AUBREY'S 'BRIEF LIVES'
_ANDREW CLARK_
VOL. I.
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
[Illustration]
LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK
[Illustration: JOHN AUBREY: AETAT. 40
_From a pen-and-ink drawing in the Bodleian_]
_'Brief Lives,' chiefly of Contemporaries,
set down by
John Aubrey, between
the Years 1669 & 1696_
EDITED FROM THE AUTHOR'S MSS.
BY
ANDREW CLARK
M.A., LINCOLN COLLEGE, OXFORD; M.A. AND LL.D., ST. ANDREWS
_WITH FACSIMILES_
VOLUME I. (A-H)
Oxford
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1898
[Illustration: Oxford]
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PREFACE
The rules laid down for this edition have been fully stated in
the Introduction. It need only be said here that these have been
scrupulously followed.
I may take this opportunity of saying that the text gives Aubrey's
quotations, English and Latin alike, in the form in which they are
found in his MSS. They are plainly cited from memory, not from book:
they frequently do not scan, and at times do not even construe. A few
are incorrect cementings of odd half lines.
The necessary excisions have not been numerous. They suggest two
reflections. The turbulence attributed to Sir Walter Raleigh seems to
have made his name in the next age the centre of aggregation of quite
a number of coarse stories. In the same way, Aubrey is generally nasty
when he mentions the noble house of Herbert, earl of Pembroke, and
the allied family of Sydney. There may be personal pique in this, for
Aubrey thinks he had a narrow escape from assassination by a Herbert
(i. 48); perhaps also there may be the after-glow of a Wiltshire 'feud'
(i. 316).
The Index gives all references to persons mentioned in the text, except
to a few found only in pedigrees, or otherwise quite insignificant;
also to all places of which anything distinctive is said.
ANDREW CLARK.
_January 4, 1898._
CONTENTS
VOLUME I
FRONTISPIECE: JOHN AUBREY, AETAT. 40.
PAGE
SYNOPSIS OF THE LIVES ix-xv
INTRODUCTION 1-23
LIVES:--=Abbot= TO =Hyde= 24-427
VOLUME II
FRONTISPIECE: AUBREY'S BOOK-PLATE.
LIVES:--=Ingelbert= TO =York= 1-316
APPENDIX I:--AUBREY'S NOTES OF ANTIQUITIES 317-332
APPENDIX II:--AUBREY'S COMEDY _The Countrey Revell_ 333-339
INDEX 341-370
FACSIMILES _At end._
I. Castle Mound, Oxford. Riding at the Quintin.
II. Verulam House.
III. Horoscope and cottage of Thomas Hobbes.
IV. Plans of Malmsbury and district.
V. Horoscope and arms of Sir William Petty.
VI. Wolsey's Chapel at Christ Church.
SYNOPSIS OF THE 'LIVES'
In the text the Lives have been given in alphabetical order of the
names. This was necessary, not only on account of their number--more
than 400--but because Aubrey, in compiling them, followed more than one
principle of selection, writing, first, lives of authors, then, lives
of mathematicians, but bringing in also lives of statesmen, soldiers,
people of fashion, and personal friends.
The following synopsis of the lives may serve to show (i) the heads
under which they naturally fall, (ii) their chronological sequence.
The mark † indicates the year or approximate year of death; ‡ denotes a
life which Aubrey said he would write, but which has not been found; §
is attached to the few names of foreigners.
BEFORE HENRY VIII.
WRITERS.
_Poets._
Geoffrey Chaucer (†1400).
John Gower (†1408).
_Prose._
Sir John Mandeville (†1372).
MATHEMATICS.
John Holywood (†1256).
Roger Bacon (†1294).
John Ashindon (†13..).
ALCHEMY.
George Ripley (†1490).
CHURCH AND STATE.
S. Dunstan (†988).
S. Edmund Rich (†1240).
Owen Glendower (†1415).
William Canynges (†1474).
John Morton (†1500).
HENRY VIII--MARY (†1558).
WRITERS.
Sir Thomas More (†1535).
§Desiderius Erasmus (†1536).
MATHEMATICS.
Richard Benese (†1546).
Robert Record (†1558).
CHURCH AND STATE.
John Colet (†1519).
Thomas Wolsey (†1530).
John Innocent (†1545).
Sir Thomas Pope (†1559).
Edmund Bonner (†1569).
* * * * *
Sir Erasmus Dryden (†1632).
ELIZABETH (†1603).
WRITERS.
_Poets._
Thomas Tusser (†1580).
Edmund Spenser (†1599).
Sir Edward Dyer (†1607).
William Shakespear (†1616).
_Prose._
§‡ Petrus Ramus (†1572).
John Twyne (†1581).
Sir Philip Sydney (†1586).
John Foxe (†1587).
Robert Glover (†1588).
Thomas Cooper (†1594).
Thomas Stapleton (†1598).
Thomas North (†1601).
William Watson (†1603).
John Stowe (†1605).
Thomas Brightman (†1607).
John David Rhese (†1609).
Nicholas Hill (†1610).
MATHEMATICS.
James Peele (†15..).
Leonard Digges (†1571).
Thomas Digges (†1595).
John Securis (†...).
Evans Lloyd (†...).
Cyprian Lucar (†...).
Thomas Hoode (†...).
‡ Thomas Blundeville (†16..).
Henry Billingsley (†1606).
§ Ludolph van Keulen (†1610).
John Blagrave (†1611).
Edward Wright (†1615).
Thomas Hariot (†1621).
Sir Henry Savile (†1622).
CHEMISTRY.
Adrian Gilbert (†...).
ZOOLOGY.
Thomas Mouffet (†1604).
ALCHEMY AND ASTROLOGY.
Thomas Charnocke (†1581).
John Dee (†1608).
Arthur Dee (†1651).
STATE.
William Herbert, 1st earl of Pembroke (†1570).
William Cecil, lord Burghley (†1598).
Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (†1601).
Sir Charles Danvers (†1601).
George Clifford, earl of Cumberland (†1605).
Thomas Sackville, earl of Dorset (†1608).
? Sir Thomas Penruddock (†...).
LAW.
Sir William Fleetwood (†1594).
William Aubrey (†1595).
Sir John Popham (†1607).
COMMERCE, ETC.
Sir Thomas Gresham (†1579).
John Davys, capt. (†1605).
Richard Staper (†1608).
SOCIETY.
? ... Robartes (†...).
Elizabeth Danvers (†...).
Sir John Danvers (†1594).
Richard Herbert (†1596).
Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford (†1604).
Sir Henry Lee (†1611).
Silvanus Scory (†1617).
Mary Herbert, countess of Pembroke (†1621).
JAMES I (†1625).
WRITERS.
_Poets._
Francis Beaumont (†1616).
John Fletcher (†1625).
Arthur Gorges (†1625).
MATHEMATICS.
Edward Brerewood (†1613).
John Norden (†1625).
Edmund Gunter (†1626).
Thomas Allen (†1632).
Robert Hues (†1632).
John Speidell (†16..).
‡Thomas Fale (†16..).
‡Thomas Lydiat (†1646).
ASTROLOGY.
Dr. Richard Napier (†1634).
CHURCH.
Richard Bancroft (†1610).
John Overall (†1619).
Lancelot Andrewes (†1626).
George Abbot (†1633).
John Davenant (†1641).
STATE.
Everard Digby (†1606).
Thomas Overbury (†1613).
‡James I (†1625).
William Herbert, 3rd earl of Pembroke (†1630).
LAW.
Sir Thomas Egerton, lord Ellesmere (†1617).
Richard Martin (†1618).
MEDICINE.
... Jaquinto (†16..).
William Butler (†1618).
Francis Anthony (†1623).
COMMERCE, ETC.
Thomas Sutton (†1611).
John Guy (†1628).
John Whitson (†1629).
Sir Hugh Middleton (†1631).
William de Visscher (†16..).
Edward Davenant (†16..).
INVENTORS.
William Lee (†1610).
... Gregory (†16..).
... Ingelbert (†16..).
... Robson (†16..).
SEAMEN.
Walter Raleigh (†1617).
‡Thomas Stump (†16..).
Roger North (†1652).
SCHOOLMASTERS.
Alexander Gill (†1635).
Martin Billingsley (†16..).
MISCELLANEOUS.
Charles Hoskyns (†1609).
Richard Sackville, 3rd earl of Dorset (†1624).
Sir Henry Lee (†1631).
Simon Furbisher (†16..).
Fulk Greville, lord Brooke (†1628).
Michael Drayton (†1631).
George Chapman (†1634).
Ben Jonson (†1637).
George Feriby (†16..).
‡Benjamin Ruddyer (†16..).
_Prose._
Henry Lyte (†1607).
Richard Knolles (†1610).
‡Richard White (†1612).
Thomas Twyne (†1613).
Thomas Coryat (†1617).
Sir Walter Raleigh (†1618).
John Barclay (†1621).
William Camden (†1623).
Nicholas Fuller (†1624).
John Florio (†1625).
Francis Bacon (†1626).
John Speed (†1629).
Thomas Archer (†1630).
John Rider (†1632).
Isaac Wake (†1632).
William Sutton (†1632).
Philemon Holland (†1637).
John Willis (†16..).
CHARLES I (†1649).
WRITERS.
_Poets._
Hugh Holland (†1633).
George Herbert (†1633).
Richard Corbet (†1635).
Thomas Randolph (†1635).
John Sherburne (†1635).
Sir Robert Aiton (†1638).
John Hoskyns (†1638).
Philip Massinger (†1640).
Charles Aleyn (†1640).
Sir John Suckling (†1641).
William Cartwright (†1643).
Henry Clifford, earl of Cumberland (†1643).
George Sandys (†1644).
Francis Quarles (†1644).
William Browne (†1645).
Thomas Goodwyn (†16..).
William Habington (†1654).
John Taylor (†1654).
Sir Robert Harley (†1656).
Richard Lovelace (†1658).
John Cleveland (†1658).
Gideon de Laune (†1659).
James Shirley (†1666).
_Prose._
Gervase Markham (†1637).
Robert Burton (†1640).
Sir Henry Spelman (†1641).
W. Chillingworth (†1644).
Rob. Stafford (†1644).
William Twisse (†1646).
Degory Wheare (†1647).
Edward, lord Herbert of Chirbury (†1648).
§Joh. Ger. Vossius (†1649).
Abraham Wheloc (†16..).
Theoph. Wodenote, sen. (†16..).
§René des Cartes (†1651).
... Gerard (†16..).
‡Samuel Collins (†1651).
§Jean L. de Balzac (†1655).
John Hales (†1656).
James Usher (†1656).
Joseph Hall (†1656).
William Harvey (†1657).
Robert Sanderson (†1663).
Sir Kenelm Digby (†1665).
MATHEMATICS.
Henry Briggs (†1631).
William Bedwell (†1632).
Nathaniel Torporley (†1632).
Henry Gellibrand (†1637).
Walter Warner (†1640).
William Gascoigne (†1644).
Charles Cavendish (†1652).
Henry Isaacson (†1654).
Edmund Wingate (†1656).
William Oughtred (†1660).
Franciscus Linus (†16..).
John Tap (†16..).
John Wells (†16..).
CHURCH.
Richard Neile (†1640).
George Webb (†1641).
STATE.
George Villiers, duke of Buckingham (†1628).
Sir Edward Coke (†1633).
William Noy (†1634).
Richard Boyle, 1st earl of Cork (†1643).
Lucius Cary, earl of Falkland (†1643).
Henry Danvers, earl of Danby (†1644).
Robert Dalzell, earl of Carnwarth (†1654).
LAW.
Sir Henry Martin (†1641).
David Jenkins (†1663).
MEDICINE.
Sir Matthew Lister (†1656).
ART.
Inigo Jones (†1652).
SOLDIERS.
Charles Cavendish (†1643).
Sir James Long (†1659).
Sir Robert Harley (†1673).
Sir William Neale (†1691).
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
Alexander Gill (†1642).
Ralph Kettell (†1643).
Hannibal Potter (†1664).
Thomas Batchcroft (†1670).
SOCIETY.
Elizabeth Broughton (†16..).
Venetia Digby (†1633).
MISCELLANEOUS.
Elize Hele (†1633).
John Clavell (†1642).
? ... Cradock (†16..).
COMMONWEALTH.
WRITERS.
_Poets._
Thomas May (†1650).
Katherine Philips (†1664).
George Withers (†1667).
John Milton (†1674).
Andrew Marvell (†1678).
_Prose._
Clement Walker (†1651).
John Selden (†1654).
Walter Rumsey (†1660).
Thomas Fuller (†1661).
William Prynne (†1669).
MATHEMATICS.
Richard Billingsley (†16..).
Samuel Foster (†1652).
Lawrence Rooke (†1662).
SCIENCE.
John Wilkins (†1672).
ASTROLOGY.
Nicholas Fiske (†16..).
STATE.
Sir John Danvers (†1655).
Thomas Chaloner (†1661).
Sir William Platers (†16..).
James Harrington (†1677).
Henry Martin (†1680).
Sir Henry Blount (†1682).
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.
Robert Grevill, lord Brooke (†1643).
Robert Blake (†1657).
George Monk (†1671).
Thomas, lord Fairfax (†1671).
LAW.
Henry Rolle (†1656).
MEDICINE.
Jonathan Goddard (†1675).
SCHOOL.
Thomas Triplett (†1670).
CHARLES II (†1685) AND JAMES II.
WRITERS.
_Poets._
Alexander Brome (†1666).
Abraham Cowley (†1667).
Sir William Davenant (†1668).
Sir John Denham (†1669).
Samuel Butler (†1680).
John Wilmot, earl of Rochester (†1680).
John Lacy (†1681).
Martin Lluelyn (†1682).
Edmund Waller (†1687).
Thomas Flatman (†1688).
‡Sir George Etherege (†16..).
Henry Vaughan (†1695).
John Dryden (†1700).
_Prose._
Peter Heylyn (†1662).
James Heath (†1664).
Sir Robert Poyntz (†1665).
Thomas Vaughan (†1667).
George Bate (†1668).
John Davenport (†1670).
Vavasor Powell (†1670).
Samuel Hartlib (†1670).
Edward Bagshawe (†1671).
Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (†1674).
Sir William Saunderson (†1676).
John Ogilby (†1676).
John Tombes (†1676).
Thomas Whyte (†1676).
Silas Taylor (†1678).
Thomas Stanley (†1678).
John Cecil, 4th earl of Exeter (†1678).
Thomas Hobbes (†1679).
... Barrow (†168.).
... Munday (†16..).
Joseph Glanville (†1680).
Thomas Jones (†1682).
William Stafford (†1684).
Edward Lane (†1685).
Thomas Pigot (†1686).
Richard Head (†1686?).
Sir William Dugdale (†1686).
Isaac Vossius (†1688).
Robert Barclay (†1690).
John Rushworth (†1690).
Fabian Philips (†1690).
Samuel Pordage (†1691).
Elias Ashmole (†1692).
Anthony Wood (†1695).
Henry Birkhead (†1696).
John Aubrey (†1697).
William Holder (†1698).
Richard Blackburne (†17..?).
Thomas Gale (†1702).
‡Sir Edward Sherburne (†1702).
John Evelyn (†1706).
John Philips (†1706).
John Hawles (†1716).
William Penn (†1718).
MATHEMATICS.
Christopher Brookes (†1665).
William Neile (†1670).
Lancelot Morehouse (†1672).
Richard Norwood (†1675).
Isaac Barrow (†1677).
John Newton (†1678).
Francis Potter (†1678).
Sir Jonas Moore (†1679).
‡Richard Alcorne (†16..).
‡Henry Bond (†16..).
Michael Dary (†1679).
William, lord Brereton (†1680).
Edward Davenant (†1680).
Richard Stokes (†1681).
Sir George Wharton (†1681).
Thomas Merry (†1682).
John Collins (†1683).
William, lord Brouncker (†1684).
John Pell (†1685).
Nicholas Mercator (†1687).
Thomas Street (†1689).
Seth Ward (†1689).
John Kersey (†1690).
John Wallis (†1703).
‡John Flamsted (†1719).
‡Isaac Newton (†1727).
Edmund Halley (†1742).
SCIENCE.
John Willis (†16..).
John Graunt (†1674).
Robert Boyle (†1691).
Sir Edward Harley (†1700).
Robert Hooke (†1703).
Sir John Hoskyns (†1705).
ASTROLOGY.
John Heydon (†166.).
John Booker (†1667).
William Lilly (†1681).
Henry Coley (†1695).
Charles Snell (†16..).
John Gadbury (†1704).
John Partridge (†1715).
CHURCH.
Herbert Thorndyke (†1672).
William Outram (†1679).
Peter Gunning (†1684).
Thomas Pittis (†1687).
STATE.
Sir Robert Moray (†1673).
Sir Edmund Bury Godfrey (†1678).
Sir Thomas Morgan (†1679).
John Birkenhead (†1679).
William Harcourt (†1679).
Robert Pugh (†1679).
§Jean Baptiste Colbert (†1683).
Anthony Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury (†1683).
Sir Leoline Jenkins (†1685).
‡James, duke of Monmouth (†1685).
Sir William Petty (†1687).
Thomas Osborne, earl of Danby (†1712).
LAW.
Sir Matthew Hale (†1676).
George Johnson (†1683).
MEDICINE.
Thomas Willis (†1675).
Baldwin Hamey (†1676).
Sir Richard Napier (†1676).
Henry Stubbe (†1676).
Thomas Shirley (†1678).
Sir Edward Greaves (†1680).
Sir Robert Talbot (†1681).
William Croone (†1684).
Daniel Whistler (†1684).
Christopher Merret (†1695).
Walter Charleton (†1707).
ART.
Samuel Cooper (†1672).
Wenceslaus Hollar (†1677).
Sir Christopher Wren (†1723).
SCHOOL.
... Webb (†16..).
Thomas Stephens (†16..).
Arthur Brett (†1677).
Ezerel Tonge (†1680).
COMMERCE, ETC.
Sir Edward Ford (†1670).
Thomas Bushell (†1674).
William Marshall (†16..).
Robert Murray (†1725).
James Bovey (†....).
SOCIETY, ETC.
Lucy Walters (†16..).
Sir Walter Raleigh (†1663).
Eleanor Ratcliffe, countess of Sussex (†1666).
... Berkeley (†16..).
... Curtin (†16..).
Dorothy Selby (†16..).
Anne, duchess of York (†1671).
Cecil Calvert, lord Baltimore (†1675).
Sir Thomas Billingsley (†167.).
Richard Sackville, 5th earl of Dorset (†1677).
Charles Pamphlin (†1678).
Sir Francis Stuart (†16..).
‡... Aldsworth (†16..).
Sir Robert Henley (†1680).
Sir Thomas Badd (†1683).
... Ralphson (†1684).
Charles Howard (†17..).
Willoughby Bertie (†1760).
AUBREY'S PERSONAL FRIENDS.
I. OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
Isaac Lyte (1577-†1660).
Thomas Tyndale (1588-†1671/2).
James Whitney (1593-†166.).
William Beeston (....-†1682).
Deborah Aubrey (1610-†1685/6).
Edmund Wyld (1616-†16..).
II. CONTEMPORARIES.
Anthony Ettrick (1622-†1703).
William Morgan (1622-†....).
Ralph Sheldon (1623-†1684).
William Radford (1623-†1673).
Theophilus Wodenoth (1625-....).
George Ent (....-†1679).
John Sloper (....-†....).
Richard Kitson (....-†....).
Sir John Dunstable (....-†....).
Thomas Gore (1632-†1684).
Jane Smyth (1639-†16..).
Thomas Deere (1639-†16..).
... Gwyn (....-†....).
... Yarrington (....-†1684).
AUBREY'S 'BRIEF LIVES'
INTRODUCTION
I. ORIGIN OF THE 'LIVES.'
Aubrey sought and obtained an introduction to Anthony Wood in August
1667. He was keenly interested in antiquarian studies, and had the
warmest love for Oxford; he had been a contemporary in Trinity College
with Wood's brother, Edward; and so was drawn to Wood on hearing that
he was busy with researches into the History of the University of
Oxford.
Aubrey was one of those eminently good-natured men, who are very
slothful in their own affairs, but spare no pains to work for a friend.
He offered his help to Wood; and, when it was decided to include in
Wood's book short notices of writers connected with Oxford, that help
proved most valuable. Aubrey, through his family and family-connexions,
and by reason of his restless goings-to-and-fro, had a wide circle of
acquaintance among squires and parsons, lawyers and doctors, merchants
and politicians, men of letters and persons of quality, both in town
and country. He had been, until his estate was squandered, an extensive
and curious buyer of books and MSS. And above all, being a good gossip,
he had used to the utmost those opportunities of inquiry about men and
things which had been afforded him by societies grave, like the Royal
Society, and frivolous, as coffee-house gatherings and tavern clubs.
The scanty excerpts, given in these volumes, from letters written by
him between 1668 and 1673, supply a hint of how deeply Wood's _Historia
et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis_, published in 1674, was
indebted to the multifarious memory and unwearying inquiries of the
enthusiastic Aubrey.
Dean Fell's request that Wood should notice Oxford writers and bishops
in his _Historia_ had suggested to Wood the plan of, and set him to
work upon, the larger and happier scheme of the _Athenae Oxonienses_,
an 'exact history of all the writers and bishops that have had their
education in ... Oxford' since 1500. He engaged his friend Aubrey
to help him in his undertaking, by committing to writing in a more
systematic way, for Wood's benefit, his multitudinous recollections of
men and books. He was dexterous enough to supply the additional motive,
that, after serving his friend's turn, Aubrey's collections might be
gathered together, preserved for a while in some safe and secret place,
and, when personal feelings were saved by lapse of time, be published
and secure their writer a niche in the Temple of Fame.
It was now by no means easy for Aubrey to undertake any extensive,
and especially any connected work. Being by this time bankrupt, and a
hanger-on at the tables of kindred and acquaintances, he had to fall in
with his patrons' habits, at the houses where he visited; to sit with
them till they wearied of their carousings in the small hours of the
morning; and to do his writing next forenoon, before they had slept off
their wine.
Still, his interest in the subject, and his desire to help his friend
prevailed; and we soon find him thanking Wood for setting him to work.
March 27, 1680[1]:--''Twill be a pretty thing, and I am glad you putt
me on it. I doe it playingly. This morning being up by 10, I writt two
<lives>: one was Sir John Suckling[2], of whom I wrote a leafe and
1/2 in folio.' May 22, 1680[3]:--'My memoires of lives' <is now> 'a
booke of 2 quires, close written: and after I had began it, I had such
an impulse on my spirit that I could not be at quiet till I had donne
it.' Sept. 8, 1680[4]:--'My booke of lives ... they will be in all
about six-score, and I beleeve never any in England were delivered so
faithfully and with so good authority.'
Aubrey, therefore, began these lives[5] on the suggestion of, and with
a desire to help Anthony Wood.
Among the lives so written were several of mathematicians and men
of science. And another friend of Aubrey's, Dr. Richard Blackburne,
advised him to collect these by themselves, and add others to them,
with a view to a biographical history of mathematical studies in
England. To this suggestion Aubrey was predisposed through his pride
at being 'Fellow of the Royal Society,' and for some time he busied
himself in that direction[6].
In the same way, although the bulky life of Thomas Hobbes[7] was
partly undertaken in fulfilment of a promise to Hobbes himself, an old
personal friend, the motive which induced Aubrey to go on with it was
a desire to supply Dr. Blackburne with material for a Latin biography,
_Vitae Hobbianae Auctarium_, published in 1681.
These matters will be found more fully explained in the notices
which Aubrey has prefixed to the several MSS. of his biographical
collections, as described below.
II. CONDITION OF THE TEXT OF THE 'LIVES.'
Few of the 'Lives' are found in a fair copy[8]. Again and again, in his
letters to Anthony Wood, Aubrey makes confession of the deficiencies of
his copy, but puts off the heavy task of reducing it to shape.
His method of composition was as follows. He had a folio MS. book,
and wrote at the top of a page here and there the name of a poet, or
statesman, or the like, whose life he thought of committing to paper.
Then, selecting a page and a name, he wrote down hastily, without notes
or books, his recollections of the man, his personal appearance, his
friendships, his actions or his books. If a date, a name, a title of a
book, did not occur to him on the spur of the moment, he just left a
blank, or put a mark of omission (generally, ... or----), and went on.
If the matter which came to him was too much for the page, he made an
effort to get it in somehow, in the margins (top, bottom, or sides),
between the paragraphs, or on the opposite page.
When he read over what he had written in the first glow of composition,
he erased, wrote alternatives to words and phrases, marked words,
sentences, and paragraphs for transposition, inserted queries:
unsettled everything.
If later on, from books or persons, he got further information, he
was reckless as to how he put in the new matter: sometimes he put it
in the margin, sometimes at a wrong place in the text, or on a wrong
leaf, or in the middle even of another life, and often, of course, in a
different volume.
And there, as has been said, the copy was left. Very seldom was a
revised copy made.
To the confusions unavoidable in composing after this fashion, must be
added the unsteadiness consequent on writing in the midst of morning
sickness after a night's debauch. One passage, in which he describes
his difficulties in composing, explains, in a way nothing else
could, the frequent erasures, repetitions, half-made or inconsistent
corrections, and dropping of letters, syllables, and words, which
abound in his MSS. March 19, 1680/1[9]; 'if I had but either one
to come to me in a morning with a good scourge, or did not sitt-up
till one or two with Mr. <Edmund> Wyld, I could doe a great deal of
businesse.'
III. AIM OF THIS EDITION.
In presenting a text of Aubrey's 'Lives,' an editor, on more than one
important point, has to decide between alternatives.
1. Shall all, or some only, of the lives be given?
It is plain, from a glance over the MSS., that many of the
lives are of little interest; in some cases, because they
contain more marks of omission than statements of fact; in
other cases, because they give mainly excerpts from prefaces of
books; and so on. A much more interesting, as well as handier,
book would be produced, if the editor were to reject all lives
in which Aubrey has nothing of intrinsic value to show.
2. In the lives selected, shall the whole, or parts only, of
what Aubrey has written be given?
Many sentences occur, which declare only Aubrey's ignorance of
a date, or a place, or the title of a book. In other cases,
dull and imperfect catalogues of writings are given. The
omission of these would be a service to the whole, like the
cutting of dead branches out of a shrub.
3. In constituting the text, how much, or how little, notice is
to be taken of the imperfections of Aubrey's copy?
The simplest, and, from some points of view, the most
effective, course would be to treat Aubrey's rough draft as if
it were one's own, rejecting (without comment) one or other
of two alternatives, supplying (without mark) a missing word
or date, omitting a second version (though having some minor
peculiarities) of a statement, and so on. In this way, with
a minimum of trouble to the editor, a smooth text would be
produced, which would spare the reader much irritation.
4. How far is the text to be annotated, the editor supplying
Aubrey's abundant omissions, and correcting his many mistakes?
In respect of all these questions, the aim of the present edition, and
the reasons for the decision taken in each case, can be stated very
briefly and decidedly.
1, and 2. This edition seeks to give in full all that Aubrey
has written in his four chief MSS. of biographies, MSS. Aubrey
6, 7, 8, and 9.
The entire contents of these MSS. will thus be placed beyond
that risk of perishing, to which they must have remained liable
so long as they were found only in MS., and they will, for what
they are worth, henceforth be accessible to all.
Some things in Aubrey's writing offend not merely against our
present canons of good taste, but against good morals. The
conversation of the people among whom Aubrey moved, although
they were gentry both in position and in education, was often
vulgar, and occasionally foul, as judged by us. I have dealt
with these lives as historical documents, leaving them, with a
very few excisions, to bear, unchecked, their testimony as to
the manners and morals of Restoration England.
3. This edition seeks to present faithfully Aubrey's text as he
wrote it, neglecting only absolute minutiae.
(_a_) A plain text is given of what Aubrey wrote, taking,
as seemed most convenient, sometimes his first version of
a sentence or a word, sometimes his alternative version.
The rejected alternatives are given in the textual notes,
as 'duplicate with'; and occasionally the erasures, as
'substituted for.' Many of these notes are very trivial; but
their presence, which after all gives little trouble, provides
a complete view of the MS. text. I believe also that in this
way I have preserved for the collector of words some quaint
forms and expressions for which he will thank me, and provided
the student of English style with some apt instances of the way
in which terse native words have been replaced in our written
language by feebler Latinisms.
(_b_) I have been careful to give, in every case, Aubrey's own
spelling, with or without final or medial 'e,' with single or
double letters, 'ie' or other diphthong where we write 'ei,'
and the like. The English of Aubrey's age is so like our own
that it is not unimportant to mark even its minor differences.
All merely artificial tricks of writing (wᶜʰ for which, and the
like) have been neglected.
(_c_) Where a date, a word, or a name has been inserted, the
insertion is enclosed in angular brackets < >. Where it seemed
requisite to mark that a word or phrase was added at a later
date, or by another hand, square brackets have been used [].
The use of these symbols, borrowed from Vahlen's edition of
Aristotle's _Poetics_, has been censured as pedantic, but I
know of no clearer or shorter way of making plain in a printed
text just what is, and what is not, in the MS. text.
(_d_) Punctuation is generally absent in Aubrey's text,
as might be expected, and where it is found, it is often
misleading. The points and marks in this edition are therefore
such as seemed to make the meaning clear to myself, and
therefore, I hope, to others.
(_e_) As regards the order of the paragraphs, Aubrey's text
has been given, where convenient, sentence by sentence, and
page by page. But I have taken full liberty to bring into their
proper place _marginalia_, interlinear notes, _addenda_ on
opposite pages, &c. In some cases, indeed, to give in print the
MS. text sentence by sentence is to do it injustice. In the
MS., the difference of inks between earlier and later notes,
the difference of pen-strokes (on one day with a firm pen, on
another with a scratchy quill), and similar nuances, impress
the eye with a sequence of paragraphs which in print can be
shown only by redistribution. For example, I claim that the
life of Milton, in this edition, is, from its bolder treatment,
truer to the MS., than the servile version in the old edition.
4. As regards notes and explanations. Aubrey's lives supply
an inviting field for comment, correction, and addition. But,
even so treated, they will never be a biographical dictionary.
Their value lies not in statement of bibliographical or other
facts, but in their remarkably vivid personal touches, in what
Aubrey had seen himself and what his friends had told him. The
notes therefore seek to supply no more than indications of
outstanding features of the text, identifications of Aubrey's
informants, or necessary parallels from his letters.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE MSS.
=MS. Aubr. 6=: a volume chiefly of folio leaves; written mostly in
February 1679/80; now marked as containing 122 leaves (some pages
blank), but having also a few unfoliated slips. Aubrey's own short
title to it was:--
'Σχεδιάσματα. Brief Lives, part i.,'
and, in his pagination, it contained eighty-six leaves. A rough index
of its contents, by him, is found as foll. 8-10: and there he gives
the names of several persons whose lives he intended to write, but
has not included in this volume. Some of these are found elsewhere,
especially in MS. Aubrey 8; but a few[10] are not discoverable in any
MS. of his biographical collections--e.g., Richard Alcorne; <Samuel>
Collins, D.D.; Richard Blackbourne, M.D.; <John> Flamsted[11]; Sir John
Hoskins; James Rex; James, duke of Monmouth[12]; Peter Ramus; Benjamin
Ruddier; captain <Edward> Sherburne; captaine Thomas Stump[13]; Richard
White. Possibly Aubrey never wrote the missing lives; but it must be
remembered (1) that he cut some leaves out of his MS. himself (see in a
note to the life of Richard Boyle, earl of Cork); (2) that Anthony Wood
cut out of MS. Aubr. 7 forty pages at least, containing matters 'to
cut Aubrey's throat,' i.e. reflections on politics, where the lives of
James R. and Monmouth may well have been.
One point about this MS. which deserves mention is that, in these
lives, Aubrey, in his hope to supply data for crucial instances in
astrology, is careful to give the exact nativity wherever he can. His
rule is thus laid down by himself in MS. Aubr. 6, fol. 12ᵛ, in a note
attached to the nativity of his friend Sir William Petty:--
'Italian proverb--
"E astrologia, ma non é Astrologo,"
i.e. we have not that science yet perfect; 'tis one of the
_desiderata_. The way to make it perfect is to gett a supellex of
true genitures; in order wherunto I have with much care collected
these ensuing[14], which the astrologers may rely on, for I have sett
doune none on randome, or doubtfull, information, but _from their owne
mouthes_: quod N. B.'
Another point is, that Aubrey very frequently gives the coat of arms,
in trick or colour. In some cases, no doubt, he did this from having
seen the arms actually borne in some way by the person he is writing
about; but in other cases he merely looked up the name in a 'Dictionary
of Arms,' and took the coat from thence, thus nullifying his testimony
as to the actual pretensions to arms of those he writes about. All
coats he mentions have, however, been given in the text or notes.
Prefixed to the volume[15] are two notes in which Aubrey explains its
origin and destination.
(A)--MS. Aubr. 6, fol.[16] 2:--
'_Tanquam tabulata naufragii_,
Sum Johannis Aubrii, R.S.S.
Febr. 24, 1679/80.
My will and humble desire is that these minutes, which I have hastily
and scriblingly here sett downe, be delivered carefully to my deare and
honoured friend Mr. Anthony à Wood, antiquary, of Oxford.--
Ita obnixe obtestor,
JO. AUBREY.
Ascenscione Domini,
correptus lipothymiâ, circiter 3 P.M.
1680.'
(B)--MS. Aubr. 6, fol. 12:--
'To my worthy friend Mr. ANTHONIE à WOOD,
Antiquarie of Oxford.
SIR!
I have, according to your desire, putt in writing these minutes of
lives tumultuarily, as they occurr'd to my thoughts or as occasionally
I had information of them. They may easily be reduced into order at
your leisure by numbring them with red figures, according to time and
place, &c. 'Tis a taske that I never thought to have undertaken till
you imposed it upon me, sayeing that I was fitt for it by reason of my
generall acquaintance, having now not only lived above halfe a centurie
of yeares in the world, but have also been much tumbled up and downe in
it which hath made me much[17] knowne; besides the moderne advantage of
coffee-howses in this great citie, before which men knew not how to be
acquainted, but with their owne relations, or societies. I might add
that I come of a longaevous race, by which meanes I have imped some
feathers of the wings of time, for severall generations; which does
reach high. When I first began, I did not thinke I could have drawne it
out to so long a thread.
I here lay-downe to you (out of the conjunct friendship[18] between
us) the trueth, and, as neer as I can and that religiously as a
poenitent to his confessor, nothing but the trueth: the naked and
plaine trueth, which is here exposed so bare that the very _pudenda_
are not covered[19], and affords many passages that would raise a blush
in a young virgin's[20] cheeke. So that after your perusall, I must
desire you to make a castration (as Raderus[21] to Martial) and to
sowe-on some figge-leaves--i.e., to be my _Index expurgatorius_.
What uncertainty doe we find in printed histories? they either
treading too neer on the heeles of trueth that they dare not speake
plaine, or els for want of intelligence (things being antiquated)
become too obscure and darke! I doe not here repeat any thing already
published (to the best of my remembrance) and I fancy my selfe all
along discourseing with you; alledgeing those of my relations and
acquaintance (as either you knew or have heerd of) _ad faciendam
fidem_: so that you make me to renew my acquaintance with my old and
deceased friends, and to _rejuvenescere_ (as it were) which is the
pleasure of old men. 'Tis pitty that such minutes had not been taken
100 yeares since or more: for want wherof many worthy men's names and
notions[22] are swallowd-up in oblivion; as much of these also would
[have[23] been], had it not been through your instigation: and perhaps
this is one of the usefullest pieces[24] that I have scribbeld.
I remember one sayeing of generall Lambert's, that "the best of men
are but men at the best": of this, you will meet with divers examples
in this rude and hastie collection. Now these _arcana_ are not fitt to
lett flie abroad, till about 30 yeares hence; for the author and the
persons (like medlars) ought to be first rotten. But in whose hands
must they be deposited in the mean time? advise me, who am,
Sir,
Your very affectionate friend
to serve you,
JOHN AUBREY.
London,
June 15,
1680.'
=MS. Aubr. 7=: a folio volume of twenty-one leaves (several pages
blank), of which two[25] only belong to the original MS.
The original title may be conjectured to have been:
'Σχεδιάσματα. Brief Lives, part ii.,'
and it possibly contained some letters, like those in the preceding
volume, which made Wood think it was given to him.
On fol. 1, is a note describing the make-up of the volume:--
'Aubrey's Lives: fragments of part ii.--These scattered fragments
collected and arranged by E. M. Sep. 1792.' A note (in Dr. Philip
Bliss's hand?) says that E. M. is Edmund Malone.
In this, as in the other Aubrey MSS., Dr. Bliss has made several slight
notes, both in pencil and ink, with a view to his edition.
The mutilation of the MS. was the crime of Anthony Wood, to whom it had
been sent. Two conjectures may be hazarded--either that Wood did this
in order to paste the cuttings into his rough copy of his projected
_Athenae_, and so save transcription; or, more probably, that he was
so thoroughly alarmed by the threat of Lord Clarendon's prosecution of
himself (Clark's Wood's _Life and Times_, iv. 1-46), that he destroyed
the papers containing Aubrey's sharp reflections on various prominent
personages[26]. But whatever the pretext, Aubrey was, naturally, very
grieved at his unjustifiable conduct. In a letter to Wood, dated Sept.
2, 1694 (MS. Ballard 14, fol. 155), he writes:--
'You have cutt out a matter of 40 pages out of one of my volumnes,
as also the index. Was ever any body so unkind?--And I remember you
told me comeing from Hedington that there were some things in it that
"would cutt my throat." I thought you so deare a friend that I might
have entrusted my life in your hands and now your unkindnes doth almost
break my heart.'
When Aubrey had the volume back in his own hands, he wrote in it[27]
the following censure:--
'Ingratitude! This _part the second_ Mr. Wood haz gelded from
page 1 to page 44 and other pages[28] too are wanting wherein are
contained trueths, but such as I entrusted nobody with the sight of
but himselfe (whom I thought I might have entrusted with my life).
There are severall papers that may cutt my throate. I find too late
_Memento diffidere_ was a saying worthy one of the sages. He hath also
embezill'd the index of it--quod N. B. It was stitch't up when I sent
it to him.
Novemb. 29, 1692.'
=MS. Aubr. 8=: a folio volume, containing 105 leaves: it contains two
distinct MSS., bound together.
The first part of the MS. (foll. 1-68 in the present marking) might
have been entitled:--
'Σχεδιασματα. Brief Lives, part iii.'
On fol. 1 and fol. 3, the short title actually written by Aubrey is:--
ʻ♄
Pars iiiᵗⁱᵃ
1681
ᴊᴬʼ
i.e. the symbol for Saturn, the patron of antiquarian studies, and
Aubrey's monogram. On fol. 4 Aubrey has a very elaborate title, showing
the destination of the MS.:--
'Auctarium vitarum a ᴊᴬ collectarum, anno Domini 1681.
_Tanquam tabulata naufragii._
John Aubrey, R.S.S.
Le mal est que la vive voix meurt en naissant et ne laisse rien
qui reste apres elle, ni formant point de corps qui subsiste en
l'air. Les paroles ont des aisles; vous scavez l'epithete[29]
qu'Homère leur donne, et un poëte Syrien en a fait un espece
parmy les oiseaux; de sorte que, si on n'arreste pas ces
fugitives par l'ecriture, elles eschappent fort vistement à la
memoire.
_Les Oeuvres diverses du sieur de Balzac_, page 43.
Ornari res ipsa nolit contenta doceri.--HORAT
For Mr. Anthony Wood
at
Oxford.'
A slip by Anthony Wood, pasted here, shows that Aubrey recalled the
MS., probably to make additions to it:--
'Mr. AUBREY,
I beseech you as you have been civill in giving this book to me at Oxon
in Sept. 1681, so I hope when you have done with it you'l returne every
part of it againe to your servant,
ANT. WOOD.'
As originally made up, this 'Auctarium' contained four leaves at the
beginning (for an index[30]), and leaves foliated 1-38 (of which 12 and
13 are now[31] missing).
The second part[32] of the MS. extends over foll. 69-103 in the present
marking.
Aubrey, on fol. 69, writes the title:--
'An Apparatus for the lives
of our English mathematical writers
by
Mr. John Aubrey, R.S.S.
March 25, 1690.'
As originally made up, this treatise consisted of one leaf (for an
index[33]) and pages marked 1-46 (of which pp. 31-38 are now missing).
The history of this treatise is fully set out by Aubrey in some notes
in it and in the other MSS.:--
1. It was suggested by Richard Blackburne.
MS. Aubr. 7, fol. 8ᵛ:--'Dr. <Richard> Blackbourn would have me putt out
in print the lives of our English mathematicians together.'
2. It had been partly anticipated by Selden and Sherburne.
MS. Aubr. 8, fol. 70:--'My purpose is, if God give me life, to make an
_apparatus_, for[34] the lives of our English Mathematicians; which
when I have ended, I would then desire Mr. Anthony Wood to find out one
that is master of a good Latin stile, and to adde what is[35] already
in his printed booke[36] to these following[37] minutes.
'I will not meddle with our own writers[38] in the mathematicks before
the reigne of king Henry VIII, but prefix those excellent verses of
Mr. John Selden (with a learned commentary to them) which are printed
before a booke intituled <Arthur> Hopton's _Concordance of yeares_[39]
scilicet:--
* * * * *'
MS. Aubr. 8, fol. 69:--'Sir Edward Shirbourn, somewhere in his
translation and notes upon Manilius, has enumerated our English
mathematicians, and hath given short touches of their lives--which see.'
3. The first step towards it would be to pick out the mathematicians
from the lives already written by Aubrey.
MS. Aubr. 6, fol. 51ᵛ:--'I would have the lives of John Dee, Sir Henry
Billingsley, the two Digges (father and sonne), Mr. Thomas Hariot, Mr.
<Walter> Warner, Mr. <Henry> Brigges, and Dr. <John> Pell's, to be
putt together.--As to the account of Mr. Hariot, Mr. Warner, and Mr.
Brigges, I recieved it from Dr. Pell.'
=MS. Aubr. 9=: a folio, containing fifty-five leaves, and in addition
several printed papers.
The title is found on fol. 28 (as now marked) of the MS.:--
'Supplementum vitae Thomae Hobbes,
Malmesburiensis,
1679/80
* * * * *
HOBBI[40] jucunda senectus,
Cujus erant mores qualis facundia, mite
Ingenium.--
JUVENAL, _Sat._ IV. v. 81.
Extinctus amabitur.--
HORAT. _Epist._ I. lib. 2.
I. A.'
I. A. = Aubrey's initials.
The reason for this title was that Aubrey intended his Collections to
be a sort of commentary on Hobbes' short Latin autobiography, which was
in the press in Febr. 1679/80, and was published in Nov. 1680 (Clark's
Wood's _Life and Times_, ii. 480, 500).
But Anthony Wood (MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 28) objected:--'What need you say
Supplimentum?' _sic_ 'pray say the life of Thomas Hobbs.' And Aubrey,
in obedience to this, changed the short title on fol. 30 (see the
beginning of the life); and on the parchment cover of the MS. (now fol.
1) wrote:--
'The life of
Mr. Thomas Hobbes,
of Malmsbury,
by
Mr. John Aubrey,
Fellow of the Royall Societie,
1679/80.'
Aubrey set about this Life of Hobbes immediately after Hobbes' death,
partly as a tribute of respect to his friend's memory, but apparently
also in fulfilment of a promise to the deceased. The preface[41] is as
follows:--
'LECTORI.
'Tis religion to performe the will of the dead; which I here[42]
dischardge, with my promise (1667) to my old friend Mr. T<homas>
H<obbes>, in publishing[43] his life and performing the last office to
my old[44] friend Mr. Thomas Hobbes, whom I have had the honour to know
<from> my child-hood[45], being his countreyman and borne in Malmesbury
hundred and taught my grammar by his schoolmaster[46].
Since nobody knew so many particulars of his life as myselfe, he was
willing[47] that if I survived him, it should be handed to posterity by
my hands, which I declare and avow to do ingenuously and impartially,
to prevent misreports and undecieve those who are scandalized by....
One sayes[48] that when a learned man dyes, a great deal of
learning dyes with him. _He_ was 'flumen ingenii,' never dry. The
_recrementa_[49] of so learned a person are[50] valueable[I.]. Amongst
innumerable observables of him which had deserved to be sett downe,
these few (that have not scap't[51] my memory) I humbly offer[52]
to the present age and posterity, _tanquam tabulam naufragii_[II.],
and as plankes and lighter things swimme, and are preserved, where
the more weighty sinke and are lost. And[53] as with the light
after sun-sett--at which time, clear[54]; by and by[55], comes the
_crepusculum_; then, totall darkenes--in like manner is it with matters
of antiquitie. Men thinke, because every body remembers a memorable
accident shortly after 'tis donne, 'twill never be forgotten, which
for want of registring[56], at last is drowned in oblivion. Which[57]
reflection haz been a hint, that by my meanes many antiquities have
been reskued[58], and preserved (I myselfe now inclining[59] to be
ancient[60])--or els utterly lost and forgotten.
[I.] We read that an earthen lamp of a philosopher (quaere nomen) hath
been sold for....
[II.] Vide Erasmi _Adagia_ and quaere Dr. <Richard> Bl<ackburne>.
For that I am so minute, I declare I never intended it, but setting
downe in my first[61] draught every particular[62], (with purpose, upon
review, to retrench[63] what was superfluous and triviall), I shewed
it to some friends of mine (who also were of Mr. Hobbes's acquaintance)
whose judgments I much value, who gave their opinion: and 'twas clearly
their judgement[64], to let _all_ stand; for though to soome at present
it might appeare too triviall; yet hereafter 'twould not be scorned[65]
but passe[66] for antiquity.
And besides I have precedents of reverend writers to plead, who have in
some lives[III.] recited things as triviall[67], nay, the sayings and
actions of good woemen.
[III.] Dean Fell hath recorded his mother's jejune sayings and actions
and triviall remarques of Dr. Hammond in his life, written by him.
I am also to beg pardon of the reader for two long digressions, viz.
Malmesbury and Gorambery; but this also was advised, as the only way
to preserve them, and which I have donne for the sake of the lovers of
antiquity. I hope its novelty and pleasantness will make compensation
for its length.
Yours[68],
I. A.'
In MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 28ᵛ are two letters by Aubrey, asking advice in
connexion with this life.
i. _Aubrey to Anthony Wood._
'To his honoured friend Mr. Anthony à Wood, Master of Arts, at Merton
College in Oxon.
Deare friend!
I have hastily writt this third draught, which I hope is legible: I
have not time to read it over. Pray peruse it as soon as you can, for
time drawes on. Dr. Blackburne and I will be diligent in it and will
doe _you_ all the right[69] your heart can wish. I thought together
with this to have sent you the transcript of Mr. Hobbes' life revised
by himselfe but am prevented by hast, and 'tis the last day of the
terme. I will send it suddenly.
My service to Mr. Pigot. I am, Sir, your affectionate friend and
servant,
JO. AUBREY.
London Feb. 12,
1679/80.
Why might not his two sheetes _Of heresie_ be bound up with this to
preserve it and propagate trueth?
I know here be severall tautologies; but I putt them downe thus here,
that upon reviewe I should judge where such or such a thing would most
aptly stand.
Why should not Dr. Blackbourne in the life of Mr. H. written by him
selfe quote that of A. Wood in the margent for a blindation, because
there are in great part the very same words?'
ii. _Aubrey to Richard Blackburne._
'Dr. Blackbourne!
Pray advise me whether 'twould not shew handsomest to begin with a
description of Malmesbury, and then to place Mr. H. pedigre?
But, with all, should not
"Thomas Hobbes was borne at Malmesbury, Apr. ... 1588[70]"
be the initiall and, as it were, textuall, line?
Shall I in the first place putt Mr. H. life donne by himselfe? (If so,
whether in Latin, or English, or both?) Or else, shall I intersperse it
with these animadversions?
I could begin with a pleasant description of Malmesbury, etc., (all new
and untoucht) 14 leaves in 8vo, which his verses will lead me to, and
which Ant. Wood seemes to desire.
Pray be my Aristarchus, and correct and marke what you thinke fitt.
First draughts[71] ought to be rude as those of paynters, for he that
in his first essay will be curious in refining will certainly be
unhappy in inventing.
Doctor, I am your affectionate and humble servant.
J. A.
I will speake to Fleetwood Shepherd to engage the earl of Dorset to
write in the old gentleman's praise.
Should mine be in Latin or English or both? (And by whome the Latin, if
so?) Is my English style well enough[72]?'
=Other MSS.= A few additional lives, and portions of lives, of persons
mentioned in these four biographical volumes, have been brought in from
letters by Aubrey in MS. Ballard 14 and in MS. Wood F 39 and F 49.
Three lives, in fair copy, by Aubrey, are found in MS. Rawlinson D.
727, foll. 93-96, and have been given here. They were formerly in
Anthony Wood's hands: see Clark's Wood's _Life and Times_, iv. 192,
note.