property.

-------------------+-------+------+-------------+----+------------+

| EP | ESP | AND | ADS| TEACHERS. |

| | +------+------+ +--------+---+

| | | NPE | APA | | Number.|AMS|

-------------------+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

1 Colorado | 603| 149| 138| 92| 158| 4,454| 47|

2 Indiana | 2,678| 741| 550| 416| 160| 16,495| 54|

3 Indian Territory| 498| 170| 48| 28| 115| 1,325| 44|

4 Iowa | 2,210| 681| 540| 376| 160| 29,619| 38|

5 Kansas | 1,546| 470| 382| 264| 145| 12,036| 42|

6 Michigan | 2,557| 692| 521| 408| 168| 16,823| 45|

7 Minnesota | 1,980| 579| 430| 281| 161| 13,320| 44|

8 Nebraska | 1,068| 322| 279| 185| 170| 9,680| 44|

9 North Dakota | 440| 115| 107| 68| 141| 5,714| 44|

10 Oklahoma | 558| 175| 158| 90| 104| 3,687| 37|

11 South Dakota | 455| 132| 109| 75| 140| 5,150| 38|

12 Utah | 310| 101| 76| 56| 153| 1,718| 62|

13 Wisconsin | 2,229| 670| 465| 291| 169| 14,004| 38|

+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

Total | 17,132| 4,997| 3,803| 2,630| ...| 134,025|...|

+=======+======+======+======+====+========+===+

14 California | 1,621| 370| 315| 239| 170| 9,026| 67|

15 Idaho | 198| 57| 57| 41| 136| 1,547| 58|

16 Montana | 294| 65| 45| 31| 107| 1,268| 56|

17 Oregon | 465| 122| 108| 78| 158| 4,022| 45|

18 Vermont | 349| 82| 67| 48| 157| 3,417| 32|

19 Washington | 599| 151| 170| 119| 167| 5,179| 55|

+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

Total | 3,526| 847| 762| 556| ...| 24,459|...|

+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

Double Total | 20,658| 5,844| 4,565| 3,186| ...| 158,484|...|

+=======+======+======+======+====+========+===+

20 Arizona | 140| 36| 22| 14| 135| 538| 76|

21 Illinois | 5,319| 1,456| 985| 812| 169| 27,860| 60|

22 Nevada | 42| 9| 7| 5| 159| 357| 68|

23 New Mexico | 213| 65| 38| 26| 114| 828| 54|

24 New Hampshire | 429| 93| 78| 50| 152| 2,416| 36|

25 Wyoming | 102| 26| 18| 12| 140| 728| 51|

26 West Virginia | 1,057| 326| 248| 163| 123| 7,636| 35|

+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

Total | 7,302| 2,011| 1,396| 1,082| ...| 40,363|...|

+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

Grand Total | 27,960| 7,855| 5,961| 4,268| ...| 198,847|...|

-------------------+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+

-------------------+--------+---------------+---------------------

| | |

| VSP | REVENUE. | EXPENDITURE.

| | |

| +--------+------+--------+------+-----

| | AR | RP | AO | OAA | OAP

-------------------+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

1 Colorado | 10,265| 4,172| 28.62| 3,985| 41.89| 33.0

2 Indiana | 29,059| 11,927| 16.09| 11,501| 27.67| 30.1

3 Indian Territory| 750| 643| 3.78| 715| 25.10| 14.0

4 Iowa | 23,305| 11,195| 16.43| 10,316| 27.47| 26.4

5 Kansas | 10,525| 5,506| 11.72| 5,830| 22.08| 25.2

6 Michigan | 25,963| 9,760| 14.11| 9,630| 23.60| 27.9

7 Minnesota | 22,018| 9,163| 15.82| 8,470| 30.19| 24.1

8 Nebraska | 11,309| 5,218| 16.29| 5,304| 28.64| 23.8

9 North Dakota | 4,334| 2,435| 21.21| 2,530| 37.27| 31.5

10 Oklahoma | 2,123| 1,429| 8.17| 1,488| 16.49| 21.4

11 South Dakota | 4,550| 2,341| 17.67| 2,380| 31.61| 32.9

12 Utah | 3,538| 1,655| 16.76| 1,657| 29.50| 34.0

13 Wisconsin | 16,575| 8,531| 12.74| 8,240| 28.34| 27.8

+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

Total | 164,314| 73,975| ...| 72,046| ...| ...

+========+========+======+========+======+=====

14 California | 27,551| 9,271| 25.05| 9,771| 40.80| 22.8

15 Idaho | 1,892| 914| 16.09| 912| 22.39| 29.1

16 Montana | 4,832| 1,278| 20.68| 1,236| 39.28| 16.6

17 Oregon | 4,671| 2,013| 16.57| 2,052| 26.27| 21.2

18 Vermont | 2,964| 1,290| 15.80| 1,324| 27.39| 32.6

19 Washington | 9,808| 3,648| 24.10| 3,220| 27.09| 38.6

+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

Total | 51,718| 18,414| ...| 18,515| ...| ...

+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

Double Total | 216,032| 92,389| ...| 90,561| ...| ...

+========+========+======+========+======+=====

20 Arizona | 900| 438| 12.08| 457| 32.67| 14.3

21 Illinois | 64,555| 22,670| 15.59| 22,823| 28.11| 24.7

22 Nevada | 270| 271| 30.04| 258| 49.69| 11.7

23 New Mexico | 801| 368| 5.64| 362| 14.09| 10.6

24 New Hampshire | 4,493| 1,360| 14.69| 1,557| 31.22| 26.6

25 Wyoming | 454| 366| 14.27| 388| 31.78| 9.0

26 West Virginia | 5,811| 2,744| 8.42| 2,767| 16.97| 30.1

+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

Total | 77,284| 28,217| ...| 28,612| ...| ...

+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

Grand Total | 293,316| 120,606| ...| 119,173| ...| ...

-------------------+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----

COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1907)

SOUTHERN GROUPS

Key:

PAA: Pupils Average Attendance [thousands].

VSP: Value of School Property [thousands].

ANR: Annual Revenue [thousands].

ANE: Annual Expenditure [thousands].

--------------------+--------+------+--------------------------

| | | FINANCES.

| | +---------+-------+--------

|Teachers| PAA | VSP | ANR | ANX

--------------------+--------+------+---------+-------+--------

1 Alabama | 7,757| 249| 4,569| 2,287| 2,620

2 Arkansas | 8,113| 221| 4,039| 2,428| 2,414

3 Florida | 3,362| 91| 2,001| 1,384| 1,352

4 Georgia | 10,379| 317| 5,822| 2,831| 2,850

5 Louisiana | 5,615| 160| 4,098| 2,952| 2,169

6 Mississippi | 9,499| 285| 2,190| 1,511| 2,641

7 North Carolina | 10,146| 297| 4,250| 2,519| 2,378

8 South Carolina | 6,228| 222| 2,200| 1,531| 1,416

9 Tennessee | 9,829| 353| 6,332| 3,314| 2,705

10 Virginia | 9,468| 220| 5,718| 3,323| 3,357

+--------+------+---------+-------+-------

Total 10 States | 80,396| 2,415| 41,219| 24,080| 23,902

| | | | |

11 Texas | 17,867| 499| 15,178| 7,443| 7,402

+--------+------+---------+-------+-------

States | 98,263| 2,914| 56,397| 31,523| 31,304

+========+======+=========+=======+=======

12 Delaware | 897| 25| 1,627| 499| 540

13 Dist. of Columbia| 1,575| 43| 7,005| 2,164| 2,012

14 Kentucky | 9,245| 310| 6,368| 4,263| 4,051

15 Maryland | 5,290| 135| 4,790| 3,424| 3,307

16 Missouri | 17,847| 493| 27,847| 10,853| 8,482

+--------+------+---------+-------+-------

Total South | 133,117| 3,920| 104,034| 52,726| 49,696

--------------------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------

COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1907)

EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

Key:

PAA = Pupils Average Attendance [thousands].

VSP = Value of School Property [thousands].

ANR = Annual Revenue [thousands].

ANE = Annual Expenditure [thousands].

----------------+--------+------+---------------------------

| | | FINANCES.

|Teachers| PAA +--------+--------+---------

| | | VSP | ANR | ANE

----------------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

1 Colorado | 4,944| 106| 10,207| 5,836| 4,476

2 Indiana | 16,841| 420| 31,499| 13,816| 12,012

3 Indian Terr | 2,740| 61| 2,175| 790| 920

4 Iowa | 28,508| 366| 24,950| 11,619| 10,681

5 Kansas | 12,743| 277| 11,000| 6,294| 6,874

6 Michigan | 17,286| 423| 30,944| 15,260| 12,086

7 Minnesota | 13,928| 322| 26,000| 11,085| 10,803

8 Nebraska | 10,059| 186| 12,755| 5,809| 5,561

9 North Dakota | 6,109| 72| 4,900| 3,000| 2,900

10 Oklahoma | 4,386| 103| 3,624| 2,053| 1,629

11 South Dakota | 5,358| 65| 5,138| 2,702| 2,730

12 Utah | 2,010| 61| 3,577| 1,996| 2,056

13 Wisconsin | 14,491| 328| 23,243| 10,223| 8,946

+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

Total | 139,403| 2,790| 190,012| 90,483| 81,674

| | | | |

14 California | 9,714| 248| 36,680 | 10,914| 12,219

15 Idaho | 1,897| 48| 3,162 | 1,240| 1,370

16 Montana | 1,741| 35| 3,489 | 1,597| 1,716

17 Oregon | 4,228| 77| 5,732 | 2,671| 2,474

18 Vermont | 3,984| 49| 3,416 | 1,255| 1,271

19 Washington | 6,209| 131| 12,448| 5,397| 5,504

+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

Double Total| 167,176| 3,378| 254,939| 113,557| 106,228

+========+======+========+========+=========

20 Arizona | 626| 15| 1,158| 610| 620

21 Illinois | 28,083| 770| 69,142| 30,958| 30,106

22 Nevada | 322| 7| 523| 345| 490

23 New Mexico | 923| 25| 1,000| 524| 484

24 New Hampshire| 2,916| 50| 5,240| 1,379| 1,453

25 Wyoming | 787| 14| 914| 609| 436

26 West Virginia| 8,061| 165| 7,113| 3,490| 3,361

+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

Grand Total | 208,894| 4,424| 340,029| 151,472| 143,178

----------------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SCHOOLS (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

---------------------+----------------------------------------+

| STUDENTS. |

+---------------+---------------+--------+

| Public. | Private. | |

+--------+------+-------+-------+ Total. |

---------------------+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+

1 Alabama | 4,646| 231| 1,485| 116 | 6,478|

2 Arkansas | 3,215| 295| 1,562| 159 | 5,231|

3 Florida | 1,493| 102| 242| 95 | 2,382|

4 Georgia | 7,015| 139| 2,499| 585 | 10,238|

5 Louisiana | 2,927| 80| 1,320| 35 | 4,362|

6 Mississippi | 3,998| 286| 1,375| 160 | 5,819|

7 North Carolina | 2,958| 14| 4,185| 383 | 7,540|

8 South Carolina | 4,380| 278| 748| 344 | 5,750|

9 Tennessee | 5,459| 605| 3,528| 90 | 9,682|

10 Virginia | 4,095| 545| 4,302| 338 | 8,264|

| | | | | |

+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+

Total 10 States | 40,636| 2,575| 20,230| 2,305 | 65,746|

11 Texas | 19,427| 1,134| 3,710| 221 | 24,492|

| | | | | |

+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+

States | 60,063| 3,709| 23,940| 2,526 | 90,238|

+========+======+=======+=======+========+

12 Delaware | 1,340| 53| 238 | ... | 1,631|

13 Dist. of Columbia | 2,968| 891| 1,117 | ... | 4,976|

14 Kentucky | 6,155| 651| 3,261 | 51 | 10,118|

15 Maryland | 6,362| 350| 2,094 | ... | 8,806|

16 Missouri | 26,278| 1,080| 3,365 | 89 | 30,812|

+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+

| | | | | |

States | 43,103| 3,025| 10,075| 140 | 56,343|

+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+

Grand Total | 103,166| 6,734| 34,015| 2,666 | 146,581|

---------------------+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+

------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------

| TEACHERS. | VALUE OF PLANT.

+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

|Public.|Private.|Total.|[1000s].|[1000s].|[1000s].

------------------+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

1 Alabama | 223 | 112 | 335| 831 | 516 | 1,347

2 Arkansas | 144 | 77 | 221| 620 | 419 | 1,039

3 Florida | 114 | 21 | 135| 501 | 134 | 635

4 Georgia | 320 | 207 | 527| 1,339 | 1,111 | 2,450

5 Louisiana | 155 | 102 | 257| 909 | 457 | 1,366

6 Mississippi | 225 | 89 | 314| 1,027 | 509 | 1,536

7 North Carolina | 123 | 270 | 393| 553 | 896 | 1,449

8 South Carolina | 214 | 83 | 297| 689 | 612 | 1,301

9 Tennessee | 242 | 215 | 257| 1,145 | 865 | 2,010

10 Virginia | 193 | 273 | 466| 596 | 1,424 | 2,020

| | | | | |

+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

Total 10 States| 1,953 | 1,449 | 3,402| 8,210 | 6,943 | 15,153

11 Texas | 842 | 264 | 1,106| 4,323 | 1,988 | 6,311

| | | | | |

+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

States | 2,795 | 1,713 | 4,508| 12,533 | 8,931 | 21,464

+=======+========+======+========+========+=========

12 Delaware | 63 | 30 | 93| 487 | 200 | 687

Columbia | 196 | 203 | 399| 536 | 1,007 | 1,543

14 Kentucky | 297 | 289 | 586| 1,597 | 850 | 2,447

15 Maryland | 261 | 248 | 509| 1,149 | 3,125 | 4,274

16 Missouri | 1,140 | 311 | 1,451| 6,532 | 2,072 | 8,604

+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

| | | | | |

States | 1,957 | 1,081 | 3,035| 10,301 | 7,254 | 17,555

+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

Grand Total | 4,752 | 2,794 | 7,546| 22,834 | 16,185 | 39,019

------------------+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------

COMPARATIVE SECONDARY EDUCATION (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

Key:

PUB: Public.

PRIV: Private.

--------------+------------------------------------+--------------------+

| STUDENTS. | TEACHERS. |

+--------------+-------------+-------+------+------+------+

+-------+------+------+------+ Total.| PUB | PRIV |Total.|

--------------+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

1 Colorado | 8,079| 56| 323| ... | 8,458| 347| 49 | 396|

2 Indiana | 34,848| 658| 1,831| 2 | 37,339| 1,596| 185 | 1,781|

Territory| 340| 26| 423| ... | 789| 20| 19 | 39|

4 Iowa | 32,210| 134| 2,577| ... | 34,921| 1,367| 147 | 1,514|

5 Kansas | 19,715| 310| 832| ... | 20,857| 756| 67 | 823|

6 Michigan | 33,077| 110| 1,523| ... | 34,710| 1,412| 148 | 1,560|

7 Minnesota | 18,073| 62| 2,381| ... | 20,516| 767| 205 | 972|

8 Nebraska | 17,425| 49| 1,461| 1 | 18,836| 749| 126 | 875|

Dakota | 2,218| 1| 48| ... | 2,267| 119| 3 | 122|

10 Oklahoma | 1,917| 78| 286| ... | 2,281| 87| 14 | 101|

Dakota | 4,543| 7| 340| ... | 4,890| 229| 34 | 263|

12 Utah | 1,785| 2| 2,731| ... | 4,578| 84| 144 | 228|

13 Wisconsin | 23,956| 17| 1,476| ... | 25,449| 1,051| 166 | 1,217|

+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

Total |198,186| 1,510|16,232| 3 |215,931| 8,584|1,307 | 9,891|

+=======+======+======+======+=======+======+======+======+

14 California | 23,125| 64| 2,749| ... | 25,938| 930| 349 | 1,279|

15 Idaho | 930| 1| 366| ... | 1,297| 48| 22 | 70|

16 Montana | 2,641| 4| 200| ... | 2,845| 133| 26 | 159|

17 Oregon | 4,125| 12| 811| 1 | 4,949| 165| 74 | 239|

18 Vermont | 4,378| 3| 1,523| 1 | 5,805| 196| 98 | 294|

19 Washington | 8,168| 40| 524| ... | 8,732| 346| 62 | 408|

+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

Total | 43,367| 124| 6,173| 2 | 49,666| 1,818| 631 | 2,449|

+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

Double Total |241,553| 1,634|22,405| 5 |265,597|10,402|1,938 |12,340|

+=======+======+======+======+=======+======+======+======+

20 Arizona | 285| 1| 55| ... | 341| 13| 4 | 17|

21 Illinois | 48,212| 461| 3,434| 6 | 52,113| 1,945| 314 | 2,259|

22 Nevada | 171| ...| ...| ... | 171| 10| ... | 10|

23 New Mexico | 638| 3| 33| ... | 674| 34| 3 | 37|

24 New | | | | | | | | |

Hampshire | 4,766| 3| 2,281| 14 | 7,064| 227| 185 | 412|

25 Wyoming | 560| 3| 35| ... | 598| 29| 5 | 34|

Virginia | 2,408| 63| 1,019| ... | 3,480| 121| 83 | 204|

+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

| 57,040| 534| 6,857| 20 | 64,451| 2,379| 594 | 2,973|

+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

Total |298,593| 2,168|29,262| 25 |330,048|12,781|2,532 |15,313|

--------------+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+

-------------------+--------------------------

| VALUE OF PLANT.

+--------+--------+--------

| Public |Private | Total

|[1000s].|[1000s].|[1000s].

-------------------+--------+--------+--------

1 Colorado | 2,634 | 200 | 2,834

2 Indiana | 9,540 | 836 | 10,376

3 Indian | | |

Territory | 352 | 239 | 591

4 Iowa | 8,452 | 643 | 9,095

5 Kansas | 4,636 | 604 | 5,240

6 Michigan | 8,905 | 639 | 9,544

7 Minnesota | 5,244 | 1,731 | 6,975

8 Nebraska | 4,309 | 505 | 4,814

9 North Dakota | 725 | ... | 725

10 Oklahoma | 551 | 145 | 696

11 South Dakota | 1,566 | 255 | 1,821

12 Utah | 268 | 1,049 | 1,317

13 Wisconsin | 6,457 | 1,539 | 7,996

+--------+--------+--------

Total | 53,039 | 8,385 | 62,024

+========+========+========

14 California | 4,616 | 2,722 | 7,338

15 Idaho | 441 | 179 | 620

16 Montana | 980 | 139 | 1,119

17 Oregon | 1,157 | 309 | 1,466

18 Vermont | 1,234 | 775 | 2,009

19 Washington | 2,050 | 496 | 2,546

+--------+--------+--------

Total | 10,478 | 4,620 | 15,098

+--------+--------+--------

Double Total | 64,117 | 13,005 | 77,122

+========+========+========

20 Arizona | 128 | 80 | 208

21 Illinois | 11,757 | 2,985 | 14,742

22 Nevada | 69 | ... | 69

23 New Mexico | 381 | ... | 381

24 New Hampshire | 1,478 | 1,108 | 2,586

25 Wyoming | 372 | 75 | 447

26 West Virginia | 1,052 | 367 | 1,419

+--------+--------+--------

| 15,237 | 4,615 | 19,852

+--------+--------+--------

Total | 79,354 | 17,620 | 96,974

-------------------+--------+--------+--------

COMPARATIVE HIGHER EDUCATION (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

Key:

TEA: Teachers.

UNG: Undergraduates.

GRD: Graduates.

PRO: Professional.

VAP: Value of Plant.

PRF: Productive Funds.

BEN: Benefactions.

TI: Total Income.

---------------------+------+------------------------------+

| | STUDENTS. |

| +-------+------+-------+-------+

| TEA | UNG | GRD | PRO | Total.|

---------------------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+

| | | | | |

1 Alabama | 258| 1,895| 47| 241| 2,183|

2 Arkansas | 154| 894| 7| 272| 1,173|

3 Florida | 109| 311| 1| 37| 349|

4 Georgia | 430| 3,719| 19| 311| 4,049|

5 Louisiana | 266| 1,172| 101| 716| 1,989|

6 Mississippi | 315| 2,021| 72| 87| 2,180|

7 North Carolina | 465| 3,255| 49| 588| 3,892|

8 South Carolina | 295| 2,878| 37| 66| 2,981|

9 Tennessee | 681| 2,770| 80| 1,870| 4,720|

10 Virginia | 450| 3,741| 81| 472| 4,294|

+------+-------+------+-------+-------+

Total 10 States | 3,393| 22,656| 494| 4,660| 27,810|

11 Texas | 513| 2,954| 46| 862| 3,862|

+------+-------+------+-------+-------+

Total Seceding States| 3,906| 25,610| 540| 5,522| 31,672|

+======+=======+======+=======+=======+

12 Delaware | 29| 173| 1| ...| 174|

13 Dist. of Columbia | 501| 875| 146| 1,790| 2,811|

14 Kentucky | 448| 2,281| 42| 1,080| 3,403|

15 Maryland | 540| 2,433| 206| 405| 3,044|

16 Missouri | 929| 3,736| 203| 1,417| 5,356|

+------+-------+------+-------+-------+

Total Border States | 2,447| 9,498| 598| 4,692| 14,788|

+------+-------+------+-------+-------+

Total South | 6,353| 35,108| 1,138| 10,214| 46,460|

---------------------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+

---------------------+------+-----------------------------

| | FINANCES.

| +-------+-------+------+------

| TEA | VAP | PRF | BEN | TI

---------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------

| | 1000s | 1000s | 1000s| 1000s

1 Alabama | 258| 1,845| 1,306| 17| 393

2 Arkansas | 154| 913| 208| 15| 247

3 Florida | 109| 722| 614| 22| 176

4 Georgia | 430| 3,972| 1,161| 153| 701

5 Louisiana | 266| 2,877| 3,560| 13| 404

6 Mississippi | 315| 2,229| 1,510| 21| 589

7 North Carolina | 465| 3,699| 1,441| 186| 645

8 South Carolina | 295| 2,740| 783| 159| 542

9 Tennessee | 681| 4,659| 3,050| 310| 718

10 Virginia | 450| 5,475| 2,747| 850| 857

+------+-------+-------+------+------

Total 10 States | 3,393| 29,131| 16,380| 1,746| 5,272

11 Texas | 513| 3,975| 1,059| 2| 776

+------+-------+-------+------+------

Total Seceding States| 3,906| 33,106| 17,439| 1,748| 6,048

+======+=======+=======+======+======

12 Delaware | 29| 270| 83| ...| 68

13 Dist. of Columbia | 501| 9,416| 1,510| 355| 517

14 Kentucky | 448| 2,934| 2,287| 257| 420

15 Maryland | 540| 16,218| 5,388| 110| 1,131

16 Missouri | 929| 8,063| 8,005| 253| 1,164

+------+-------+-------+------+------

Total Border States | 2,447| 36,901| 17,273| 975| 3,300

+------+-------+-------+------+------

Total South | 6,353| 70,007| 34,71 | 2,723| 9,348

---------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------

COMPARATIVE HIGHER EDUCATION (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS

Key:

UNG: Undergraduates.

GRA: Graduates.

PRO: Professional.

VAP: Value of Plant.

PRF: Productive Funds.

BEN: Benefactions.

TI: Total Income.

-------------------+---------+-----------------------------+

| | Students. |

|Teachers.+-------+------+-------+------+

| | UNG | GRA | PRO |Total.|

-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

| | | | | |

1 Colorado | 425| 1,826| 140| 333| 2,299|

2 Indiana | 462| 5,004| 136| 295| 5,435|

3 Indian Territory | 21| 25| ...| ...| 25|

4 Iowa | 775| 4,165| 238| 1,102| 5,505|

5 Kansas | 609| 3,396| 120| 487| 4,003|

6 Michigan | 560| 4,198| 144| 1,538| 5,880|

7 Minnesota | 595| 2,770| 140| 1,138| 4,048|

8 Nebraska | 502| 2,283| 153| 650| 3,086|

9 North Dakota | 88| 267| 11| 49| 327|

10 Oklahoma | 62| 323| 3| 50| 376|

11 South Dakota | 138| 516| 19| 48| 583|

12 Utah | 146| 580| 2| ...| 582|

13 Wisconsin | 452| 3,741| 157| 198| 4,096|

+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

Total. | 4,835| 29,094| 1,263| 5,888|36,245|

+=========+=======+======+=======+======+

14 California | 882| 5,285| 380| 617| 6,282|

15 Idaho | 22| 173| 1| ...| 174|

16 Montana | 52| 322| 12| ...| 334|

17 Oregon | 201| 1,078| 20| 193| 1,291|

18 Vermont | 89| 574| 1| 193| 768|

19 Washington | 170| 1,315| 85| 104| 1,504|

+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

Total | 1,416| 8,747| 499| 1,107|10,353|

+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

Double Total | 6,251| 37,841| 1,762| 6,995|46,598|

+=========+=======+======+=======+======+

20 Arizona | 26| 33| 6| ...| 39|

21 Illinois | 1,634| 8,889| 1,368| 3,809|14,066|

22 Nevada | 33| 178| 3| ...| 181|

23 New Mexico | 54| 105| 9| ...| 114|

24 New Hampshire | 119| 1,038| 36| 60| 1,130|

25 Wyoming | 18| 62| 3| ...| 65|

26 West Virginia | 106| 889| 2| 220| 1,111|

+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

Total | 1,990| 11,194| 1,427| 4,089|16,710|

+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

Grand Total | 8,241| 49,035| 3,189| 11,084|63,308|

-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------+------+

-------------------+------------------------------

| Finances.

+-------+-------+------+-------

| VAP | PRF | BEN | TI

-------------------+-------+-------+------+-------

| 1000s| 1000s| 1000s| 1000s

1 Colorado | 2,713| 812| 75| 525

2 Indiana | 6,312| 2,964| 80| 1,022

3 Indian Territory | 171| ...| 12| 16

4 Iowa | 5,959| 3,251| 342| 1,426

5 Kansas | 4,287| 1,232| 130| 710

6 Michigan | 6,076| 2,863| 106| 1,324

7 Minnesota | 3,506| 2,118| 50| 883

8 Nebraska | 2,588| 1,254| 193| 599

9 North Dakota | 1,096| 1,151| 50| 368

10 Oklahoma | 546| ...| ...| 145

11 South Dakota | 1,299| 199| 73| 275

12 Utah | 1,044| 326| 1| 282

13 Wisconsin | 4,548| 2,464| 311| 1,106

+-------+-------+------+-------

Total. | 40,145| 18,634| 1,423| 8,681

+=======+=======+======+=======

14 California | 10,755| 35,270| 470| 1,999

15 Idaho | 288| 213| ...| 93

16 Montana | 695| 523| ...| 177

17 Oregon | 907| 680| 17| 191

18 Vermont | 1,430| 1,073| 101| 149

19 Washington | 2,015| 295| 33| 607

+-------+-------+------+-------

Total | 16,090| 38,054| 621| 3,216

+-------+-------+------+-------

Double Total | 56,235| 56,688| 2,044| 11,897

+=======+=======+======+=======

20 Arizona | 234| ...| ...| 55

21 Illinois | 20,112| 17,052| 1,133| 3,072

22 Nevada | 282| 147| 2| 98

23 New Mexico | 292| ...| ...| 91

24 New Hampshire | 1,996| 2,750| 110| 279

25 Wyoming | 358| 26| ...| 59

26 West Virginia | 1,122| 276| 115| 217

+-------+-------+------+------------

Total | 24,396| 20,251| 1,360| 3,871

+-------+-------+------+------------

Grand Total | 80,631| 76,939| 3,404| 15,768

-------------------+-------+-------+------+------------

COMPARATIVE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS

---------------------+-------------------------------------------

| NORMAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE).

+----------+----------+----------+----------

| | | |

| Teachers | Number | Value of | Total

|for Normal| of Normal| Plant. | Income.

| Students.| Students.| |

---------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------

1 Alabama | 89| 1,866| 988,000| 310,000

2 Arkansas | 15| 292| 112,000| 17,000

3 Florida | 34| 350| 55,000| 30,000

4 Georgia | 77| 831| 370,000| 82,000

5 Louisiana | 35| 638| 130,000| 31,000

6 Mississippi | 23| 269| 7,000| 6,900

7 North Carolina | 114| 1,872| 707,000| 166,000

8 South Carolina | 48| 502| 370,000| 74,000

9 Tennessee | 84| 1,652| 600,000| 109,000

10 Virginia | 62| 1,146| 1,274,000| 267,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Total 10 States | 581| 9,418| 4,613,000| 1,092,000

11 Texas | 51| 1,510| 372,000| 120,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Total Seceding States| 632| 10,928| 4,985,000| 1,212,000

+==========+==========+==========+==========

12 Delaware | ...| ...| ...| ...

13 Dist. of Columbia | 21| 181| ...| ...

14 Kentucky | 26| 434| 114,000| 29,000

15 Maryland | 22| 475| 227,000| 33,000

16 Missouri | 106| 3,324| 1,188,000| 186,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Total | 175| 4,414| 1,529,000| 248,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Grand Total | 807| 15,342| 6,514,000| 1,460,000

---------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------

---------------------+----------------------------------------------

| REFORM AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC).

+----------+----------+------------------------

| | | Finances.

| Teachers.| Number of+----------+-------------

| | Students.| Value of | Total

| | | Plant. |Expenditures.

---------------------+----------+----------+----------+-------------

1 Alabama | 2| 78| 37,000| 8,000

2 Arkansas | ...| ...| ...| ...

3 Florida | 1| 52| 25,000| 3,000

4 Georgia | 1| 49| 30,000| 3,000

5 Louisiana | ...| ...| ...| ...

6 Mississippi | ...| ...| ...| ...

7 North Carolina | ...| ...| ...| ...

8 South Carolina | ...| ...| ...| ...

9 Tennessee | 28| 1,279| 170,000| 87,000

10 Virginia | 6| 351| 59,000| 24,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Total 10 States | 38| 1,809| 321,000| 125,000

11 Texas | 2| 180| 50,000| 35,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Total Seceding States| 40| 1,989| 371,000| 160,000

+==========+==========+==========+=============

12 Delaware | 6| 229| 165,000| 20,000

13 Dist. of Columbia | 15| 436| 460,000| 71,000

14 Kentucky | 9| 744| 200,000| 57,000

15 Maryland | 31| 1,486| 1,122,000| 147,000

16 Missouri | 18| 1,247| 771,000| 124,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Total | 79| 4,142| 2,718,000| 419,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Grand Total | 119| 6,131| 3,089,000| 579,000

---------------------+----------+----------+----------+-------------

COMPARATIVE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN

GROUPS

-------------------+-------------------------------------------

| NORMAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE).

+----------+----------+----------+----------

| | | |

| Teachers | Number of| Value of | Total

|for Normal| Normal | Plant. | Income.

| Students.| Students.| |

+----------+----------+----------+----------

1 Colorado | 35| 490| 250,000| 71,000

2 Indiana | 140| 3,877| 905,000| 268,000

3 Indian Territory| ...| ...| ...| ...

4 Iowa | 129| 2,757| 518,000| 203,000

5 Kansas | 54| 1,040| 396,000| 79,000

6 Michigan | 122| 2,416| 795,000| 216,000

7 Minnesota | 96| 1,968| 983,000| 202,000

8 Nebraska | 64| 1,533| 415,000| 73,000

9 North Dakota | 15| 397| 108,000| 26,000

10 Oklahoma | 72| 1,471| 405,000| 118,000

11 South Dakota | 44| 702| 390,000| 46,000

12 Utah | 8| 182| 100,000| 19,000

13 Wisconsin | 173| 2,723| 1,075,000| 313,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Total | 952| 19,546| 6,340,000| 1,634,000

+==========+==========+==========+==========

14 California | 101| 1,614| 1,179,000| 198,000

15 Idaho | 21| 239| 145,000| 33,000

16 Montana | 14| 126| 100,000| 30,000

17 Oregon | 46| 466| 163,000| 65,000

18 Vermont | 19| 256| 20,000| 21,000

19 Washington | 47| 753| 350,000| 101,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Total | 248| 3,444| 1,957,000| 448,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Double Total | 1,200| 22,990| 8,297,000| 2,082,000

+==========+==========+==========+==========

20 Arizona | 18| 288| 183,000| 46,000

21 Illinois | 146| 2,997| 3,011,000| 337,000

22 Nevada | ...| ...| ...| ...

23 New Mexico | 15| 206| 135,000| 36,000

24 New Hampshire | 9| 119| 125,000| 27,000

25 Wyoming | ...| ...| ...| ...

26 West Virginia | 75| 1,339| 642,000| 139,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Total | 263| 4,949| 4,096,000| 585,000

+----------+----------+----------+----------

Grand Total | 1,463| 27,939|12,393,000| 2,667,000

-------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------

-------------------+----------------------------------------------

| REFORM AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC).

+----------+----------+------------------------

| | | Finances.

| Teachers.| Number of+----------+-------------

| | Students.| Value of | Total

| | | Plant. |Expenditures.

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

1 Colorado | 12| 549| 180,000| 67,000

2 Indiana | 8| 1,186| 280,000| 103,000

3 Indian Territory| ...| ...| ...| ...

4 Iowa | 29| 986| 420,000| 99,000

5 Kansas | 6| 575| 299,000| 75,000

6 Michigan | 56| 2,149| 850,000| 198,000

7 Minnesota | 16| 250| 381,000| 81,000

8 Nebraska | 11| 310| 340,000| 61,000

9 North Dakota | ...| ...| ...| ...

10 Oklahoma | ...| ...| ...| ...

11 South Dakota | 2| 89| 86,000| 26,000

12 Utah | ...| ...| ...| ...

13 Wisconsin | 30| 900| 671,000| 136,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Total | 170| 6,994| 3,507,000| 846,000

+==========+==========+==========+=============

14 California | 9| 676| 529,000| 156,000

15 Idaho | 1| 20| 50,000| 5,000

16 Montana | 2| 127| 45,000| 24,000

17 Oregon | 2| 110| 50,000| 46,000

18 Vermont | 4| 240| 60,000| 25,000

19 Washington | 6| 48| ...| ...

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Total | 24| 1,221| 734,000| 256,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Double Total | 194| 8,215| 4,241,000| 1,106,000

+==========+==========+==========+=============

20 Arizona | 1| 55| 35,000| 16,000

21 Illinois | 47| 3,765| 2,200,000| 636,000

22 Nevada | ...| ...| ...| ...

23 New Mexico | ...| ...| ...| ...

24 New Hampshire | 4| 177| 100,000| 30,000

25 Wyoming | ...| ...| ...| ...

26 West Virginia | 10| 505| 170,000| 67,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Total | 62| 4,502| 2,505,000| 749,000

+----------+----------+----------+-------------

Grand Total | 256| 12,717| 6,746,000| 1,855,000

-------------------+----------+----------+----------+-------------