The Browning readings must have begun about this time. Just what
kindled Mark Twain's interest in the poetry of Robert Browning is not
remembered, but very likely his earlier associations with the poet had
something to do with it. Whatever the beginning, we find him, during
the winter of 1886 and 1887, studiously, even violently, interested in
Browning's verses, entertaining a sort of club or class who gathered
to hear his rich, sympathetic, and luminous reading of the
Payleyings--“With Bernard de Mandeville,” “Daniel Bartoli,” or
“Christopher Smart.” Members of the Saturday Morning Club were among his
listeners and others-friends of the family. They were rather remarkable
gatherings, and no one of that group but always vividly remembered the
marvelously clear insight which Mark Twain's vocal personality gave to
those somewhat obscure measures. They did not all of them realize that
before reading a poem he studied it line by line, even word by word;
dug out its last syllable of meaning, so far as lay within human
possibility, and indicated with pencil every shade of emphasis which
would help to reveal the poet's purpose. No student of Browning ever
more devoutly persisted in trying to compass a master's intent--in such
poems as “Sordello,” for instance--than Mark Twain. Just what permanent
benefit he received from this particular passion it is difficult to
know. Once, at a class-meeting, after finishing “Easter Day,” he made a
remark which the class requested him to “write down.” It is recorded on
the fly-leaf of Dramatis Personae as follows:
One's glimpses & confusions, as one reads Browning, remind me of
looking through a telescope (the small sort which you must move with
your hand, not clock-work). You toil across dark spaces which are
(to your lens) empty; but every now & then a splendor of stars &
suns bursts upon you and fills the whole field with flame. Feb.
23, 1887.
In another note he speaks of the “vague dim flash of splendid
hamming-birds through a fog.” Whatever mental treasures he may or may
not have laid up from Browning there was assuredly a deep gratification
in the discovery of those splendors of “stars and suns” and the flashing
“humming-birds,” as there must also have been in pointing out those
wonders to the little circle of devout listeners. It all seemed so worth
while.
It was at a time when George Meredith was a reigning literary favorite.
There was a Meredith cult as distinct as that of Browning. Possibly it
exists to-day, but, if so, it is less militant. Mrs. Clemens and her
associates were caught in the Meredith movement and read Diana of the
Crossways and the Egoist with reverential appreciation.
The Meredith epidemic did not touch Mark Twain. He read but few novels
at most, and, skilful as was the artistry of the English favorite, he
found his characters artificialities--ingeniously contrived puppets
rather than human beings, and, on the whole, overrated by their creator.
Diana of the Crossways was read aloud, and, listening now and then, he
was likely to say:
“It doesn't seem to me that Diana lives up to her reputation. The author
keeps telling us how smart she is, how brilliant, but I never seem to
hear her say anything smart or brilliant. Read me some of Diana's smart
utterances.”
He was relentless enough in his criticism of a literature he did not
care for, and he never learned to care for Meredith.
He read his favorite books over and over with an ever-changing point of
view. He re-read Carlyle's French Revolution during the summer at the
farm, and to Howells he wrote:
How stunning are the changes which age makes in man while he sleeps!
When I finished Carlyle's French Revolution in 1871 I was a
Girondin; every time I have read it since I have read it
differently--being influenced & changed, little by little, by life &
environment (& Taine & St. Simon); & now I lay the book down once
more, & recognize that I am a Sansculotte!--And not a pale,
characterless Sansculotte, but a Marat. Carlyle teaches no such
gospel, so the change is in me--in my vision of the evidences.
People pretend that the Bible means the same to them at 50 that it
did at all former milestones in their journey. I wonder how they
can lie so. It comes of practice, no doubt. They would not say
that of Dickens's or Scott's books. Nothing remains the same. When
a man goes back to look at the house of his childhood it has always
shrunk; there is no instance of such house being as big as the
picture in memory & imagination call for. Shrunk how? Why, to its
correct dimensions; the house hasn't altered; this is the first time
it has been in focus.
Well, that's loss. To have house & Bible shrink so, under the
disillusioning corrected angle, is loss--for a moment. But there
are compensations. You tilt the tube skyward & bring planets &
comets & corona flames a hundred & fifty thousand miles high into
the field. Which I see you have done, & found Tolstoi. I haven't
got him in focus yet, but I've got Browning.
In time the Browning passion would wane and pass, and the club was
succeeded by, or perhaps it blended with, a German class which met at
regular intervals at the Clemens home to study “der, die, and das” and
the “gehabt habens” out of Meisterschaft and such other text-books as
Professor Schleutter could provide. They had monthly conversation days,
when they discussed in German all sorts of things, real and imaginary.
Once Dr. Root, a prominent member, and Clemens had a long wrangle over
painting a house, in which they impersonated two German neighbors.
Clemens finally wrote for the class a three-act play “Meisterschaft”--a
literary achievement for which he was especially qualified, with its
picturesque mixture of German and English and its unfailing humor. It
seems unlike anything ever attempted before or since. No one but Mark
Twain could have written it. It was given twice by the class with
enormous success, and in modified form it was published in the Century
Magazine (January, 1888). It is included to-day in his “Complete Works,”
but one must have a fair knowledge of German to capture the full delight
of it.--[On the original manuscript Mark Twain wrote: “There is some
tolerably rancid German here and there in this piece. It is attributable
to the proof-reader.” Perhaps the proof-reader resented this and cut it
out, for it does not appear as published.]
Mark Twain probably exaggerated his sentiments a good deal when in the
Carlyle letter he claimed to be the most rabid of Sansculottes. It is
unlikely that he was ever very bare-kneed and crimson in his anarchy. He
believed always that cruelty should be swiftly punished, whether in king
or commoner, and that tyrants should be destroyed. He was for the people
as against kings, and for the union of labor as opposed to the union of
capital, though he wrote of such matters judicially--not radically. The
Knights of Labor organization, then very powerful, seemed to Clemens
the salvation of oppressed humanity. He wrote a vehement and convincing
paper on the subject, which he sent to Howells, to whom it appealed very
strongly, for Howells was socialistic, in a sense, and Clemens made his
appeal in the best and largest sense, dramatizing his conception in
a picture that was to include, in one grand league, labor of whatever
form, and, in the end, all mankind in a final millennium. Howells
wrote that he had read the essay “with thrills amounting to yells of
satisfaction,” and declared it to be the best thing yet said on the
subject. The essay closed:
He [the unionized workman] is here and he will remain. He is the
greatest birth of the greatest age the nations of the world have
known. You cannot sneer at him--that time has gone by. He has
before him the most righteous work that was ever given into the hand
of man to do; and he will do it. Yes, he is here; and the question
is not--as it has been heretofore during a thousand ages--What shall
we do with him? For the first time in history we are relieved of
the necessity of managing his affairs for him. He is not a broken
dam this time--he is the Flood!
It must have been about this time that Clemens developed an intense,
even if a less permanent, interest in another matter which was to
benefit the species. He was one day walking up Fifth Avenue when he
noticed the sign,
PROFESSOR LOISETTE
SCHOOL OF MEMORY
The Instantaneous Art of Never Forgetting
Clemens went inside. When he came out he had all of Professor Loisette's
literature on “predicating correlation,” and for the next several days
was steeping himself in an infusion of meaningless words and figures
and sentences and forms, which he must learn backward and forward and
diagonally, so that he could repeat them awake and asleep in order to
predicate his correlation to a point where remembering the ordinary
facts of life, such as names, addresses, and telephone numbers, would be
a mere diversion.
It was another case of learning the multitudinous details of the
Mississippi River in order to do the apparently simple thing of steering
a boat from New Orleans to St. Louis, and it is fair to say that, for
the time he gave it, he achieved a like success. He was so enthusiastic
over this new remedy for human distress that within a very brief time he
was sending out a printed letter recommending Loisette to the public at
large. Here is an extract:
... I had no SYSTEM--and some sort of rational order of
procedure is, of course, necessary to success in any study. Well,
Loisette furnished me a system. I cannot undertake to say it is the
best, or the worst, because I don't know what the other systems are.
Loisette, among other cruelties, requires you to memorize a great
long string of words that, haven't any apparent connection or
meaning--there are perhaps 500 of these words, arranged in maniacal
lines of 6 to 8 or 9 words in each line--71 lines in all. Of course
your first impulse is to resign, but at the end of three or four
hours you find to your surprise that you've GOT them and can deliver
them backward or forward without mistake or hesitation. Now, don't
you see what a world of confidence that must necessarily breed?
--confidence in a memory which before you wouldn't even venture to
trust with the Latin motto of the U. S. lest it mislay it and the
country suffer.
Loisette doesn't make memories, he furnishes confidence in memories
that already exist. Isn't that valuable? Indeed it is to me.
Whenever hereafter I shall choose to pack away a thing properly in
that refrigerator I sha'n't be bothered with the aforetime doubts; I
shall know I'm going to find it sound and sweet when I go for it
again.
Loisette naturally made the most of this advertising and flooded the
public with Mark Twain testimonials. But presently Clemens decided that
after all the system was not sufficiently simple to benefit the race at
large. He recalled his printed letters and prevailed upon Loisette to
suppress his circulars. Later he decided that the whole system was a
humbug.