CHAPTER XLIV._History of the Jews in America From the Period of the Discovery of the New World to the Present Time

PRESENT CONDITIONS. THE NUMBER AND THE DISPERSION

OF JEWS IN AMERICA. CONCLUSION.

Dispersion of the Jews over the country and its colonial

possessions――The number of Jews in the United States about

three millions――The number of communities in various States――

The number of Jews in the large cities――The number of the

congregations is far in excess of the recorded figures――The

process of disintegration and the counteracting forces――The

building of synagogues――Charity work is not overshadowing other

communal activities as in the former period, and more attention

is paid to affairs of Judaism――The conciliatory spirit and the

tendency to federate――Self-criticism and dissatisfaction which

are an incentive to improvement――Our great opportunity here――

Our hope in the higher civilization in which the injustices of

the older order of things may never reappear.

Jews are living at present (1911) in every State and Territory of

the United States, and there are small communities in Hawaii, Porto

Rico and the Philippine Islands. There are some forms of Jewish

organizations, synagogues, lodges or cemetery associations in more than

750 separate localities, from places where there is only a “minyan”

on the High Holidays at the beginning of the Jewish year, to the

immense Jewish community of New York City, which is estimated to

consist of nearly 1,000,000 souls. Wherever actual figures as to

the number of Jewish inhabitants in smaller places and the number

of synagogues in larger cities are obtained, they are usually far in

excess of the published figures and estimates, and there seems to be

justification for placing the number of Jews in the country at not

far below 3,000,000, if not actually at that number. While the largest

communities, as well as the largest number of communities, remain in

the East and the Middle West, the dispersion is much more extensive

than is generally supposed.

There are, for instance, nearly forty cities and towns in Texas which

have Jewish communities; other Southern States, like Alabama, Louisiana,

Mississippi and Virginia, have each about, or nearly, half that number,

and Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee

about ten each. Each of the new States of Arizona and New Mexico have

three or four Jewish communities, Oklahoma has five; Florida, in the

extreme South, and Maine, the furthest North, each have about a half

dozen; California has more than both of them together; Washington has

three, and Oregon one. Of the other far Western States Utah has two

communities, Montana two, Nevada one, Idaho one, Wyoming one and

Colorado nine.

Coming to the nearer Western States and toward the border States, we

find four communities in Nebraska, eight in Kansas, twelve in Missouri,

thirteen in Iowa, eight in Kentucky and five in West Virginia. North

Dakota has five, Minnesota eight, while Wisconsin, with nineteen, and

Michigan, with twenty-four, show the result of proximity to the great

Central States where Jews have been settled in considerable numbers for

the last two generations. Among those States Illinois has the largest

number of Jews, owing to the great community of Chicago, while the

number of cities containing Jewish communities――twenty-three――is

somewhat smaller than that of Indiana, which has twenty-six, and of

Ohio, with its twenty-seven. We notice the same in the two greatest

States in the East, where, if we consider Greater New York City as

one community, the number of places containing Jewish organizations

is slightly less than in Pennsylvania, which has sixty-two such

places. New Jersey has more than forty, and of the New England States

Massachusetts leads with thirty-five, and Connecticut is second, having

twenty. Rhode Island has seven; Vermont and New Hampshire four each.

The list is completed with one community in the District of Columbia,

five in Maryland and one in Delaware.[64]

Philadelphia and Chicago are, besides New York, the only two cities

which contain about 100,000 or more Jews each. Boston has about

three-fourths of that number, Baltimore, Cleveland and St. Louis

about 50,000 each, and after them come in the order named: Newark, San

Francisco, Pittsburg and Cincinnati (with about 30,000 each); Detroit,

Buffalo, Providence and Jersey City, each having about half of that

number, while Rochester, Syracuse, New Haven, Milwaukee, Louisville,

New Orleans and Kansas City belong to the class which have 10,000 or

more. The twin cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul would belong to that

class if they were considered as one, which they really are. Washington,

the national capital, belong to the class of cities having between

5 and 10,000 Jews, which includes Albany, N. Y.; Columbus, Ohio;

Dallas, Tex.; Denver, Colo.; Pall River, Mass.; Hartford, Conn.;

Indianapolis, Ind.; Los Angeles, Cal.; Memphis, Tenn.; Omaha, Neb.;

Paterson, N. J; Portland, Ore.; Scranton, Pa.; Seattle, Wash., and

Trenton, N. J. There are some old and important settlements containing

less than 5,000, but the number which would have to be included in a

class of communities of that size is too large to be mentioned.

Congregations are continually being organized and synagogues built in

localities where none existed before, thus showing a gradual dispersion

of Jews to all parts of the country, while new houses of worship in

the large cities usually owe their erection to consolidation or to

the settlement in new neighborhoods. But only the buildings which

are entirely devoted to religious services are apt to be noticed by

those making records or gathering statistical material, while the small

congregation which worships in a private dwelling is usually overlooked.

The statistics about Jewish congregations in the United States are for

this reason more defective than the figures about any other phase of

Jewish activity, and the total given by the above mentioned Year Book

(for 5669, p. 65), _i. e_., 1745, for the entire country, should be

doubled to be nearer the truth, even if the lowest estimate of the

number of Jews in the country is accepted as the most probable one.

If it must be admitted that a process of disintegration is going on,

in which the pessimist sees something worse than a transformation or

re-adjustment to new conditions in a new world, it is, on the other

hand, obvious that a strong effort is made to counteract the forces of

dissolution. The various elements of the community, representing many

countries and different strata of immigration, are coming together in

a conciliatory spirit, as if instinctively impelled to co-operate. The

widespread activity in the building of synagogues, in which many whose

attitude was formerly indifferent, and even hostile, now participate,

is only one phase of the attempt to preserve Judaism in this country.

Much is done for charity and for Jewish education, the latter receiving

more attention than ever before. The public school systems of most of

the larger cities, following New York’s example, have taken over the

largest part of the work which was done before in Jewish institutions

to Americanize the immigrant. Not only the ♦proportion, but the actual

number, of the dependents on charity is decreasing, and while the needs

of Jewish charitable institutions are still great, more attention can

now be paid to specifically Jewish matters than at the time when the

problem of the material wants of the immigrants was overshadowing every

other communal activity.

The attempts to organize on a more general scale, and to consolidate

or federate existing organizations, which are frequently made and are

more often successful than in the preceding periods, are the clearest

manifestation of the spirit of the times in American Jewry. In most

of the large cities outside of New York the important local Jewish

charities are now federated, and the plan of federation is continually

gaining in favor. The federations, of which there are now more than a

dozen, and many other benevolent institutions of large and of smaller

communities, are represented in the National Conference of Jewish

Charities of the United States (organized 1899).

There is also noticeable in our communal life, as in American

public life in general, that tendency to self-criticism which often

degenerates into slander――that eternal dissatisfaction with things

accomplished and with present conditions, which implies a sincere

desire to achieve still better results. While this discontent and the

poor opinion which many of us have of the spiritual condition of the

Jews in America are of immense value as incentives to improvement, it

dims the eye of the foreign observer, especially if he comes from a

country where complacency and self-praise are the rule. It may still be

too early to summarize the communal activities of the Jews in America,

or to attempt to indicate how far we have approached the solution of

the most pressing problems. But signs of throbbing life are visible

everywhere, and the interest of the individual Jew in Jewish affairs

is increasing. There is, therefore, every reason to believe and to

hope that the opportunity which is afforded here to set the ♦Jewish

house in order――the best, and perhaps the first, in the diaspora――will

be utilized to its full extent by the future generations of native

American Jews.

We are happy to have no Jewish problem here, in the sense in which

the term is understood in the backward countries of the Old World. We

need not waste a part of our best energies in repelling attacks from

an anti-Semitic press or a Judophobe party, and our usefulness to

ourselves as well as to our neighbors is thereby enhanced. Members of

strange and hostile races and nationalities get along together in this

country much better than anywhere else in the past or the present time,

and their native children emerge from the “melting pot” united by a

patriotism and a desire for improved conditions and improved relations

which characterizes the American. The secularity of the Government

and the diversity of religious beliefs preclude the spread of the

denominational bigotry which is the real cause of the persecution

of the Jews in other countries; while the liberty and equality which

are vouchsafed to every citizen must themselves be lost before the

unfavorable conditions which prevail elsewhere can confront us here.

The Jew can become an American and at the same time preserve his

religious distinctiveness, which he can lose only by his own negligence

or disloyalty. Let us hope that those who now earnestly work to

strengthen and build up Judaism in America will be successful, and that

the fate or Divine Providence which has preserved us for thousands of

years brought us here to participate under new circumstances in the

advancement to a higher civilization in which the injustices of the

older one may never reappear.

INDEX.

Aaron, Jonas, 76

Aboab, 51

Aboab da Fonseca, Isaac, 38, 39, 40

Aboab, Raphael, 45

Abraham, Noah, 93

Abraham, Pinhas, 61

♦Abramowitz, Rev. Herman, 384

Abrams family of New Hampshire, 109

Abrams, John, 110

Abrams, William, 110

Abravanel, Don Isaac, 12, 17

Adams, Charles Francis, 225

Adams, Dr., 117

Adee, A. A., 313, 314

Adler, Sergt. Abraham, 163

Adler, Cyrus, 200 (Note), 292, 340, 344, 356, 369, 370, 371, 375

Adler, Dankmar, 151

Adler, Elkan N., 22, 24

Adler, Dr. Felix, 177

Adler, Jacob P., 421

Adler, Rev. Liebman, 151, 155, 208

Adler, Dr. Samuel, 176–77

Adler, Sarah, 421

Adrian. See Hadrian

Agricultural Colonies, 266 ff. (in Canada), 386

(in Argentine), 390

Aguilar, Rabbi Jacob d’, 38, 40

Aguilar, Raphael d’, 38

Alabama, 370, 425

Alamo Monument, 160

Alaska Commercial Co., 157

Albany, N. Y., 175, 253, 426

Album, Rabbi Zebi Simon, 281

Albuquerque, Alphonso d’, 18

Albuquerque, Francisco d’, 18

Alcoran, 23

Aleinikoff, Nicholas, 287

Aleppo, 30

Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, 254

Algeciras, Spain, Conference of, 362

Algiers, Noah as American Consul there, 129

Alliance, N. J., 269

Alperstein, Rabbi Abr. Eliezer, 282, 406

Ambrosius, Moses, 63

American Jewish Committee, 288, 366–72

American Jewish Historical Society, 291

American, Sadie, 296

Amerigo, see Vespucci

Amesbury, Mass., 110

“Am Olam,” 262

Amram, David Werner, 413

Andrade, ♦Salvatore d’, (Note), 65, 67

Andron, S., 376

Anixter, Rabbi ♦Eliezer, 282

Annapolis, Md., Naval Academy of, 333

Anti-Jewish Riots, see “Pogroms”

Apotheker, David, 420

Appel, Major Aaron, 332

Appel, Major Daniel M., 332

“Ararat,” City of Refuge for the Jews on Grand Island, 132

Argentine, 27

Argentine, 387 ff.

Aries, Isaac, 45

Arizona, 370, 425

Arkansas, 328, 370, 425

Aronson, Rabbi Joseph Moses, 406

Arthur, President Chester A., 323, 396

Aryans, 3

Ash, Rabbi Abraham Joseph, 189, 190, 191

Ashinsky, Rabbi Aaron Mordecai, 282

♦Ashkenazi, Dr. Herbert, 389

Astor, John Jacob, 70

Augusta, Ga., 144

Austria, 331

Autos da fe, 26, 27, 42

Avila, Bishop of, 13

Avilar, Capitein Jacob, 46

Bacher, Prof. Wilhelm, 340

Bahia, 34, 35

Baker, E. M., 370

Balatshano, Roumanian Minister, 345

Baltimore, Md., 125 ff., 176, 184, 234, 252, 282, 287, 354, 372,

378, 426

Bamberger, Herman, 152

Bamberger, Leopold, 295

Bamberger, Simon, 140

Barbadoes, 55–57

Baron de Hirsch Fund, 269, 289

Baron de Hirsch Institute, 385

Barondess, Joseph, 299, 371

♦Barsimson, Jacob, 63 (Note), 66

Basle, Switzerland, 201

Baum, Abba, 190

Bavaria, 243

Bayard, M. L., 269

Bayard, Thomas F., 312

Beaconsfield, Earl of, 227

Beeston, Sir William, Governor of Jamaica, 58

Belasco, David, 399

Belinfante, 60

Belisario, Family, 60

Belleville, Ont., 386

Belmonte, Benvenide, Poetess, 46

Bender, 357

♦Bender, Canada, 386

Benderly, Dr. S., 372

Bendit, Solomon, 154

Benedict Brothers, 150

Benjamin, Aaron, 93

Benjamin, Abraham, 189

Benjamin, Alfred D., 385

Benjamin, Eugene S., 289

Benjamin, Judah P., 148, 221–28

Benjamin, M. of Surinam, 76

Benjamin, Natalie St. Martin, 222

Benjamin, Philip and Rebeccah de Mendez, 221

Benjamin, Samuel, 383

Benjamin, Rev. Wolf, 107

♦Bennett, James Gordon, 133

Berenson, Bernhard, 410

Berg, Emanuel M., 155

Berkowitz, Dr. Henry, 295

Berlin, Ont., 386

Bernal, Family, 60

♦Bernal, physician, 14

Bernays, Consul to Zürich, 205

Bernheim, Isaac W., 370, 371

Bernstein, Bernhard, 422

Bernstein, Herman, 410

Bernstein, Hirsch, 256

Bessarabia, riot of, 344

Bien, Julius, 247

Bijur, Nathan, 289, 369, 371

Bindona, Joseph, 381

Blaine, James G., 311, 398

Blaine, Margaret, 398

Blank, actor, 422

Blaustein, David, 287

Bloch or Block, family of St. Louis, 142

Bloch, H. F., 157

Bloch, Wolf, 142

Block, Eliezer, 142

Block, Rudolph, 410

Bloomfield, Gen. Joseph, 123

Bloomfield, Prof. Maurice, 400

Bloomgarden, Solomon, 418

Blum, Isidor (quoted), 124

Blumenberg, Gen. Leopold, 234, 235

B’nai B’rith, Ind. Order, 247

Boas, Prof. Franz, 410

Bock, Mathias, Governor of Curaçao, 51

Bolivar, Simon, 392

Bolivia, 392

Bories, Rev. H., 157

Borowski, Isidor, 392

Bosquila, Rabbi, 75

Boston, Mass., 252, 282, 287, 362, 378, 426

Bousignac, Capt. Henri de, 228

Bovshoer, T., 418

Brackenridge, Thomas, 125, 126

Braganza, family, owners of Jamaica, 57

Brainin, Reuben, 409, 423

Brandeis, Louis D., 403

Brandford, Canada, 386

Bravo, 60

Bravo, Alexander, 60

Brazil, 17, 29, 34, 396

Breckenridge, Minister to Russia, 313, 314

Brenner, Victor D., 396

Bresler, C. F., 154

Bresler, Louis, 154

Bridgetown, Barbadoes, 57

British American Colonies, naturalizations in, 60

British Columbia, 383

British West Indies, 55

Brittannia, 3

Brodsky, Rabbi H. S., 407

Brooklyn, N. Y., 253

Brounoff, Platon G., 413

Brudno, Ezra S., 410

Brunner, Arnold W., 410

Brussels, Belgium, 366

Bublik, G., 423

Buchanan, President James, 203

Bucharest, 352

Buckingham, Solomon, 138

Buenos Ayres, Argentine, 387 ff.

Buffalo, N. Y., 253, 426

Bukansky, M., 423

Burgos, 15

Burgoyne, General, 382

Burlington, Ia., 153

Bush, David, 108

Bush, Isidor, 198

Bush, Lewis, 90, 108

Bush, Mathias, 76

Bush, Solomon, 90

Butensky, Julius, 396

Butler, Pierce (Note), 222

Buttenwieser, Dr. M., 375

Butzel, Henry M., 370

Caballera, Diego, 21

Cahan, Abraham, 299, 410, 422

Calgary, Alberta (Can.), 386

California, 155, 234, 328, 370, 403, 425

Calle, Alphonso de, 14

♦Campanall, Mordecai, 73

Canada, 84, 380 ff.

Canon Law, 4

Cantors, their temporary prominence, 284

Capelle, Joseph, 109

Caplan, P., 287

Carabajal (Carvalho?), family, 25

Caracas, Venezuela, 392

Cardoze, 51

Cardozo, family, 60

Cardozo, Abraham Nunez, 79

Cardozo, E. A. (quoted), 345

Cardozo, Isaac, 156

Carmel, N. J., 269

Caro, Joseph, 15

Carregal, Rabbi R. H. I., 75

Carrilho, Ishac, 47

Carrilon, Rabbi B. C., of Surinam, 49

Carvalho of California, 155

Carvalho, Isaac, 47

Carvalho, S., 414

Carvalho, Solomon N., 417

♦Caseras, Henrique de, 45

Caseres, Benjamin de, 55

Caseres, Henry de, 55

Cass, Lewis, 204

Cassard, French Commander, 46

Cassel, Selig (Dr. Paulus), 6

Casthunho, Isaac, 37

Castille, 5

Castle, Representative Curtis H., 315

Castro, Abraham de, 40

Castro County, Tex., 161

Castro, Henry, 161

Castroville, Tex., 161

Catholics, 86, 110, 117, 320

Cayenne, 40, 43, 53, 56

Ceuta, North Africa, 11

Chan (Cahn?), S. Joseph, 140

Charitable Institutions, 248–9, 270

Charities, National Conference of Jewish, 428

Charles I., King of Roumania, 344

Charles V., Emperor, 21, 22

Charleston, S. C., 79, 102, 139, 168, 251

Chase, Gov. Salmon P., 194

Chatham, N. B., 386

Chaviz, 51

Chicago, Ill., 150 ff., 177, 249, 252, 272, 281, 282, 287, 372,

378, 403, 425, 426

Chili, 26

Chipman, S. Logan, 312

Chuck, ♦Jerahmel, 190

Church Councils, 4

Cid, Israel Calabi, 45

Cincinnati, O., 137 ff. 175, 244, 378, 426

Cisneros, Cardinal Ximenes de, 21

Civil War, 218 ff.

Claiburn, Ala., 144

Clara, group of colonies, Argentine, 389

Clay, Henry, 200

Clemens, Samuel L. (“Mark Twain”), 398

Clement VII., Pope, 29

Clement VIII., Pope, 26

Cleveland, President Grover, 308, 325, 354, 362

Cleveland, O., 141

Cobral, Pedro Alvarez, 17

Cochin, 18

Coen, Abraham, 39

Cohen, family of Richmond in Baltimore, 125

Cohen, six brothers in the Confederate Army, 229

Cohen, three brothers from Arkansas, 230

Cohen, Emanuel, 370

Cohen, Rev. G. M., 141, 142

Cohen, Rev. Henry (quoted), 161

Cohen, Rev. Hirschel, 385

Cohen, Israel, 190, 191

Cohen, Israel I., 117

Cohen, Jacob, 65

Cohen, Rev. Jacob, 141

Cohen, Jacob, 107

Cohen, Jacob I., 117

Cohen, Jacob I., Jr., 117

Cohen, Jacob J., 125, 127

Cohen, Rev. Jacob Raphael, 106, 382

Cohen, Leib, 190

Cohen, Lewis, 138

Cohen, Max, 154

Cohen, Moses, 79

Cohen, Rabbi, 75

Cohn, Prof. Adolphe, 401

Cohn, Albert, 401

Cohn, Joseph H., 369

Cohn, Miss Katherine M., 398

Cohn, Morris M., 370

Cohn, Nathan, 370

Colorado, 269, 328, 370

Columbia, 392

Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 15, 16, 57, 391

Columbus, O., 426

Commons, John R., 299

Cone, ♦Ceasar, 370

Connecticut, 269, 328, 371, 425

Cook, Commander Simon, 333

Cooper, Israel, 284

Corcos, Rev. J. M., 61

Cordoba, Argentine, 389

Cordova, de, family, 60

Cordova, Emanuel de, 381

Cordova, Jacob de, 161

Cordova, Pedro de, 21

♦Cordoza, Hakam de, 61

Cordozo, J. M., 200

Coro, Venezuela, 392

Coronel, David, Senior, 37

Costa, Abraham da, 79

Costa, Bento da, 45

Costa, David de, 50

Costa, Isaac da, 45, 79

Costa, Joseph da, 63 (note), 65

Costa Rica, 401

Council of Jewish Women, 296

Cousins, Robert G., 361

Coutinho, ♦Henriques, 51

Coutinho, Isaac ♦Jerajo, 56

Cowen, Philip, 417

Cox, Representative Samuel S., 309, 312

Cozens, Isaac, 154

Cozens, Sophie, 154

Craig, Sir John, 382

♦Cresques, Jafuda (Judah), 11

Cromwell, Oliver, 55

Cruz Alta, Brazil, 392

Cuba, 14, 393

♦Cufo, see Hucefe

Curaçao, 40, 51, 52–54

Cutler, Harry, 371

Dalidansky, J. L., 423

Dallas, Tex., 426

Daly, Judge Charles P. (quoted), 63, 69, 256, 413

Damascus Affair, 194–98

Damrosch, Frank H., 398

Damrosch, Dr. Leopold, 398

Damrosch, Walter J., 398

Daniels, Aaron, 148

Dark Ages, 1

Davenport, Ia., 153

David, Dr. Aaron Hart, 383

David, David, 382, 383

David, Lazarus, 381, 382

Davidson, Israel, 375

Davidson, Joseph, 397

Davidson, Samuel, 142

Davilar, Samuel Uz, 47

Davis, Jefferson, 224

Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, 226

Davitt, Michael, 356

Dawson, Yukon Territory, 386

De Haas, Jacob, 337

Deinard, Ephraim, 302, 408

Delaware, 108, 371, 426

De Leon, David Camden, 162, 230

De Leon, Edwin, 162, 414

Dembitz, Lewis N., 215

Denver, Col., 426

Des Moines, Ia., 153

Detroit, Mich., 154, 252, 426

Deutsch, Prof. Gotthard, 340, 375

De Young, Michael H., 414

Dias, Lewis, 56

Dinkelspiel, Rev. J., 143

District of Columbia, 328, 371, 426

Dittenhoefer, A. J., 216

Dobsevage, A. D., 305

Dohm, Christian Wilhelm v., 49

Dolitzki, M. M., 305, 408, 421

Dongan, Governor, 67

♦Dungan, Irvine, 312

Dorf, Samuel, 287, 371

Drachman, Dr. Bernard, 371, 407 (note)

Drago, Isaac, 45

Dreyfus Case, 334–5

Dropsie College, 375

Dropsie, Gabriel, 162

Dropsie, Moses A., 375

Dubs, President of Switzerland, 205

Dubuque, Iowa, 153

Ducachet, Dr., 198

Duffield, John, 107

Dutch, 30, 32, 33

Dutch Guiana, see Surinam

Dutch West India Company, 35, 63

Dutch West Indies, 51

Dyer, Isidor, 160

Dyer, Leon, 160, 163

East Jersey Bill of Rights, 109

Easton, Pa., 76

Ebron, David, 26

Eckman, Rev. Julius, 157

Edelstadt, David, 418

Edlin, William, 423

Educational Institutions, 248–9, 276

Ehrlich, Arnold B., 408

Einhorn, Dr. David, 175, 178, 203, 208

Einhorn, Dr. Max, 403

Einstein, Lewis, 401

Einstein, Col. Max, 236

Eisenstadt, Ben Zion, 407

Eisenstein, J. D., 189, 192, 406, 408

Elbe, L., 423

Eliassof, H. (quoted), 152, 282

Elkus, Abr. I., 289

Ellinger, Moritz, 295, 417

Ellman, Mischa, 398

Elmira, N. Y., 233

Emanuel, Albert, 159

Emanuel, Rev. Baruch M., 143

Emanuel, Gov. David, 144

England, 137, 139, 227, 381

Englander, Dr. Henry, 375

Enriques, Jacob Joshua Bueno, 58

En-Riquez, Joshua Mordecai, 52

Entin, J., 423

Ephraim, Rabbi, 15

Epstein, Elias, 154

Epstein, Mrs., 422

Erlanger, Abraham L., 399

Erlanger, M. L., 399

Entre Rios, Argentine, 389

_Ersch und Gruber’s_ Encyclopedia, 6

Española, 20

Ethiopia, 3

Ettelson, Baruch, 407

Ettelson, N. B., 259, 409

Etting, Reuben, 125

Etting, Solomon, 107, 124, 125, 127

Evansville, Ind., 152, 252

Evarts, William M., 345

Expulsion from Portugal, 5

Expulsion from Spain, 5, 13

Ezekiel, Jacob (quoted), 117, 194

Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, 395

Fairbanks, Charles W., Vice-President, 362

Falk, Joshua, 190, 407

♦Falmouth, Jamaica, 60

Faquin, Juceff, 11

Faro, Solomon ♦Gabay, 58

Fass, Rev. M., 384

Fassbinder, Rev. Wolf, 141

Fay, Theo. S., 202, 203, 204

Federation of American Zionists, 336

Federations, 379

Feigenbaum, Benjamin, 420

Feinman, Sigmund, 421

Felsenthal, Dr. Bernhard, 152, 177–78, 208

Ferdinand of Aragon, 5, 12

Ferrena, Gaspar Diaz, 37

Fiddletown, Cal., 156

Field, Dr. Henry M., 83 (note)

Fillmore, President Millard, 199

Financiers, 404

Fine, Solomon, 153

Fischel, Harry, 371

Fishberg, Dr. Maurice, 413

Fishkind, 422

Fishman, Jacob, 423

♦Fishman, William, 371

Fitzgerald, John F., 315

Fleischer, S. S., 289

Flexner, Dr. Simon, 402

Florence, family, 144

Florida, 370, 425

Fogg, George G., 204, 205

Folk, Rev. M., 154

Folsom, Cal., 156

Fonseca, family, 60

Fonseca, Rev. Abraham Lopez de, 53

Fonseca, Alaus de, 45

Fonseca, Fernandez de, 381

Fonseca, Isaac de, 52

Fonseca, Joseph Nunez de, 52

Ford――Committee on ♦Immigration, 324

Foreman, Edwin G., 370

Fornberg, Dr., 423

Foster, John W., 308, 310

Forsyth, John, 196, 197

Fort Wayne, 152

France, 85, 335, 347, 381

Franco, Alexander, 152

Franco, Daniel, 152

Franco, Solomon, 72

Frank, Abraham, 157

Frank, Isaac W., 370

Franklin, Benjamin, 107

Franklin, Prof. Fabian, 402

Franklin, Dr. Leo M., 154

Franklin, Louis, 155

Franks, Abr., 381, 328

Franks, David, 76, 90, 109

Franks, David S., 88, 89

Franks, Isaac, 89

Franks, Jacob, 154

Franks, Jacob S., 382

Fraso, Jacob, 55

Fraternal Organizations, 247–8

♦Frazon or Frazier, Joseph, 72

Fredric, Harold, 413

Freemasonry, see Masonry

“Free Sons of Benjamin,” 247

“Free Sons of Israel,” 242

♦Freiberg, J. Walter, 370

Freidus, A. S., 413

Freiman, Meir, 406

French Revolution, The, 116, 122

Frera, David, 63 (note), 65

Friedberg, Albert M. (quoted), 109, 193, 199, 208, 292, 327

Friedenwald, Dr. Aaron, 337

Friedenwald, Dr. Harry, 337, 371

Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, 299

Friedkin, Joseph, 423

Friedlander, Aaron Joel, 154

♦Friedlaender, Dr. Israel, 371, 375

Friedlander, Moritz, 156

Friedman, Aaron Zebi, 407

Friedman, Isaac K., 410

Friedman, Israel, 423

Friedman, Joseph, 154

Friedman, Lee N., 371

Friedman, Col. Max, 237

Frohman, Charles, 399

Frohman, Daniel, 399

Fuld, Rabbi, 142

Funk and Wagnalls, 340

Funk, Rev. Isaac K., 340

Gabai, David, 59

Gabrilowitsch, Joseph, 398

Galveston, Tex., 160, 161, 230

Gama, see Vasco da Gama

Garcia, Hananiel, 381

Garfil, Mordecai, 406

Gaspar da Gama, 17, 18

Gaston, William, 119

Georgia, 77, 370, 425

Gerechter, Rev. Emanuel, 154

Germanic Kingdoms, 3

German-Jewish Congregations, 251, see also Union of American

Hebrew Congregations

German Period of Immigration, 135 ff., 243

Germany, 347

Gerstle, Lewis, 157

Giers, M. de, 310

Ginsberg, Jacob, 422

Ginzberg, Dr. Lewis, 340, 375

Gittelson, Rabbi Benjamin, 406

Glace Bay, C. B. (Can.), 286

Gladstone, William E., 227

Glazer, Rev. S. (quoted), 153

Glick, Joseph Selig, 423

Glickman, Ellis, 422

♦Gliddon, John, 196

Goa, 17, 30

Goldberg, A., 423

Goldberg, R. L., 398

Goldfaden, Abraham, 419, 420, 421

Goldfogle, Henry Mayer 315, 317, 361

Goldman, Dr. Julius, 289

Goldman, Moses, 409

Goldsmid, Sir Francis H., 60

Goldsmith, brothers in the Confederate Army, 230

Goldsmith, Emily Gerson, 410

Goldsmith, I., 143

Goldstein, Rev. S., 384

Goldstucker, A., 143

Gomez, family, 60

Gomez, Louis Moses, 68

Gonikman, J., 423

Gootman, A. H., 202

Gordin, Jacob, 419, 421

Gorin, Bernhard, 419, 421

Gottheil, Dr. Gustave, 177, 292, 295

Gottheil, Prof. Richard (note), 42, 292, 336, 340

Gotthelf, B. H., 143

Gottlieb, Abraham, 403

Gottlieb, J., 150

Grace, William R., 262

Gradis, Abraham, 381

Gradis, David, 381

Graf, actor, 422

Grant, Pres. U. S., 234, 262, 344

Grass Valley, 156

Gratz, Bernard, 76, 106, 124

Gratz, Michael, 76

Gratz, Rebeccah, 107

Gratz, Simon, 117

Great Britain, 347, 351

Greece, 3

Green, Abraham, 148

Green, S. Hart, 386

Green Bay, Wis., 154

Greenebaum, Henry, 152

Greenebaum, N. E., 370

Greensfelder, Isaac, 152

Greenstein, Elijah, 190

Greenstone, Julius H., 413

Greer, Bishop David, 362

Gries, Dr. Moses J., 141

Gross, Prof. Charles, 11, 401

Grossman, Dr. Louis, 155, 375

Grotius, Hugo, 37

Guam, 333

Guggenheim, Daniel, 355

Guggenheim, Murry, 289

Guggenheims, 404

Guild, Curtis, Jr., 362

Guinea, 11

Gutheim, Rabbi James K., 140

Gutterect, family, 60

♦Hackenburg, Wm. B., 289, 295, 370

Hadrian, Pope, 21

Hahn, Dr. Aaron, 141

Haiti, 20

Halifax, N. S.; 286

Halphen, Samuel, 389

Hamburg, 30

Hamburger, Samuel B., 371

Hamilton, Ont., 386

Hammerstein, Oscar, 399

Hapgood, Hutchins, 413

Harby, Levi Myers, 160, 230

Harkavy, Alexander, 419–20

Harris, Asher ♦Lemil, 192

Harris, Bernhard, 287

Harris, Haym, 148

Harris, Henry, 140

Harris, Hyman, 190

Harris, Rev. Maurice H., 371

Harrison, President Benjamin, 308, 324, 365

Hart, Aaron, 380, 381

Hart, Aaron Philip, 383

Hart, Abraham, 237

Hart, Benj. I., 295

Hart, Ephraim, 105

Hart, Ezekiel, 382

Hart, John, 191

Hart, Myer and his family, 76, 77

Hart or Harte, Zachariah, 111

Harte, Bret, 410

Hartford, Conn., 75, 426

Hartogensis, B. H., 287

Havana, Cuba, 393

Hawaii, 424

Hay, John, 316, 343, 346, 347, 351

Hayman or Hyman of Louisville, 143

Hays, Andrew, 381

Hays, Benjamin, 124

Hays, Daniel P., 287

Hays, David, 109

Hays, Jacob, 124

Hays, Moses Michael, 147

Hays, Solomon, 107

Hearst, Wm. R., 355, 356

Hebrew Institutes, 378

Hebrew Union College, 244

Heilprin, Prof. Angelo, 211

Heilprin, Louis, 211

Heilprin, Michael, 208–12, 266, 269

Heilprin, Pinhas Mendel, 208

Heiman, Marcus, 154

Hein, Alex., 154

Heller, Dr. Maximilian, 252, 353

Hendricks, Benjamin, ♦70

Hendricks, Isaac, 144

Henrique, Jacob Cohen, 63 (note)

Henriques, Abraham, 48

Henriques, David Gomez, 58

Henriques, Jacob, 59

Henry, the Navigator, 11

Henry, H. A., 141

Henry, Jacob, 119, 126

Henry, Jacob, 158

Henry, Patrick, 113, 114

Herat, Afghanistan, 392

Hermalin, D. M., 420, 421

Herrera, Abraham Cohen, 39

Herschell, Rabbi Solomon of London, 180

Hershman, Rev. A. M., 155

Hertz, Dr. Joseph, 159

Hertzman, Rev. E., 142

Herzl, Dr. Sigmund, 198

Herzl, Dr. Theodore, 336

Heydenfeldt, ♦Elkan, 156

Heydenfeldt, Solomon, 156, 208

♦Heister, Gen.,95

Higgins, Gov. Francis W. of N. Y., 362

Hilfman, Rabbi P. A. (quoted in note), 42

Hillquit, Morris, 299, 410

Hirsch, Adam, 154

Hirsch, Baroness Clara de, 390

Hirsch (Colony), Canada, 386

Hirsch, Edward, 216

Hirsch, Dr. Emil G., 178, 340, 369, 417

Hirsch, Maier, 215

Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, 289, 290, 385, 390

Hirsch, Dr. Samuel, 178

Hirsch, Solomon, 215

Hirshowitz, Rabbi Abraham Eber, 406

Hoboken, N. J., 253

Hoffman, Dr. B., 423

Hoffman, Isaac, 141

Hoffman, James H., 289

Hofnung, Abraham, 384

Hofnung, Rev. Samuel, 384

Holland, see Dutch

Hollander, Dr. J. H. (quoted), 45, 124, 292, 371, 400

Holy Office, see Inquisition

Holzman, Elijah, 256, 407

Homel, 357

Horwich, B., 370

Horwitz, Moses, 421

Hoschander, Jacob, 376

Hourwich, Isaac A., 298, 410

Houston, Sam, 161

Houston, Tex., 161

Hübsch, Rev. Adolph, 183

Hucefe, 18

Hühner, Leon (quoted), 63, 68, 119, 144, 292

Hyman, Samuel I., 371

Hyneman, Herman Naphtali, 397

Idaho, 370, 425

♦Iliowizi, Rabbi Henry, 410

♦Illan, Jaude, 52

Illinois, 216, 230, 328, 370, 425

Illowy, Rev. Bernhard, 107, 142

Imber, Naftali Herz, 305, 408

Immigration, 135–37, 242–3, 254, 261, 288, 306, 319 ff., 338,

343, 358, 385

Immigration Commission of 1907, 326

Independent Order Brith Abraham, 247

Indiana, 152, 236, 328, 370

Indianapolis, Ind., 152, 252, 426

Indians, supposed to be the lost Tribes of Israel, 14;

persecuted by the Inquisition, 21

Inquisition, 12, 20, 22, 24

Iowa, 153, 328, 370, 425

Iquitos, Peru, 393

Isaac, Abraham, 110, 111

Isaac, David, 117

Isaac, Isaiah, 117

Isaac, Adjutant-General Moses, 237

Isaacs, Col., 90

Isaacs, Abraham, 111

Isaacs, Prof. Abram S., 179

Isaacs, Alexander, 148

Isaacs, M. S., 289, 345

Isaacs, Samuel, 158

Isaacs, Samuel Hillel, 190

Isaacs, Rev. Samuel Mayer, 179

Isaacson, Rabbi I., 409

Isaaks, Noah, 48

Isabella, Queen, 5, 12, 20, 28

Ismail, riot of, 344

Israel, David, 63

Israel, Isaac, 93

Italy, 3, 347

Itamarica, Brazil, 38

Jackson, Andrew, 131

Jackson, Cal., 155

Jackson, John B., 351

Jackson, Rebeccah, wife of M. M. Noah, 134

Jacob, Moses, 117

Jacobi, Dr. Abraham, 402

Jacobs, Benjamin, 95

Jacobs, Charles M., 403

Jacobs, Rev. George, 61

Jacobs, Gerrit, 47

Jacobs, Hart, 93

Jacobs, Rev. Henry S., 184

Jacobs, Dr. Joseph, 194, 262 (quoted), 340, 375

Jacobs, Morris, 148

Jacobs, Samuel, 153

Jacobs, Samuel, 381

Jacobson, Dr. Nathan, 403

♦Jaffe, Rabbi Shalom Elhanan, 282, 406

Jaime, King of Mallorca, 11

Jalomstein, Mordecai, 256, 259

Jamaica, W. I., 45, 57–61

Janowski, S., 423

Jarmulowsky, S. (d. 1912), 371

Jastrow, Prof. Joseph, 186

Jastrow, Dr. Marcus, 185–86, 295, 340

Jastrow, Prof. Morris, 186, 340

Jefferson, Thomas, 113, 115, 125, 241

Jersey City, 253, 426

Jeshurun, 51

Jesu Maria, Cal., 156

“Jew Bill” of Maryland, 125 ff.

Jewish Alliance of America, 287

Jewish Chautauqua Society, 295

“Jewish Chronicle” (quoted), 391

Jewish Colonization Association (I. C. A.), 290, 388, 389

“Jewish Encyclopedia,” 339

Jewish Publication Society of America, 292

Jewish Theological Seminary, 183

Joachimsen, Philip J., 235

João, King of Portugal, 16

♦Joffe, Joshua A., 375

John III., King of Portugal, 29

Johnson, President Andrew, 235

Johnson, David Israel, 138, 140

Johnson, Edward J., 159

Jonas, Abraham, 138

Jonas, Abraham, 216–17

Jonas, Benj. F., 217

Jonas, Charles H., 216

Jonas, Edward, 138

Jonas, George, 138

Jonas, Joseph, 137, 139, 140

Jonas, Lyon, 105

Jonas, Moses, 139

Jonas, Samuel, 138

Jones, Israel I., 143

Jones, Solomon, 143

“Jooden Savane” (Savannah of the Jews), 46

Joseph, Gershom, 384

Joseph, H., 155

Joseph, Chief Rabbi Jacob, 278

Joseph, Jacob, 384

Joseph, Jacob Henry, 383

Joseph, Jesse, 383

Joseph, Samuel, 139

Josephson, Manuel, 103, 107

Jost, historian (quoted), 194

Juan I. of Aragon, 11

Juana, Queen of Castille, 21

Judah, Hart, 140

Judah, Uriah, 381

Kadison, Dr. A. P., 287

Kaiser, Rev. Alois, 413

Kalich, Bertha, 421

Kalisch, Rev. Isidor, 141, 154, 155, 183

Kalisch, Judge Samuel, 183

Kalm, Peter, 70

Kamaiky, Leon, 371

Kansas, 269, 322, 328, 370, 425

Kansas City, Mo., 253, 426

Kaplan, E., 423

Kaplan, Prof. M. M., 375

Kaplan, N., 423

Kaspe, Dr.Abraham, 420

Kasson, Minister John A., 345

Katz, Abr. J., 371

Kaufman, David S., 159

Kaufman, Sigismund, 212

Kayserling, Dr. M., 11, 20, 37, 85, 401

“Kehillah” of New York, 370, 372

Kelly, Myra, 413

Kempner, Isaac H., 370

Kennedy, Rev. Mr., 198

Kennedy, Thomas, 125

Kentucky, 216, 328, 370, 425

Keokuk, Ia., 153

“Kesher Shel Barzel,” 247

Keyser, Ephraim, 395

Kiev, Russia, 262

Kingston, Jamaica, 60–61

Kishinev, 353 ff., 358

Kleeberg, Rev. L., 143

Klein, Charles, 399

Klein, Mayer, 151

Klein, Dr. Philip, 283, 371

Knefler, family, 152

Knefler, Gen. Frederick, 233

“Knights of Zion,” 337

“Know Nothing” Party, 223, 320, 321–2

Kobrin, Leon, 419, 421

Kohen, Rabbi Baruch, 407

Kohler, Dr. Kaufman, 155, 340, 375

Kohler, Max J., 114 (note), ♦207 (note), 243, 289, 292, 380, 413

Kohn, Abraham, 150, 151, 217

Kohn, Arnold, 355

Kohn, Julius, 150

Kohn, Moses, 150

Kohut, Dr. Alexander, 186

Kohut, George A., 72, 189, 406, 413

Konti, Isidor, 395

Kornblith, Z., 423

Kossuth, Louis, 189, 211

Krantz, Philip, 420

Kraus, Adolph, 247

Krauskopf, Rabbi Joseph (note), 244

Krouse, Robert, 153

Krouse, William, 153

Kruttschnitt, Julius, 222

Kunreuther, Rev. Ignatz, 151

Kursheedt, J. B., 195

Kutner, Adolph, 315

Labatt, A. C., 156, 158

Labor Movement Among Immigrants, 297 ff.

Lacovia, Jamaica, 60

Lafayette, Ind., 152

Lagarto, Rabbi Jacob, 38

Laguna, Daniel Israel Lopez, 61

Lamport, Nathan, 371

Lancaster, Pa., 76

Landauer, Max, 370

Landis, C. K., 25

Landsberg, Rabbi Max, 253

Langdon, Rev. Samuel, 82

Las, Rabbi Zebi, 407

Lasker, Alexander, 154

♦Lasky, David, 190

Lateiner, Joseph, 420–1

Lateran, Council of, 4

Lawrence, Amos, 147

Lazard, brothers, 156

Lazarus, Aaron, 111

Lazarus, Emma, 73, 265–6, 409

Lazarus, Michael, 79

Lecky, the Historian, 81

Lee, Gen. R. E., 226

Leeser, Rabbi Isaac, 171–72, 198, 203, 204, 292

Leghorn, Italy, 43

Lehman, David S., 370

Lehman, Emanuel, 355

Leibowitz, M., 392

Leipziger, Henry M., 287

Leon, de, 51

Leon, Jacob de, 93

Leopold, L. M., 151

Lerma, Bernardino de, 15

Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (quoted), 255

Lesser, Rabbi Abr. J. G., 282, 406

Lessing, Bruno, see Block, Rudolph

Leventrite, Aaron, 141

Levi, Alexander, 153

Levi, Barnard, 77

Levi, Barnet, 138

Levi, Leo N., 247

Levi, William, 110

Levie, Solomon Joseph, 47

Levin, Elias, 48

Levin, Louis II., 417

Levinsohn, Jehiel Judah, 407

Levinthal, Rabbi B. L., 282, 370

Levis, family, 380

Levy, brothers in the Confederate Army, 230

Levy, Aaron, 95 (note)

Levy, Aaron, 117

Levy, Abraham, 190

Levy, Abraham, 222

Levy, Asser, 63 (note), 66, 67, 100

Levy, Benjamin, 76, 95

Levy, Daniel, 108

Levy, Ferdinand, 287

Levy, Hayman, 70, 95, 105

Levy, Hyman, Jr., 76

Levy, Isaac, 144

Levy, Jacob, 190

Levy, Congressman Jefferson M., 241

Levy, Jonas P., 218

Levy, Joseph, 110

Levy, Joseph, 138

Levy, Lionel, 233

Levy, Louis Edward, 88 (note), 287

Levy, Louis N., 241

Levy, Moses, 108

Levy, Moses Albert, 160

Levy, Myers, 109

Levy, Nathan, 76

Levy, Nathan, 109

Levy, Nathaniel, 93

Levy, Sampson, 76, 108

Levy, Samuel, 144

Levy, Samuel, 157

Levy, Simon, 381

Levy, Commodore Uriah Philips, 238–41

Levy, Zeporah, 70

Lewenstein, Rabbi M. J., of Surinam, 49

Lewi, Isidor, 417

Lewisohn, Adolph, 371 (see also 404)

Libin, Z., 419, 421

Libowitz, N. S., 407

Lichtenstein, Benjamin, 189, 190

Lieberman, D. M., 369

Liesin, A., 423

Lilienthal, Dr. Max, 141, 172–75, 194

Lima, Peru, 22, 26, 393

Lincoln, Abraham, 205, 212, 215, 216, 217, 322

Lindo, Moses, 79

Lipman, Rev. Jacob, 107

Lipzin, Mrs. K., 421

Lisbon, 18, 74

Literature, 405 ff., 418

Lobel, Mme., 422

Locke, John, 78

Loeb, Jacques (deceased), 370

Loeb, Prof. Jacques, 401

Loeb, Louis, 398

Loeb, Solomon, 398

London, Ont., 386

Long, Jacob, 154

Longfellow, H. W., 73

Lopez, Aaron, 73, 98, 99

Lopez, Moses, 101

Loris-Melikov, Russian Minister, 311

Los Angeles, Cal., 155, 426

Louis, Nathan, 153

Louisiana, 147, 370, 425

Louisville, Ky., 143, 252, 283, 426

Louzada, David Baruch, 56

Low, Seth, Mayor of New York, 354

Lucena, Abraham d’, 63, 65, 66, 68

Lumbrozo, Jacob, 77

Luna, Gonzolo de, 26

Luther, Martin, 23

Lutherans, persecuted by the Inquisition, 23

Lynch, Sir Thomas, Governor of Jamaica, 57

Lyon, Abraham de, 78

Lyon, Solomon, 107

Lyons, Henry A., 156

Lyons, Dr. Isaac, 160

Lyons, Jacob, 158

Lyons, Rev. Jacques Judah, 180

Lyons, S., 143

Lyons, Samuel, 95

Macedonia, 3

Machado, M., 46

Machol, Rabbi M., 142

Mack, Julian W., 369, 370, 371

MacMahon, John V. L., 125

Madison, Ind., 177

Madison, James, 96, 113, 114

Magidoff, Jacob, 423

Magnes, Dr. J. L., 337, 369, 371

Magnetowan, Canada, 386

Magnus, Lady, 392

Maimonides College, 183, 249

Maine, 328, 371, 425

“Maine” (Battleship), 334

Malaga, 12

Malitz, Ch., 423

Mallorca, King Jaime of, 11

Malter, Prof. Henry, 376

Manasseh ♦ben Israel, 14, 37

Manitoba, 386

Mankato, Minn., 153

Mann, A. Dudley, 199, 202

Mannes, David, 398

Mansfield, M., 157

♦Manso, Bishop Alphonso, 21

Manuel, Dom, King of Portugal, 16, 28

Marache, Solomon, 76

Marchena, 51

Marco, Surgeon, 14

Marcus, Rev. Samuel, 155

Marcus, S. L., 259, 409

Marcy, William L., 202

Margolioth, Rabbi Gabriel Z., 281

Margolis, Prof. Max L., 375

♦Margolies, Rabbi M. Z., 282, 371

Marix, Rear-Admiral Adolph, 333–4

Markens, Isaac (quoted), 138, 142, 215, 235, 413

Marks, Bernhard, 287

Marks, Isaac, 153

Marks, Joseph, 76

Marks, Rudolph, 421

Markstein, D., 143

Marranos, 8, 12, 19, 26, 29, 30, 41

Marshall, Louis, 317, 369, 371

Martinique, 123, 381

Marx, Prof. Alex., 375

Marx, Samuel, 156

Maryland, 77, 124 ff., 371, 425, 426

Marysville, Cal., 156

Masliansky, Hirsch, 420

Mason, James Murray, 225

Masonry, 73, 94, 110, 128, 132, 216

Mass, Samuel, 159

Massachusetts, 328, 371, 425

Massacres of 1391, 7. See also “Pogroms”

Maurera, Jacob de, 381

Maurice of Nassau, 37

Mauricio Colony, Argentine, 390

Mayer, Annie Nathan, 410

Mayer, Constant, 397

Mayer, Henry (“Hy”), 398

Mayer, Rev. Jacob, 141

Mayer, Jacob, 157

Mayer, Leopold, 152, 157

Mayer, Levy, 403

Mayer, Nathan, 191

Mayer, Gen. William, 235

Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, 81

McClellan, Mayor Geo. B., of N. Y., 362

McGregor, Ia., 153

McKinley, President William, 332, 334, 400

McLaurin, Senator Anselm J., 361

Media, 3

Mehatob, Isaac and Judith, 42

Meisels, Rabbi Berush, 185

Memphis, Tenn., 426

Mendes, Rev. Abraham P., 101

Mendes, Rabbi Frederick de Sola, 340

Mendes, Dr. H. P., 371

Menken, Solomon, 138

Mera, Isaac, 45

Mercado, Abraham de, 37, 55

Mercado, Raphael de, 55, 56

Meridian, Miss., 252

Merzbacher, Rabbi L., 177

Mesa, Isaac, 63 (note)

Mesquita, Abraham de, 48

Messing, Rev. Henry. J. Messing, 142

♦Mesia, Daniel, 45

Mexican War, 161–63

Mexico, 24 ff., 158, 393

Meyer, Gen. Adolph, 230

Meza, de, 51

Michael, Elias, 370

Michalovsky, Israel, 284

Michelson, Prof. Albert A., 399–400

Michelson, Charles, 400

Michelson, Miriam, 400

Michigan, 154, 236, 269, 328, 370, 425

Middle Ages, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8

Middleman, Judah, 189, 190, 191

Mielziner, Prof. Moses, 295

Miller, Alexander, 385

Miller, Louis, 422

Milwaukee, Wis., 154, 426

Minikes, Ch. J., 423

Minis, Isaac, 78

Minkovsky, Pinhas, 284

Minneapolis, Minn., 426

Minnesota, 153, 328, 370

Mirabeau, Count, 116

Miranda, 381

Miranda, Isaac, 76

Misch, Marion L., 119 (note), 296

Mississippi, 370, 425

Missouri, 269, 328, 370, 425

Mobile, Ala., 143

Mogulesco, Sigmund, 421

Moise, Isaac and Jacob, 144

Moiseville, Colony, Argentine, 390

Monis, Judah, 72

Monroe, James, 130

Monroe, La., 252

Montana, 328, 370, 425

Montefiore, Mr. (probably Joshua), 60

Montefiore, Sir Moses, 145

Montel, Solomon, 48

♦Montevido, Uruguay, 392

Montgomery, Ala., 143

Montgomery, General, 382

♦Montego Bay, Jamaica, 60

Montreal, Que., Canada. 381, 386

Moors, 5

Mora, Don Francisco de, 37

Morais, Henry S., 108 (quoted), 172, 183, 288, 413

Morais, Sabato, 180–83, 189, 208

Morales, Dr. C. M., 61

Mordecai, Abraham, 143

Mordecai, Major Alfred, 111

Mordecai, Gratz, 111 (note)

Mordecai, Gen. J. Randolph, 230

Mordecai, Jacob, 111

Mordecai, Moses, 76, 111, 117

Morgenstern, Dr. Julian, 375

Morocco, 365

Morris, Minister to Turkey, 344

Morris, Edward, 404

Morris, Robert, 89, 95, 129

Morrison, 295

Morrison, Isidor D., 337

Morrison, Moritz, 422

Morton, Martha, 410

Moses, brothers of Alabama, 230

Moses, family of New Hampshire, 109

Moses, Abraham, 73

Moses, Major George W., 332

Moses, Isaac, 95

Moses, Lieut-Col. Israel, 163

Moses, Capt. Mayer, 123

Moses, Col. Nathan, 123

Moses, Pinhas, and his five brothers, 138, 140

Moses, Raphael and his sons, 229

Moses, Col. Raphael J., 230

Moskovich, actor, 422

Mosler, Henry, 397

Moss, Mary, 409

Motta, Jacob de la, 93

Motthe, Jacques de la, 62

Mucate, Jacob, 37

Muhr, Simon, 287

Myers, Asher, 106

Myers, Capt. Isaac, 88

Myers, Levy, 117

Myers, Capt. Mordecai, 123

Naär, Capt., 47

Nacogdoches, Tex., 159

Napoleon III., 201, 225

Nassi, David, 43, 45, 46, 47

Nassi, Isaac, 48

Nassi, J. C., 49

Nassi, Joshua, 47

Nassi, Samuel, 45, 46

Natchez, Miss., 252

Nathan, Rabbi, 142

Nathan, of British Columbia, 383

Nathan, Joseph, 77

Nathan, Moses, 138

Nathan, Simon, 106

Nebraska, 322, 328, 370, 425

Neo-Christians, 29

Neto, Rabbi Isaac, 45

♦Neumann, Dr. S., 371

Neumark, Prof. David, 375

Nevada, 370, 425

Nevada City, Cal., 155

New Amsterdam, 40, 52, 62 ff.

Newark, N. J., 183, 253, 426

Newbauer, Leopold, 154

♦Newburg, P., 150, 151

Newberger, Louis, 370

♦Newburger, Morris, 292

New Hampshire, 109, 110, 371, 425

New Haven, Conn., 75, 426

New Jersey, 109, 269, 328, 370, 425

Newman, Isidor, 369

Newman, Lieut. Col. Leopold C., 237

New Mexico, 370, 425

New Orleans, La., 140, 144–48, 252, 354, 426

Newport, R. I., 72, 98 ff.

New York, 40, 62 ff., 102, 104, 118, 164, 179, 236, 255–6, 262,

271, 272, 274, 277, 282, 299, 301, 307, 329, 332, 354, 361,

362, 366, 371, 378, 425

Nicea, Council of, 4

Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia, 254

Nieuhoff (quoted), 38

Ninette, daughter of Judah P. Benjamin, 228

Noah, Joel, 155

Noah, Manuel Mordecai, 93, 94, 128

Noah, Mordecai Manuel, 128–34, 414

Nones, Benjamin, 93

North Africa, 7

North Carolina, 86, 110 ff., 117 ff., 370, 425

North Dakota, 269, 328, 370, 425

Nuevos Christianos, 20

Nuñez family, 60

Nunez, Jacob, 45

Nunez, Samuel, 77, 78

Oberman, Judah, 192

Ochs, Adolph, 414

Ochs, George W., 414

Ochs, Milton B., 414

Offenbach, 159

Oglethorpe, General James Edward, 77

Ogus, A. D., 420

Ohio, 236, 328, 370, 425

Oklahoma, 328, 425

Oliveira, 51

Olivera, David de, 79

Ollendorf, M. A., 384

Olney, Richard, 314, 316

Omaha, Neb., 253, 426

Oporto, 34

Oppenheim, James, 410

Oppenheim, S., 73 (note), 108 (note), 123

Opper, Frederick B., 398

Orange-Nassau, Prince William Charles of, 54

Order Brith Abraham, 247

Oregon, 157, 215, 269, 370, 425

Ottawa, Ont., 386

Ottolenghi, Joseph, 78

Owensboro, Ky., 252

Ox Bow, Canada, 386

Packeckoe, Moses, 73

Paducah, Ky., 252

Paley, John, 423

Panama, 392

Papineau’s Rebellion, 383

Para, Brazil, 391

♦Parahiba, Brazil, 38

Paramaribo, Surinam, 42, 45, 48

Pardo, Rabbi David, 45

Pardo, Isaac R. de, 45

Pardo, Rabbi Joshua, 53, 61

Parona, Argentine, 389

♦Parra, La, 51

Passport Question, 306 ff., 329

Paterson, N. J., 426

Pedro, Emperor Dom, of Brazil, 391

Peirce, H. H. D., 313

Peixotto, Benj. F., 344, 379

Peixotto, Gen. Floriano, 391

Peixotto, George D. M., 397

♦Pelatas, Brazil, 391

Penn, William, 75

Pennsylvania, 75, 118, 237, 370, 425

Pensacola, Fla., 333

Penyha, Rev. Isaac de la, 384

Peoria, Ill., 152

Pereira, Abraham, 56

Pereire-Mendes, Rev. Abraham, 61

Periodicals, 256 ff., 302, 409, 417, 422

Perkins, Senator J. C., 315

Pernambuco, see Recife

♦Perreira, Isaac, 45

Perreire, 51

Persian Gulf, 3

Peru, 26, 27, 393

Peters, Dr. Madison C., 413

Pettus, Sen. E. W., 316

Philadelphia, 57, 75, 94, 102, 105 ff., 171, 186, 198, 249, 262,

272, 282, 287, 354, 372, 377, 378, 426

Philip II., 22

Philip III., 23

Philippine Islands, 424

Philippson, Colony, Brazil, 391

Philips, Asher, 148

Philips, Feibel, 190

Philips, Moses H., 377

♦Philipson, Rev. David (quoted), 138, 370

Phillips, Barnet, 414

♦Phillips, Col. Frederick, 69

Phillips, Henry M., 108, 128

Phillips, Jonas, 85, 128

Phillips, Morris, 414

Phillips, Zalegman, 108

Phoenicians, 2, 3

Pierce, President Franklin, 163, 202

Pimenta, Moses, 79

♦Pinelo, Francisco, 15

Pinhal, Brazil, 392

Pinheiro, 18

Pinner, Moritz, 212

Pinski, David, 419, 421

Pinto, brothers, 75

Pinto family, 39, 93

Pinto, Abraham, 47, 93

Pinto, Isaac, 46

Pinto, Jacob, 94

Pinto, Solomon, 94

Pinto, William, 93

Pittsburg, Pa., 282, 426

Piza, Rabbi David, 384

Plotz, Abraham, 148

“Pogroms” or Anti-Jewish Riots, 262, 353

Polak, Jakob Arons, 47

Pollock, Gov. James of Pennsylvania, 236

Polonies, Myer, 105

Pombal, Marquis de, 42

Porter, David, 197

Port Gibson, Miss., 252

Portland, Ore., 157, 287, 426

Porto ♦Alegra, Brazil, 391

Porto Rico, 21, 424

Portsmouth, N. H., 110

Portugal, 5, 6, 28, 33

Poznanski, Rabbi Gustave, 168

Prager, Regina, 421

Providence, R. I., 426

Pulitzer, Joseph, 414

Qu’appelle, Canada, 386

“Quebec Act,” 84

Quebec, Canada, 381, 386

Quevedo, Fra Juan, 21

Quincy, Ill., 216

Quixano, Moses Mendes, 59

Rabinowitz, Isaac, 408

Rabinowitz, Mayer, 407

Raczker, Leibel, 190

Raisin, Dr. Max, 408

Ramsay, Dr., 198

Randolph, Beverly, 114

Ranke, the historian, 5

Raphall, Isidor, 190

Raphall, Rev. Morris Jacob, 180, 208

Rapoport, Philip, 414

Rau, Rev. Moses, 107

Rayner, Isidor, 313

Recife, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40

Reese, Michael, 156, 249

Regina, Canada, 386

Regio, Abraham Levi, 56

Rehiné, Zalma, 171

Reiner, Abraham, 190

♦Reisen, A., 423

Reiter, Rabbi Naftali, 283

Religious Sects in the Colonies, 84

Republican Party, 212

Rhode Island, 72, 73, 118, 328, 371, 425

Ribiero, Francisco, 34

Rice, Henry, 289

Richmond, Va., 102, 116–17, 171, 180, 184, 198, 233, 295

Riesser, Gabriel, 199

Rigio, Antonio Rodrigo, 56

Rindskopf, ♦Löbl, 154

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 38, 391

Rio Grande, Brazil, 391

Rittenhouse, David, 107

♦Rivera, Jacob Rodrigues, 73

Robbins, B. R., 420

Rochester, N. Y., 253, 426

Rodkinson, Michael L., 409

Roman Empire, 3

Roos, Rev. J. S., 42, 47, 48

Roosevelt, President Theodore, 317, 332, 343, 353, 356, 362,

365, 400

Root, Elihu, 317, 362

Rosario, Argentine, 389

Rosenbaum, M., 370

Rosenbaum, S. G., 289

Rosenberg, Abraham H., 303, 408–9

Rosenberg, Major Felix, 332

Rosenberg, Jacob, 150

Rosendale, Simon W., 369, 371

Rosenfeld, A., 141

Rosenfeld, Morris, 418

Rosenfeld, Sydney, 399

Rosenhayn, N. J., 269

Rosenstraus, Theodore, 309

Rosenthal, Adolph, 152

Rosenthal, Albert, 397

Rosenthal, Herman, 266, 269, 340, 409

Rosenthal, Dr. J. M., 152

Rosenthal, Max, 397

Rosenthal, Toby Edward, 397

Rosenwald, Julius, 370, 371, 378, 404

Rosenzweig, Gerson, 303, 408–9

Rosewater, Edward, 414

Rosewater, Victor, 370, 414

Rothschild, Baruch Solomon, 190

Rothstein, Joshua, 190

“Rough Riders,” 332

Roumania, relations with, 331, 343–52

Rubifrayn, see Ephraim, Rabbi, 15

Rudiger, Bishop, 4

Rülf, Dr. Isaac (quoted), 255

Russia, relations with, 306 ff., 331, 347

Russian Period of Immigration, 260 ff.

Russian-Poland, Immigration from, 189, 254

Sabayo, 17

Sabsovich, Prof. H. L., 269, 289

Sacramento, Cal., 156

Sagres, 11

St. Catherine’s, 386

St. John, N. B., 386

St. Joseph, Mo., 253

St. Louis, Mo., 142, 249, 253, 378, 426

St. Paul, Minn., 153, 252

Salomon, Edward S., 152, 234

Salomon, Haym, 95–97, 106

Salomon, Haym M., 97

Salomon, William, 97

Salt River, N. B., 386

Salvador, Francis, 79

Salwen, Mayer, 191

Sampson, Solomon, 105

Samuel, Lewis, 385

Samuel, Mark, 385

Samuels, brothers, 153

Samuels, Joseph, 140

Samuels, Capt. Morris, 153

Samuelson, Simha, 192

San Antonio, Tex., 161

Sanchez, Gabriel, 15, 16

Sanchez, Juan, 20

Sanchez, Rodrigo, 14

San Francisco, Cal., 155 ff., 234, 252, 287, 402, 426

Santa Fe, Argentine, 398

Santa Maria, Brazil, 392

Santangel, Louis de, 12, 15, 16

Santiago, Chile, 393

Santo Domingo, 20, 381, 400

Sao Gabriel, Brazil, 391

Saphirstein, Jacob, 422

Sarasohn, ♦Kasriel H., 259, 303, 355, 409

Savannah, Ga., 78, 102, 144, 252

Schafferstown, Pa., 77

Schaikewitz, N. M. (♦Shomer), 304

Schechter, Prof. Solomon, 340, 375

Scherpenhuitzen, Van, 46

Scheusses, Henry de, 47

Schiff, Jacob H., 289, 317, 358, 362, 369, 371, 413

Schildkraut, Rudolph, 422

Schiller-Szinessi, Rabbi, 254

Schloss, Simon, 159

Schomer, Abraham S., 421

Schreiber, Moses Aaron, 408

Schur, William, 302, 407, 409

Schwab, Rev. Isaac, 157

♦Schwartz, Tobias, 190

Schwarzberg, Samuel B., 303, 409

Scovil, Joseph A. (quoted), 256

Scranton, Pa., 426

Seattle, Wash., 426

Sebastian, King, 29

Sects, religious, in the Colonies, 84

Seddon, Secretary of War, 221

Seeligsohn, Henry, 160, 163

Seeligsohn, Michael, 160

Seifert, Moses, 419, 421

Seixas, Benjamin, 105

Seixas, Rev. Gershom Mendes, 104, 105, 106, 139

Seixas, Rev. Isaac B., 171

Seixas, Moses, 99, 101

Seixas, Theodore J., 195

Seligman, brothers, 156

Seligman, Prof. E. R. A., 401

Seligman, Jesse, 289

Selikovich, George, 304

Selling, Benjamin, 370

Semel, Bernard, 371

Seminole War, 162

Semites, 3

Senior, Abraham, 12

Senior, Max, 369

Sewall, J. M., 110

Seward, William H., 204, 205, 343

Shaftesbury, Lord ♦344

Shannon, Joseph, 156

Sharkansky, A. M., 418, 421

Sharp, Rev. John, 68

♦Shasta, Cal., 156

Sheftal, Levi, 102

Sheftal, Mordecai, 79, 94

Shelvin, Bernhard, 423

♦Sherbrooke, Canada, 386

Shreveport, La., 252

Shor, Anshel, 421

Shubert, Nathan, 150

Sicily Island, La., 266

Siegbert, Louis, 289

Siegelstein, Dr. P. A., 371

Silberman, Jacob, 154

Silberstein, Shalom Joseph, 407

Silva, de, family, 60

Silva, Aaron de, 45

Silva, Antonio José da, 41

Silva, Francisco Maldonado de, 27

Silva, Rev. de, 143

Silverman, Emanuel, 154

Silverman, Rev. Joseph, 371

Silverman, Samuel, 384

Simon, Abraham de la, 63 (note), 64

Simon, B., 157

Simon, Joseph, of Lancaster, 76

Simpson, Samson, 191

Singer, Dr. Isidor, 340, 356

Sivitz, Rabbi Moses Simon, 282, 407

Slidell, Thomas, 222, 225

Slonim, Joel, 423

Sloss, Louis, 156

Sloss, M. C., 369, 370, 403

Soarez, family, 60

Sobel, Isidor, 370, 371

Sobramonto, Don Thomas de, 25

Socialism, 273, 301

Sofer, Rabbi S., 407

Sola, Rev. Abraham de, 384

Sola, Rev. Meldola de, 384

Solaterevsky, 421

Solis-Cohen, David, 287

Solis-Cohen, Dr. Jacob da Silva, 403

Solis-Cohen, Dr. Solomon, 287, 403

Solomon, Hannah G., 296

Solomon, J. P., 417

Solomon, Rev. M. H., 61

Solomons, Adolphus S., 289

Solomons, Israel, 155

Solomons, Levy, 381, 382

Sombart, Werner, 4 (note)

Sonnenschein, Rev. H. S., 142

Sonora, Cal., 155

Soria, 15

♦Sossnitz, Jos. L., 305, 408

Sousa, Don Luis, 34

South, Jews of, see Civil War

South America, 387 ff.

South Carolina, 78, 370, 425

South Dakota, 269, 328, 370

Southey, Robert (quoted), 35

Sovrin, Nathan, 423

Spain, 3, 5, 6, 7

Spanish American War, 331――

Spanish Jews as land owners, 4

Spanish Town, Jamaica, 60

Sparger, Wm., 413

Speyer, 4

Spiegel, Col. Marcus M., 235–6

Spinosa, Cardinal Diego de, 23

Spitz, Rabbi Moritz, 142, 417

Spivak, Rabbi Aaron, 406

Spivak, Dr. Charles D., 287, 417

Stern, Morris, 370

Stern, Myer, 295

Sterne, Adolphus, 159

Stiles, Ezra, 73, 74, 82

Stockton, Cal., 155

Stolz, Rev. Joseph, 370

Straus, Isidor, 365, 371

Straus, Nathan, 365

Straus, Oscar S., 71 (note), 81, 289, 292, 358, 365, 369

Strauss, Commander Joseph, 333

Strauss, Samuel, 414

Stroock, Sol. M. (quoted), 200

Stuyvosant, Peter, Governor of New Netherland, 52, 63, 75

Styfft, Capt. Michael, 163

Sueiro, Ephraim, 37

Sulzbacher, Rev. Moses, 107

Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 371

Sulzberger, Mayer, 171, 289, 292, 362, 369, 370, 371, 376

Sulzer, Representative William, 318, 361

Sumero-Accadians, 2

Sunday Laws, 307, 327 ff.

Surinam, 40, 42, 43, 45

Sutro, Adolph, 156, 402

Switzerland, Passport Question, 199–205

Sydney, Canada, 386

Synagogues and Temples, 250 ff., 274, 338, (in Canada), 385

Syracuse, N. Y., 253, 426

Szold, Adele (note), 265, 337

Szold, Dr. Benjamin, 184

Szold, Miss Henrietta, 185, 295

Taft, President Wm. H., 317, 318, 332, 334, 401

Talmud Torahs, 276, 376–7 (in Canada), 385

Tamarica, Brazil, 38

Tannenbaum, Abner, 304, 419

Tanzman, Mr. and Mrs., 422

“Tashrak,” see Zevin, Israel I.

Taussig, Rear-Admiral Edward David, 333

Taylor Falls, Minn., 153

Technical and Training Schools, 378

Temple of Jerusalem, destruction of, 13

Tennessee, 425

Texas, 158 ff., 328, 370, 425

Thomas, E. S., 125

Thomashefsky, Bessie, 421

Thomashefsky, Boris, 421

Thorman, Simson, 141

Thornberg, 422

Thorowgood’s Work on the Indians as Jews, 14

Three Rivers, Can., 382

Tim, B. L., 143

Tintner, Rabbi Moritz, 142

Tobacco, discovered by Torres, 14

Tobias, Mr. and Mrs., 422

Tobias, Joseph and Michael, 79

Toronto, Ont., 385

Torres, Louis de, 13, 14

Touro, 51, 53

Touro, Abraham, 101

Touro, Rabbi Isaac, 74, 98

Touro, Judah, 101, 124, 144 ff., 207

Towne, Charles A., 361

Toy, Prof. Crawford H., 340

Trenton, N. J., 426

Triest, Montague, 370

Tucacas, Venezuela, 53

Tucuman, 26

Tunis, M. M. Noah, as American Consul There, 130

Turkey, Treaty with, of 1808, 130, 347, 365

Tyler, President John, 321

Ullman, Isaac M., 371

Ullman, Samuel, 233

Union Army, Jews in The, see Civil War

Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 244

United Hebrew Charities of New York, 248, 289, 290

Untermyer, Samuel, 403

Utah, 370, 425

Van Buren, Martin, 194, 195

Vancouver, B. C., 386

Van Horne, Capt. Cornelius, 69

Vasco, da Gama, 16, 17

Vaz family, 60

Vecinho, Joseph, 11

Velasco, Tex., 158

Velosino, Jacob de, 40

Venezuela, 392

Vermont, 123, 371, 425

Vespucci, Amerigo, 17

Vicksburg, Miss., 252

Victoria, B. C., 386

Vidaver, Rev. Henry, 107

Vidrevitz, Rabbi Chayyim Jacob, 282

Vieyra, 36

Vincente, Juan, 26

Virginia, 113 ff., 269, 328, 371, 425

Vizitelly, Frank H., 340

Voorsanger, Rabbi Jacob, 417

Vossius, The Old, 37

Waco, Tex., 161

Wake Island, Oceanica, 333

Waldstein, Prof. Charles, 400–1

Waldstein, Louis, 401

Waldstein, Martin, 401

War of 1812, 123 ff.

Warburg, Felix M., 371

Warfield, David, 399

Washington, 370, 425

Washington, D. C., 252, 426

Washington, George, 90, 99 ff. (his Correspondence with Jews)

Washington, L. O., 226

Webster, Daniel, 147, 200

Weigel, Abraham, 142

Weil, Isaiah, 144

Weil, Leo, 370, 371

Weinberg, Alex. B., 162

♦Weinshel, Hayyim, 408

Weinstock, Harris, 370

Weiss, Simon, 159

West Jersey, 109

West Virginia, 328, 370, 425

Weyl, Max, 397

White, Andrew D., 312, 318

White, Henry Ambassador, 362

Wilcox, John A., 201

Willeken, Commander, 35

Willemsted, Curaçao, 51, 53

William of Orange, 32

Williams, Roger, 71

Willoughby, Lord, 43

Wilmington, Del., 108, 111

Wilmington, N. C., 120

Wilowski, Rabbi Jacob David, 281

Wilson, Charles L., 346

Wilson, James, 96

Winchevsky, Morris, 418

Winder, Gen., 125

Winnipeg, Man., 380, 386

Wisconsin, 154, 328, 370, 425

Wise, Rev. Isaac M., 141, 175–76, 203, 414, 417

Wise, Dr. Stephen. 337

♦Wistar, William, 107

Witte, Count Serge, 317

Wittenstein, Zeeb Dob, 407

Wolf, Benjamin, 117

Wolf, Benjamin, 370

Wolf, Edwin, 292

Wolf, Simon (quoted), 33, 83, 88, 123, 130, 218, 233, 287, 295,

369, 381

Wolfenstein, Martha, 410

Wolff, A., 160

♦Wolff, J. Meyer, 47

Woodbine, N. J., 269

Woodstock, Canada, 386

Woolf, Moses, 152

Woolner, Samuel, 370

World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, 186, 295, 403

Wormser, Isaac, 151

Worthington, Col. W. G. D., 125, 126

Wyoming, 370, 425

Yarmouth, Canada, 386

“Yehoash,” see Bloomgarden, Solomon

Yelisavetgrad, Russia, 262

Yeshibot, 276, 376

Yonkers, N. Y., 396

York, Duke of, afterwards King James II., 67

Yorkton, Canada, 386

Young Men’s Hebrew Associations, 378

Young Women’s Hebrew Associations, 379

Yulee, David, 207

Zacuto, Abraham, 12, 16, 17

Zalinski, Lieut.-Col. Moses G., 332

Zamora, 15

Zarfati, Joshua, 40

Zarhi, Rabbi Asher Lipman, 283

Zevin, Israel I., 420

Zhitlovsky, Dr. Charles, 423

Zhitomir, 357

Ziegler, Isaac, 150

Zionism, 336–7

Ziony, Israel, 423

Zirndorf, Dr. Henry, 155

Zollschan, “Das Rassenproblem,” 3

Zolotkoff, Leon, 287, 422

Zunser, ♦Eliakim, 418

Zuntz, Alexander, 105

Footnotes.

1 ‒ A remarkable work by Werner Sombart, _Die Juden and das

Wirtschaftsleben_ (Leipsic 1911), which appeared after the

above was written, deals exhaustively with the important

part which the Jews played in the development of business

and finance in medieval as well as in modern times. While

it is avowedly a partisan work written for a special

purpose, it is a notable contribution to social-economic

Jewish history which no student of the subject can afford

to neglect.

2 ‒ A fac-simile of this map is found in the “Jewish

Encyclopedia,” vol. III., opp. p. 678.

3 ‒ There is a record that it was not Columbus himself but a

sailor from Lepe who first saw a distant light and cried

“land!” and who, when he found that he had been defrauded

of the gratuity, obtained his discharge, went to Africa

and there discarded Christianity for his old faith. But

the chronicler does not inform us whether the sailor’s old

faith was Judaism or Islam.

4 ‒ This subject is treated extensively in the chapter headed

“Services rendered by the Jews to the Dutch, 1623–44,”

in Mr. Simon Wolf’s valuable work “_The American Jew as

Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_,” p. 443 ff., and in the

monogram “Damage done to Spanish Interests in America

by Jews of Holland,” which is incorporated in the

“Publications,” vol. XVII.

5 ‒ Rabbi P. A. Hilfman of Paramaribo, Surinam, in

“Publications” XVI, p. 7 ff., supplementing the chronology

made by Prof. Richard Gottheil in the same Publications at

the beginning of Vol. IV. See also Rev. J. S. Roos of the

Dutch Congreg. in Paramaribo, Ibid. Vol. XIII, pp. 126 ff.

6 ‒ Daly, “The Settlement of the Jews in North America,” p.

7 ff. The names of those early immigrants (some of them

coming from Holland about the same time) as far as can

be gathered from the records, are as follows: Abraham

d’Lucena, David Israel, Moses Ambrosius, Abraham de la

Simon, Salvatore d’Andrade, Joseph da Costa, David Frera,

Jacob Barsimson, Jacob C. Henrique (or Jacob Cohen), Isaac

Mesa and Asser Levy.

7 ‒ Judge Daly himself, however, sees no ground for inferring

that the decision proceeded from aversion. He thinks it

was simply a question of law. The law of New York colony

was especially modeled upon that of the mother country.

New York was a conquered province, and when it was taken

from the Dutch, the English mode of procedure in all

matters of law and government was introduced bodily; and

from this circumstance English forms, precedents and modes

of proceeding came into use to an extent that did not

prevail in other colonies where the people themselves

had been left to originate and frame such a system of

government and laws as was suggested by their wants

and most conducive to their interests. The Legislative

Assembly was therefore simply declaring the law as it

existed in England at that time. (l. c.)

8 ‒ Oscar S. Straus, “The Origin of the Republican Form of

Government in the United States,” p. 48.

9 ‒ See Oppenheim, “The Jews and Masonry,” in “Publications”

XIX, pp. 9 ff., for an interesting treatment of the

discussion about the authenticity of this statement.

10 ‒ For a list of their names see “Publications” XVII,

pp. 168–69.

11 ‒ Lecky, _Rationalism in Europe_, vol. II, 168, quoted in

Straus, _Origin of Republican Form of Government in the

United States_, pp. 19 _ff._, which see for an extensive

treatment of this subject.

12 ‒ Another great American clergyman, Dr. Henry M. Field

(1822–1907), who wrote about a century later, also found

in the Jewish polity much that was later adopted in the

Constitution of the United States. In his work _On the

Desert_ (New York, 1883), he says: “Perhaps it does not

often occur to readers of the Old Testament that there is

much likeness between the Hebrew Commonwealth and the

American Republic.... At the bottom there is one radical

principle that divides a republic from a monarchy or an

aristocracy; it is the natural equality of men――that “all

men are born free and equal”――which is fully recognized in

the laws of Moses as in the Declaration of Independence.

Indeed, the principle is carried further in the Hebrew

Commonwealth than in ours; for not only was there equality

before the laws, but the laws aimed to produce equality of

condition in one point, and that a vital one――the tenure

of land, of which even the poorest could not be deprived,

so that in this respect the Hebrew Commonwealth approached

more nearly to a pure democracy.” See a more extensive

quotation in Simon Wolf’s _The American Jew as Patriot,

Soldier and Citizen_, pp. 494–98.

13 ‒ A drawing of this design is printed as the frontispiece of

Mr. Straus’s above-named work.

14 ‒ See Dr. M. Kayserling. _A Memorial Sent by German

Jews to the President of the Continental Congress_, in

“Publications” VI, pp. 5–8, where it is also stated that

the letter was wrongly attributed to Moses Mendelssohn

(1729–86).

15 ‒ _The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_, by

Simon Wolf, edited by Louis Edward Levy, Philadelphia,

1895.

16 ‒ Aaron Levy (b. in Amsterdam, 1742; d. in Philadelphia,

1815), who was also of great assistance to the colonies in

their struggle for independence, was a partner of Robert

Morris in various enterprises in Pennsylvania. The town

of Aaronsburg, Center County, Pa., was founded by Levy

and is named after him. (See “Jew. Encyclopedia,” s. v.,

Aaronsburg and Levy, Aaron.)

17 ‒ A fac-simile of Washington’s reply is found in the “Jewish

Encyclopedia,” vol. IX, between pp. 294–95.

18 ‒ See Hyman Polock Rosenbach, _The Jews in Philadelphia

prior to 1800_, pp. 22–23, _ff._, Philadelphia, 1883.

19 ‒ See Oppenheim, The Jews and Masonry, in “Publications,”

vol. XIX, 1–94, for the sources of most of the references

to Masonry in this work.

20 ‒ A description of this highly interesting Jewish family, by

Gratz Mordecai, is found in “Publications,” VI, pp. 39–48.

21 ‒ See Max J. Kohler, _Phases in the History of Religious

Liberty in America ..._ in “Publications,” XI, pp. 53–73,

where the subject is extensively treated and the sources

are given.

22 ‒ See Jacob Ezekiel, _The Jews of Richmond_, in

“Publications,” IV, pp. 21–27.

23 ‒ See Leon Hühner, _Religious Liberty in North Carolina_,

in “Publications,” XVI, pp. 37–71, for the facts and

the sources, and also for Henry’s speech, which is too

long to be reproduced here. The speech is also found in

_Selections for Homes and Schools_, by Marion L. Misch,

pp. 305–10, issued by the Jewish Publication Society of

America in 1911.

24 ‒ See _Jewish Encyclopedia_, VIII. pp. 353–54, s. v.,

Martinique; and also Oppenheim in “Publications,” XVIII.

pp. 17–18.

25 ‒ See J. H. Hollander, _Civil Status of the Jews in

Maryland_, in “Publications,” II. pp. 33–44; the article

_Maryland_ in the “Jewish Encyclopedia” and Blum’s

_History of the Jews of Baltimore_.

26 ‒ Daly, p. 112, et seq.; see also Wolf, _Mordecai Manuel

Noah_, Philadelphia, 1897, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_,

s. v., Noah.

27 ‒ See Philipson, _The Jewish Pioneers in the Ohio Valley_,

in “Publications,” VIII, pp. 43 et seq.; also Markens,

pp. 100–104, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_, s. v. Cincinnati.

28 ‒ See Leon Hühner, _The first Jew to hold the Office of

Governor of one of the United States_ in “Publications,”

XVII, pp. 187–95.

29 ‒ The lines read as follows:

Amos and Judah――venerated names!

Patriarch and prophet, press their equal claims.

Like generous coursers running neck and neck,

Each aids the work by giving it a check.

Christian and Jew, they carry out a plan――

For though of different faith, each is in heart a man.

30 ‒ See H. Eliassof, _The Jews of Chicago_, in “Publications,”

XI, which also appeared separately.

31 ‒ See the papers contributed by Rev. Henry Cohen, of

Galveston, Tex., to the “Publications,” Vols. II, IV, V,

on the Jews of Texas (the last being on Henry Castro) and

his article “Texas” in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XII.

32 ‒ Henry S. Morais, _The Jews of Philadelphia_, p. 45.

33 ‒ The list of these members as given by J. D. Eisenstein

in his _History of the first Russian-American Jewish

Congregation_ in Publications IX, pp. 63–74, is as follows:

Benjamin Lichtenstein, Judah Middleman, Abraham Benjamin

(of Hamburg), Abraham Joseph Ash, Joshua Rothstein, Israel

Cohen, Abba Baum, David Lasky, Leib Cohen, Baruch Solomon

Rothschild, Elijah Greenstein, Feibel Philips (the scribe),

Abraham Reiner, Tobias Schwartz, Abraham Levy (of Raczki),

Hyman Harris, Leibel Raczker, Samuel Hillel Isaacs,

Jerahmel Chuck (of Berlin), Isidor Raphall and Jacob Levy.

The first twelve were the original members.

34 ‒ See A. M. Friedenberg, Publications, _Calendar of

American-Jewish Cases_, XII, pp. 87 _et seq._

35 ‒ Jost, _Neuere Geschichte der Israeliten_, ii, pp. 360–68.

See also Jacob Ezekiel, _Persecution of the Jews in 1840_,

“Publications,” VIII, pp. 141–45, and Joseph Jacobs, _The

Damascus Affair of 1840 and the Jews of America_, ibid. x,

pp. 119–28.

36 ‒ See Sol. M. Stroock _Switzerland and the American Jews_,

“Publications” XI, pp. 7–52, and Cyrus Adler, _Jews in

American Diplomatic Correspondence_, ibid. XV, pp. 25–39,

for ample treatment of the subject, including numerous

documents and copious references.

37 ‒ See Max J. Kohler in article _Antislavery Movement in

America_ in “Jew. Encyclopedia.”

38 ‒ See Markens, _Lincoln and the Jews_ in “Publications,”

XVII, pp. 10–65, for a more detailed treatment of the

subject of this chapter.

39 ‒ _The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_, p. 6.

40 ‒ Pierce Butler, _Judah P. Benjamin_, Philadelphia, 1907,

p. 62. This complete biographical work is the only one

of its kind written of an American Jew, and practically

supersedes all that was written about Benjamin before.

41 ‒ See Kohler, _German-Jewish Migration to America_ in

“Publications” IX, 96 ff.

42 ‒ Rev. Joseph Krauskopf, _Half a Century of Judaism in the

United States_, in “The American Jews’ Annual” for 5648,

p. 87.

43 ‒ See Dr. Isaac Rülf (1834–1902), _Die Russische Juden_,

Memel, 1892, p. 4 ff.

44 ‒ Adele Szold in _Emma Lazarus, a biographical sketch_, in

“The Hebrew Standard” for December 1, 1905.

45 ‒ See Morais, _The Jews of Philadelphia_, p. 142, and also

_Constitution of the Jewish Alliance of America_, etc.,

Philadelphia, 1891.

46 ‒ John R. Commons, in his report on “Immigration and Its

Economic Effects,” quoted in the article “Trade Unionism”

in _The Jewish Encyclopedia_, vol. XII.

47 ‒ See article “Migration” in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_,

where the figures are interesting but the sources do not

justify complete reliability.

48 ‒ See _The American Passport in Russia_ in the American

Jewish Year Book for 5665; also _The Passport Question in

Congress_, ibid. for 5670.

49 ‒ See _Abstract of the Report on Federal Immigration

Legislation_ by the Immigration Commission, issued by the

Government, Washington, 1911.

50 ‒ See his _The Jews and the American Sunday Laws_ in

“Publications,” XI, pp. 101–15 (also note ibid., XII,

pp. 171–73), and his _Sunday Laws in the United States

and Leading Judicial Decisions Having Special Reference

to the Jews_ in The American Jewish Year Book for 5669,

pp. 152–89.

51 ‒ See _Preliminary list of Jewish Soldiers and Sailors who

served in the Spanish-American War_ in The American Jewish

Year Book for 5661, pp. 525–622.

52 ‒ American-Jewish Year Book for 5661 (1900–1901).

53 ‒ See Adler, _Jews in American Diplomatic Correspondence_,

“Publications” XV, pp. 48–73.

54 ‒ Rabbi Maximilian Heller in _American Jewish Year Book_ for

5664. p. 21.

55 ‒ See Adler, _The Voice of America on Kishineff_,

Philadelphia, 1904. Among the books which appeared in

the United States on this subject are also _Russia at the

Bar of the American People_, by Isidore Singer, New York,

1904, and _Within the Pale_, New York, 1903, by the Irish

patriot, Michael Davitt, who was sent to Russia soon after

the massacre as a representative of Mr. Hearst’s papers.

56 ‒ Volume XIV of the _Publications_ is devoted to the

proceedings and the addresses of this celebration. It also

appeared in a separate volume entitled _The Two Hundred

and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Jews in

the United States_. New York, 1906.

57 ‒ See _American-Jewish Year Book_ for 5667, pp. 230, 233, 234.

58 ‒ See above, Chapter XXXI.

59 ‒ See Kohler in Publications IV, p. 87. See also for the

sources of this chapter “Publications” I, pp. 117–120,

and the article “Canada” in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_.

60 ‒ _Enquete sur la Population Israelite en Argentine_, in the

“Rapport de l’Administration Centrale ...” of the I. C. A.

for 1909. Paris, 1910. pp. 251–308.

61 ‒ See _Jew. Encyclopedia_, Vol. III, p. 326–27.

62 ‒ Those who want to follow up the subject, which is

by no means uninteresting, are referred to _Early

Jewish Literature in America_, by Geo. A. Kohut, in

“Publications” III, pp. 103–47, and to J. D. Eisenstein’s

_The Development of Jewish Casuistic Literature in

America_, ibid. XII, pp. 139–47.

63 ‒ See Dr. B. Drachman, _Neo-Hebraic Literature in America_,

appended to the Seventh Biennial Report of the Jewish

Theological Seminary Ass’n (New York, 1900).

64 ‒ The figures are based on the exhaustive though necessarily

incomplete _Directory of Jewish Local Organizations in

the United States_, which appeared in the “American-Jewish

Year Book” for 5668 (published in 1907), and allowance

must be made for some omissions, as well as for increases

in the last five years.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Punctuation has been standardized.

This book was written in a period when many words had not become

standardized in their spelling. Words may have multiple spelling

variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have

been left unchanged unless indicated with a Transcriber’s Note.

The alphabetical order of the Index has been corrected but the

references have not been checked for accuracy.

The following corrections have been made in the text:

Page ix:

Sentence starting: Jews in Brazil after the....

– ‘Paramaraibo’ replaced with ‘Paramaribo’

(The community of Paramaribo)

– ‘Nasi’ replaced with ‘Nassi’

(David Nassi and the colony)

Page xxi:

Sentence starting: Jews fight on the Loyalist....

– ‘Popineau’s’ replaced with ‘Papineau’s’

(against Papineau’s rebellion)

Page 14:

Sentence starting: This view was supported....

– ‘Manasse’ replaced with ‘Manasseh’

(than Manasseh Ben Israel)

Page 21:

Sentence starting: As early as 1511....

– ‘Juanna’ replaced with ‘Juana’

(Queen Juana of Castille)

Page 26:

Sentence starting: When this order arrived....

– ‘Gonzolo’ replaced with ‘Gonzalo’

(Gonzalo de Luna)

Page 38:

Sentence starting: ....

– ‘Parahibo’ replaced with ‘Parahiba’

(Rio de Janeiro and Parahiba.)

Page 41:

Sentence starting: Jews in Brazil after the....

– ‘Paramaraibo’ replaced with ‘Paramaribo’

(The community of Paramaribo)

– ‘Nasi’ replaced with ‘Nassi’

(David Nassi and the colony)

Page 45:

Sentence starting: The Jews of Surinam were....

– ‘Calaby’ replaced with ‘Calabi’

(Israel Calabi Cid)

Page 48:

Sentence starting: In 1772 Noah Isaaks....

– ‘Noach’ replaced with ‘Noah’

(In 1772 Noah Isaaks)

Page 50:

Sentence starting: The most prominent Jewish....

– ‘De’ replaced with ‘Da’

(David Da Costa)

Page 51:

Sentence starting: The land assigned to them....

– ‘Willemstad’ replaced with ‘Willemsted’

(present district of Willemsted)

Page 56:

Sentence starting: Special taxes continued....

– ‘some’ replaced with ‘same’

(on the same scale)

Page 58:

Sentence starting: In 1668 Solomon Gabay Faro....

– ‘Gomes’ replaced with ‘Gomez’

(David Gomez Henriques)

Page 76:

Sentence starting: Barnard Gratz and his brother....

– ‘Amreica’ replaced with ‘America’

(came to America about 1755)

Page 78:

Sentence starting: Several other Jews rendered....

– ‘renderd’ replaced with ‘rendered’

(Several other Jews rendered)

Page 85:

Sentence starting: The separation of Church and....

– ‘seperation’ replaced with ‘separation’

(The separation of Church and)

Page 93:

Sentence starting: Abraham Pinto was a member....

– ‘it’ replaced with ‘is’

(of whom it is not certain)

Page 94:

Sentence starting: In 1782 Sheftal appeared....

– ‘pariot’ replaced with ‘patriot’

(the haven for patriot refugees)

Page 97:

Sentence starting: His son, Haym M. Salomon....

– ‘Hyam’ replaced with ‘Haym’

(His son, Haym M. Salomon)

Sentence starting: William Salomon (b. in....

– ‘Hyam’ replaced with ‘Haym’

(great-grandson of Haym Salomon)

Page 115:

Sentence starting: In a letter to Madison....

– ‘propogated’ replaced with ‘propagated’

(and propagated with enthusiasm)

Page 134:

Sentence starting: He was also president....

– ‘Berith’ replaced with ‘B’rith’

(into a B’nai B’rith lodge)

Page 148:

Sentence starting: In that capacity they bought....

– ‘Hyam’ replaced with ‘Haym’

(that of Haym Harris)

Page 151:

Sentence starting: The “Kehillah Anshe Maarab”....

– ‘Kehilat’ replaced with ‘Kehillah’

(The “Kehillah Anshe Maarab”)

Page 152:

Sentence starting: The Hebrew Relief Association....

– ‘Greenbaum’ replaced with ‘Greenebaum’

(Henry Greenebaum (b. in Germany, 1833))

Page 175:

Sentence starting: He gave up the rabbinate....

– ‘rabinate’ replaced with ‘rabbinate’

(He gave up the rabbinate)

Page 177:

Sentence starting: He also participated in the rabbinical....

– ‘bcome’ replaced with ‘become’

(to become rabbi of)

Page 180:

Sentence starting: For some time he acted....

– ‘Penteteuch’ replaced with ‘Pentateuch’

(began a translation of the Pentateuch)

Page 184:

Sentence starting: Benjamin Szold (b. in Hungary, 1829....

– ‘consevative’ replaced with ‘conservative’

(a more conservative course)

Page 185:

Sentence starting: His work “Die Lage der Juden in Polen”....

– ‘appeard’ replaced with ‘appeared’

(which appeared anonymously)

Page 236:

Sentence starting: Max Einstein (b. in Würtemberg....

– ‘Würtemburg’ replaced with ‘Würtemberg’

(Max Einstein (b. in Würtemberg)

Page 237:

Sentence starting: Another New York Jew....

– ‘Colonal’ replaced with ‘Colonel’

(Lieutenant-Colonel Leopold C. Newman)

Page 252:

Sentence starting: Kehillah Anshe Maarab of Chicago....

– ‘Kehillat’ replaced with ‘Kehillah’

(Kehillah Anshe Maarab of Chicago)

Page 255:

Sentence starting: M. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu....

– ‘Polland’ replaced with ‘Poland’

(emigrants from Russian-Poland)

Sentence starting: The great anti-Jewish riot....

– ‘cosiderable’ replaced with ‘considerable’

(followed by considerable emigration)

Page 259:

Sentence starting: His brother-in-law, Kasriel H. Sarasohn....

– ‘Sarahson’ replaced with ‘Sarasohn’

(His brother-in-law, Kasriel H. Sarasohn)

Page 266:

Sentence starting: (See _Jewish Encyclopedia_....

– ‘Henriette’ replaced with ‘Henrietta’

(by Miss Henrietta Szold.)

Page 269:

Sentence starting: Before the colony was fairly....

– ‘Missiouri’ replaced with ‘Missouri’

(farmers in Kansas and Missouri.)

Page 277:

Sentence starting: The “landsleut” meet there....

– ‘landsleute’ replaced with ‘landsleut’

(The “landsleut” meet there)

Page 285:

Sentence starting: In the last few years....

– ‘wealtheir’ replaced with ‘wealthier’

(older and wealthier members)

Sentence starting: But no one would think now....

– ‘snyagogue’ replaced with ‘synagogue’

(the position of a synagogue)

Page 290:

Sentence starting: When the great pressure....

– ‘somehwat’ replaced with ‘somewhat’

(had somewhat relaxed)

Page 291:

Sentence starting: A large majority consists of....

– ‘precense’ replaced with ‘presence’

(and demands their presence)

Page 295:

Sentence starting: The second, The Jewish Publication Society....

– ‘Maritz’ replaced with ‘Moritz’

(and Moritz Ellinger)

Page 296:

Sentence starting: The World’s Columbian Exposition....

– ‘on’ replaced with ‘an’

(offered the Jews an opportunity)

Page 305:

Sentence starting: Some of the best known....

– ‘Sosnitz’ replaced with ‘Sossnitz’

(the philosopher Joseph Loeb Sossnitz)

Page 314:

Sentence starting: It continues that even....

– ‘arguments’s’ replaced with ‘argument’s’

(for the argument’s sake)

Page 335:

Sentence starting: It was in these countries....

– ‘umost’ replaced with ‘utmost’

(exploited to the utmost extent)

Page 379:

Sentence starting: The Young Men’s Hebrew....

– duplicated word removed ‘’

– ‘cannoot’ replaced with ‘cannot’

(people who cannot utilize)

Page 380:

Sentence starting: Jews fight on the Loyalist side....

– ‘Popineau’ replaced with ‘Papineau’

(against Papineau’s rebellion)

Page 382:

Sentence starting: The Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen....

– ‘Mickveh’ replaced with ‘Mickweh’

(rabbi of Congregation Mickweh Israel)

Page 386:

Sentence starting: Besides the towns mentioned....

– ‘Ottowa’ replaced with ‘Ottawa’

(Ottawa, Quebec, Regina)

Page 390:

Sentence starting: Despite the friction which....

– ‘succsssful’ replaced with ‘successful’

(are successful and their future)

Page 393:

Sentence starting: According to the writers of the....

– ‘Maranos’ replaced with ‘Marranos’

(formerly as Marranos)

Page 397:

Sentence starting: A picture which he exhibited....

– ‘Luxemburg’ replaced with ‘Luxembourg’

(for the Luxembourg gallery)

Page 400:

Sentence starting: Jacob H. Hollander....

– ‘emonomy’ replaced with ‘economy’

(professor of political economy)

Page 401:

Sentence starting: Professor Edwin R. A. Seligman....

– ‘subect’ replaced with ‘subject’

(standard works on the subject)

Page 406:

Sentence starting: According to Mr. Eisenstein....

– ‘Josep’ replaced with ‘Joseph’

(Rabbi Joseph Moses Aronson)

Page 409:

Sentence starting: The _Hekal ha-Ibriyah_....

– ‘Ettelsohn’ replaced with ‘Ettelson’

(edited by N. B. Ettelson)

Page 414:

Sentence starting: Morris Phillips (1834–1904)....

– ‘Omoha’ replaced with ‘Omaha’

(died in Omaha, Neb.)

Page 417:

Sentence starting: _The New Era Illustrated Magazine_....

– ‘Mabazine’ replaced with ‘Magazine’

(_The New Era Illustrated Magazine_)

Page 423:

Sentence starting: The conservative _Volksfreund_....

– ‘Josephr’ replaced with ‘Joseph’

(edited by Joseph Selig Glick)

Page 427:

Sentence starting: Not only the proportion....

– ‘proporton’ replaced with ‘proportion’

(Not only the proportion)

Page 428:

Sentence starting: There is, therefore, every reason....

– ‘Jewisht’ replaced with ‘Jewish’

(set the Jewish house)

Index Abramowitz, Rev. Herman:

– ‘Abramovitz’ replaced with ‘Abramowitz’

(Abramowitz, Rev. Herman)

Index Andrade, Salvatore d’:

– ‘Salvator’ replaced with ‘Salvatore’

(Andrade, Salvatore d’)

Index Anixter, Rabbi Eliezer:

– ‘Elizer’ replaced with ‘Eliezer’

(Anixter, Rabbi Eliezer)

Index Ashkenazi, Dr. Herbert:

– ‘Ashkenazy’ replaced with ‘Ashkenazi’

(Ashkenazi, Dr. Herbert)

Index Barsimson, Jacob:

– ‘Barsimon’ replaced with ‘Barsimson’

(Barsimson, Jacob)

Index Bender, Canada:

– ‘Bendor’ replaced with ‘Bender’

(Bender, Canada)

Index Bennett, James Gordon:

– ‘Bennet’ replaced with ‘Bennett’

(Bennett, James Gordon)

Page Bernal, physician:

– ‘Beral’ replaced with ‘Bernal’

(Bernal, physician)

Index Campanall, Mordecai:

– ‘Campanell’ replaced with ‘Campanall’

(Campanall, Mordecai)

Index Caseras, Henrique de:

– ‘Caseres’ replaced with ‘Caseras’

(Caseras, Henrique de)

Index Chuck, Jerahmel:

– ‘Jerahmeel’ replaced with ‘Jerahmel’

(Chuck, Jerahmel)

Index Cone, Ceasar:

– ‘Cesar’ replaced with ‘Ceasar’

(Cone, Ceasar)

Index Cordoza, Hakam de:

– ‘Cordova’ replaced with ‘Cordoza’

(Cordoza, Hakam de)

Index Coutinho, Henriques:

– ‘Henriquez’ replaced with ‘Henriques’

– add missing page reference ‘51’

(Coutinho, Henriques, 51)

Index Coutinho, Isaac Jerajo:

– ‘Jeraso’ replaced with ‘Jerajo’

(Coutinho, Isaac Jerajo)

Index Cresques, Jafuda:

– ‘Cresquas’ replaced with ‘Cresques’

– ‘Jafudah’ replaced with ‘Jafuda’

(Cresques, Jafuda)

Index Cufo:

– ‘Cuffo’ replaced with ‘Cufo’

(Cufo)

Index Dungan, Irvine:

– ‘Dongan’ replaced with ‘Dungan’

(Dungan, Irvine)

Index Falmouth, Jamaica:

– ‘Fallmouth’ replaced with ‘Falmouth’

(Falmouth, Jamaica)

Index Faro, Solomon Gabay:

– ‘Gabbay’ replaced with ‘Gabay’

(Faro, Solomon Gabay)

Index Fishman, William:

– ‘Fischman’ replaced with ‘Fishman’

(Fishman, William)

Index Ford――Committee on Immigration:

– ‘Immigation’ replaced with ‘Immigration’

(Ford――Committee on Immigration)

Index Frazon or Frazier, Joseph:

– ‘Frazen’ replaced with ‘Frazon’

(Frazon or Frazier, Joseph)

Index Freiberg, J. Walter:

– ‘Friberg’ replaced with ‘Freiberg’

(Freiberg, J. Walter)

Index Friedlaender, Dr. Israel:

– ‘Friedländer’ replaced with ‘Friedlaender’

(Friedlaender, Dr. Israel)

Index Gliddon, John:

– ‘Glidden’ replaced with ‘Gliddon’

(Gliddon, John)

Index Hackenburg, Wm. B.:

– ‘Hackenberg’ replaced with ‘Hackenburg’

(Hackenburg, Wm. B.)

Index Harris, Asher Lemil:

– ‘Lemel’ replaced with ‘Lemil’

(Harris, Asher Lemil)

Index Hendricks, Benjamin:

– Page reference added ‘70’

(Hendricks, Benjamin, 70)

Index Heydenfeldt, Elkan:

– ‘Elkam’ replaced with ‘Elkan’

(Heydenfeldt, Elkan)

Index Heister, Gen.:

– ‘Heyster’ replaced with ‘Heister’

(Heister, Gen.)

Index Iliowizi, Rabbi Henry:

– ‘Illiowizi’ replaced with ‘Iliowizi’

(Iliowizi, Rabbi Henry)

Index Illan, Jaude:

– ‘Illon’ replaced with ‘Illan’

(Illan, Jaude)

Index Jaffe, Rabbi Shalom Elhanan:

– ‘Elchanan’ replaced with ‘Elhanan’

(Jaffe, Rabbi Shalom Elhanan)

Index Joffe, Joshua A.:

– ‘Jaffe’ replaced with ‘Joffe’

(Joffe, Joshua A.)

Index Kohler, Max J.:

– the 2nd (note) is on page 207 instead of 243

(207 (note), 243,)

Index Lasky, David:

– ‘Laski’ replaced with ‘Lasky’

(Lasky, David)

Index Manasseh ben Israel:

– ‘beu’ replaced with ‘ben’

(Manasseh ben Israel)

Index Manso, Bishop Alphonso:

– ‘Mansa’ replaced with ‘Manso’

(Manso, Bishop Alphonso)

Index Margolies, Rabbi M. Z.:

– ‘Margolis’ replaced with ‘Margolies’

(Margolies, Rabbi M. Z.)

Index Mesia, Daniel:

– ‘Mesya’ replaced with ‘Mesia’

(Mesia, Daniel)

Index Montevido, Uruguay:

– ‘Montevideo’ replaced with ‘Montevido’

(Montevido, Uruguay)

Index Montego Bay, Jamaica:

– ‘Montigo’ replaced with ‘Montego’

(Montego Bay, Jamaica)

Index Neumann, Dr. S.:

– ‘Neuman’ replaced with ‘Neumann’

(Neumann, Dr. S.)

Index Newburg, P.:

– ‘Newberg’ replaced with ‘Newburg’

(Newburg, P.)

Index Newburger, Morris:

– ‘Newberger’ replaced with ‘Newburger’

(Newburger, Morris)

Index Parahiba, Brazil:

– ‘Parahibo’ replaced with ‘Parahiba’

(Parahiba, Brazil)

Index Parra, La:

– ‘Para’ replaced with ‘Parra’

(Parra, La)

Index Pelatas, Brazil:

– ‘Pellatas’ replaced with ‘Pelatas’

(Pelatas, Brazil)

Index Perreira, Isaac:

– ‘Pereire’ replaced with ‘Perreira’

(Perreira, Isaac)

Index Philipson, Rev. David:

– ‘Phillipson’ replaced with ‘Philipson’

(Philipson, Rev. David)

Index Phillips, Col. Frederick:

– ‘Philipps’ replaced with ‘Phillips’

(Phillips, Col. Frederick)

Index Pinelo, Francisco:

– ‘Pinalo’ replaced with ‘Pinelo’

(Pinelo, Francisco)

Index Porto Alegra, Brazil:

– ‘Alegro’ replaced with ‘Alegra’

(Porto Alegra, Brazil)

Index Reisen, A.:

– ‘Reisin’ replaced with ‘Reisen’

(Reisen, A.)

Index Rindskopf, Löbl:

– ‘Löbel’ replaced with ‘Löbl’

(Rindskopf, Löbl)

Index Rivera, Jacob Rodrigues:

– ‘Rievera’ replaced with ‘Rivera’

(Rivera, Jacob Rodrigues)

Index Sarasohn, Kasriel H.:

– ‘Kesriel’ replaced with ‘Kasriel’

(Sarasohn, Kasriel H.)

Index Schaikewitz, N. M. (Shomer):

– ‘Schomer’ replaced with ‘Shomer’

(Schaikewitz, N. M. (Shomer))

Index Schwartz, Tobias:

– ‘Schwarz’ replaced with ‘Schwartz’

(Schwartz, Tobias)♦

Index Shaftesbury, Lord:

– Page reference added ‘344’

(Shaftesbury, Lord)♦

Index Shasta, Cal.:

– ‘Sasta’ replaced with ‘Shasta’

(Shasta, Cal.)

Index Sherbrooke, Canada:

– ‘Sherbrook’ replaced with ‘Sherbrooke’

(Sherbrooke, Canada)

Index Sossnitz, Jos. L.:

– ‘Sosnitz’ replaced with ‘Sossnitz’

Sossnitz, Jos. L.()

Index Weinshel, Hayyim:

– ‘Weinschel’ replaced with ‘Weinshel’

– ‘Hayim’ replaced with ‘Hayyim’

(Weinshel, Hayyim)

Index Wistar, William:

– ‘Wister’ replaced with ‘Wistar’

(Wistar, William)

Index Wolff, J. Meyer:

– ‘Woolff’ replaced with ‘Wolff’

(Wolff, J. Meyer)

Index Zunser, Eliakim:

– ‘Eliakum’ replaced with ‘Eliakim’

(Zunser, Eliakim)

History of the Jews in America From the Period of the Discovery of the New World to the Present Time · 第 10 / 10 章