THE RETREAT FROM MONS (2ND BATTALION)
Thus began that historic, terrible, splendid retreat from Mons. Long
weary marches were to be the lot of the British Army for many a day, but
fortunately no one realised what lay ahead, or the stoutest hearts might
well have quailed.
Long before it was over, the men's boots--not Crimean ones of brown
paper, but good, sound English leather--had been worn into shreds by
those interminable, pitiless paving-stones, that had withstood centuries
of traffic. Even the men with the toughest skins suffered badly from
their feet. Clouds of dust and the heavy atmosphere arising from men in
close formation added to the trials of marching. Constant cries of "Feel
your right" (to let cavalry or wagons pass by), the wearisome burden of
the pack on the shoulders, which drove many men to throw away their most
prized possessions, the frequent futile digging of trenches, abandoned
as soon as they were dug, the orders and counter-orders--all made the
days that followed a positive nightmare to the Army.
Such continuous retirement had never been practised. It was against all
tradition, and the men grumbled constantly at the seemingly never-ending
retreat. But what other course could the "contemptible little army" have
followed in the face of the enemy's overwhelming force?
[Sidenote: Aug. 24.]
On the 24th Sir H. Smith-Dorrien started off with the Second Corps,
while a demonstration was made by the First Corps in the direction of
Binche, and dug a line four miles south of Mons to enable the First
Corps to retire. It was evident that the Germans were straining every
effort to surround the British Army, and therefore to hold on too long
to any line was extremely dangerous. The Fifth French Army was still in
full retirement, and the First French Cavalry Corps was so exhausted
that General Sordet could promise no assistance. The greater part of the
British Cavalry Division, with the exception of the regiments covering
the retreat of the two British Corps, was guarding the left flank. The
arrival of the Fourth Division at Le Cateau had been a welcome addition,
but as it was only too probable that the Germans would make every effort
to envelop the left of the whole line of the Allies, it was important to
have strong reinforcements on that flank.
[Illustration: Route taken by the Second Batt. Grenadier Guards during
the Retreat from Mons, and subsequent advance to the Marne and the
Aisne. 1914.]
Two hours' sleep was all the 2nd Battalion Grenadiers was allowed on
that fateful 24th of August, weary as it was after its twenty-four hours
on end of marching and fighting. At daybreak it marched to Quevy le
Grand, where the men were ordered to dig themselves in. They were quite
in the dark about what was going on round them. What force was opposed
to them or why they were retiring, no one knew. The greatest secrecy
prevailed. Although it was cold and foggy early, it soon became
scorching hot and the men were tired, but when the word went round that
this was not a rearguard action, but a determined stand, the digging
became a serious matter, and they set to with a will. The Germans
advanced very slowly and cautiously, gradually pushing back our Cavalry
Patrols, who could be seen retiring. They shelled the Mons--Maubeuge
Road and also Quevy le Grand, but as the line of the road was not held,
our position being some hundreds of yards in rear of it, little damage
was done, although a few men were hit in the village.
But at 2 P.M. another order came to evacuate the trenches and
concentrate on the left. "Concentration" proved to be a euphemism for
further retirement, and after a long and dusty march the Battalion
bivouacked south of La Longueville.
[Sidenote: Aug. 25. Landrecies.]
Next morning at 5 o'clock it started on another hot and lengthy march
through Pont sur Sambre, Leval, and Noyelles to Landrecies, which was
reached at 4 P.M. It went into billets and settled down to rest. But
soon afterwards a trooper from the cavalry patrols rode into the town
with the news that the Germans were coming; the alarm was given, and the
men stood to arms. Nothing further happened, however, and they returned
to their billets. The 3rd Battalion Coldstream provided the outposts,
and the rest of the brigade were just settling down once more in the
hope of a restful night when a second alarm sounded. This time it was a
real one. The Germans were advancing in force on Maroilles and
Landrecies.
Though the night was very dark there was no confusion, as the men poured
hurriedly out from their billets to fall in. Some were at once detailed
to build emergency barricades in the streets, and as the tool limbers
were taken for this purpose the Battalion never had any heavy tools for
the rest of the retreat. The houses on the front of the town were
rapidly put in a state of defence; loopholes were made, and the
furniture, or anything handy, was pushed up to make the walls
bullet-proof.
As it turned out, the enterprise of a small patrol of Uhlans, who rode
unopposed into the town during the afternoon, had proved a very
fortunate thing for the defenders. For it seems to have been assumed at
first that the town was covered by troops from other brigades, and when
the 3rd Battalion Coldstream was ordered to furnish outposts it had been
considered a quite unnecessary precaution. After the Uhlan incursion,
even the most optimistic could hardly have needed convincing.
When all the dispositions had been made the 2nd Battalion Grenadiers was
distributed as follows: Nos. 2 and 3 Companies, under the command of
Major Lord Bernard Lennox and Captain Stephen, held the level-crossing
over the railway, and watched the right and left flanks of the road
leading over the Sambre. No. 1 Company, under Major Hamilton, held the
two sides on the left, while No. 4 Company, under Captain Colston, in
reserve, was posted on the bridge over the Sambre.
The first warning that the enemy was at hand was given at 8 P.M. by the
firing of the picquets. When the alarm went there was still sufficient
light for the men to get into their positions, but soon after it became
pitch dark, and the rain began to fall. Suddenly shadowy forms were
observed by the outposts moving in the darkness. Evidently they realised
that they had been seen, for a voice was heard calling out, "Don't
shoot. We are the French." The trick at that time was new to us. Our men
naturally hesitated at first to fire, and this gave the Germans their
opportunity for a forward rush.
Very critical moments followed. The two forces were only a short
distance apart, and in the darkness a retreat would have been fatal, but
the splendid discipline of the Guards saved the situation. Everywhere
the attacking Germans found themselves beating up against a wall of
stubborn resistance. They brought up a couple of guns and poured shells
into the town at almost point-blank range; they even fired case-shot
down the road. Again and again they charged, only to be met and mowed
down by a withering fire. The machine-guns of the Grenadiers were moved
up to help the Coldstream, and came into action at a very critical
moment. They were largely instrumental in repelling the enemy's attack,
and were well handled by Lieutenant the Hon. W. Cecil, who was slightly
wounded. Private Rule particularly distinguished himself by sticking to
his gun and continuing to fight it, although he had been blown off his
feet by the blast of a H.E. shell. The brunt of the attack was borne at
the start by the 3rd Battalion Coldstream, which lost heavily in this
fight; but in the Grenadiers the casualties were not great.
Soon burning houses were lighting up the battlefield, and it began to be
possible to distinguish friend from foe. During one of the bursts of
firing Lieutenant Vereker was hit, and fell shot through the head. After
the first heavy attacks had been repulsed, the enemy tried to get round
the left of the Coldstream in the direction of the railway-station, but
there was met by a steady fire from No. 2 Company, under Major Lord
Bernard Lennox, and could make no headway. Splendid work was done by a
field howitzer, which had been manhandled up to the level-crossing, and
which succeeded in silencing the enemy's guns.
[Illustration: Sketch plan of Landrecies.]
Finally, about midnight, the enemy evidently realised the futility of
going on with the attack, and retreated once more into the darkness. But
spasmodic firing continued for some time, and it was not until nearly 2
A.M. that the night became still, and the men were able to strengthen
their position. It was afterwards learnt that the Germans who took part
in the attack had been pushed up to Landrecies in two hundred motor
lorries. How severely they had been handled may be surmised from the
fact that they allowed the Grenadiers and 3rd Battalion Coldstream to
retire unmolested over a single bridge across the Sambre. Writing of
this engagement in his despatch of September 7, Sir John French said:
The 4th Guards Brigade in Landrecies was heavily attacked by troops
of the Ninth German Army Corps, who were coming through the forest
on the north of the town. This brigade fought most gallantly and
caused the enemy to suffer tremendous loss in issuing from the
forest into the narrow streets of the town. This loss has been
estimated from reliable sources at from 700 to 1000.
In the meantime the Second Corps was between Le Cateau and Caudry with
the 19th Brigade, which had been brought up from the lines of
communication on the left and the Fourth Division south of Cambrai. The
German First Army launched a serious attack along the whole of this
line, and Sir H. Smith-Dorrien, finding himself outnumbered and
out-gunned, had the greatest difficulty in breaking off the engagement
and continuing the retirement.
[Sidenote: Aug. 26.]
At daybreak the 4th Brigade again got orders to retire, and marched
unmolested to Etreux. Unfortunately many of the men had no time to
retrieve their kits, which they had left at their billets, and all these
were left behind. The troops were dead beat, having again had
practically no sleep after a long day's marching and fighting. Every
time a halt was made the whole Battalion fell fast asleep, and when the
march had to be resumed it was very hard to rouse the men. It might seem
hardly worth while to sleep during a brief halt of only a few minutes,
with the prospect of a painful reawakening to the realities of the
situation as the inevitable sequel. But most of the men were so
thoroughly worn out that they eagerly welcomed even the doubtful
blessing of such a respite. In the distance heavy firing could be heard
in the direction of Le Cateau, and at one time it seemed probable the
4th Brigade might be sent off to support the hard-pressed Second Corps.
Etreux was reached at last, and the Battalion proceeded to dig itself
in. During the afternoon a German aeroplane flew very low over the
bivouac, and dropped a bomb, which, however, did no damage. Every one
who had a rifle handy had a shot at the unwelcome visitor; eventually it
was forced down a mile away, where it was picked up by the cavalry. In
it were found three officers, two dead and one wounded.
[Sidenote: Aug. 27.]
Another long dusty march lay before the Brigade on the following day.
Continuing the retirement, it passed through Vénérolles, Tupigny,
Vadencourt, and Hauteville to Mont d'Origny. A report was brought in
that a large force of the enemy had been seen near St. Quentin, but this
proved to be inaccurate. That night the First Corps was in a most
critical position. The Germans had nearly surrounded them, and urgent
orders to entrench the high ground north and east of Mont d'Origny were
received; but although the weary troops dug on till midnight, nothing
occurred, and at 3.30 A.M. the Battalion started off again.
[Sidenote: Aug. 28.]
It reached Deuillet near La Fère, where it had the only day's halt
during the retreat. On the way the Scots Greys and 12th Lancers charged
a large force of German cavalry and utterly routed them, making many
prisoners, but otherwise nothing was seen of the enemy.
On arrival at Deuillet, the usual procedure was gone through, and a
position in defence was entrenched, the men working at it all day.
[Sidenote: Aug. 29.]
In the evening an electrifying report, which cheered every one up, went
round that there was to be a general advance. But when the order came it
was the usual one to retire, and another hot march of twenty-eight miles
followed. The weary, wearing ordeal of long day marches and but little
sleep had commenced again. As soon as it was decided to continue the
retreat, and the whole British Force had crossed over the Oise, the
bridges were blown up. The heat was intense. There was practically no
wind, and the dust was stifling; a very large number of men were
suffering from sore feet, and there was a good deal of grumbling in the
ranks at the endless marching in the wrong direction. But there was no
prospect of a long rest, and those battalions which were unlucky enough
to leave men behind never saw them again. Not a man from the 2nd
Grenadiers, however, fell out.
The two corps which had been dangerously separated were now once more
united, but the pursuing Germans were very near, and the situation still
gave rise to much anxiety. Information was received to the effect that
five or six German corps were pursuing the Fifth French Army, while at
least two corps were advancing on the British Army. The situation on the
left of the British Army was obscure, but it was reported that the enemy
had three or four more corps endeavouring to creep round that flank. In
response to Sir John French's representations, General Joffre ordered
the Fifth French Army to attack the enemy on the Somme with the object
of relieving the pressure on the British Army.
[Sidenote: Aug. 30-31.]
The Battalion reached Soissons about midday on the 30th, and was ordered
to occupy the ridge near Pasly, about two miles north of the town. Next
day it tramped on to Soucy, a very hard march in great heat, finishing
up with a steep climb. Here it bivouacked as usual, and snatched what
rest it could. But a full night's sleep was always out of the question,
and soon after midnight the whole Brigade was directed to form a
rearguard, to cover the retirement of the Second Division.
[Sidenote: Sept. 1. Villers-Cotterêts.]
Accordingly trenches were dug in the high ground above Soucy, No. 4
Company Grenadiers being detached to guard the right flank in a position
leading across a deep ravine to the high ground above Montgobert. It was
to rejoin the Battalion when it retired to the forest of
Villers-Cotterêts. Soon after the Germans came in sight, and retirement
from the first position was successfully effected. The 2nd Battalion
Grenadiers and 3rd Battalion Coldstream made their way into the wood,
the edges of which were held by the Irish Guards and 2nd Battalion
Coldstream, and took up a fresh position along the line of the main road
running east and west through Rond de la Reine.
Thick mist hung over the country, and the dense undergrowth made the
passage of the wood difficult. The Germans, it was assumed, would not
attempt to penetrate the wood, but would be content to use the roads and
drives. The assumption proved to be wrong--fortunately for us. As it
happened, they came through the very thickest part, and in so doing lost
cohesion and direction. Probably, in fact, it was their doing this, and
the confusion into which they were consequently thrown, that enabled the
4th Brigade to break off the action later in the evening and retire
unmolested.
The 2nd Battalion Grenadiers held the right of the line. From a
strategic point of view, the position it occupied could not well have
been worse. But in a rearguard action there is often no choice. It was
absolutely necessary to retard the advance of the enemy through the
wood, so that the rest of the Division should get away.
During the time of waiting for the oncoming Germans, the Scots Greys and
12th Lancers suddenly appeared, coming down the ride on the right. They
had been attracted by the firing, and came to see what was going on.
They dismounted, and, finding many friends among the Grenadiers, started
"coffee-housing" for a while. But the firing in the outskirts of the
wood began to sound serious, and they rode off along the road to the
left, with the idea of operating against the enemy's right.
A few minutes later the Germans appeared, and a fight at close quarters
began. The firing became very hot, as in some places the opposing forces
were hardly seventy yards apart. Good work was done by the machine-guns
of the Grenadiers and Irish Guards, which accounted for a large number
of Germans, while the men charged repeatedly with the bayonet and drove
the enemy back. Gallantly, stolidly, the 4th Brigade held on until the
order came to retire.
Even with highly-disciplined troops, a rear-guard action in a wood is
one of the most difficult manoeuvres to carry out well. It is quite
impossible for the commanding officer to keep a firm grip of his
battalion when it is scattered about in different rides; orders passed
along often do not reach all the platoons, and men of different
companies, and even regiments, are wont to get hopelessly mixed.
Fortunately in the Brigade of Guards the men are all trained on the same
system, and, except for some small characteristic differences, a man
belonging to one regiment will be quite at home in any of the others.
At Villers-Cotterêts the men of the 4th Brigade became very much mixed,
and officers took command of the men who happened to be near them. The
wood, too, was so thick that at fifty yards' distance parties were
practically out of sight of each other. One result of this difficulty of
keeping in touch was that two platoons of No. 4 Company never got the
order to retire.
[Illustration: Engagement at Villers-Cotterêts. September 1. 1914.]
These two platoons, under the command of Lieutenant the Hon. F. E.
Needham and Lieutenant the Hon. J. N. Manners, were at the Cross Roads
at Rond de la Reine. As the Germans came on, Brigadier-General
Scott-Kerr, finding that they were creeping round his left flank,
ordered these two platoons down a ride to the left, to enfilade them.
Making the best dispositions they could, these two officers continued to
fight, when they suddenly realised that they were cut off and the
Germans were on all sides of them. True to the traditions of the
Regiment, they stuck to their posts, and fought on till all were killed
or wounded.
Lieutenant the Hon. J. N. Manners was killed while directing the fire of
his platoon, and Lieutenant the Hon. F. Needham, badly wounded, was
taken prisoner. Lieutenant G. E. Cecil, another officer belonging to
these platoons, seeing the Germans streaming across a ride to his left,
dashed off with some men to stop them. He had not gone far before he was
shot through the hand; stumbling forward, he recovered his feet, and,
drawing his sword, he called on the men to charge when a bullet struck
him in the head. And there were other casualties among the officers.
Earlier in the day the Adjutant of the Battalion, Lieutenant I.
MacDougall, was shot dead while carrying orders to the firing-line. His
place was taken by Captain E. J. L. Pike. The Brigadier-General,
Scott-Kerr, who rode up to give some orders, was badly wounded in the
thigh, and the command of the Brigade passed to Colonel Corry, while
Major Jeffreys took over the 2nd Battalion Grenadiers. Field-Marshal Sir
John French, on hearing of this, sent the following telegram to
Brigadier-General Scott-Kerr, care of Communications:
My warm congratulations on gallantry of your Brigade A A A am deeply
grieved to hear you are wounded A A A I shall miss your valuable
help very much A A A my best wishes for your recovery.
FRENCH.
Captain W. T. Payne-Gallwey, M.V.O., who was in charge of the
machine-guns in the First Brigade, was reported missing.
Orders were given to retire, and the Battalion quietly withdrew in
single file of half-platoons, covered by a rear party from No. 2
Company. The enemy, as already stated, had been thrown into hopeless
confusion in the wood, and, in spite of a prodigious amount of shouting
and blowing of horns, could not get forward. Some three hours later a
second engagement was fought on the other side of Villers-Cotterêts. The
4th Brigade retired through the 6th Brigade, which with the field
artillery had taken up a position at the edge of another wood. The
enemy's first shells came over as the 4th Brigade moved into the wood.
The British guns succeeded in keeping the Germans at bay, but were only
got away with the utmost difficulty and some loss.
Having borne the brunt of the fighting, the 4th Brigade had necessarily
suffered heavy casualties.
The 2nd Battalion Grenadiers lost 4 officers and 160 men, while the
Irish Guards lost 4 officers and the Coldstream 7, as well as a large
number of men. Two exceptionally good officers in the Irish Guards were
killed--Colonel the Hon. G. Morris and Major H. F. Crichton. The latter
served in the Grenadiers for some years before exchanging into the Irish
Guards.[1]
On emerging once more into open country, the 2nd Battalion Grenadiers
was sent off to march to Boursonne, which it reached about 4 P.M. Two
companies of the 2nd Battalion Coldstream were ordered back to support
the 6th Brigade, which was now protecting the retreat of the guns; but
they were not wanted after all, and were sent back to Boursonne after a
fruitless journey. Then General Monro rode up, and ordered the 2nd
Battalion Grenadiers to take up a rear-guard position about Boursonne,
to cover the retirement of the 6th Brigade. Meanwhile, the Brigade
Headquarters, the Irish Guards, and the 3rd Battalion Coldstream went on
to Betz.
When the 6th Brigade had passed through, the 2nd Battalion Grenadiers
and 2nd Battalion Coldstream retired to Thury. Unfortunately no orders
had been given them to go to Betz, and through following the 6th Brigade
these two battalions missed the guide whom Battalion Headquarters had
sent to meet them. Once more the men were absolutely dead beat. They had
had nothing to eat since tea the day before, but when the matter of food
was inquired into it was found that all the supplies had gone on to
Betz. This was at 11 o'clock at night, and it looked as if the men would
have to bivouac foodless by the roadside.
Heroic measures were called for, and Major Jeffreys decided to brush
aside the ordinary procedure and shortcircuit the usual channels of
communication by going straight to the Divisional Commander, General
Monro. He was instantly successful. On learning of the sad plight of the
Battalion, General Monro undertook to supply it with food. He ordered
his D.A.Q.M.G. to take the Battalion to his supply depot, and Major
Jeffreys went back and fell in his weary men.
With the promise of a meal ahead they responded gamely, and marched off
to La Villeneuve, the place indicated by the General, where rations of
bully-beef, bread, and cheese were soon distributed.
Then the men were allowed two hours' sleep by way of a night's rest
after one of the longest and most strenuous days they had ever had. They
were more fortunate, though, than the men of the 2nd Battalion
Coldstream Guards, who did not even manage to get any food that night,
and who had to snatch what sleep they could lying down in the streets of
Thury.
[Sidenote: Sept. 2.]
At 2 A.M. the Battalion marched off again--still retiring--through
Antilly to Betz, where it was joined by No. 1 Company and 45 men of No.
4 under Lieutenant Stocks. Thence by Montrolle to Reez, where a halt was
made for water, and on to Puisieux. Here the men had a late breakfast,
and then, in stifling heat, continued their march, with constant halts,
through La Chaussée and Barcy to Meaux. They reached this village at 4
P.M., and, their long day's journey ended, they were refreshed by a
bathe in the Ourcq Canal. This march was almost the hardest of the whole
retreat, but, in spite of everything, the Battalion marched on, with
scarcely a man out of the ranks, although the number of men who fell out
in other regiments was by no means small.
Undoubtedly the men were by now beginning to feel the strain of this
interminable retirement. However footsore and weary they may be, British
troops will always respond when called upon to advance. But to ask them
to make a special effort when retreating is quite another thing, even
with the most highly disciplined. Besides, they were quite unable to see
the necessity of it all. There had been no pitched battle, no defeat--in
fact, whenever they had had a chance they had inflicted enormous losses
on the enemy and driven him back. Of course they had seen no newspapers,
and had no way of picking up any real idea of what was going on in
France.
[Sidenote: Sept. 3.]
Next morning at 7 o'clock the march was resumed eastwards, and the
Division crossed the Marne at Trilport, blowing the bridges up after
them. This new direction was the result of the Germans moving along the
north bank of the Marne, which they crossed near Sammeron. Then the
Battalion moved southward again, through Montceaux and Forêt du Mans to
Pierre Levée, where it bivouacked.
[Sidenote: Sept. 4.]
The men had expected a rest on September 4, but the order soon arrived
for the Brigade to continue the retirement. No. 3 Company of the 2nd
Battalion Grenadiers under Captain Gosselin, and No. 4 Company under
Captain Symes-Thompson, were sent out on outpost duty.
In the morning the Brigade marched to Les Laquais, where trenches were
dug, joining up with the 5th and 6th Brigades on the right. At 5 P.M.
the enemy shelled the right of the line, and at dusk the Brigade
withdrew. It picked up No. 3 Company at Grande Loge Farm, and marched
through Maisoncelles and Rouilly le Fay to Le Bertrand, where it
bivouacked for the night.
Meanwhile Major Lord Bernard Lennox was despatched to Coulommiers to
find the first draft that had been sent out from home--90 men under
Captain Ridley. They arrived about midday after a train journey of
thirty-six hours--they had been all round the country, constantly
receiving fresh orders to go to different places. Lord Bernard Lennox
had been instructed to remain at Coulommiers, but when he found the
First Division retiring through the town all the afternoon, he decided
to strike off westward with the new draft in search of the Battalion.
This plan succeeded, and he found it about midnight.
[Sidenote: Sept. 5.]
It was a sadly tattered, unshaven, footsore body of men that marched at
3 o'clock next morning through La Celle and Malmaison Farm to Fontenay,
where they went into billets. No Londoner seeing them would have guessed
that these were the same smart Grenadiers whom he had often admired on
the King's Guard. But if their looks were gone, their spirit was
indomitable as ever.
The Germans seem to have been genuinely under the delusion that by this
time the long retreat had reduced the British Army, always
"contemptible," to a mere spiritless mob, which it was no longer
necessary to take into calculation in developing their plan of campaign.
They little knew the British soldier. So far the 2nd Battalion
Grenadiers had had no chance of showing its quality; it had just been
marched off its feet from the start--in the wrong direction. But, in
spite of all the men had gone through, they were ready at any moment to
turn and fight like lions when they were allowed to.
[Sidenote: Sept. 6.]
And now at last the moment was close at hand. To their joyful surprise
the officers of the Battalion found, on the morning of September 6, that
the direction had been changed, and that an advance was to be made
eastward against the German flank. At first it was thought that this
meant the beginning of an offensive-defensive, the German attack having
failed; but in reality, of course, the change was a much bigger one even
than this. The French reserves were now available, and the Germans'
greatest asset, superior numbers, was lost to them. And so a new phase
of the campaign began to develop.
On the 6th Lieut.-Colonel Corry resumed the command of the Battalion,
and Lieut.-Colonel G. Feilding took command of the Brigade.
Footnote 1:
In November 1914, when the Allies regained possession of
Villers-Cotterêts, the bodies of those who had fallen there were
reverently buried. Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. G. Morris, Captain Tisdall
of the Irish Guards, Lieut. Geoffrey Lambton, Coldstream Guards, and
Lieut. G. E. Cecil, Grenadier Guards, were buried together, and a
cross was put up by the French with the following inscription:
_Ici reposent
Quatre officiers de l'Armée Anglaise._
Le Colonel l'honorable GEORGE MORRIS. _R.I.P._
Le Capitaine C. A. TISDALL, de la garde Irlandaise.
Le Lieut. GEOFFREY LAMBTON.
Le Lieut. GEORGE E. CECIL, des Grenadiers de la Garde.