360. As the new guard approaches the guardhouse, the old guard
is formed in line, with its field music three paces to its right;
and, when the field music at the head of the new guard arrives
opposite its left, the commander of the new guard commands: 1.
_Eyes_, 2. RIGHT; the commander of the old guard commands:
1. _Present_, 2. ARMS; commanders of both guards salute.
The new guard marches in quick time past the old guard.
When the commander of the new guard is opposite the field music
of the old guard, he commands: FRONT; the commander of the old
guard commands: 1. _Order_, 2. ARMS, as soon as the new
guard shall have cleared the old guard.
The field music having marched three paces beyond the field music
of the old guard, changes direction to the right, and, followed
by the guard, changes direction to the left when on a line with
the old guard; the changes of direction are without command.
The commander of the guard halts on the line of the front rank
of the old guard, allows his guard to march past him, and, when
its rear approaches, forms it in line to the left, establishes
the left guide three paces to the right of the field music of the
old guard, and on a line with the front rank, and then dresses
his guard to the left; the field music of the new guard is three
paces to the right of its front rank.
361. The new guard being dressed the commander of each guard,
in front of and facing its center, commands: 1. _Present_,
2. ARMS, resumes his front, salutes, carries saber, faces his
guard, and commands: 1. _Order_, 2. ARMS.
Should a guard be commanded by a noncommissioned officer, he
stands on the right or left of the front rank, according as he
commands the old or new guard, and executes the rifle salute.
362. After the new guard arrives at its post and has saluted the
old guard, each guard is presented by its commander to its officer
of the day; if there be but one officer of the day present, or
if one officer acts in the capacity of old and new officer of
the day, each guard is presented to him by its commander.
363. If other persons entitled to a salute approach, each commander
of the guard will bring his own guard to attention if not already
at attention. The senior commander of the two guards will then
command: "1. Old and new guards, 2. Present, 3. Arms."
The junior will salute at the command "Present Arms" given by
the senior. After the salute has been acknowledged, the senior
brings both guards to the order.
364. After the salutes have been acknowledged by the officers of
the day, each guard is brought to an order by its commander; the
commander of the new guard then directs the orderly or orderlies
to fall out and report and causes bayonets to be fixed if so
ordered by the commanding officer; bayonets will not then be
unfixed during the tour except in route marches while the guard
is actually marching or when specially directed by the commanding
officer.
The commander of the new guard then falls out members of the
guard for detached posts, placing them under charge of the proper
noncommissioned officers, divides the guard into three reliefs,
first, second, and third, from right to left, and directs a list
of the guard to be made by reliefs. When the guard consists of
troops of different arms combined, the men are assigned to reliefs
so as to insure a fair division of duty under rules prescribed
by the commanding officer.
365. The sentinels and detachments of the old guard are at once
relieved by members of the new guard, the two guards standing at
ease or at rest while these changes are being made. The commander
of the old transmits to the commander of the new guard all his
orders, instructions, and information concerning the guard and
its duties. The commander of the new guard then takes possession
of the guardhouse and verifies the articles in charge of the
guard.
366. If considerable time is required to bring in that portion
of the old guard still on post, the commanding officer may direct
that as soon as the orders and property are turned over to the
new guard the portion of the old guard at the guardhouse may be
marched off and dismissed. In such a case the remaining detachment
or detachments of the old guard will be inspected by the commander
of the new guard when they reach the guardhouse. He will direct the
senior noncommissioned officer present to march these detachments
off and dismiss them in the prescribed manner.
367. In bad weather, at night, after long marches, or when the
guard is very small, the field music may be dispensed with.
CHAPTER X.
MAP READING AND SKETCHING.
SECTION 1. MILITARY MAP READING.
When you pick up a map, the first question is, Where is the north?
This can usually be told by an arrow (see fig. 1, section 1)
which will be found in one of the corners of the map, and which
points to the true north--the north of the north star.
On some maps no arrow is to be found. The chances are a hundred
to one that the north is at the top of the map, as it is on almost
all printed maps. But you can only assure yourself of that fact
by checking the map with the ground it represents. For instance,
if you ascertain that the city of Philadelphia is due east of
the city of Columbus, then the Philadelphia-Columbus line on
the map is a due east-and-west line, and establishes at once all
the other map directions.
Now, the map represents the ground as nearly as it can be represented
on a flat piece of paper. If you are standing up. facing the
north, your right hand will be in the east, your left in the
west, and your back to the south. It is the same with a map;
if you look across it in the direction of the arrow--that is,
toward its north--your right hand will be toward what is east
on the map; your left hand to the west; the south will be at
the bottom of the map.
There is another kind of an arrow that sometimes appears on a
map. It is like the one in figure 2, section 1, and points not
to the true north but to the magnetic north, which is the north
of the compass. Though the compass needle, and therefore the arrow
that represents it on the map, does not point exactly north, the
deviation is, from a military point of view, slight, and appreciable
error will rarely result through the use of the magnetic instead
of the true north in the solution of any military problems.
[Illustration: Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5.]
Should you be curious to know the exact deviation, consult your
local surveyor or any civil engineer.
Both arrows may appear on your map. In that case disregard the
magnetic arrow unless you are using the map in connection with
a compass.
If a map is being used on the ground, the first thing to be done
is to put the lines of the map parallel to the real outlines of
the ground forms, and roads, fences, railroads, etc., that the
map shows; for the making of a map is no more than the drawing
on paper of lines parallel to and proportional in length to real
directions and distances on the ground.
For instance, the road between two places runs due north and south.
Then on the map a line representing the road will be parallel to
the arrow showing the north and will be proportional in length
to the real road. In this way a map is a picture, or, better, a
bare outline sketch; and, as we can make out a picture, though
it be upside down, or crooked on the wall, so we call use a map
that is upside down or not parallel to the real ground forms.
But it is easier to make out both the picture and the map if
their lines are parallel to what they represent. So in using a
map on the ground we always put the lines parallel to the actual
features they show. This is easy if the map has an arrow.
If the map has no arrow, you must locate objects or features on
the ground, and on the map, their representations. Draw on the
map a line connecting any two of the features; place this line
parallel to all imaginary line through the two actual features
located, and your map will be correctly placed. Look to it that
you do not reverse on the map the positions of the two objects
or features, or your map will be exactly upside down.
When the map has been turned into the proper position--that is
to say, "oriented"--the next thing is to locate on the map your
position. If you are in the village of Easton and there is a
place on the map labeled Easton, the answer is apparent. But
if you are out in the country, at an unlabeled point that looks
like any one of a dozen other similar points, the task is more
complicated. In this latter case you must locate and identify,
both on the map and on the ground, other points--hills, villages,
peculiar bends in rivers, forests--any ground features that have
some easily recognizable peculiarity and that you can see from
your position.
Suppose, for instance, you were near Leavenworth and wanted to
locate your exact position, of which you are uncertain. You have
the map shown in this manual, and, looking about, you see southwest
from where you stand the United States Penitentiary; also, halfway
between the south and the southeast--south-southeast a sailor would
say--the reservoir (rectangle west of "O" in "Missouri"). Having
oriented your map, draw on it a line from the map position of the
reservoir toward its actual position on the ground. Similarly
draw a line from the map position of penitentiary toward its
actual position. Prolong the two lines until they intersect.
The intersection of the lines will mark the place where you
stand--south Merritt Hill.
This method consists merely in drawing on the map lines that
represent the lines of sight to known and visible places. The
lines pass through the map position of the places you see and
are parallel to the actual lines of sight; therefore they are the
map representations of the lines of sight, and their intersection
is the map position of the eye of the observer.
After this orientation and location of position, one can deduce
from the map everything there is to know in regard to directions.
In this respect, study of the ground itself will show no more
than will study of the map.
After "What direction?" comes "How far?" To answer this, one
must understand that the map distance between any two points
shown bears a fixed and definite relation or proportion to the
real distance between the two points.
For instance: We measure on a map and find the distance between
two points to be 1 inch. Then we measure the real distance on
the ground and find it to be 10,000 inches; hence the relation
between the map distance and the real distance is 1 to 10,000,
or 1/10000. Now, if the map is properly drawn, the same relation
will hold good for all distances, and we can obtain any ground
distance by multiplying by 10,000 the corresponding map distance.
This relation need not be 1/10000, but may be anything from 1/100
that an architect might use in making a map or plan of a house up
to one over a billion and a half, which is about the proportion
between map and real distances in a pocket-atlas representation of
the whole world on a 6-inch page. Map makers call this relation
the "scale" of the map and put it down in a corner in one of
three ways.
First. 1 inch equals 100.
Second. 1/100.
Third. As shown in figure 3 (section 1).
These expressions mean one and the same thing. A variation of
the first method on a map of different scale might be: 1 inch
equals 1 mile. Since a mile contains 63,360 inches, then the
real distance between any two points shown on the map is 63,360
times the map distance.
To find the ground distance by the third kind of scale, copy it
on the edge of a slip of paper, apply the slip directly to the
map, and read off the distance; and so we answer the question,
"How far?"
After direction and distance comes the interpretation of the
signs, symbols, and abbreviations on the map. Those authorized
are given in section 2 (a reprint of Appendix 4, Field Service
Regulations, 1914); but there are a good many other conventional
signs in common use. A key to them is published by the War
Department, and is called "Conventional Signs, United States
Army." From these you read at once the natural and artificial
features of the country shown on your map. It should be borne in
mind that these conventional signs are not necessarily drawn to
scale, as are the distances. They show the position and outline
of the features rather than the size. This, for the reason that
many of the features shown, if drawn to scale, would be so small
that one could not make them out except with a magnifying glass.
If the exact dimensions are of any importance, they will be written
in figures on the map. For instances, bridges.
In addition to te above conventional signs, we have CONTOURS
to show the elevations, depressions, slope, and shape of the
ground. Abroad, HACHURES are much used, but they serve only to
indicate elevation, and, as compared to contours, are of little
value. Contours resemble the lines shown in figure 4 (section
1)
Hachures are shown in figure 5 (section 1), and may be found on
any European map. They simply show slopes, and, when carefully
drawn, show steeper slopes by heavier shading and gentler slopes
by the fainter hachures. The crest of the mountain is within
the hachures. (See fig. 5, section 1.)
_Contours_.--A certain student, when asked by his instructor
to define "space," said: "I have it, sir, in my head, but can
not put it into words." The Instructor replied: "I suppose that
under those circumstances, Mr. ----, the definition really would
not help much." And so it is with contours--the definition does
not help much if you know a contour when you meet it on a map. For
examples of contours, turn to the map in section 2 and, starting
at the United States penitentiary, note the smooth, flowing,
irregular curved lines marked 880, 860, 840, 840, 860, etc.
The only other lines on the map that at all resemble contours
are stream lines, like "Corral Creek," but the stream lines are
readily distinguished from contours by the fact that they cross the
contours squarely, while the contours run approximately parallel
to each other. Note the stream line just to the west of South
Merritt Hill.
The contours represent lines on the ground that are horizontal
and whose meanderings follow the surface, just as the edge of
a flood would follow the irregularities of the hills about it.
Those lines that contours stand for are just as level as the
water's edge of a lake, but horizontally they wander back and
forth to just as great a degree.
The line marked 880, at the penitentiary, passes through on that
particular piece of ground every point that is 880 feet above
sea level. Should the Missouri River rise in flood to 880 feet,
the penitentiary would be on an island, the edge of which is
marked by the 880 contour.
Contours show several things; among them the height of the ground
they cross. Usually the contour has labeled on it in figures the
height above some starting point, called the DATUM PLANE--generally
sea level. If, with a surveying instrument, you put in on a piece
of ground a lot of stakes, each one of which is exactly the same
height above sea level--that is, run a line of levels--then make
a map showing the locution of the stakes, a line drawn on the
map through all the stake positions is a contour and shows the
position of all points of that particular height.
On any given map all contours are equally spaced in a vertical
direction, and the map shows the location of a great number of
points at certain fixed levels. If you know the vertical interval
between any two adjacent contours, you know the vertical interval
for all the contours on that map, for these intervals on a given
map are all the same.
With reference to a point through which no contour passes, we
can only say that the point in question is not higher than the
next contour up the hill, nor lower than the next one down the
hill. For the purposes of any problem, it is usual to assume
that the ground slopes evenly between the two adjacent contours
and that the vertical height of the point above the lower contour
is proportional to its horizontal distance from the contour, as
compared to the whole distance between the two contours. For
instance, on the map, find the height of point A. The horizontal
measurements are as shown on the map. The vertical distance between
the contours is 20 feet. A is about one-quarter of the distance
between the 800 and the 820 contours, and we assume its height
to be one-quarter of 20 feet (5 feet) higher than 800 feet. So
the height of A is 805 feet.
The vertical interval is usually indicated in the corner of the
map by the letters "V. I." For instance: V. I.=20 feet.
On maps of very small pieces of ground, the V. I. is usually
small--perhaps as small as 1 foot; on maps of large areas on a
small scale it may be very great--even 1,000 feet.
Contours also show SLOPES. It has already been explained that
from any contour to the next one above it the ground rises a
fixed number of feet, according to the vertical interval of that
map. From the scale of distances on the map the horizontal
distance between any two contours can be found. For example:
On the map the horizontal distance between D and E is 90
yards, or 270 feet. The vertical distance is 20 feet the V. I. of
the map. The slope then is 20/270 = 1/13.5 = 7-1/2% = 4-1/2°, in all of
which different ways the slope can be expressed,
[Illustration]
On a good many contoured maps a figure like this will be found
in one of the corners:
[Illustration]
On that particular map contours separated by the distance
[Illustration]
on the vertical scale show a slope of 1°: if separated by the
distance
[Illustration]
they show a 2° slope. etc. A slope of 1° is a rise of 1 foot in
57. To use this scale of slopes copy it on the edge of a piece
of paper just as you did the scale of distances and apply it
directly to the map.
You will notice that where the contours lie closest the slope
is steepest; where they are farthest apart the ground is most
nearly flat,
It has already been set forth how contours show height and slope;
in addition to this they show the shape of the ground, or GROUND
FORMS. Each single contour shows the shape at its particular level
of the hill or valley it outlines; for instance, the 880 contour
about the penitentiary shows that the hill at that level has a
shape somewhat like a horse's head. Similarly, every contour
on the map gives us the form of the ground at its particular
level, and knowing these ground forms for many levels we can form
a fair conception of what the whole surface is like.
A round contour like the letter O outlines a round ground feature;
a long narrow one indicates a long narrow ground feature.
Different hills and depressions have different shapes. A good
many of them have one shape at one level and another shape at
another level, all of which information will be given you by
the contours on the map.
One of the ways to see how contours show the shape of the ground
is to pour half a bucket of water into a small depression in
the ground. The water's edge will be exactly level, and if the
depression is approximately round the water's edge will also be
approximately round. The outline will look something like figure
6.
Draw roughly on a piece of paper a figure of the same shape and
you will have a contour showing the shape of the bit of ground
where you poured your water.
Next, with your heel gouge out on one edge of your little pond
a small round bay. The water will rush in and the water-mark
on the soil will now be shaped something like figure 7.
Alter your drawing accordingly, and the new contour will show
the new ground shape.
Again do violence to the face of nature by digging with a stick a
narrow inlet opening out of your miniature ocean, and the watermark
will now look something like figure 8.
Alter your drawing once more and your contour shows again the
new ground form. Drop into your main pond a round clod and you
will have a new watermark, like figure 9, to add to your drawing.
This new contour, of the same level with the one showing the
limit of the depression, shows on the drawing the round island.
Drop in a second clod, this time long and narrow, the watermark
will be like figure 10, and the drawing of it, properly placed,
will show another island of another shape. Your drawing now will
look like figure 11.
It shows a depression approximately round, off which open a round
bay and a long narrow bay. There is also a round elevation and a
long, narrow one; a long, narrow ridge, jutting out between the
two bays, and a short, broad one across the neck of the round
bay.
[Illustration: Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig 8. Fig. 9. Fig 10. Fig. 11.]
Now flood your lake deeply enough to cover up the features you
have introduced. The new water line, about as shown by the dotted
line in figure 11, shows the oblong shape of the depression at a
higher level; the solid lines show the shape farther down; the
horizontal distance between the two contours at different points
shows where the bank is steep and where the slope is gentler.
Put together the information that each of these contours gives
you, and you will see how contours show the shape of the ground.
On the little map you have drawn you have introduced all the
varieties of ground forms there are; therefore all the contour
forms.
The contours on an ordinary map seem much more complicated, but
this is due only to the number of them, their length, and many
turns before they finally close on themselves. Or they may close
off the paper. But trace each one out, and it will resolve itself
into one of the forms shown in figure 11.
Just as the high-tide line round the continents of North and
South America runs a long and tortuous course, but finally closes
back on itself, so will every contour do likewise. And just as
truly as every bend in that high-tide mark turns out around a
promontory, or in around a bay, so will every bend in a contour
stand for a hill or a valley, pointing to the lowlands if it
be a hill, and to the height if it mark a valley.
If the map embrace a whole continent or an island, all the contours
will be of closed form, as in figure 11, but if it embrace only
it part of the continent or island, some of the contours will be
chopped off at the edge of the map, and we have the open form
of contours, as we would have if figure 11 were cut into two
parts.
The closed form may indicate a hill or a basin; the open form,
a ridge or a valley; sometimes a casual glance does not indicate
which.
Take up, first, the contour of the open type. If the map shows
a stream running down the inside of the contour, there is no
difficulty in saying at once that the ground feature is a valley;
for instance, V, V, V, and the valley of Corral Creek on the
map. But if there is no stream line, does the contour bend show
a valley or a ridge?
First of all, there is a radical difference between the bend
of a contour round the head of a valley and its bend round the
nose of a ridge,
Compare on the map the valleys V and the ridges R. The bend of
the contour round the head of the valley is much sharper than
the bend of the contour round the nose of the ridge. This is a
general truth, not only in regard to maps, but also in regard
to ground forms. Study any piece of open ground and note how
much wider are the ridges than the valleys. Where you find a
"hog back" or "devil's backbone," you have an exception to the
rule, but the exceptions are not frequent enough to worry over.
To tell whether a given point is on a ridge or in a valley, start
from the nearest stream shown on the map and work across the
map to the undetermined point, keeping in mind that in a real
trip across the country you start from the stream, go up the
hill to the top of a ridge, down the other side of the hill to a
water-course, then up a hill to the top of a ridge, down again,
up again, etc. That is all traveling is--valley, hill, valley,
hill, valley, etc., though you wander till the crack o' doom.
And so your map travels must go--valley, hill, valley, hill--till
you run off the map or come back to the starting point.
On the map, follow the R-V line, V indicating valley and R ridge
or hill. Note first the difference in sharpness in the contour
bends; also how the valley contours point to the highland and
the ridge contours to the lowland.
The contours go thus:
[Illustration]
The streams flow down the valleys, and the sharp angle of the
contour points always _up_ stream. Note also how the junction
of a stream and its tributary usually makes an angle that points
_down_ stream.
"Which way does this stream run?"
Water flows down hill. If you are in the bed of a stream, contours
representing higher ground must be to your right and to your
left. Get the elevations of these contours. Generally the nearest
contour to the bank of the stream will cross the stream and there
will be an angle or sharp turn in the contour at this crossing.
If the point of the angle or sharp turn is toward you, you are
going downstream; if away from you, you are going upstream.
If the contours are numbered, you have only to look at the numbers
to say where the low and where the high places are; but to read a
map with any speed one must be quite independent of these numbers.
In ordinary map reading look, first of all, for the stream lines.
The streams are the skeleton upon which the whole map is hung.
Then pick out the hilltops and ridges and you have a body to
clothe with ail the details that will be revealed by a close and
careful study of what the map maker has recorded.
As to closed contours, they may outline a depression or a hill.
On the map, "881" or "885" might be hills or ponds, as far as
their shape is concerned. But, clearly, they are hills, for on
either side are small streams running _away_ from them. If
they were ponds, the stream lines would run _toward_ the
closed contours. The rest of "hill, valley, hill," will always
solve the problem when there are not enough stream lines shown
to make evident at once whether a closed contour marks a pond or
a hill. Look in the beginning for the stream lines and valleys,
and, by contrast, if for no other reason, the hills and ridges
at once loom up.
To illustrate the subject of contours to aid those who have
difficulty in reading contoured maps the following is suggested:
1. Secure modeling clay and build a mound.
2. Use wire and slice this mound horizontally at equal vertical
intervals into zones; then insert vertical dowels through the
mound of clay.
3. Remove the top zone, place on paper, and draw outline of the
bottom edge. Trim your paper roughly to the outline drawn. Indicate
where the holes made by the dowels pierce the paper.
4. Do the above with each zone of your mound.
5. Place these papers in proper order on dowels similarly placed
to ones in original mound at, say, 1 inch vertical interval apart.
A skeleton mound results.
6. Replace the zones of the clay mound and form the original clay
mound along the side of skeleton mound.
7. New force all the paper sheets down the dowels onto the bottom
sheet, and we have a map of clay mound with contours.
NOTE.--One-inch or 2-inch planks can be made into any desired
form by the use of dowels and similar procedure followed.
People frequently ask, "What should I see when I read a map?"
and the answer is given, "The ground as it is." This is not true
any more than it is true that the words, "The valley of the Meuse,"
bring to your mind vine-clad hills, a noble river, and green
fields where cattle graze. Nor can any picture ever put into
your thought what the Grand Canyon really is. What printed word
or painted picture can not do, a map will not. A map says to you,
"Here stands a hill," "Here is a valley," "This stream runs so,"
and gives you a good many facts in regard to them. But you do not
have to "see" anything, any more than you have to visualize Liege
in order to learn the facts of its geography. A map sets forth
cold facts in an alphabet all its own, but an easy alphabet, and
one that tells with a few curving lines more than many thousand
words could tell.
SECTION 2. SKETCHING.
Noncommissioned officers and selected privates should be able
to make simple route sketches. This is particularly useful in
patrolling as thereby a patrol leader is able to give his commander
a good idea of the country his patrol has traversed. Sketches
should be made on a certain scale, which should be indicated
on the sketch, such as 3 inches on the sketch equals 1 mile on
the ground. The north should be indicated on the sketch by means
of an arrow pointing in that direction. Any piece of paper may
be used to make the sketch on. The back of the field-message
blank is ruled and prepared for this purpose. The abbreviations
and conventional signs shown on the following pages should be
used in making such simple sketches.
Field Maps and Sketches.
The following abbreviations and signs are authorized for use on
field maps and sketches. For more elaborate map work the authorized
conventional signs as given in the manual of "Conventional Signs,
United States Army Maps," are used.
Abbreviations other than those given should not be used.
ABBREVIATIONS.
A. Arroyo. L. S. S. Life-Saving Station.
abut. Abutment. L. H. Lighthouse
Ar. Arch. Long. Longitude.
b. Brick. Mt. Mountain.
B. S. Blacksmith Shop. Mts. Mountains.
bot. Bottom. N. North.
Br. Branch. n. f. Not fordable.
br. Bridge. P. Pier.
C. Cape. pk. Plank.
cem. Cemetery. P. O. Post Office
con. Concrete. Pt. Point.
cov. Covered. q.p Queen-post
Cr. Creek. R. River.
d. Deep. R. H. Roundhouse.
cul. Culvert. R. R. Railroad.
D. S. Drug Store. S. South.
E. East. s. Steel.
Est. Estuary. S. H. Schoolhouse.
f. Fordable. S. M. Sawmill.
Ft. Fort. Sta. Station.
G. S General Store. st. Stone.
gir. Girder. str. Stream.
G. M. Gristmill. T. G. Tollgate.
I. Iron. Tres. Trestle.
I. Island. tr. Truss.
Jc. Junction. W. T. Water Tank.
k.p. King-post. W. W. Water Works.
L. Lake. W. West.
Lat. Latitude. w. Wood.
Ldg. Landing. wd. Wide.
[Illustration: SIGNS--FIELD MAPS AND SKETCHES]
[Illustration]
MESSAGE BLANKS
[Illustration]
The heading "From" is filled in with the _name_ of the
detachment sending the information: as "Officer's Patrol, 7th
Cav." Messages sent on the same day from the same source to the
same person are numbered consecutively. The address is written
briefly, thus: "Commanding officer, Outpost, 1st Brigade," In
the signature the writer's surname only and rank are given.
This blank is four and a half by six and three quarters-inches,
including the margin on the left for binding. The back is ruled
in squares, the side of each square representing 100 yards on a
scale of 3 inches to one mile, for use in making simple sketches
explanatory of the message. It is issued by the Signal Corps in
blocks of forty with duplicating sheets. The regulation envelope
is three by five and one-fourth inches and is printed as follows:
UNITED STATES ARMY FIELD MESSAGE.
_To_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._No_ . . . .
(For signal operator only.)
_When_sent_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._No_ . . . .
_Rate_of_speed_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
_Name_of_messenger_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
_When_and_by_whom_rec'd_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
This Envelope will be Returned to Bearer.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER XII.
SIGNALS AND CODES.
(Extracts from Signal Book, United States Army, 1916.)
General Instructions for Army Signaling.
1. Each signal station will have its call, consisting of one or
two letters, as Washington, "W"; and each operator or signalist
will also have his personal signal of one or two letters, as
Jones, "Jo." These being once adopted will not be changed without
due authority.
2. To lessen liability of error, numerals which occur in the body
of a message should be spelled out.
3. In receiving a message the man at the telescope should call
out each letter as received, and not wait for the completion
of a word.
4. A record of the date and time of the receipt or transmission
of every message must be kept.
5. The duplicate manuscript of messages received at, or the original
sent from, a station should be carefully filed.
6. In receiving messages nothing should be taken for granted,
and nothing considered as seen until it has been positively and
clearly in view. Do not anticipate what will follow from signals
already given. Watch the communicating station until the last
signals are made, and be very certain that the signal for the
end of the message has been given.
7. Every address must contain at least two words and should be
sufficient to secure delivery.
8. All that the sender writes for transmission after the word
"To" is counted.
9. Whenever more than one signature is attached to a message count
all initials and names as a part of the message.
10. Dictionary words, initial letters, surnames of persons, names
of cities, towns, villages, States, and Territories, or names of
the Canadian Provinces will be counted each as one word: _e._g._,
New York, District of Columbia, East St. Louis should each be
counted as one word. The abbreviation of the names of cities,
towns, villages, States, Territories, and provinces will be
counted the same as if written in full.
11. Abbreviations of weights and measures in common use, figures,
decimal points, bars of division, and in ordinal numbers the
affixes "st," "d," "nd," "rd," and "th" will be each counted
as one word. Letters and groups of letters, when such groups do
not form dictionary words and are not combinations of dictionary
words, will be counted at the rate of five letters or fraction
of five letters to a word. When such groups are made up of
combinations of dictionary words, each dictionary word so used
will be counted.
12. The following are exceptions to paragraph 55, and are counted
as shown:
A. M. 1 word
P. M. 1 word
O. K. 1 word
Per cent 1 word
13. No message will be considered sent until its receipt has been
acknowledged by the receiving station.
The International Morse or General Service Code.
18. The International Morse Code is the General Service Code
and is prescribed for use by the Army of the United States and
between the Army and the Navy of the United States. It will be
used on radio systems, submarine cables using siphon recorders,
and with the heliograph, flash-lantern, and all visual signaling
apparatus using the wigwag.
_Alphabet_.
A . - N - .
B - . . . O - - -
C - . - . P . - - .
D - . . Q - - . -
E . R . - .
F . . - . S . . .
G - - . T -
H . . . . U . . -
I . . V . . . -
J . - - - W . - -
K - . - X - . . -
L . - . . Y - . - -
M - - Z - - . .
_Numerals_.
1 . - - - - 6 - . . . .
2 . . - - - 7 - - . . .
3 . . . - - 8 - - - . .
4 . . . . - 9 - - - - .
5 . . . . . 0 - - - - -
_Punctuation_.
Period . . . . . .
Comma . - . - . -
Interrogation . . - - . .
Hyphen or dash - . . . . -
Parentheses (before and after the words) - . - - . -
Quotation mark (beginning and ending) . - . . - .
Exclamation - - . . - -
Apostrophe . - - - - .
Semicolon - . - . - .
Colon - - - . . .
Bar indicating fraction - . . - .
Underline (before and after the word or
words it is wished to underline) . . - - . -
Double dash (between preamble and address,
between address and body of message,
between body of message and signature,
and immediately before a fraction) - . . . -
Cross . - . - .
Visual Signaling in General.
21. Methods of visual signaling are divided as follows:
(a) By flag, torch, hand lantern, or beam of searchlight (without
shutter). (General Service Code).
(b) By heliograph, flash lantern, or searchlight (with shutter).
(General Service Code).
(c) By Ardois. (General Service Code).
(d) By hand flags or by stationary semaphore. (Two-arm semaphore
Code.)
(e) By preconcerted signals with Coston lights, rockets, bombs,
Very pistols, small arms, guns, etc.
(f) By flag signals by permanent hoists. (International Code.)
22. The following conventional signals, with exceptions noted,
will be used in the first four classes.
_Exceptions_
Ardois and semaphore.
End of word. Interval.
End of sentence. Double interval.
End of message. Triple interval.
Signal separating
preamble from
address; address
from text; text
from signature. - . . . - Double interval,
signature preceded
also by "Sig."
Interval.
Acknowledgement. R.
Error. . . . . . . . . A.
Negative. K.
Preparatory. L.
Annulling. N.
Affirmative. P.
Interrogatory. . . - - . . O.
Repeat after word. Interrogatory. A
(word).
Repeat last message. Interrogatory
three times
Send faster. QRQ
Send slower. QRS
Cease sending QRT
Wait a moment . - . . . None.
Execute. IX, IX
Move to your right. MR
Move to your left. ML
Move up. MU
Move down. MD
Finished . . . - . - None.
Visual Signaling: By Flag (Wig-Wag), Torch, Hand Lantern, or Beam
or Searchlight (Without Shutter).
GENERAL SERVICE CODE.
23. For the flag used with the General Service Code there are
three motions and one position. The position is with the flag
held vertically, the signalman facing directly toward the station
with which it is desired to communicate. The first motion (the
dot) is to the right of the sender, and will embrace an arc of
90°, starting with the vertical and returning to it, and will
be made in a plane at right angles to the line connecting the
two stations. The second motion (the dash) is a similar motion
to the left of the sender. The third motion (front) is downward
directly in front of the sender and instantly returned upward
to the first position. Front is used to indicate an interval.
24. The beam of the searchlight, though ordinarily used with
the shutter like the heliograph, may be used for long-distance
signaling, when no shutter is suitable or available, in a similar
manner to the flag or torch, the first position being a vertical
one. A movement of the beam 90° to the right of the sender indicates
a dot, a similar movement to the left indicates a dash; the beam
is lowered vertically for front.
25. To use the torch or hand lantern, a foot light must be employed
as a point of reference to the motion. The lantern is most
conveniently swung out upward to the right of the footlight for
a dot, to the left for a dash, and raised vertically for front.
NOTE.--To call a station, make the call letter until acknowledged,
at intervals giving the call or signal of the calling station.
If the call letter of a station is unknown, wave flag until
acknowledged. In using the searchlight without shutter throw
the beam in a vertical position and move it through an arc of
180° in a plane at right angles to the line connecting the two
stations until acknowledged. To acknowledge a call, signal
"Acknowledgment" followed by the call letter of the acknowledging
station.
Signaling with Heliograph, Flash Lantern, and Searchlight (With
Shutter).
GENERAL SERVICE CODE.
26. The first position is to turn a steady flash on the receiving
station. The signals are made by short and long flashes. Use a
short flash for dot and a long steady flash for dash. The elements
of a letter should be slightly longer than in sound signals.
27. To call a station, make its call letter until acknowledged.
28. If the call letter of a station be unknown, signal A until
acknowledged. Each station will then turn on a steady flash and
adjust. When adjustment is satisfactory to the called station,
it will cut off its flash and the calling station will proceed
with its message.
29. If the receiver sees that the sender's mirror or light needs
adjustment, he will turn on a steady flash until answered, by a
steady flash. When the adjustment is satisfactory the receiver
will cut off his flash and the sender will resume his message.
[Illustration: THE TWO-ARM SEMAPHORE CODE.]
[Illustration: THE TWO-ARM SEMAPHORE CODE.]
30. To break the sending station for other purposes, turn on a
steady flash.
SOUND SIGNALS.
56. Sound signals made by the whistle, foghorn, bugle, trumpet,
and drum may well be used in a fog, mist, falling snow, or at
night. They may be used with the dot and dash code.
In applying the General Service Code to whistle, foghorn, bugle,
or trumpet, one short blast indicates a dot and one long blast
a dash. With the drum, one tap indicates a dot and two taps in
rapid succession a dash. Although these signals can be used with
a dot and dash code, they should be so used in connection with
a preconcerted or conventional code.
Signaling by Two-Arm Semaphore.
HAND FLAGS.
43. Signaling by the two-arm semaphore is the most rapid method
of sending spelled-out messages. It is, however, very liable to
error if the motions are slurred over or run together in an attempt
to make speed. Both arms should move rapidly and simultaneously,
but there should be a perceptible pause at the end of each letter
before making the movements for the next letter. Rapidity is
secondary to accuracy. For alphabet see pages following.
NOTE.--In making the interval the flags are crossed downward in
front of the body (just above the knees); the double interval
is the "chop-chop" signal made twice; the triple interval is
"chop-chop" signal made three times. In calling a station face
it squarely and make its call. If there is no immediate reply
wave the flags over the head to attract attention, making the call
at frequent intervals. When the sender makes "end of message" the
receiver, if message is understood, extends the flags horizontally
and waves them until the sender does the same, when both leave
their stations. Care must be taken with hand flags to hold the
staffs so as to form a prolongation of the arms.
LETTER CODES.
INFANTRY.
47. For use with General Service Code or semaphore hand flags.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Letter of | If signaled from | If signaled from
alphabet | the rear to the | the firing line
| firing line. | to the rear.
------------|------------------------|-----------------------
AM | Ammunition going | Ammunition required.
| forward. |
CCC | Charge (mandatory | Am about to charge
| at all times). | if no instructions
| | to the contrary.
CF | Cease firing. | Cease firing.
DT | Double time or "rush." | Double time or "rush."
F | Commence firing. |
FB | Fix bayonet. |
FL | Artillery fire is |
| causing us losses. |
G | Move forward. | Preparing to move
| | forward.
HHH | Halt. |
K | Negative. | Negative.
LT | Left. | Left.
O | What is the (R. N., | What is the (R. N.,
(Ardois and | etc.)? Interrogatory. | etc.)? Interrogatory.
Semaphore | |
only.) | |
. . - - . . | What is the (R. N., | What is the (R. N.,
(All methods| etc.)? Interrogatory. | etc.)? Interrogatory.
but ardois | |
and | |
semaphore.) | |
P | Affirmative. | Affirmative.
RN | Range. | Range.
RT | Right. | Right.
SSS | Support going forward. | Support needed.
SUF | Suspend firing. | Suspend firing.
T | Target. | Target.
-------------------------------------------------------------
CAVALRY.
48. For use with General Service Code or semaphore hand flags.
AM--Ammunition going forward (if signaled from the
rear to the front).
Ammunition required (If signaled from the front).
CCC--Charge (if signaled rear the rear to the front).
About to charge if no instructions to the
contrary (if signaled from the front).
CF--Cease firing.
DT--Double time, rush, or hurry.
F--Commence firing.
FL--Artillery fire is causing us losses.
G--Move forward (if signaled from the rear to
the front). Preparing to move forward (if
signaled from the front).
HHH--Halt.
K--Negative.
LT--Left.
M--Bring up the horses (if signaled from front
to rear). Horses going forward (if signaled
from rear to front).
O--What is the (R. N., etc.)? Interrogatory.
(Ardois and semaphore only.)
. . - - . .--What is the (R. N., etc.)? Interrogatory.
(All methods but ardois and semaphore.)
P--Affirmative.
R--Acknowledgment.
RN--Range.
RT--Right.
SSS--Support going forward (if signaled from the
rear to the front). Support needed (if
signaled from the front).
SUF--Suspend firing.
T--Target.
FIELD ARTILLERY.
49. For use with General Service Code or semaphore hand flags.
. . . . . . . .--Error. (All methods but ardois and semaphore.)
A--Error. (Ardois and semaphore only.)
AD--Additional.
AKT--Draw ammunition from combat tram.
AL--Draw ammunition from limbers.
AM--Ammunition going forward.
AMC--At my command.
AP--Aiming point.
B (numerals)--Battery (so many) rounds.
BS (numerals)--(Such.) Battalion station.
BL--Battery from the left.
BR--Battery from the right.
CCC--Charge (mandatory at all times). Am about to
charge if not instructed to contrary.
CF--Cease firing.
CS--Close station.
CT--Change target.
D--Down.
DF--Deflection.
DT--Double time. Rush. Hurry.
F--Commence firing.
FCL (numerals)--On 1st piece close by (so much).
FL--Artillery fire is causing us losses.
FOP (numerals)--On 1st piece open by (so much).
G--Move forward. Preparing to move forward.
HHH--Halt. Action suspended.
IX--Execute. Go ahead. Transmit.
JI--Report firing data.
K--Negative. No.
KR--Corrector.
L--Preparatory. Attention.
LCL (numerals)--On 4th piece close by (so much).
LOP (numerals)--On 4th piece open by (so much).
LT--Left.
LL--Left from the left.
LR--Left from the right.
LE (numerals)--Left (so much).
MD--Move down.
ML--Move to your left.
MR--Move to your right.
MU--Move up.
MO (numerals)--Move (so much).
N--Annul, cancel.
O--What is the (R. N., etc.)? Interrogatory.
(Ardois and semaphore only.)
. . - - . .--What is the (R. N.. etc.)? Interrogatory.
(All methods but ardois and semaphore.)
P--Affirmative. Yes.
PS--Percussion. Shrapnel.
QRQ--Send faster.
QRS--Send slower.
QRT--Cease sending.
R--Acknowledgment. Received.
RS--Regimental station.
RL--Right from the left.
RR--Right from the right.
RN--Range.
RT--Right.
S--Subtract.
SCL (numerals)--On 2d piece close by (so much).
SOP (numerals)--On 2d piece open by (so much).
SH--Shell.
SI--Site.
SSS--Support needed.
T--Target.
TCL (numerals)--On 3d piece close by (so much).
TOP (numerals)--On 3d piece open by (so much).
U--Up.
Y (letter)--Such battery station.
CHAPTER XIII.
FIRST AID RULES.
The bandages and dressings contained in the first-aid packet
have been so treated as to destroy any germs thereon. Therefore,
when dressing a wound, be careful not to touch or handle that
part of the dressing which is to be applied to the wound.
A sick or injured person should always be made to lie down on his
back, if practicable, as this is the most comfortable position,
and all muscles may be relaxed.
All tight articles of clothing and equipment should be loosened,
so as not to interfere with breathing or the circulation of the
blood. Belts, collars, and the trousers at the waist should be
opened.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.]
Don't let mere onlookers crowd about the patient. They prevent
him from getting fresh air and also make him nervous and excited.
In case of injury the heart action is generally weak from shock,
and the body, therefore, grows somewhat cold. So don't remove
any more clothing than is necessary to expose the injury.
Cut or rip the clothing, but don't pull it. Try to disturb the
patient as little as possible.
Don't touch a wound with your fingers or a handkerchief, or with
anything else but the first-aid dressing. Don't wash the wound
with water, as you may infect it.
Don't administer stimulants (whisky, brandy, wine, etc.) unless
ordered to do so by a doctor. While in a few cases stimulants
are of benefit, in a great many cases they do positive harm,
especially where there has been any bleeding.
The heart may be considered as a pump and the arteries as a rubber
hose, which carry the blood from the heart to every part of the
body. The veins are the hose which carry the blood back to the
heart. Every wound bleeds some, but, unless a large artery or
a large vein is cut, the bleeding will stop after a short while
if the patient is kept quiet and the first-aid dressing is bound
over the wound so as to make pressure on it.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
When a large artery is cut the blood gushes out in spurts every
time the heart beats. In this case it is necessary to stop the
flow of blood by pressing upon the hose somewhere between the
heart and the leak.
If the leak is in the arm or hand, apply pressure as in figure
1.
If the leak is in the leg, apply pressure as in figure 2.
If the leak is in the shoulder or armpit, apply pressure as in
figure 3.
The reason for this is that at the places indicated the arteries
may be pressed against a bone more easily than at any other places.
Another way of applying pressure (by means of a tourniquet) is
shown in figure 4. Place a pad of tightly rolled cloth or paper,
or any suitable object, over the artery. Tie a bandage loosely
about the limb and then insert your bayonet, or a stick, and
twist up the bandage until the pressure of the pad on the artery
stops the leak. Twist the bandage slowly and stop as soon as
the blood ceases to flow, in order not to bruise the flesh or
muscles unnecessarily.
[Illustration: FIG. 3.]
A tourniquet may cause pain and swelling of the limb, and it
left on too long may cause the limb to die. Therefore, about
every half hour or so, loosen the bandage very carefully, but if
the bleeding continues pressure must be applied again. In this
case apply the pressure with the thumb for five or ten minutes,
as this cuts off only the main artery and leaves some of the
smaller arteries and the veins free to restore some of the
circulation. When a tourniquet is painful, it is too tight and
should be carefully loosened a little.
It the leg or arm is held upright, this also helps to reduce
the bleeding in these parts, because the heart then has to pump
the blood uphill.
A broken bone is called a fracture. The great danger in the case
of a fracture is that the sharp, jagged edges of the bones may
stick through the flesh and skin, or tear and bruise the arteries,
veins, and muscles. If the skin is not broken, a fracture is
not so serious, as no germs can get in. Therefore never move a
person with a broken bone until the fracture has been so fixed
that the broken ends of the bone can not move.
[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Improvised tourniquet.]
If the leg or arm is broken, straighten the limb gently and if
necessary pull upon the end firmly to get the bones in place.
Then bind the limb firmly to a splint to hold it in place. A
splint may be made of any straight, stiff material--a shingle
or piece of board, a bayonet, a rifle, a straight branch of a
tree, etc. Whatever material you use must be well padded on the
side next to the limb. Be careful never to place the bandages
over the fracture, but always above and below. (Figs. 5, 6, 7,
8.)
Many surgeons think that the method of binding a broken leg to
the well one, and of binding the arm to the body, is the best
plan in the field as being the quickest and one that serves the
immediate purpose.
[Illustration: FIG. 5.]
[Illustration: FIG. 6.]
With wounds about the body the chest and abdomen you must not
meddle except to protect them when possible without much handling
with the materials of the packet.
FAINTING, SHOCK, HEAT EXHAUSTION.
The symptoms of fainting, shock, and heat exhaustion are very
similar. The face is pale, the skin cool and moist, the pulse is
weak, and generally the patient is unconscious. Keep the patient
quiet, resting on his back, with his head low. Loosen the clothing,
but keep the patient warm, and give stimulants (whisky, hot coffee,
tea, etc.).
SUNSTROKE.
In the case of sunstroke the face is flushed, the skin is dry
and very hot, and the pulse is full and strong. In this case
place the patient in a cool spot, remove the clothing, and make
every effort to lessen the heat in the body by cold applications
to the head and surface generally. Do not, under any circumstances,
give any stimulants or hot drinks.
[Illustration: FIG. 7.]
[Illustration: FIG. 8.]
FREEZING AND FROSTBITE.
The part frozen, which looks white or bluish white, and is cold,
should be very slowly raised in temperature by brisk but careful
rubbing in a cool place and never near a fire. Stimulants are to
be given cautiously when the patient can swallow, and followed by
small amounts of warm liquid nourishment. The object is to restore
the circulation of the blood and the natural warmth gradually and
not violently. Care and patience are necessary to do this.
RESUSITATION OF THE APPARENTLY DROWNED.
In the instruction of the Army in First Aid the method of
resuscitation of the apparently drowned, as described by "Schaefer,"
will be taught instead of the "Sylvester Method," heretofore
used. The Schaefer method of artificial respiration is also
applicable in cases of electric shock, asphyxiation by gas, and
of the failure of respiration following concussion of the brain.
Being under water for four of five minutes is generally fatal,
but an effort to revive the apparently drowned should always
be made, unless it is known that the body has been under water
for a very long time. The attempt to revive the patient should
not be delayed for the purpose of removing his clothes or placing
him in the ambulance. Begin the procedure as soon as he is out
of the water, on the shore or in the boat. The first and most
important thing is to start artificial respiration without delay.
The Schaefer method is preferred because it can be carried out
by one person without assistance, and because its procedure is
not exhausting to the operator, thus permitting him, if required,
to continue it for one or two hours. When it is known that a
person has been under water for but a few minutes continue the
artificial respiration for at least one and a half to two hours
before considering the case hopeless. Once the patient has begun to
breathe watch carefully to see that he does not stop again. Should
the breathing be very faint, or should he stop breathing, assist
him again with artificial respiration. After he starts breathing
do not lift him nor permit him to stand until the breathing has
become full and regular.
As soon as the patient is removed from the water, turn him face
to the ground, clasp your hands under his waist, and raise the
body so any water may drain out of the air passages while the
head remains low. (Figure 9.)
[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Schaefer method of artificial respiration.
Inspiration.]
[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Schaefer method of artificial respiration.
Expiration.]
The patient is laid on his stomach, arms extended from his body
beyond his head, face turned to one side so that the mouth and
nose do not touch the ground. This position causes the tongue to
fall forward of its own weight and so prevents its falling back
into the air passages. Turning the head to one side prevents the
face coming into contact with mud or water during the operation.
This position also facilitates the removal from the mouth of
foreign bodies, such as tobacco, chewing gum, false teeth, etc.,
and favors the expulsion of mucus, blood, vomitus, serum, or
any liquid that may be in the air passages.
The operator kneels, straddles one or both of the patient's thighs,
and faces his head. Locating the lowest rib, the operator, with
his thumbs nearly parallel to his fingers, places his hands so
that the little finger curls over the twelfth rib. If the hands
are on the pelvic bones the object of the work is defeated; hence
the bones of the pelvis are first located in order to avoid them.
The hands must be free from the pelvis and resting on the lowest
rib. By operating on the bare back it is easier to locate the
lower ribs and avoid the pelvis. The nearer the ends of the ribs
the hands are placed without sliding off the better. The hands
are thus removed from the spine, the fingers being nearly out
of sight.
The fingers help some, but the chief pressure is exerted by the
heels (thenar and hypothenar eminences) of the hands, with the
weight coming straight from the shoulders. It is a waste of energy
to bend the arms at the elbows and shove in from the sides, because
the muscles of the back are stronger than the muscles of the
arms.
The operator's arms are held straight, and his weight is brought
from his shoulders by bringing his body and shoulders forward.
This weight is gradually increased until at the end of the three
seconds of vertical pressure upon the lower ribs of the patient
the force is felt to be heavy enough to compress the parts; then
the weight is suddenly removed. If there is danger of not returning
the hands to the right position again, they can remain lightly
in place; but it is usually better to remove the hands entirely.
If the operator is light and the patient an overweight adult,
he can utilize over 80 per cent of his weight by raising his
knees from the ground and supporting himself entirely on his
toes and the heels of his hands, the latter properly placed on
the ends of the floating ribs of the patient. In this manner
he can work as effectively as a heavy man.
A light feather or a piece of absorbent cotton drawn out thin
and held near the nose by some one will indicate by its movements
whether or not there is a current of air going and coming with
each forced expiration and spontaneous inspiration.
The natural rate of breathing is 12 to 15 times per minute. The
rate of operation should not exceed this. The lungs must be
thoroughly emptied by three seconds of pressure, then refilling
takes care of itself. Pressure and release of pressure--one complete
respiration--occupies about five seconds. If the operator is
alone, he can be guided in each act by his own deep, regular
respiration or by counting or by his watch lying by his side.
If comrades are present, he can be advised by them.
The duration of the efforts as artificial respiration should
ordinarily exceed an hour; indefinitely longer if there are any
evidences of returning animation, by way of breathing, speaking,
or movements. There are liable to be evidences of life within 25
minutes in patients who will recover from electric shock, but
where there is doubt the patient should be given the benefit
of the doubt. In drowning, especially, recoveries are on record
after two hours or more of unconsciousness; hence, the Schaefer
method, being easy of operation, is more likely to be persisted
in.
Aromatic spirits of ammonia may be poured on a handkerchief and
held continuously within 3 inches of the face and nose. If other
ammonia preparations are used, they should be diluted or held
farther away. Try it on your own nose first.
When the operator is a heavy man it is necessary to caution him
not to bring force too violently upon the ribs, as one of them
might be broken.
Do not attempt to give liquids of any kind to the patient while
unconscious. Apply warm blankets and hot-water bottles as soon
as they can be obtained.
CHAPTER XIV.
LAWS AND REGULATIONS.
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
The Army of the United States is governed by certain laws called
"The Articles of War" and certain regulations called "Army
Regulations."
The following list includes the offenses most often committed
by soldiers, generally through ignorance or carelessness rather
than viciousness. Violations of any rule or regulation should
be carefully guarded against, since they not only subject the
offender to punishment, but also bring discredit on his comrades,
his organization, and on the military profession:
1. Selling, pawning, or, through neglect, losing or spoiling
any Government property, such as uniforms, blankets, equipment,
ammunition, etc.
2. Disobedience of the orders of any officer or noncommissioned
officer.
3. Disrespect to an officer or noncommissioned officer.
4. Absence from camp without leave.
5. Absence from any drill, formation, or other duty without
authority.
6. Drunkenness on duty or off duty, whether in camp or when absent
either with or without leave.
7. Bringing liquor into camp.
8. Noisy or disorderly conduct in camp or when absent either with
or without leave.
9. Entering on private property, generally for the purpose of
stealing fruit, etc.
10. Negligence or carelessness at drill or on other duty,
particularly while on guard or as a sentinel over prisoners.
11. Wearing an unauthorized uniform or wearing the uniform in
an improper manner.
12. Urinating in or around camp.
13. Falling to salute properly.
14. Disrespect or affront to a sentinel.
15. Abuse or neglect of his horse.
"The basic principles of the combat tactics of the different arms
are set forth in the Drill Regulations of those arms for units as
high as brigades," (_Preface,_Field_Service_Regulations_.)
"The Drill Regulations are furnished as a guide. They provide
the principles for training and for increasing the probability
of success in battle. In the interpretation of the regulations
the spirit must be sought. Quibbling over the minutæ of form is
indicative of failure to grasp the spirit," (_Paragraph_4,_
_Infantry_Drill_Regulations._)
Field Service Regulations govern all arms of the Army of the United
States."
SECTION 2. THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES.
The Army of the United States shall consist of the Regular Army,
the Volunteer Army, the Officers' Reserve Corps, the Enlisted
Reserve Corps, the National Guard while in the service of the United
States, and such other land forces as are now or may hereafter
be authorized by law. (Sec. 1, act of June 3, 1916.)
SECTION 3. RANK AND PRECEDENCE OF OFFICERS AND NONCOMMISSIONED
OFFICERS.
The following are the grades of rank of officers and noncommissioned
officers:
1. Lieutenant general.
2. Major general.
3. Brigadier general.
4. Colonel.
5. Lieutenant colonel.
6. Major.
7. Captain.
8. First lieutenant.
9. Second lieutenant.
10. Aviator, Signal Corps.
11. Cadet.
12. (a) Sergeant major, regimental; sergeant major, senior
grade, Coast Artillery Corps; (b) quartermaster sergeant,
senior grade, Quartermaster Corps; master hospital sergeant,
Medical Department; master engineer, senior grade, Corps of
Engineers; master electrician, Coast Artillery Corps; master
signal electrician; band lender; (c) hospital sergeant, Medical
Department; master engineer, junior grade, Corps of Engineers;
engineer, Coast Artillery Corps.
13. Ordnance sergeant; quartermaster sergeant, Quartermaster
Corps; supply sergeant, regimental.
14. Sergeant-major, squadron and battalion; sergeant major,
junior grade, Coast Artillery Corps; supply sergeant, battalion,
Corps of Engineers.
15. (a) First sergeant; (b) sergeant, first class, Medical
Department; sergeant, first class, Quartermaster Corps; sergeant,
first class, Corps of Engineers; sergeant, first class, Signal
Corps; electrician sergeant, first class, Coast Artillery Corps;
electrician sergeant, Artillery Detachment, United States
Military Academy; assistant engineer, Coast Artillery Corps;
(c) master gunner, Coast Artillery Corps; master gunner,
Artillery Detachment, United States Military Academy; band
sergeant and assistant leader, United States Military Academy
band; assistant band leader; sergeant bugler; electrician
sergeant, second class, Coast Artillery Corps; electrician
sergeant, second class, Artillery Detachment, United States
Military Academy; radio sergeant.
16. Color sergeant.
17. Sergeant; supply sergeant, company; mess sergeant; stable
sergeant; fireman, Coast Artillery Corps.
18. Corporal.
In each grade and subgrade date of commission, appointment, or
warrant determines the order of precedence. (Paragraph. 9 Army
Regulations, 1913.)
SECTION 4. INSIGNIA OF OFFICERS AND NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
The insignia of rank appearing on the shoulder straps, shoulder
loops, or collar of shirt (when shirt is worn without coat) of
officers are as follows:
General: Coat of arms and two stars.
Lieutenant general: One large star and two smaller ones.
Major general: Two silver stars.
Brigadier general: One silver star.
Colonel: One silver spread eagle.
Lieutenant colonel: One silver leaf.
Major: One gold leaf.
Captain: Two silver bars.
First lieutenant: One silver bar.
The grade of noncommissioned officers is indicated by chevrons
worn on the sleeve.
SECTION 5. EXTRACTS FROM THE ARTICLES OF WAR.
(Relating to enlisted men.)
CERTAIN ARTICLES TO BE READ AND EXPLAINED.
ART. 110. Articles 1, 2, and 29, 54 to 96, inclusive, and 104
to 109, inclusive, shall be read and explained to every soldier
at the time of his enlistment or muster in, or within six days
thereafter, and shall be read and explained once every six months
to the soldiers of every garrison, regiment, or company in the
service of the United States.
DEFINITIONS.
ARTICLE 1. The following words when used in these articles shall
be construed in the sense indicated in this article, unless the
context shows that a different sense is intended, namely:
(a) The word "officer" shall be construed to refer to a commissioned
officer;
(b) The word "soldier" shall be construed as including a
noncommissioned officer, a private, or any other enlisted man;
(c) The word "company" shall be understood as including a troop
or battery; and
(d) The word "battalion" shall be understood as including a squadron.
PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY LAW.
ART. 2. The following persons are subject to these articles and
shall be understood as included in the term "any person subject
to military law" or "persons subject to military law" whenever
used in these articles: _Provided_, That nothing contained
in this act, except as specifically provided in article 2,
subparagraph (c), shall be construed to apply to any person under
the United States naval jurisdiction, unless otherwise specifically
provided by law:
(a) All officers and soldiers belonging to the Regular Army of
the United States; all volunteers, from the dates of their muster
or acceptance into the military service of the United States;
and all other persons lawfully called, drafted, or ordered into
or to duty or for training in the said service, from the dates
they are required by the terms of the call, draft, or order to
obey the same.
(b) Cadets.
(c) Officers and soldiers of the Marine Corps when detached for
service with the armies of the United States by order of the
President: _Provided_, That an officer soldier of the Marine
Corps when so detached may be tried by military court-martial
for an offense committed against the laws for the government of
the naval service prior to his detachment, and for an offense
committed against these articles he may be tried by a naval
court-martial after such detachment ceases.
(d) All retainers to the camp and all persons accompanying or
serving with the armies of the United States without the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States, and in time of war all such
retainers and persons accompanying or serving with the armies
of the United States in the field, both within and without the
territorial jurisdiction of the United States, though not otherwise
subject to these articles.
(e) All persons under sentence adjudged by courts-martini.
(f) All persons admitted into the Regular Army Soldiers' Home
at Washington. D. C.
ENLISTMENT WITHOUT DISCHARGE.
ART. 29. Any soldier who, without having first received a regular
discharge, again enlists in the Army, or in the militia when
in the service of the United States, or in the Navy or Marine
Corps of the United States, or in any foreign army, shall be
deemed to have deserted the service of the United States; and,
where enlistment is in one of the forces of the United States
mentioned above, to have fraudulently enlisted therein.
FRAUDULENT ENLISTMENT.
ART. 54. Any person who shall procure himself to be enlisted in
the military service of the United States by means of willful
misrepresentation or concealment as to his qualifications for
enlistment, and shall receive pay or allowances under such
enlistment, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.
OFFICER MAKING UNLAWFUL ENLISTMENT
ART. 55. Any officer who knowingly enlists or musters into the
military service any person whose enlistment or muster in is
prohibited by law, regulation, or orders shall be dismissed from
the service or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial
may direct.
MUSTER ROLLS--FALSE MUSTER.
ART. 56. At every muster of a regiment, troop, battery, or company
the commanding officer thereof shall give to the mustering officer
certificates, signed by himself, stating how long absent officers
have been absent and the reasons of their absence. And the commanding
officer of every troop, battery, or company shall give like
certificates, stating how long absent noncommissioned officers
and private soldiers have been absent and the reasons of their
absence. Such reasons and time of absence shall be inserted in
the muster rolls opposite the names of the respective absent
officers and soldiers, and the certificates, together with the
muster rolls, shall be transmitted by the mustering officer to
the Department of War as speedily as the distance of the place
and muster will admit. Any officer who knowingly makes a false
muster of man or animal, or who signs or directs or allows the
signing of any muster roll knowing the same to contain false
muster or false statement as to the absence or pay of an officer
or soldier, or who wrongfully takes money or other consideration
on mustering in a regiment, company, or other organization, or
on signing muster rolls, or who knowingly musters as an officer
or soldier a person who is not such officer or soldier, shall
be dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment
as a court-martial may direct.
FALSE RETURNS--OMISSION TO RENDER RETURNS.
ART. 57. Every officer commanding a regiment, an independent
troop, battery, or company, or a garrison shall, in the beginning
of every month, transmit, through the proper channels, to the
War Department an exact return of the same, specifying the names
of the officers then absent from their posts, with the reasons
for and the time of their absence. Every officer whose duty it
is to render to the War Department or other superior authority
a return of the state of the troops under his command, or of the
arms, ammunition, clothing, funds, or other property thereunto
belonging, who knowingly makes a false return thereof shall be
dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment as
a court-martial may direct. And any officer who, through neglect
or design, omits to render such return shall be punished as a
court-martial may direct.
DESERTION.
ART. 58. Any person subject to military law who deserts or attempts
to desert the service of the United States shall, if the offense
be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment
as a court-martial may direct, and, if the offense be committed
at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a
court-martial may direct.
ADVISING OR AIDING ANOTHER TO DESERT.
ART. 59. Any person subject to military law who advises or persuades
or knowingly assists another to desert the service of the United
States shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer
death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct,
and if the offense be committed at any other time any punishment,
excepting death, that a court-martial may direct.
ENTERTAINING A DESERTER.
ART. 60. Any officer who, after having discovered that a soldier
in his command is a deserter from the military or naval service
or from the Marine Corps, retains such deserter in his command
without informing superior authority or the commander of the
organization to which the deserter belongs, shall be punished
as a court-martial may direct.
ABSENCE WITHOUT LEAVE.
ART. 61. Any person subject to military law who fails to repair
at the fixed time to the properly appointed place of duty, or
goes from the same without proper leave, or absents himself from
his command, guard, quarters, station or camp without proper
leave, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.
DISRESPECT TOWARD THE PRESIDENT, VICE PRESIDENT, CONGRESS, SECRETARY
OF WAR, GOVERNORS, LEGISLATURES.
ART. 62. Any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespectful words
against the President, Vice President, the Congress of the United
States, the Secretary of War, or the governor or legislature of
any State, Territory, or other possession of the United States
in which he is quartered shall be dismissed from the service
or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.
Any other person subject to military law who so offends shall
be punished as a court-martial may direct.
DISRESPECT TOWARD SUPERIOR OFFICERS.
ART. 63. Any person subject to military law who behaves himself
with disrespect toward his superior officer shall be punished
as a court-martial may direct.
ASSAULTING OR WILLFULLY DISOBEYING SUPERIOR OFFICER.
ART. 64. Any person subject to military law who, on any pretense
whatsoever, strikes his superior officer or draws or lifts up any
weapon or offers any violence against him, being in the execution
of his office, or willfully disobeys any lawful command of his
superior officer, shall suffer death or such other punishment
as a court-martial may direct.
INSUBORDINATE CONDUCT TOWARD NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER.
ART. 65. Any soldier who strikes or assaults, or who attempts
or threatens to strike or assault, or willfully disobeys the
lawful order of a noncommissioned officer while in the execution
of his office, or uses threatening or insulting language, or
behaves in an insubordinate or disrespectful manner toward a
noncommissioned officer while in the execution of his office,
shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.
MUTINY OR SEDITION.
ART. 66. Any person subject to military law who attempts to create
or who begins, excites, causes, or joins in any mutiny or sedition
in any company, party, post, camp detachment, guard, or other
command shall suffer death or such other punishment as a
court-martial may direct.
FAILURE TO SUPPRESS MUTINY OR SEDITION.
ART. 67. Any officer or soldier who, being present at any mutiny
or sedition, does not use his utmost endeavor to suppress the
same, or knowing or having reason to believe that a mutiny or
sedition is to take place, does not without delay give information
thereof to his commanding officer shall suffer death or such
other punishment as a court-martial may direct.
QUARRELS, FRAYS, DISORDERS.
ART. 68. All officers and noncommissioned officers have power to
part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disorders among persons
subject to military law and to order officers who take part in the
same into arrest, and other persons subject to military law who
take part in the same into arrest or confinement, as circumstances
may require, until their proper superior officer is acquainted
therewith. And whosoever, being so ordered, refuses to obey such
officer or noncommissioned officer or draws a weapon upon or
otherwise threatens or does violence to him shall be punished
as a court-martial may direct.