FOOTNOTES:

[1] The name is derived from Gr. [Greek: hilaros], gay, cheerful,

whence hilarious, hilarity.

[2] Hilary's own title was _De fide contra Arianos_. It really deals

less with the doctrine of the Trinity than with that of the

Incarnation. That it is not an easy work to read is due partly to the

nature of the subject, partly to the fact that it was issued in

detached portions.

[3] "Hilary" was the name of one of the four terms of the English

legal year. These terms were abolished by the Judicature Act, 1873,

s. 26, and "sittings" substituted. It is now the name of the sitting

of the Supreme Court of Judicature which commences on the 11th of

January and terminates on the Wednesday before Easter. In the Inns of

Court, Hilary is one of the four dining terms; it begins on the 11th

of January and ends on the 1st of February. It is also the name of

one of the terms at the universities of Oxford (more usually "Lent

term") and Dublin.

HILARIUS, or HILARUS (HILARY), bishop of Rome from 461 to 468, is known

to have been a deacon and to have acted as legate of Leo the Great at

the "robber" synod of Ephesus in 449. There he so vigorously defended

the conduct of Flavian in deposing Eutyches that he was thrown into

prison, whence he had great difficulty in making his escape to Rome. He

was chosen to succeed Leo on the 19th of November 461. In 465 he held at

Rome a council which put a stop to some abuses, particularly to that of

bishops appointing their own successors. His pontificate was also marked

by a successful encroachment of the papal authority on the metropolitan

rights of the French and Spanish hierarchy, and by a resistance to the

toleration edict of Anthemius, which ultimately caused it to be

recalled. Hilarius died on the 17th of November 467, and was succeeded

by Simplicius.

HILARIUS (fl. 1125), a Latin poet who is supposed to have been an

Englishman. He was one of the pupils of Abelard at his oratory of

Paraclete, and addressed to him a copy of verses with its refrain in the

vulgar tongue, "_Tort avers vos li mestre_," Abelard having threatened

to discontinue his teaching because of certain reports made by his

servant about the conduct of the scholars. Later Hilarius made his way

to Angers. His poems are contained in MS. supp. lat. 1008 of the

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, purchased in 1837 at the sale of M. de

Rosny. Quotations from this MS. had appeared before, but in 1838 it was

edited by Champollion Figeac as _Hilarii versus et ludi_. His works

consist chiefly of light verses of the goliardic type. There are verses

addressed to an English nun named Eva, lines to Rosa, "_Ave splendor

puellarum, generosa domina_," and another poem describes the beauties of

the priory of Chaloutre la Petite, in the diocese of Sens, of which the

writer was then an inmate. One copy of satirical verses seems to aim at

the pope himself. He also wrote three miracle plays in rhymed Latin with

an admixture of French. Two of them, _Suscitatio Lazari_ and _Historia

de Daniel repraesentanda_, are of purely liturgical type. At the end of

_Lazarus_ is a stage direction to the effect that if the performance has

been given at matins, Lazarus should proceed with the _Te Deum_, if at

vespers, with the _Magnificat_. The third, _Ludus super iconia Sancti

Nicholai_, is founded on a sufficiently foolish legend. Petit de

Julleville sees in the play a satiric intention and a veiled incredulity

that put the piece outside the category of liturgical drama.

A rhymed Latin account of a dispute in which the nuns of Ronceray at

Angers were concerned, contained in a cartulary of Ronceray, is also

ascribed to the poet, who there calls himself Hilarius Canonicus. The

poem is printed in the _Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes_ (vol.

xxxvii. 1876), and is dated by P. Marchegay from 1121. See also a

notice in _Hist. litt. de la France_ (xii. 251-254), supplemented (in

xx. 627-630), s.v. Jean Bodel, by Paulin Paris; also Wright,

_Biographia Britannica literaria, Anglo-Norman Period_ (1846); and

Petit de Julleville, _Les Mysteres_ (vol. i. 1880).

HILARIUS (HILARY), ST (c. 403-449), bishop of Arles, was born about 403.

In early youth he entered the abbey of Lerins, then presided over by his

kinsman Honoratus (St Honore), and succeeded Honoratus in the bishopric

of Arles in 429. Following the example of St Augustine, he is said to

have organized his cathedral clergy into a "congregation," devoting a

great part of their time to social exercises of ascetic religion. He

held the rank of metropolitan of Vienne and Narbonne, and attempted to

realize the sort of primacy over the church of south Gaul which seemed

implied in the vicariate granted to his predecessor Patroclus (417).

Hilarius deposed the bishop of Besancon (Chelidonus), for ignoring this

primacy, and for claiming a metropolitan dignity for Besancon. An appeal

was made to Rome, and Leo I. used it to extinguish the Gallican

vicariate (A.D. 444). Hilarius was deprived of his rights as

metropolitan to consecrate bishops, call synods, or exercise

ecclesiastical oversight in the province, and the pope secured the edict

of Valentinian III., so important in the history of the Gallican church,

"ut episcopis Gallicanis omnibusque pro lege esset quidquid apostolicae

sedis auctoritas sanxisset." The papal claims were made imperial law,

and violation of them subject to legal penalties (_Novellae Valent._

iii. tit. 16). Hilarius died in 449, and his name was afterwards

introduced into the Roman martyrology for commemoration on the 5th of

May. He enjoyed during his lifetime a high reputation for learning and

eloquence as well as for piety; his extant works (_Vita S. Honorati

Arelatensis episcopi_ and _Metrum in Genesin_) compare favourably with

any similar literary productions of that period.

A poem, _De Providentia_, usually included among the writings of

Prosper, is sometimes attributed to Hilary of Arles.

HILDA, ST, strictly Hild (614-680), was the daughter of Hereric, a

nephew of Edwin, king of Northumbria. She was converted to Christianity

before 633 by the preaching of Paulinus. According to Bede she took the

veil in 614, when Oswio was king of Northumbria and Aidan bishop of

Lindisfarne, and spent a year in East Anglia, where her sister Hereswith

had married Aethelhere, who was to succeed his brother Anna, the reigning

king. In 648 or 649 Hilda was recalled to Northumbria by Aidan, and

lived for a year in a small monastic community north of the Wear. She

then succeeded Heiu, the foundress, as abbess of Hartlepool, where she

remained several years. From Hartlepool Hilda moved to Whitby, where in

657 she founded the famous double monastery which in the time of the

first abbess included among its members five future bishops, Bosa, Aetta,

Oftfor, John and Wilfrid II. as well as the poet Caedmon. Hilda exercised

great influence in Northumbria, and ecclesiastics from all over

Christian England and from Strathclyde and Dalriada visited her

monastery. In 655 after the battle of Winwaed Oswio entrusted his

daughter Aelfled to Hilda, with whom she went to Whitby. At the synod of

Whitby in 664 Hilda sided with Colman and Cedd against Wilfrid. In spite

of the defeat of the Celtic party she remained hostile to Wilfrid until

679 at any rate. Hilda died in 680 after a painful illness lasting for

seven years.

See Bede, _Hist. eccl._ (ed. C. Plummer, Oxford, 1869), iii. 24, 25,

iv. 23; Eddius, _Vita Wilfridi_ (Raine, _Historians of Church of

York_, Rolls Series, vol. i., 1879), c. liv.

HILDBURGHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen,

situated in a wide and fruitful valley on the river Werra, 19 m. S.E. of

Meiningen, on the railway Eisenach-Lichtenfels. Pop. (1905) 7456. The

principal buildings are a ducal palace, erected 1685-1695, now used as

barracks, with a park in which there is a monument to Queen Louisa of

Prussia, the old town hall, two Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church

and a theatre. A technical college occupies the premises in which

Meyer's Bibliographisches Institut carried on business from 1828, when

it removed hither from Gotha, until 1874, when it was transferred to

Leipzig. A monument has been erected to those citizens who died in the

Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. The manufactures include linen fabrics,

cloth, toys, buttons, optical instruments, agricultural machines,

knives, mineral waters, condensed soups and condensed milk.

Hildburghausen (in records _Hilpershusia_ and _Villa Hilperti_) belonged

in the 13th century to the counts of Henneberg, from whom it passed to

the landgraves of Thuringia and then to the dukes of Saxony. In 1683 it

became the capital of a principality which in 1826 was united to

Saxe-Meiningen.

See R. A. Human, _Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen_ (Hildburghausen,

1888).

HILDEBERT, HYDALBERT, GILDEBERT or ALDEBERT (c. 1055-1133), French

writer and ecclesiastic, was born of poor parents at Lavardin, near

Vendome, and was intended for the church. He was probably a pupil of

Berengarius of Tours, and became master (_scholasticus_) of the school

at Le Mans; in 1091 he was made archdeacon and in 1096 bishop of Le

Mans. He had to face the hostility of a section of his clergy and also

of the English king, William II., who captured Le Mans and carried the

bishop with him to England for about a year. Hildebert then travelled to

Rome and sought permission to resign his bishopric, which Pope Paschal

II. refused. In 1116 his diocese was thrown into great confusion owing

to the preaching of Henry of Lausanne, who was denouncing the higher

clergy, especially the bishop. Hildebert compelled him to leave the

neighbourhood of Le Mans, but the effects of his preaching remained. In

1125 Hildebert was translated very unwillingly to the archbishopric of

Tours, and there he came into conflict with the French king Louis VI.

about the rights of ecclesiastical patronage and with the bishop of Dol

about the authority of his see in Brittany. He presided over the synod

of Nantes, and died at Tours probably on the 18th of December 1133.

Hildebert, who built part of the cathedral at Le Mans, has received from

some writers the title of saint, but there appears to be no authority

for this. He was not a man of very strict life; his contemporaries,

however, had a very high opinion of him and he was called _egregius

versificator_.

The extant writings of Hildebert consist of letters, poems, a few

sermons, two lives and one or two treatises. An edition of his works

prepared by the Maurist, Antoine Beaugendre, and entitled _Venerabilis

Hildeberti, primo Cenomannensis episcopi, deinde Turonensis

archiepiscopi, opera tam edita quam inedita_, was published in Paris in

1708 and was reprinted with additions by J. J. Bourasse in 1854. These

editions, however, are very faulty. They credit Hildebert with numerous

writings which are the work of others, while some genuine writings are

omitted. The revelation of this fact has affected Hildebert's position

in the history of medieval thought. His standing as a philosopher rested

upon his supposed authorship of the important _Tractatus theologicus_;

but this is now regarded as the work of Hugh of St Victor, and

consequently Hildebert can hardly be counted among the philosophers. His

genuine writings include many letters. These _Epistolae_ enjoyed great

popularity in the 12th and 13th centuries, and were frequently used as

classics in the schools of France and Italy. Those which concern the

struggle between the emperor Henry V. and Pope Paschal II. have been

edited by E. Sackur and printed in the _Monumenta Germaniae historica.

Libelli de lite ii._ (1893). His poems, which deal with various

subjects, are disfigured by many defects of style and metre, but they

too were very popular. Hildebert attained celebrity also as a preacher

both in French and Latin, but only a few of his sermons are in

existence, most of the 144 attributed to him by his editors being the

work of Peter Lombard and others. The _Vitae_ written by Hildebert are

the lives of Hugo, abbot of Cluny, and of St Radegunda. Undoubtedly

genuine is also his _Liber de querimonia et conflictu carnis et spiritus

seu animae_. Hildebert was an excellent Latin scholar, being acquainted

with Cicero, Ovid and other authors, and his spirit is rather that of a

pagan than of a Christian writer.

See B. Haureau, _Les Melanges poetiques d'Hildebert de Lavardin_

(Paris, 1882), and _Notices et extraits de quelques manuscrits latins

de la Bibliotheque nationale_ (Paris, 1890-1893); Comte P. de

Deservillers, _Un Eveque au XII^e siecle, Hildebert et son temps_

(Paris, 1876); E. A. Freeman, _The Reign of Rufus_, vol. ii. (Oxford,

1882); tome xi. of the _Histoire litteraire de la France_, and H.

Bohmer in Band viii. of Herzog-Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_ (1900). The

most important work, however, to be consulted is L. Dieudonne's

_Hildebert de Lavardin, eveque du Mans, archeveque de Tours. Sa vie,

ses lettres_ (Paris, 1898).

HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (_Das Hildebrandslied_), a unique example of Old

German alliterative poetry, written about the year 800 on the first and

last pages of a theological manuscript, by two monks of the monastery of

Fulda. The fragment, or rather fragments, only extend to sixty-eight

lines, and the conclusion of the poem is wanting. The theory propounded

by Karl Lachmann, that the poem had been written in its present form

from memory, has been discredited by later philological investigation;

it is clearly a transcript of an older original, which the copyists--or

more probably the writer to whom we owe the older version--imperfectly

understood. The language of the poem shows a curious mixture of Low and

High German forms; as the High German elements point to the dialect of

Fulda, the inference is that the copyists were reproducing an originally

Low German lay in the form in which it was sung in Franconia.

The fragment is mainly taken up with a dialogue between Hildebrand and

his son Hadubrand. When Hildebrand followed his master, Theodoric the

Great, who was fleeing eastwards before Odoacer, he left his young wife

and an infant child behind him. At his return to his old home, after

thirty years' absence among the Huns, he is met by a young warrior and

challenged to single combat. Before the fight begins, Hildebrand asks

for the name of his opponent, and discovering his own son in him, tries

to avert the fight, but in vain; Hadubrand only regards the old man's

words as the excuse of cowardice. "In sharp showers the ashen spears

fall on the shields, and then the warriors seize their swords and hew

vigorously at the white shields until these are beaten to pieces...."

With these words the fragment breaks off abruptly, giving no clue as to

the issue of the combat. There is little doubt, however, that, as in the

Old Norse _Asmundar saga_, where the tale is alluded to, the fight must

have been fatal to Hadubrand. But in the later traditions, both of the

Old Norse _Thidreks saga_ (13th century), and the so-called _Jungere

Hildebrandslied_--a German popular lay, preserved in several versions

from the 15th to the 17th century--Hadubrand is simply represented as

defeated, and obliged to recognize his father. The Old High German

_Hildebrandslied_ is dramatically conceived, and written in a terse,

vigorous style; it is the only remnant that has come down from early

Germanic times of an undoubtedly extensive ballad literature, dealing

with the national sagas.

The MS. of the _Hildebrandslied_, originally in Fulda, is now

preserved in the Landesbibliothek at Cassel. The literature on the

poem will be found most conveniently in K. Mullenhoff and W. Scherer,

_Denkmaler deutscher Poesie und Prosa aus dem VIII. bis XI. Jahrh._,

3rd ed. (1892), and in W. Braune, _Althochdeutsches Lesebuch_, 5th ed.

(1902), to which authorities the reader is referred for a critical

text. The poem was discovered and first printed (as prose) by J. G.

von Eckhart, _Commentarii de rebus Franciae orientalis_ (1729), i. 864

ff.; the first scholarly edition was that of the brothers Grimm

(1812). Facsimile reproductions of the MS. have been published by W.

Grimm (1830), E. Sievers (1872), G. Konnecke in his _Bilderatlas_

(1887; 2nd ed., 1895) and M. Enneccerus (1897). See also K. Lachmann,

_Uber das Hildebrandslied_ (1833) in _Kleine Schriften_, i. 407 ff.;

C. W. M. Grein, _Das Hildebrandslied_ (1858; 2nd ed., 1880); O.

Schroder, _Bemerkungen zum Hildebrandslied_ (1880); H. Moller, _Zur

althochdeutschen Alliterationspoesie_ (1888); R. Heinzel, _Uber die

ostgotische Heldensage_ (1889); B. Busse, "Sagengeschichtliches zum

Hildebrandslied," in Paul und Braune's _Beitrage_, xxvi. (1901), pp. 1

ff.; R. Koegel, _Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgang

des Mittelalters_, i. (1894), pp. 210 ff.; and R. Koegel and W.

Bruckner, in Paul's _Grundriss der germanischen Philologie_, 2nd ed.,

ii. (1901), pp. 71 ff. (J. G. R.)

HILDEBRANDT, EDUARD (1818-1868), German painter, was born in 1818, and

served as apprentice to his father, a house-painter at Danzig. He was

not twenty when he came to Berlin, where he was taken in hand by Wilhelm

Krause, a painter of sea pieces. Several early pieces exhibited after

his death--a breakwater, dated 1838, ships in a breeze off Swinemunde

(1840), and other canvases of this and the following year--show

Hildebrandt to have been a careful student of nature, with inborn

talents kept down by the conventionalisms of the formal school to which

Krause belonged. Accident made him acquainted with masterpieces of

French art displayed at the Berlin Academy, and these awakened his

curiosity and envy. He went to Paris, where, about 1842, he entered the

atelier of Isabey and became the companion of Lepoittevin. In a short

time he sent home pictures which might have been taken for copies from

these artists. Gradually he mastered the mysteries of touch and the

secrets of effect in which the French at this period excelled. He also

acquired the necessary skill in painting figures, and returned to

Germany, skilled in the rendering of many kinds of landscape forms. His

pictures of French street life, done about 1843, while impressed with

the stamp of the Paris school, reveal a spirit eager for novelty, quick

at grasping, equally quick at rendering, momentary changes of tone and

atmosphere. After 1843 Hildebrandt, under the influence of Humboldt,

extended his travels, and in 1864-1865 he went round the world. Whilst

his experience became enlarged his powers of concentration broke down.

He lost the taste for detail in seeking for scenic breadth, and a fatal

facility of hand diminished the value of his works for all those who

look for composition and harmony of hue as necessary concomitants of

tone and touch. In oil he gradually produced less, in water colours

more, than at first, and his fame must rest on the sketches which he

made in the latter form, many of them represented by chromo-lithography.

Fantasies in red, yellow and opal, sunset, sunrise and moonshine,

distances of hundreds of miles like those of the Andes and the Himalaya,

narrow streets in the bazaars of Cairo or Suez, panoramas as seen from

mastheads, wide cities like Bombay or Pekin, narrow strips of desert

with measureless expanses of sky--all alike display his quality of

bravura. Hildebrandt died at Berlin on the 25th of October 1868.

HILDEBRANDT, THEODOR (1804-1874), German painter, was born at Stettin.

He was a disciple of the painter Schadow, and, on Schadow's appointment

to the presidency of a new academy in the Rhenish provinces in 1828,

followed that master to Dusseldorf. Hildebrandt began by painting

pictures illustrative of Goethe and Shakespeare; but in this form he

followed the traditions of the stage rather than the laws of nature. He

produced rapidly "Faust and Mephistopheles" (1824), "Faust and Margaret"

(1825), and "Lear and Cordelia" (1828). He visited the Netherlands with

Schadow in 1829, and wandered alone in 1830 to Italy; but travel did not

alter his style, though it led him to cultivate alternately eclecticism

and realism. At Dusseldorf, about 1830, he produced "Romeo and Juliet,"

"Tancred and Clorinda," and other works which deserved to be classed

with earlier paintings; but during the same period he exhibited (1829)

the "Robber" and (1832) the "Captain and his Infant Son," examples of an

affected but kindly realism which captivated the public, and marked to a

certain extent an epoch in Prussian art. The picture which made

Hildebrandt's fame is the "Murder of the Children of King Edward"

(1836), of which the original, afterwards frequently copied, still

belongs to the Spiegel collection at Halberstadt. Comparatively late in

life Hildebrandt tried his powers as an historical painter in pictures

representing Wolsey and Henry VIII., but he lapsed again into the

romantic in "Othello and Desdemona." After 1847 Hildebrandt gave himself

up to portrait-painting, and in that branch succeeded in obtaining a

large practice. He died at Dusseldorf in 1874.

HILDEGARD, ST (1098-1179), German abbess and mystic, was born of noble

parents at Bockelheim, in the countship of Sponheim, in 1098, and from

her eighth year was educated at the Benedictine cloister of

Disibodenberg by Jutta, sister of the count of Sponheim, whom she

succeeded as abbess in 1136. From earliest childhood she was accustomed

to see visions, which increased in frequency and vividness as she

approached the age of womanhood; these, however, she for many years kept

almost secret, nor was it until she had reached her forty-third year

(1141) that she felt constrained to divulge them. Committed to writing

by her intimate friend the monk Godefridus, they now form the first and

most important of her printed works, entitled _Scivias_ (probably an

abbreviation for "sciens vias" or "nosce vias Domini") _s. visionum et

revelatianum libri iii._, and completed in 1151. In 1147 St Bernard of

Clairvaux, while at Bingen preaching the new crusade, heard of

Hildegard's revelations, and became so convinced of their reality that

he not only wrote to her a letter cordially acknowledging her as a

prophetess of God, but also successfully advocated her recognition as

such by his friend and former pupil Pope Eugenius III. in the synod of

Treves (1148). In the same year Hildegard migrated along with eighteen

of her nuns to a new convent on the Rupertsberg near Bingen, over which

she presided during the remainder of her life. By means of voluminous

correspondence, as well as by extensive journeys, in the course of

which she was unwearied in the exercise of her gift of prophecy, she

wielded for many years an increasing influence upon her

contemporaries--an influence doubtless due to the fact that she was

imbued with the most widely diffused feelings and beliefs, fears and

hopes, of her time. Amongst her correspondents were Popes Anastasius IV.

and Adrian IV., the emperors Conrad III. and Frederick I., and also the

theologian Guibert of Gembloux, who submitted numerous questions in

dogmatic theology for her determination. She died in 1179, but has never

been canonized; her name, however, was received into the Roman

martyrology in the 15th century, September 17th being the day fixed for

her commemoration.

Her biography, which was written by two contemporaries, Godefridus and

Theodoricus, was first printed at Cologne in 1566. Hildegard's

writings, besides the _Scivias_ already mentioned and first printed in

Paris in 1513, include the _Liber divinorum operum_, _Explanatio

regulae S. Benedicti_, _Physica_ and _the Letters_, &c., are contained

in Migne, _Patr. Lat._ t. cxcvii., and in Cardinal Pitra's _Analecta

sacra spicilegio Solesmensi parata; Nova S. Hildegardis opera_ (Paris,

1882).

For a modern study of the saint's writings, see _Sainte Hildegarde_ by

Pal Franche, "_Les Saints_" series (Paris, 1903); and U. Chevalier,

_Repertoire des sources historiques, bio.-bibl._ 2153.

HILDEN, a town in the Prussian Rhine province on the Itter, 9 m. S.E. of

Dusseldorf by rail. Pop. (1905) 13,946. It possesses an Evangelical and

a Roman Catholic church and a monument to the emperor William I. Its

manufactures include silks, velvets, carpets, calico-printing, machinery

and brick-making.

HILDESHEIM, a town and episcopal see of Germany, in the Prussian

province of Hanover, beautifully situated at the north foot of the Harz

Mountains, on the right bank of the Innerste, 18 m. S.E. of Hanover by

railway, and on the main line from Berlin, via Magdeburg to Cologne.

Pop. (1885) 20,386, (1905) 47,060. The town consists of an old and a new

part, and is surrounded by ramparts which have been converted into

promenades. Its streets are for the most part narrow and irregular, and

contain many old houses with overhanging upper storeys and richly and

curiously adorned wooden facades. Its religious edifices are five Roman

Catholic and four Evangelical churches and a synagogue. The most

interesting is the Roman Catholic cathedral, which dates from the middle

of the 11th century and occupies the site of a building founded by the

emperor Louis the Pious early in the 9th century. It is famous for its

antiquities and works of art. These include the bronze doors executed by

Bishop Bernward, with reliefs from the history of Adam and of Jesus

Christ; a brazen font of the 13th century; two large candelabra of the

11th century; the sarcophagus of St Godehard; and the tomb of St

Epiphanius. In the cathedral also there is a bronze column 15 ft. high,

adorned with reliefs from the life of Christ and dating from 1022, and

another column, at one time thought to be an Irminsaule erected in

honour of the Saxon idol Irmin, but now regarded as belonging to a Roman

aqueduct. On the wall of the Romanesque crypt, which was restored in

1896, is a rose-bush, alleged to be a thousand years old; this sends its

branches to a height of 24 ft. and a breadth of 30 ft., and they are

trained to interlace one of the windows. Before the cathedral is the

pretty cloister garth, with the chapel of St Anne, erected in 1321 and

restored in 1888. The Romanesque church of St Godehard was built in the

12th century and restored in the 19th. The church of St Michael, founded

by Bishop Bernward early in the 11th century and restored after injury

by fire in 1186, contains a unique painted ceiling of the 12th century,

the sarcophagus and monument of Bishop Bernward, and a bronze font; it

is now a Protestant parish church, but the crypt is used by the Roman

Catholics. The church of the Magdalene possesses two candelabra, a gold

cross, and various other works in metal by Bishop Bernward; and the

Lutheran church of St Andrew has a choir dating from 1389 and a tower

385 ft. high. In the suburb of Moritzberg there is an abbey church

founded in 1040, the only pure columnar basilica in north Germany.

The chief secular buildings are the town-hall (Rathaus), which dates

from the 15th century and was restored in 1883-1892, adorned with

frescoes illustrating the history of the city; the Tempelherrenhaus, in

Late Gothic erroneously said to have been built by the Knights Templars;

the Knochenhaueramthaus, formerly the gild-house of the butchers, which

was restored after being damaged by fire in 1884, and is probably the

finest specimen of a wooden building in Germany; the Michaelis

monastery, used as a lunatic asylum; and the old Carthusian monastery.

The Romer museum of antiquities and natural history is housed in the

former church of St Martin; the buildings of Trinity hospital, partly

dating from the 14th century, are now a factory; and the Wedekindhaus

(1598) is now a savings-bank. The educational establishments include a

Roman Catholic and a Lutheran gymnasium, a Roman Catholic school and

college and two technical institutions, the Georgstift for daughters of

state servants and a conservatoire of music. Hildesheim is the seat of

considerable industry. Its chief productions are sugar, tobacco and

cigars, stoves, machines, vehicles, agricultural implements and bricks.

Other trades are brewing and tanning. It is connected with Hanover by an

electric tram line, 19 m. in length.

Hildesheim owes its rise and prosperity to the fact that in 822 it was

made the seat of the bishopric which Charlemagne had founded at Elze a

few years before. Its importance was greatly increased by St Bernward,

who was bishop from 993 to 1022 and walled the town. By his example and

patronage the art of working in metals was greatly stimulated. In the

13th century Hildesheim became a free city of the Empire; in 1249 it

received municipal rights and about the same time it joined the

Hanseatic league. Several of its bishops belonged to one or other of the

great families of Germany; and gradually they became practically

independent. The citizens were frequently quarrelling with the bishops,

who also carried on wars with neighbouring princes, especially with the

house of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose protection Hildesheim placed

itself several times. The most celebrated of these struggles is the one

known as the _Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde_, which broke out early in the

16th century when John, duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, was bishop. At first the

bishop and his allies were successful, but in 1521 the king of Denmark

and the duke of Brunswick overran his lands and in 1523 he made peace,

surrendering nearly all his possessions. Much, however, was restored

when Ferdinand, prince of Bavaria, was bishop (1612-1650), as this

warlike prelate took advantage of the disturbances caused by the Thirty

Years' War to seize the lost lands, and at the beginning of the 19th

century the extent of the prince bishopric was 682 sq. m. In 1801 the

bishopric was secularized and in 1803 was granted to Prussia; in 1807 it

was incorporated with the kingdom of Westphalia and in 1813 was

transferred to Hanover. In 1866, along with Hanover, it was annexed by

Prussia. In 1803 a new bishopric of Hildesheim, a spiritual organization

only, was established, and this has jurisdiction over all the Roman

Catholic churches in the centre of north Germany.

In October 1868 a unique collection of ancient Augustan silver plate was

discovered on the Galgenberg near Hildesheim by some soldiers who were

throwing up earthworks. This _Hildesheimer Silberfund_ excited great

interest among classical archaeologists. Some authorities think that it

is the actual plate which belonged to Drusus himself. The most

noteworthy pieces are a crater richly ornamented with arabesques and

figures of children, a platter with a representation of Minerva, another

with one of the boy Hercules and another with one of Cybele. The

collection is in the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin.

See the _Urkundenbuch der Stadt Hildesheim_, edited by R. Dobner

(Hildesheim, 1881-1901); the _Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim_,

edited by K. Janicke and H. Hoogeweg (Leipzig and Hanover, 1896-1903);

C. Bauer, _Geschichte von Hildesheim_ (Hildesheim, 1892); A. Bertram,

_Geschichte des Bistums Hildesheim_ (Hildesheim, 1899 fol.); C.

Euling, _Hildesheimer Land und Leute des 16ten Jahrhunderts_

(Hildesheim, 1892); O. Fischer, _Die Stadt Hildesheim wahrend des

dreissigjahrigen Krieges_ (Hildesheim, 1897); A. Grebe, _Auf

Hildesheimschem Boden_ (Hildesheim, 1884); H. Cuno, _Hildesheims

Kunstler im Mittelalter_ (Hildesheim, 1886); W. Wachsmuth,

_Geschichte von Hochstift und Stadt Hildesheim_ (Hildesheim, 1863); R.

Dobner, _Studien zur Hildesheimischen Geschichte_ (Hildesheim, 1901);

Lachner, _Die Holzarchitektur Hildesheims_ (Hildesheim, 1882);

Seifart, _Sagen, Marchen, Schwanke und Gebrauche aus Stadt und Stift

Hildesheims_ (Hildesheim, 1889). For the _Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde_,

see H. Delius, _Die Hildesheimische Stiftsfehde_ 1519 (Leipzig, 1803).

For the _Hildesheimer Silberfund_, see Wieseler, _Der Hildesheimer

Silberfund_ (Gottingen, 1869); Holzer, _Der Hildesheimer antike

Silberfund_ (Hildesheim, 1871); and E. Pernice and F. Winter, _Der

Hildesheimer Silberfund der koniglichen Museen zu Berlin_ (Berlin,

1901).

HILDRETH, RICHARD (1807-1865), American journalist and author, was born

at Deerfield, Massachusetts, on the 28th of June 1807, the son of Hosea

Hildreth (1782-1835), a teacher of mathematics and later a

Congregational minister. Richard graduated at Harvard in 1826, and,

after studying law at Newburyport, was admitted to the bar at Boston in

1830. He had already taken to journalism, and in 1832 he became joint

founder and editor of a daily newspaper, the Boston Atlas. Having in

1834 gone to the South for the benefit of his health, he was led by what

he witnessed of the evils of slavery (chiefly in Florida) to write the

anti-slavery novel _The Slave: or Memoir of Archy Moore_ (1836; enlarged

edition, 1852, _The White Slave_). In 1837 he wrote for the _Atlas_ a

series of articles vigorously opposing the annexation of Texas. In the

same year he published _Banks, Banking, and Paper Currencies_, a work

which helped to promote the growth of the free banking system in

America. In 1838 he resumed his editorial duties on the _Atlas_, but in

1840 removed, on account of his health, to British Guiana, where he

lived for three years and was editor of two weekly newspapers in

succession at Georgetown. He published in this year (1840) a volume in

opposition to slavery, _Despotism in America_ (2nd ed., 1854). In 1849

he published the first three volumes of his _History of the United

States_, two more volumes of which were published in 1851 and the sixth

and last in 1852. The first three volumes of this history, his most

important work, deal with the period 1492-1789, and the second three

with the period 1789-1821. The history is notable for its painstaking

accuracy and candour, but the later volumes have a strong Federalist

bias. Hildreth's _Japan as It Was and Is_ (1855) was at the time a

valuable digest of the information contained in other works on that

country (new ed., 1906). He also wrote a campaign biography of William

Henry Harrison (1839); _Theory of Morals_ (1844); and _Theory of

Politics_ (1853), as well as _Lives of Atrocious Judges_ (1856),

compiled from Lord Campbell's two works. In 1861 he was appointed United

States consul at Trieste, but ill-health compelled him to resign and

remove to Florence, where he died on the 11th of July 1865.

HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823-1907), German Protestant

divine, was born at Stappenbeck near Salzwedel in Prussian Saxony on the

2nd of June 1823. He studied at Berlin and Halle, and in 1890 became

professor ordinarius of theology at Jena. He belonged to the Tubingen

school. "Fond of emphasizing his independence of Baur, he still, in all

important points, followed in the footsteps of his master; his method,

which he is wont to contrast as _Literarkritik_ with Baur's

_Tendenzkritik_, is nevertheless essentially the same as Baur's" (Otto

Pfleiderer). On the whole, however, he modified the positions of the

founder of the Tubingen school, going beyond him only in his

investigations into the Fourth Gospel. In 1858 he became editor of the

_Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie_. He died on the 12th of

January 1907.

His works include: _Die elementarischen Recognitionen und Homilien_

(1848); _Die Evangelien und die Briefe des Johannes nach ihrem

Lehrbegriff_ (1849); _Das Markusevangelium_ (1850); _Die Evangelien

nach ihrer Entstehung und geschichtlichen Bedeutung_ (1854); _Das

Unchristentum_ (1855); _Jud. Apokalyptik_ (1857); _Novum Testamentum

extra canonem receptum_ (4 parts, 1866; 2nd ed., 1876-1884);

_Histor.-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament_ (1875); _Acta

Apostolorum graece et latine secundum antiquissimos testes_ (1899);

the first complete edition of the _Shepherd of Hermas_ (1887);

_Ignatii et Polycarpi epistolae_ (1902).

HILL, AARON (1685-1750), English author, was born in London on the 10th

of February 1685. He was the son of George Hill of Malmesbury Abbey,

Wiltshire, who contrived to sell an estate entailed on his son. In his

fourteenth year he left Westminster School to go to Constantinople,

where William, Lord Paget de Beaudesert (1637-1713), a relative of his

mother, was ambassador. Paget sent him, under care of a tutor, to travel

in Palestine and Egypt, and he returned to England in 1703. He was

estranged from his patron by the "envious fears and malice of a certain

female," and again went abroad as companion to Sir William Wentworth. On

his return home in 1709 he published _A Full and Just Account of the

Present State of the Ottoman Empire_, a production of which he was

afterwards much ashamed, and he addressed his poem of _Camillus_ to

Charles Mordaunt, earl of Peterborough. In the same year he is said to

have been manager of Drury Lane theatre and in 1710 of the Haymarket.

His first play, _Elfrid: or The Fair Inconstant_ (afterwards revised as

_Athelwold_), was produced at Drury Lane in 1709. His connexion with the

theatre was of short duration, and the rest of his life was spent in

ingenious commercial enterprises, none of which were successful, and in

literary pursuits. He formed a company to extract oil from beechmast,

another for the colonization of the district to be known later as

Georgia, a third to supply wood for naval construction from Scotland,

and a fourth for the manufacture of potash. In 1730 he wrote _The

Progress of Wit, being a caveat for the use of an Eminent Writer_. The

"eminent writer" was Pope, who had introduced him into _The Dunciad_ as

one of the competitors for the prize offered by the goddess of Dullness,

though the satire was qualified by an oblique compliment. A note in the

edition of 1729 on the obnoxious passage, in which, however, the

original initial was replaced by asterisks, gave Hill great offence. He

wrote to Pope complaining of his treatment, and received a reply in

which Pope denied responsibility for the notes. Hill appears to have

been a persistent correspondent, and inflicted on Pope a series of

letters, which are printed in Elwin & Courthope's edition (x. 1-78).

Hill died on the 8th of February 1750, and was buried in Westminster

Abbey. The best of his plays were _Zara_ (acted 1735) and _Merope_

(1749), both adaptations from Voltaire. He also published two series of

periodical essays, _The Prompter_ (1735) and, with William Bond, _The

Plaindealer_ (1724). He was generous to fellow-men of letters, and his

letters to Richard Savage, whom he helped considerably, show his

character in a very amiable light.

_The Works of the late Aaron Hill, consisting of letters ..., original

poems.... With an essay on the Art of Acting_ appeared in 1753, and

his _Dramatic Works_ in 1760. His _Poetical Works_ are included in

Anderson's and other editions of the British poets. A full account of

his life is provided by an anonymous writer in Theophilus Cibber's

_Lives of the Poets_, vol. v.

HILL, AMBROSE POWELL (1825-1865), American Confederate soldier, was born

in Culpeper county, Virginia, on the 9th of November 1825, and graduated

from West Point in 1847, being appointed to the 1st U.S. artillery. He

served in the Mexican and Seminole Wars, was promoted first lieutenant

in September 1851, and in 1855-1860 was employed on the United States'

coast survey. In March 1861, just before the outbreak of the Civil War,

he resigned his commission, and when his state seceded he was made

colonel of a Virginian infantry regiment, winning promotion to the rank

of brigadier-general on the field of Bull Run. In the Peninsular

campaign of 1862 he gained further promotion, and as a major-general

Hill was one of the most prominent and successful divisional commanders

of Lee's army in the Seven Days', Second Bull Run, Antietam and

Fredericksburg campaigns. His division formed part of "Stonewall"

Jackson's corps, and he was severely wounded in the flank attack of

Chancellorsville in May 1863. After Jackson's death Hill was made a

lieutenant-general and placed in command of the 3rd corps of Lee's army,

which he led in the Gettysburg campaign of 1863, the autumn campaign of

the same year, and the Wilderness and Petersburg operations of 1864-65.

He was killed in front of the Petersburg lines on the 2nd of April 1865.

His reputation as a troop leader in battle was one of the highest

amongst the generals of both sides, and both Lee and Jackson, when on

their death-beds their thoughts wandered in delirium to the battlefield,

called for "A. P. Hill" to deliver the decisive blow.

HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889), American Confederate soldier, was born

in York district, South Carolina, on the 12th of July 1821, and

graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1842, being appointed

to the 1st United States artillery. He distinguished himself in the

Mexican War, being breveted captain and major for bravery at Contreras

and Churubusco and at Chapultepec respectively. In February 1849 he

resigned his commission and became a professor of mathematics at

Washington College (now Washington and Lee University), Lexington,

Virginia. In 1854 he joined the faculty of Davidson College, North

Carolina, and was in 1859 made superintendent of the North Carolina

Military Institute of Charlotte. At the outbreak of the Civil War, D. H.

Hill was made colonel of a Confederate infantry regiment, at the head of

which he won the action of Big Bethel, near Fortress Monroe, Va., on the

10th of June 1861. Shortly after this he was made a brigadier-general.

He took part in the Yorktown and Williamsburg operations in the spring

of 1862, and as a major-general led a division with great distinction in

the battle of Fair Oaks and the Seven Days. He took part in the Second

Bull Run campaign in August-September 1862, and in the Antietam campaign

the stubborn resistance of D. H. Hill's division in the passes of South

Mountain enabled Lee to concentrate for battle. The division bore a

conspicuous part in the battles of the Antietam and Fredericksburg. On

the reorganization of the army of Northern Virginia after Jackson's

death, D. H. Hill was not appointed to a corps command, but somewhat

later in 1863 he was sent to the west as a lieutenant-general and

commanded one of Bragg's corps in the brilliant victory of Chickamauga.

D. H. Hill surrendered with Gen. J. E. Johnston on the 26th of April

1865. In 1866-1869 he edited a magazine, _The Land we Love_, at

Charlotte, N.C., which dealt with social and historical subjects and had

a great influence in the South. In 1877 he became president of the

university of Arkansas, a post which he held until 1884, and in 1885

president of the Military and Agricultural College of Milledgeville,

Georgia. General Hill died at Charlotte, N.C., on the 24th of September

1889.

HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843-1910), American politician, was born at

Havana, New York, on the 29th of August 1843. In 1862 he removed to

Elmira, New York, where in 1864 he was admitted to the bar. He at once

became active in the affairs of the Democratic party, attracting the

attention of Samuel J. Tilden, one of whose shrewdest and ablest

lieutenants he became. In 1871 and 1872 he was a member of the New York

State Assembly, and in 1877 and again in 1881, presided over the

Democratic State Convention. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Elmira, and

in the same year was chosen lieutenant-governor of the state, having

been defeated for nomination as governor by Grover Cleveland. In January

1885, however, Cleveland having resigned to become president, Hill

became governor, and in November was elected for a three-year term, and

subsequently re-elected. In 1891-1897 he was a member of the United

States Senate. During these years, and in 1892, when he tried to get the

presidential nomination, he was prominent in working against Cleveland.

In 1896 he opposed the free silver plank in the platform adopted by the

Democratic National Convention which nominated W. J. Bryan; in the

National Convention of 1900, however, the free-silver issue having been

subordinated to anti-imperialism, he seconded Bryan's nomination. After

1897 he devoted himself to his law practice, and in 1905 retired from

politics. He died in Albany on the 30th of October 1910.

HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903), English author, son of Arthur

Hill, head master of Bruce Castle school, was born at Tottenham,

Middlesex, on the 7th of June 1835. Arthur Hill, with his brothers

Rowland Hill, the postal reformer, and Matthew Davenport Hill,

afterwards recorder of Birmingham, had worked out a system of education

which was to exclude compulsion of any kind. The school at Bruce Castle,

of which Arthur Hill was head master, was founded to carry into

execution their theories, known as the Hazelwood system. George Birkbeck

Hill was educated in his father's school and at Pembroke College,

Oxford. In 1858 he began to teach at Bruce Castle school, and from 1868

to 1877 was head master. In 1869 he became a regular contributor to the

_Saturday Review_, with which he remained in connexion until 1884. On

his retirement from teaching he devoted himself to the study of English

18th-century literature, and established his reputation as the most

learned commentator on the works of Samuel Johnson. He settled at Oxford

in 1887, but from 1891 onwards his winters were usually spent abroad. He

died at Hampstead, London, on the 27th of February 1903. His works

include: _Dr Johnson, his Friends and his Critics_ (1878); an edition of

Boswell's _Correspondence_ (1879); a laborious edition of _Boswell's

Life of Johnson, including Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,

and Johnson's Diary of a Journey into North Wales_ (Clarendon Press, 6

vols., 1887); _Wit and Wisdom of Samuel Johnson_ (1888); _Select Essays

of Dr Johnson_ (1889); _Footsteps of Dr Johnson in Scotland_ (1890);

_Letters of Johnson_ (1892); _Johnsonian Miscellanies_ (2 vols., 1897);

an edition (1900) of Edward Gibbon's _Autobiography_; Johnson's _Lives

of the Poets_ (3 vols., 1905), and other works on the 18th-century

topics. Dr Birkbeck Hill's elaborate edition of Boswell's _Life_ is a

monumental work, invaluable to the student.

See a memoir by his nephew, Harold Spencer Scott, in the edition of

the _Lives of the English Poets_ (1905), and the _Letters_ edited by

his daughter, Lucy Crump, in 1903.

HILL, JAMES J. (1838- ), American railway capitalist, was born near

Guelph, Ontario, Canada, on the 16th of September 1838, and was educated

at Rockwood (Ont.) Academy, a Quaker institution. In 1856 he settled in

St Paul, Minnesota. Abandoning, because of his father's death, his plans

to study medicine, he became a clerk in the office of a firm of river

steamboat agents and shippers, and later the agent for a line of river

packets; he established about 1870 transportation lines on the

Mississippi and on the Red River (of the North). He effected a traffic

arrangement between the St Paul Pacific Railroad and his steamboat

lines; and when the railway failed in 1873 for $27,000,000, Hill

interested Sir Donald A. Smith (Lord Strathcona), George Stephen (Lord

Mount Stephen), and other Canadian capitalists, in the road and in the

wheat country of the Red River Valley; he got control of the bonds

(1878), foreclosed the mortgage, reorganized the road as the St Paul,

Minneapolis & Manitoba, and began to extend the line, then only 380 m.

long, toward the Pacific; and in 1883 he became its president. He was

president of the Great Northern Railway (comprehending all his secondary

lines) from 1893 to April 1907, when he became chairman of its board of

directors. In the extension (1883-1893) of this railway westward to

Puget Sound (whence it has direct steamship connexions with China and

Japan), the line was built by the company itself, none of the work being

handled by contractors. Subsequently his financial interests in American

railways caused constant sensations in the stock-markets. The Hill

interests obtained control not only of the Great-Northern system, but of

the Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and proposed

the construction of another northern line to the Pacific coast. Hill was

the president of the Northern Securities Company, which in 1904 was

declared by the United States Supreme Court to be in conflict with the

Sherman Anti-Trust Law. (See Vol. 27, p. 733.) Among Hill's gifts to

public institutions was one of $500,000 to the St. Paul Theological

Seminary (Roman Catholic).

HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775), called from his Swedish honours, "Sir" John

Hill, English author, son of the Rev. Theophilus Hill, is said to have

been born in Peterborough in 1716. He was apprenticed to an apothecary

and on the completion of his apprenticeship he set up in a small shop in

St Martin's Lane, Westminster. He also travelled over the country in

search of rare herbs, with a view to publishing a _hortus siccus_, but

the plan failed. His first publication was a translation of

Theophrastus's _History of Stones_ (1746). From this time forward he was

an indefatigable writer. He edited the _British Magazine_ (1746-1750),

and for two years (1751-1753) he wrote a daily letter, "The Inspector,"

for the _London Advertiser and Literary Gazette_. He also produced

novels, plays and scientific works, and was a large contributor to the

supplement of Ephraim Chambers's _Cyclopaedia_. His personal and

scurrilous writings involved him in many quarrels. Henry Fielding

attacked him in the _Covent Garden Journal_, Christopher Smart wrote a

mock-epic, _The Hilliad_, against him, and David Garrick replied to his

strictures against him by two epigrams, one of which runs:--

"For physics and farces, his equal there scarce is;

His farces are physic, his physic a farce is."

He had other literary passages-at-arms with John Rich, who accused him

of plagiarizing his _Orpheus_, also with Samuel Foote and Henry

Woodward. From 1759 to 1775 he was engaged on a huge botanical

work--_The Vegetable System_ (26 vols. fol.)--adorned by 1600

copperplate engravings. Hill's botanical labours were undertaken at the

request of his patron, Lord Bute, and he was rewarded by the order of

Vasa from the king of Sweden in 1774. He had a medical degree from

Edinburgh, and he now practised as a quack doctor, making considerable

sums by the preparation of vegetable medicines. He died in London on the

21st of November 1775.

Of the seventy-six separate works with which he is credited in the

_Dictionary of National Biography_, the most valuable are those that

deal with botany. He is said to have been the author of the second

part of _The Oeconomy of Human Life_ (1751), the first part of which

is by Lord Chesterfield, and Hannah Glasse's famous manual of cookery

was generally ascribed to him (see Boswell, ed. Hill, iii. 285). Dr

Johnson said of him that he was "an ingenious man, but had no

veracity."

See a _Short Account of the Life, Writings and Character of the late

Sir John Hill_ (1779), which is chiefly occupied with a descriptive

catalogue of his works; also _Temple Bar_ (1872, xxxv. 261-266).

HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872), English lawyer and penologist, was

born on the 6th of August 1792, at Birmingham, where his father, T. W.

Hill, for long conducted a private school. He was a brother of Sir

Rowland Hill. He early acted as assistant in his father's school, but in

1819 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. He went the midland

circuit. In 1832 he was elected one of the Liberal members for

Kingston-upon-Hull, but he lost his seat at the next election in 1834.

On the incorporation of Birmingham in 1839 he was chosen recorder; and

in 1851 he was appointed commissioner in bankruptcy for the Bristol

district. Having had his interest excited in questions relating to the

treatment of criminal offenders, he ventilated in his charges to the

grand juries, as well as in special pamphlets, opinions which were the

means of introducing many important reforms in the methods of dealing

with crime. One of his principal coadjutors in these reforms was his

brother Frederick Hill (1803-1896), whose _Amount, Causes and Remedies

of Crime_, the result of his experience as inspector of prisons for

Scotland, marked an era in the methods of prison discipline. Hill was

one of the chief promoters of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful

Knowledge, and the originator of the _Penny Magazine_. He died at

Stapleton, near Bristol, on the 7th of June 1872.

His principal works are _Practical Suggestions to the Founders of

Reformatory Schools_ (1855); _Suggestions for the Repression of Crime_

(1857), consisting of charges addressed to the grand juries of

Birmingham; _Mettray_ (1855); _Papers on the Penal Servitude Acts_

(1864); _Journal of a Third Visit to the Convict Gaols, Refuges and

Reformatories of Dublin_ (1865); _Addresses delivered at the

Birmingham and Midland Institute_ (1867). See _Memoir of Matthew

Davenport Hill_, by his daughters Rosamond and Florence Davenport Hill

(1878).

HILL, OCTAVIA (1838- ) and MIRANDA (1836-1910), English philanthropic

workers, were born in London, being daughters of Mr James Hill and

granddaughters of Dr Southwood Smith, the pioneer of sanitary reform.

Miss Octavia Hill's attention was early drawn to the evils of London

housing, and the habits of indolence and lethargy induced in many of the

lower classes by their degrading surroundings. She conceived the idea of

trying to free a few poor people from such influences, and Mr Ruskin,

who sympathized with her plans, supplied the money for starting the

work. For L750 Miss Hill purchased the 56 years' lease of three houses

in one of the poorest courts of Marylebone. Another L78 was spent in

building a large room at the back of her own house where she could meet

the tenants. The houses were put in repair, and let out in sets of two

rooms. At the end of eighteen months it was possible to pay 5%

interest, to repay L48 of the capital, as well as meet all expenses for

taxes, ground rent and insurance. What specially distinguished this

scheme was that Miss Hill herself collected the rents, thus coming into

contact with the tenants and helping to enforce regular and

self-respecting habits. The success of her first attempt encouraged her

to continue. Six more houses were bought and treated in a similar

manner. A yearly sum was set aside for the repairs of each house, and

whatever remained over was spent on such additional appliances as the

tenants themselves desired. This encouraged them to keep their tenements

in good repair. By the help of friends Miss Hill was now enabled to

enlarge the scope of her work. In 1869 eleven more houses were bought.

The plan was to set a visitor over a small court or block of buildings

to do whatever work in the way of rent-collecting, visiting for the

School Board, &c., was required. As years went on Miss Octavia Hill's

work was largely increased. Numbers of her friends bought and placed

under her care small groups of houses, over which she fulfilled the

duties of a conscientious landlord. Several large owners of tenement

houses, notably the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, entrusted to her the

management of such property, and consulted her about plans of

rebuilding; and a number of fellow-workers were trained by her in the

management of houses for the poor. The results in Southwark (where Red

Cross Hall was established) and elsewhere were very beneficial. Both

Miss Miranda and Miss Octavia Hill took an interest in the movement for

bringing beauty into the homes of the poor, and the former was

practically the founder of the Kyrle Society, the first suggestion of

which was contained in a paper read to a small circle of friends. Both

sisters worked for the preservation of open spaces, and helped to

promote the work of the Charity Organization Society, and for several

years Miss Miranda Hill (who died on the 31st of May 1910) did admirable

work in Marylebone as a member of the Board of Guardians.

HILL, ROWLAND (1744-1833), English preacher, sixth son of Sir Rowland

Hill, Bart. (d. 1783), was born at Hawkstone, Shropshire, on the 23rd of

August 1744. He was educated at Shrewsbury, Eton and St John's College,

Cambridge. Stimulated by George Whitefield's example, he scandalized the

university authorities and his own friends by preaching and visiting the

sick before he had taken orders. In 1773 he was appointed to the parish

of Kingston, Somersetshire, where he soon attracted great crowds to his

open-air services. Having inherited considerable property, he built for

his own use Surrey Chapel, in the Blackfriars Road, London (1783). Hill

conducted his services in accordance with the forms of the Church of

England, in whose communion he always remained. Both at Surrey Chapel

and in his provincial "gospel tours" he had great success. His oratory

was specially adapted for rude and uncultivated audiences. He possessed

a voice of great power, and according to Southey "his manner" was "that

of a performer as great in his own line as Kean or Kemble." His earnest

and pure purposes more than made up for his occasional lapses from good

taste and the eccentricity of his wit. He helped to found the Religious

Tract Society, the British and Foreign Bible Society, and the London

Missionary Society, and was a stout advocate of vaccination. His

best-known work is the _Village Dialogues_, which first appeared in

1810, and reached a 34th edition in 1839. He died on the 11th of April

1833.

See _Life_ by E. Sidney (1833); _Memoirs_, by William Jones (1834);

and _Memorials_, by Jas. Sherman (1857).

HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879), English administrator, author of the

penny postal system, a younger brother of Matthew Davenport Hill, and

third son of T. W. Hill, who named him after Rowland Hill the preacher,

was born on the 3rd of December 1795 at Kidderminster. As a young child

he had, on account of an affection of the spine, to maintain a recumbent

position, and his principal method of relieving the irksomeness of his

situation was to repeat figures aloud consecutively until he had reached

very high totals. A similar bent of mind was manifested when he entered

school in 1802, his aptitude for mathematics being quite exceptional.

But he was indebted for the direction of his abilities in no small

degree to the guidance of his father, a man of advanced political and

social views, which were qualified and balanced by the strong practical

tendency of his mind. At the age of twelve Rowland began to assist in

teaching mathematics in his father's school at Hilltop, Birmingham, and

latterly he had the chief management of the school. On his suggestion

the establishment was removed in 1819 to Hazelwood, a more commodious

building in the Hagley Road, in order to have the advantages of a large

body of boys, for the purpose of properly carrying out an improved

system of education. That system, which was devised principally by

Rowland, was expounded in a pamphlet entitled _Plans for the Government

and Education of Boys in Large Numbers_, the first edition of which

appeared in 1822, and a second with additions in 1827. The principal

feature of the system was "to leave as much as possible all power in the

hands of the boys themselves"; and it was so successful that, in a

circular issued six years after the experiment had been in operation, it

was announced that "the head master had never once exercised his right

of veto on their proceedings." It may be said that Rowland Hill, as an

educationist, is entitled to a place side by side with Arnold of Rugby,

and was equally successful with him in making moral influence of the

highest kind the predominant power in school discipline. After his

marriage in 1827 Hill removed to a new school at Bruce Castle,

Tottenham, which he conducted until failing health compelled him to

retire in 1833. About this time he became secretary of Gibbon

Wakefield's scheme for colonizing South Australia, the objects of which

he explained in 1832 in a pamphlet on _Home Colonies_, afterwards partly

reprinted during the Irish famine under the title _Home Colonies for

Ireland_. It was in 1835 that his zeal as an administrative reformer was

first directed to the postal system. The discovery which resulted from

these investigations is when stated so easy of comprehension that there

is great danger of losing sight of its originality and thoroughness. A

fact which enhances its merit was that he was not a post-office

official, and possessed no practical experience of the details of the

old system. After a laborious collection of statistics he succeeded in

demonstrating that the principal expense of letter carriage was in

receiving and distributing, and that the cost of conveyance differed so

little with the distance that a uniform rate of postage was in reality

the fairest to all parties that could be adopted. Trusting also that the

deficiency in the postal rate would be made up by the immense increase

of correspondence, and by the saving which would be obtained from

prepayment, from improved methods of keeping accounts, and from

lessening the expense of distribution, he in his famous pamphlet

published in 1837 recommended that within the United Kingdom the rate

for letters not exceeding half an ounce in weight should be only one

penny. The employment of postage stamps is mentioned only as a

suggestion, and in the following words: "Perhaps the difficulties might

be obviated by using a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp,

and covered at the back with a glutinous wash which by applying a little

moisture might be attached to the back of the letter." Proposals so

striking and novel in regard to a subject in which every one had a

personal interest commanded immediate and general attention. So great

became the pressure of public opinion against the opposition offered to

the measure by official prepossessions and prejudices that in 1838 the

House of Commons appointed a committee to examine the subject. The

committee having reported favourably, a bill to carry out Hill's

recommendations was brought in by the government. The act received the

royal assent in 1839, and after an intermediate rate of four-pence had

been in operation from the 5th of December of that year, the penny rate

commenced on the 10th of January 1840. Hill received an appointment in

the Treasury in order to superintend the introduction of his reforms,

but he was compelled to retire when the Liberal government resigned

office in 1841. In consideration of the loss he thus sustained, and to

mark the public appreciation of his services, he was in 1846 presented

with the sum of L13,360. On the Liberals returning to office in the

same year he was appointed secretary to the postmaster-general and in

1854 he was made chief secretary. His ability as a practical

administrator enabled him to supplement his original discovery by

measures realizing its benefits in a degree commensurate with

continually improving facilities of communication, and in a manner best

combining cheapness with efficiency. In 1860 his services were rewarded

with the honour of knighthood; and when failing health compelled him to

resign his office in 1864, he received from parliament a grant of

L20,000 and was also allowed to retain his full salary of L2000 a year

as retiring pension. In 1864 the university of Oxford conferred on him

the degree of D.C.L., and on the 6th of June 1879 he was presented with

the freedom of the city of London. The presentation, on account of his

infirm health, took place at his residence at Hampstead, and he died on

the 27th of August following. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He wrote, in conjunction with his brother, Arthur Hill, a _History of

Penny Postage_, published in 1880, with an introductory memoir by his

nephew, G. Birkbeck Hill. See also _Sir Rowland Hill, the Story of a

Great Reform_, told by his daughter (1907). To commemorate his memory

the Rowland Hill Memorial and Benevolent Fund was founded shortly

after his death for the purpose of relieving distressed persons

connected with the post office who were outside the scope of the

Superannuation Act. See also POST AND POSTAL SERVICE.

HILL, ROWLAND HILL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1772-1842), British general, was the

second son of (Sir) John Hill, of Hawkstone, Shropshire, and nephew of

the Rev. Rowland Hill (1744-1833), was born at Prees Hall near Hawkstone

on the 11th of August 1772. He was gazetted to the 38th regiment in

1790, obtaining permission at the same time to study in a military

academy at Strassburg, where he continued after removing into the 53rd

regiment with the rank of lieutenant in 1791. In the beginning of 1793

he raised a company, and was promoted to the rank of captain. The same

year he acted as assistant secretary to the British minister at Genoa,

and served with distinction as a staff officer in the siege of Toulon.

Hill took part in many minor expeditions in the following years. In

1800, when only twenty-eight, he was made a brevet colonel, and in 1801

he served with distinction in Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition to

Egypt, and was wounded at the battle of Alexandria. He continued to

command his regiment, the 90th, until 1803, when he became a

brigadier-general. During his regimental command he introduced a

regimental school and a sergeants' mess. He held various commands as

brigadier, and after 1805 as major-general, in Ireland. In 1805 he

commanded a brigade in the abortive Hanover expedition. In 1808 he was

appointed to a brigade in the force sent to Portugal, and from Vimeira

to Vittoria, in advance or retreat, he proved himself Wellington's

ablest and most indefatigable coadjutor. He led a brigade at Vimeira, at

Corunna and at Oporto, and a division at Talavera (see PENINSULAR WAR).

His capacity for independent command was fully demonstrated in the

campaigns of 1810, 1811 and 1812. In 1811 he annihilated a French

detachment under Girard at Arroyo-dos-Molinos, and early in 1812, having

now attained a rank of lieutenant-general (January 1812) and become a

K.B. (March), he carried by assault the important works of Almaraz on

the Tagus. Hill led the right wing of Wellington's army in the Salamanca

campaign in 1812 and at the battle of Vittoria in 1813. Later in this

year he conducted the investment of Pampeluna and fought with the

greatest distinction at the Nivelle and the Nive. In the invasion of

France in 1814 his corps was victoriously engaged both at Orthez and at

Toulouse. Hill was one of the general officers rewarded for their

services by peerages, his title being at first Baron Hill of Almaraz and

Hawkstone, and he received a pension, the thanks of parliament and the

freedom of the city of London. For about two years previous to his

elevation to the peerage, he had been M.P. for Shrewsbury. In 1815 the

news of Napoleon's return from Elba was followed by the assembly of an

Anglo-Allied army (see WATERLOO CAMPAIGN) in the Netherlands, and Hill

was appointed to one of the two corps commands in this army. At Waterloo

he led the famous charge of Sir Frederick Adams's brigade against the

Imperial Guard, and for some time it was thought that he had fallen in

the melee. He escaped, however, without a wound, and continued with the

army in France until its withdrawal in 1818. Hill lived in retirement

for some years at his estate of Hardwicke Grange. He carried the royal

standard at the coronation of George IV. and became general in 1825.

When Wellington became premier in 1828, he received the appointment of

general commanding-in-chief, and on resigning this office in 1842 he was

created a viscount. He died on the 10th of December of the same year.

Lord Hill was, next to Wellington, the most popular and able soldier of

his time in the British service, and was so much beloved by the troops,

especially those under his immediate command, that he gained from them

the title of "the soldier's friend." He was a G.C.B, and G.C.H., and

held the grand crosses of various foreign orders, amongst them the

Russian St George and the Austrian Maria Theresa.

The _Life of Lord Hill, G.C.B._, by Rev. Edwin Sidney, appeared in

1845.

HILL (O. Eng. _hyll_; cf. Low Ger. _hull_, Mid. Dutch _hul_, allied to

Lat. _celsus_, high, _collis_, hill, &c.), a natural elevation of the

earth's surface. The term is now usually confined to elevations lower

than a mountain, but formerly was used for all such elevations, high or

low.

HILLAH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalik of Bagdad, 60 m. S. of

the city of Bagdad, in 32 deg. 2' 35" N., 44 deg. 48' 40(1/2)" E.,

formerly the capital of a sanjak and the residence of a mutasserif, who

in 1893 was transferred to Diwanieh. It is situated on both banks of the

Euphrates, the two parts of the town being connected by a floating

bridge, 450 ft. in length, in the midst of a very fertile district. The

estimated population, which includes a large number of Jews, varies from

6000 to 12,000. The town has suffered much from the periodical breaking

of the Hindieh dam and the consequent deflection of the waters of the

Euphrates to the westward, as a result of which at times the Euphrates

at this point has been entirely dry. This deflection of water has also

seriously interfered with the palm groves, the cultivation of which

constitutes a large part of the industry of the surrounding country

along the river. The bazaars of Hillah are relatively large and well

supplied. Many of the houses in the town are built of brick, not a few

bearing an inscription of Nebuchadrezzar, obtained from the ruins of

Babylon, which lie less than an hour away to the north.

Bibliography.--C. J. Rich, _Babylon and Persepolis_ (1839); J. R.

Peters, _Nippur_ (1857); H. Rassam, _Asshur and the Land of Nimrod_

(1897); H. V. Geere, _By Nile and Euphrates_ (1904). (J. P. Pe.)

HILLARD, GEORGE STILLMAN (1808-1879), American lawyer and author, was

born at Machias, Maine, on the 22nd of September 1808. After graduating

at Harvard College in 1828, he taught in the Round Hill School at

Northampton, Massachusetts. He graduated at the Harvard Law School in

1832, and in 1833 he was admitted to the bar in Boston, where he entered

into partnership with Charles Sumner. He was a member of the state House

of Representatives in 1836, of the state Senate in 1850, and of the

state constitutional convention of 1853, and in 1866-70 was United

States district attorney for Massachusetts. He devoted a large portion

of his time to literature. He became a member of the editorial staff of

the _Christian Register_, a Unitarian weekly, in 1833; in 1834 he became

editor of The _American Jurist_ (1829-1843), a legal journal to which

Sumner, Simon Greenleaf and Theron Metcalf contributed; and from 1856 to

1861 he was an associate editor of the Boston _Courier_. His

publications include an edition of Edmund Spenser's works (in 5 vols.,

1839); _Selections from the Writings of Walter Savage Landor_ (1856);

_Six Months in Italy_ (2 vols., 1853); _Life and Campaigns of George B.

McClellan_ (1864); a part of the _Life, Letters, and Journals of George

Ticknor_ (1876); besides a series of school readers and many articles in

periodicals and encyclopaedias. He died in Boston on the 21st of January

1879.

HILLEBRAND, KARL (1829-1884), German author, was born at Giessen on the

17th of September 1829, his father Joseph Hillebrand (1788-1871) being a

literary historian and writer on philosophic subjects. Karl Hillebrand

became involved, as a student in Heidelberg, in the Baden revolutionary

movement, and was imprisoned in Rastatt. He succeeded in escaping and

lived for a time in Strassburg, Paris--where for several months he was

Heine's secretary--and Bordeaux. He continued his studies, and after

obtaining the doctor's degree at the Sorbonne, he was appointed teacher

of German in the _Ecole militaire_ at St Cyr, and shortly afterwards,

professor of foreign literatures at Douai. On the outbreak of the

Franco-German War he resigned his professorship and acted for a time as

correspondent to _The Times_ in Italy. He then settled in Florence, where

he died on the 19th of October 1884. Hillebrand wrote with facility and

elegance in French, English and Italian, besides his own language. His

essays, collected under the title _Zeiten, Volker und Menschen_ (Berlin,

1874-1885), show clear discernment, a finely balanced cosmopolitan

judgment and grace of style. He undertook to write the _Geschichte

Frankreichs von der Thronbesteigung Ludwig Philipps bis zum Fall

Napoleons III._, but only two volumes were completed (to 1848) (2nd ed.,

1881-1882). In French he published _Des conditions de la bonne comedie_

(1863), _La Prusse contemporaine_ (1867), _Etudes italiennes_ (1868), and

a translation of O. Muller's _Griechische Literaturgeschichte_ (3rd ed.,

1883). In English he published his Royal Institution Lectures on _German

Thought during the Last Two Hundred Years_ (1880). He also edited a

collection of essays dealing with Italy, under the title _Italia_ (4

vols., Leipzig, 1824-1877).

See H. Homberger, _Karl Hillebrand_ (Berlin, 1884).

HILLEL, Jewish rabbi, of Babylonian origin, lived at Jerusalem in the

time of King Herod. Though hard pressed by poverty, he applied himself

to study in the schools of Shemaiah and Abtalion (Sameas and Pollion in

Josephus). On account of his comprehensive learning and his rare

qualities he was numbered among the recognized leaders of the Pharisaic

scribes. Tradition assigns him the highest dignity of the Sanhedrin,

under the title of nasi ("prince"), about a hundred years before the

destruction of Jerusalem, i.e. about 30 B.C. The date at least can be

recognized as historic; the fact that Hillel took a leading position in

the council can also be established. The epithet _ha-zaken_ ("the

elder"), which usually accompanies his name, proves him to have been a

member of the Sanhedrin, and according to a trustworthy authority Hillel

filled his leading position for forty years, dying, therefore, about

A.D. 10. His descendants remained, with few exceptions, at the head of

Judaism in Palestine until the beginning of the 5th century, two of

them, his grandson Gamaliel I. and the latter's son Simon, during the

time when the Temple was still standing. The fact that Josephus (_Vita_

38) ascribes to Simon descent from a very distinguished stock ([Greek:

genous sphodra lamprou]), shows in what degree of estimation Hillel's

descendants stood. When the dignity of _nasi_ became afterwards

hereditary among them, Hillel's ancestry, perhaps on the ground of old

family traditions, was traced back to David. Hillel is especially noted

for the fact that he gave a definite form to the Jewish traditional

learning, as it had been developed and made into the ruling and

conserving factor of Judaism in the latter days of the second Temple,

and particularly in the centuries following the destruction of the

Temple. He laid down seven rules for the interpretation of the

Scriptures, and these became the foundation of rabbinical hermeneutics;

and the ordering of the traditional doctrines into a whole, effected in

the Mishna by his successor Judah I., two hundred years after Hillel's

death, was probably likewise due to his instigation. The tendency of his

theory and practice in matters pertaining to the Law is evidenced by the

fact that in general he advanced milder and more lenient views in

opposition to his colleague Shammai, a contrast which after the death of

the two masters, but not until after the destruction of the Temple, was

maintained in the strife kept up between the two schools named the House

of Hillel and the House of Shammai. The well-known institution of the

Prosbol ([Greek: prosbole]), introduced by Hillel, was intended to avert

the evil consequences of the scriptural law of release in the seventh

year (Deut. xv. 1). He was led to this, as is expressly set forth (_M.

Gittin_, iv. 3), by a regard for the welfare of the community. Hillel

lived in the memory of posterity chiefly as the great teacher who

enjoined and practised the virtues of charity, humility and true piety.

His proverbial sayings, in particular, a great number of which were

written down partly in Aramaic, partly in Hebrew, strongly affected the

spirit both of his contemporaries and of the succeeding generations. In

his Maxims (_Aboth,_ i. 12) he recommends the love of peace and the love

of mankind beyond all else, and his own love of peace sprang from the

tenderness and deep humility which were essential features in his

character, as has been illustrated by many anecdotes. Hillel's patience

has become proverbial. One of his sayings commends humility in the

following paradox: "My abasement is my exaltation." His charity towards

men is given its finest expression in the answer which he made to a

proselyte who asked to be taught the commandments of the Torah in the

shortest possible form: "What is unpleasant to thyself that do not to

thy neighbour; this is the whole Law, all else is but its exposition."

This allusion to the scriptural injunction to love one's neighbour (Lev.

xix. 18) as the fundamental law of religious morals, became in a certain

sense a commonplace of Pharisaic scholasticism. For the Pharisee who

accepts the answer of Jesus regarding that fundamental doctrine which

ranks the love of one's neighbour as the highest duty after the love of

God (Mark xii. 33), does so because as a disciple of Hillel the idea is

familiar to him. St Paul also (Gal. v. 14) doubtless learned this in the

school of Gamaliel. Hillel emphasized the connexion between duty towards

one's neighbour and duty towards oneself in the epigrammatic saying: "If

I am not for myself, who is for me? And if I am for myself alone, what

then am I? And if not now, then when?" (_Aboth_, i. 14). The duty of

working both with and for men he teaches in the sentence: "Separate not

thyself from the congregation" (_ib._ ii. 4). The duty of considering

oneself part of common humanity, of not differing from others by any

peculiarity of behaviour, he sums up in the words: "Appear neither naked

nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping"

(_Tosef. Ber._ c. ii.). The command to love one's neighbour inspired

also Hillel's injunction (_Aboth_, ii. 4): "Judge not thy neighbour

until thou art in his place" (cf. Matt. vii. 1). The disinterested

pursuit of learning, study for study's sake, is commended in many of

Hillel's sayings as being what is best in life: "He who wishes to make a

name for himself loses his name; he who does not increase [his

knowledge] decreases it; he who does not learn is worthy of death; he

who works for the sake of a crown is lost" (_Aboth_, i. 13). "He who

occupies himself much with learning makes his life" (_ib._ ii. 7). "He

who has acquired the words of doctrine has acquired the life of the

world to come" (_ib._). "Say not: When I am free from other occupations

I shall study; for may be thou shalt never at all be free" (_ib._ 4).

One of his strings of proverbs runs as follows: "The uncultivated man is

not innocent; the ignorant man is not devout; the bashful man learns

not; the wrathful man teaches not; he who is much absorbed in trade

cannot become wise; where no men are, there strive thyself to be a man"

(_ib._ 5). The almost mystical profundity of Hillel's consciousness of

God is shown in the words spoken by him on the occasion of a feast in

the Temple--words alluding to the throng of people gathered there which

he puts into the mouth of God Himself: "If I am here every one is here;

if I am not here no one is here" (_Sukkah_ 53a). In like manner Hillel

makes God say to Israel, referring to Exodus xx. 24: "Whither I please,

thither will I go; if thou come into my house I come into thy house; if

thou come not into my house, I come not into thine" (_ib._).

It is noteworthy that no miraculous legends are connected with Hillel's

life. A scholastic tradition, however, tells of a voice from heaven

which made itself heard when the wise men had assembled in Jericho,

saying: "Among those here present is one who would have deserved the

Holy Spirit to rest upon him, if his time had been worthy of it." And

all eyes turned towards Hillel (_Tos. Sotah_, xiii. 3). When he died

lamentation was made for him as follows: "Woe for the humble, woe for

the pious, woe for the disciple of Ezra!" (_ib._)

HILLEL II., one of the patriarchs belonging to the family of Hillel

I., lived in Tiberias about the middle of the 4th century, and

introduced the arrangement of the calendar through which the Jews of

the Diaspora became independent of Palestine in the uniform fixation

of the new moons and feasts.

The Rabbi HILLEL, who in the 4th century made the remarkable

declaration that Israel need not expect a Messiah, because the promise

of a Messiah had already been fulfilled in the days of King Hezekiah

(Babli, _Sanhedrin_, 99a), is probably Hillel, the son of Samuel ben

Nahman, a well-known expounder of the scriptures. (W. Ba.)

HILLER, FERDINAND (1811-1885), German composer, was born at

Frankfort-on-Main, on the 24th of October 1811. His first master was

Aloys Schmitt, and when he was ten years of age his compositions and

talent led his father, a well-to-do man, to send him to Hummel in

Weimar. There he devoted himself to composition, among his work being

the entr'actes to _Maria Stuart_, through which he made Goethe's

acquaintance. Under Hummel, Hiller made great strides as a pianist, so

much so that early in 1827 he went on a tour to Vienna, where he met

Beethoven and produced his first quartet. After a brief visit home

Hiller went to Paris in 1829, where he lived till 1836. His father's

death necessitated his return to Frankfort for a time, but on the 8th of

January 1839 he produced at Milan his opera _La Romilda_, and began to

write his oratorio _Die Zerstorung Jerusalems_, one of his best works.

Then he went to Leipzig, to his friend Mendelssohn, where in 1843-1844

he conducted a number of the Gewandhaus concerts and produced his

oratorio. After a further visit to Italy to study sacred music, Hiller

produced two operas, _Ein Traum_ and _Conradin_, at Dresden in 1845 and

1847 respectively; he went as conductor to Dusseldorf in 1847 and

Cologne in 1850, and conducted at the Opera Italien in Paris in 1851 and

1852. At Cologne he became a power as conductor of the Gurzenich

concerts and head of the Conservatorium. In 1884 he retired, and died on

the 12th of May in the following year. Hiller frequently visited

England. He composed a work for the opening of the Royal Albert Hall,

his _Nala and Damayanti_ was performed at Birmingham, and he gave a

series of pianoforte recitals of his own compositions at the Hanover

Square Rooms in 1871. He had a perfect mastery over technique and form

in musical composition, but his works are generally dry. He was a sound

pianist and teacher, and occasionally a brilliant writer on musical

matters. His compositions, numbering about two hundred, include six

operas, two oratorios, six or seven cantatas, much chamber music and a

once-popular pianoforte concerto.

HILLER, JOHANN ADAM (1728-1804), German musical composer, was born at

Wendisch-Ossig near Gorlitz in Silesia on the 25th of December 1728. By

the death of his father in 1734 he was left dependent to a large extent

on the charity of friends. Entering in 1747 the Kreuzschule in Dresden,

the school attended many years afterwards by Richard Wagner, he

subsequently went to the university of Leipzig, where he studied

jurisprudence, supporting himself by giving music lessons, and also by

performing at concerts both on the flute and as a vocalist. Gradually he

adopted music as his sole profession, and devoted himself more

especially to the permanent establishment of a concert institute at

Leipzig. It was he who in 1781 originated the celebrated Gewandhaus

concerts which still flourish at Leipzig. In 1789 he became "cantor" of

the Thomas school there, a position previously held by John Sebastian

Bach. He died in Leipzig on the 16th of June 1804. Two of his pupils

placed a monument to his memory in front of the Thomas school. Hiller's

compositions comprise almost every kind of church music, from the

cantata to the simple chorale. But much more important are his

operettas, 14 in number, which for a long time retained their place on

the boards, and had considerable influence on the development of light

dramatic music in Germany. The _Jolly Cobbler_, _Love in the Country_

and the _Village Barber_ were amongst the most popular of his works.

Hiller also excelled in sentimental songs and ballads. With great

simplicity of structure his music combines a considerable amount of

genuine melodic invention. Although an admirer and imitator of the

Italian school, Hiller fully appreciated the greatness of Handel, and

did much for the appreciation of his music in Germany. It was under his

direction that the _Messiah_ was for the first time given at Berlin,

more than forty years after the composition of that great work. Hiller

was also a writer on music, and for some years (1766-1770) edited a

musical weekly periodical named _Wochentliche Nachrichten und

Anmerkungen die Musik betreffend_.

HILLIARD, LAWRENCE (d. 1640), English miniature painter. The date of his

birth is not known, but he died in 1640. He was the son of Nicholas

Hilliard, and evidently derived his Christian name from that of his

grandmother. He adopted his father's profession and worked out the

unexpired time of his licence after Nicholas Hilliard died. It was from

Lawrence Hilliard that Charles I. received the portrait of Queen

Elizabeth now at Montagu House, since van der Dort's catalogue describes

it as "done by old Hilliard, and bought by the king of young Hilliard."

In 1624 he was paid L42 from the treasury for five pictures, but the

warrant does not specify whom they represented. His portraits are of

great rarity, two of the most beautiful being those in the collections

of Earl Beauchamp and Mr J. Pierpont Morgan. They are as a rule signed

L.H., but are also to be distinguished by the beauty of the calligraphy

in which the inscriptions round the portraits are written. The writing

is as a rule very florid, full of exquisite curves and flourishes, and

more elaborate than the more formal handwriting of Nicholas Hilliard.

The colour scheme adopted by the son is richer and more varied than that

used by the father, and Lawrence Hilliard's miniatures are not so hard

as are those of Nicholas, and are marked by more shade and a greater

effect of atmosphere. (G. C. W.)

HILLIARD, NICHOLAS (c. 1537-1619), the first true English miniature

painter, is said to have been the son of Richard Hilliard of Exeter,

high sheriff of the city and county in 1560, by Lawrence, daughter of

John Wall, goldsmith, of London, and was born probably about 1537. He

was appointed goldsmith, carver and portrait painter to Queen Elizabeth,

and engraved the Great Seal of England in 1586. He was in high favour

with James I. as well as with Elizabeth, and from the king received a

special patent of appointment, dated the 5th of May 1617, and granting

him a sole licence for the royal work for twelve years. He is believed

to have been the author of an important treatise on miniature painting,

now preserved in the Bodleian Library, but it seems more probable that

the author of that treatise was John de Critz, Serjeant Painter to James

I. It is probable, however, that the treatise was taken down from the

instructions of Hilliard, for the benefit of one of his pupils, perhaps

Isaac Oliver.

The esteem of his countrymen for Hilliard is testified to by Dr Donne,

who in a poem called "The Storm" (1597) praises the work of this artist.

He painted a portrait of himself at the age of thirteen, and is said to

have executed one of Mary queen of Scots when he was eighteen years old.

He died on the 7th of January 1619, and was buried in St

Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster, leaving by his will twenty

shillings to the poor of the parish, L30 between his two sisters, some

goods to his maidservant, and all the rest of his effects to his son,

Lawrence Hilliard, his sole executor.

It seems to be pretty certain that he visited France, and that he is the

artist alluded to in the papers of the duc d'Alencon under the name of

"Nicholas Belliart, peintre anglois" who was painter to this prince in

1577, receiving a stipend of 200 livres. The miniature of Mademoiselle

de Sourdis, in the collection of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, is certainly the

work of Hilliard, and is dated 1577, in which year she was a maid of

honour at the French Court; and other portraits which are his work are

believed to represent Gabrielle d'Estrees, niece of Madame de Sourdis,

la Princesse de Conde and Madame de Montgomery.

For further information respecting Hilliard's sojourn in France, see

the privately printed catalogue of the collection of miniatures

belonging to Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, compiled by Dr G. C. Williamson.

(G. C. W.)

HILLSDALE, a city and the county-seat of Hillsdale county, Michigan,

U.S.A., about 87 m. W. by S. of Detroit. Pop. (1900) 4151, of whom 300

were foreign-born; (1904) 4809; (1910) 5001. Hillsdale is served by the

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railway. It has a public library, and is

the seat of Hillsdale College (co-educational, Free Baptist), which was

opened as Michigan Central College, at Spring Arbor, Michigan, in 1844,

was removed to Hillsdale and received its present name in 1853 and was

re-opened here in 1855. The college in 1907-1908 had 22 instructors and

345 students. The city is a centre for a rich farming region; among its

manufactures are gasoline and gas engines, screen doors, wagons,

barrels, shoes, fur-coats and flour. Hillsdale was first settled in

1837, was incorporated as a village in 1847, and was chartered as a city

in 1869.

HILL TIPPERA, or TRIPURA, a native state of India, adjoining the British

district of Tippera, in Eastern Bengal and Assam. Area, 4086 sq. m.;

pop, (1901) 173,325; estimated revenue, L55,000. Six parallel ranges of

hill cross it from north to south, at an average distance of 12 m.

apart. The hills are covered for the most part with bamboo jungle, while

the low ground abounds with trees of various kinds, canebrakes and

swamps. The principal crop and food staple is rice. The other articles

of produce are cotton, chillies and vegetables. The chief exports are

cotton, timber, oilseeds, bamboo canes, thatching-grass and firewood, on

all of which tolls are levied. The chief rivers are the Gumti, Haora,

Khoyai, Dulai, Manu and Fenny (Pheni). During the heavy rains the people

in the plains use boats as almost the sole means of conveyance.

The history of the state includes two distinct periods--the traditional

period described in the _Rajmala_, or "Chronicles of the Kings of

Tippera," and the period since A.D. 1407. The _Rajmala_ is a history in

Bengali verse, compiled by the Brahmans of the court of Tripura. In the

early history of the state, the rajas were in a state of chronic feud

with all the neighbouring countries. The worship of Siva was here, as

elsewhere in India, associated with the practice of human sacrifice, and

in no part of India were more victims offered. It was not until the

beginning of the 17th century that the Moguls obtained any footing in

this country. When the East India Company obtained the _diwani_ or

financial administration of Bengal in 1765, so much of Tippera as had

been placed on the Mahommedan rent-roll came under British rule. Since

1808, each successive ruler has received investiture from the British

government. In October 1905 the state was attached to the new province

of Eastern Bengal and Assam. It has a chronological era of its own,

adopted by Raja Birraj, from whom the present raja is 93rd in descent.

The year 1875 corresponded with 1285 of the Tippera era.

Besides being the ruler of Hill Tippera, the raja holds an estate in the

British district of Tippera, called _chakla_ Roshnabad, which is far the

most valuable of his possessions. The capital is Agartala (pop. 9513),

where there is an Arts College. The raja's palace and other public

buildings were seriously damaged by the earthquake of the 12th of June

1897. The late raja, who died from the result of a motor-car accident in

1909, succeeded his father in 1896, but he had taken a large share in

the administration of the state for some years previously. The principle

of succession, which had often caused serious disputes, was defined in

1904, to the effect that the chief may nominate any male descendant

through males from himself or from any male ancestor, but failing such

nomination, then the rule of primogeniture applies.

HILTON, JOHN (1804-1878), British surgeon, was born at Castle Hedingham,

in Essex, in 1804. He entered Guy's Hospital in 1824. He was appointed

demonstrator of anatomy in 1828, assistant-surgeon in 1845, surgeon

1849. In 1867 he was president of the Royal College of Surgeons, of

which he became member in 1827 and fellow in 1843, and he also delivered

the Hunterian oration in 1867. As Arris and Gale professor (1859-1862)

he delivered a course of lectures on "Rest and Pain," which have become

classics. He was also surgeon-extraordinary to Queen Victoria. Hilton

was the greatest anatomist of his time, and was nick named "Anatomical

John." It was he who, with Joseph Towne the artist, enriched Guy's

Hospital with its unique collection of models. In his grasp of the

structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord he was far in

advance of his contemporaries. As an operator he was more cautious than

brilliant. This was doubtless due partly to his living in the

pre-anaesthetics period, and partly to his own consummate anatomical

knowledge, as is indicated by the method for opening deep abscesses

which is known by his name. But he could be bold when necessary; he was

the first to reduce a case of obturator hernia by abdominal section, and

one of the first to practise lumbar colostomy. He died at Clapham on the

14th of September 1878.

HILTON, WILLIAM (1786-1839), English painter, was born in Lincoln on the

3rd of June 1786, son of a portrait-painter. In 1800 he was placed with

the engraver J. R. Smith, and about the same time began studying in the

Royal Academy school. He first exhibited in this institution in 1803,

sending a "Group of Banditti"; and he soon established a reputation for

choice of subject, and qualities of design and colour superior to the

great mass of his contemporaries. He made a tour in Italy with Thomas

Phillips, the portrait-painter. In 1813, having exhibited "Miranda and

Ferdinand with the Logs of Wood," he was elected an associate of the

Academy, and in 1820 a full academician, his diploma-picture

representing "Ganymede." In 1823 he produced "Christ crowned with

Thorns," a large and important work, subsequently bought out of the

Chantrey Fund; this may be regarded as his masterpiece. In 1827 he

succeeded Henry Thomson as keeper of the Academy. He died in London on

the 30th of December 1839, Some of his best pictures remained on his

hands at his decease--such as the "Angel releasing Peter from Prison"

(life-size), painted in 1831, "Una with the Lion entering Corceca's

Cave" (1832), the "Murder of the Innocents," his last exhibited work

(1838), "Comus," and "Amphitrite." The National Gallery now owns "Edith

finding the Body of Harold" (1834), "Cupid Disarmed," "Rebecca and

Abraham's Servant" (1829), "Nature blowing Bubbles for her Children"

(1821), and "Sir Calepine rescuing Serena" (from the _Faerie Queen_)

(1831). In the National Portrait Gallery is his likeness of John Keats,

with whom he was acquainted. In a great school or period Hilton could

not count as more than a respectable subordinate; but in the British

school of the earlier part of the 19th century he had sufficient

elevation of aim and width of attainment to stand conspicuous.

HILVERSUM, a town in the province of North Holland, 18 m. by rail S.E.

of Amsterdam. It is connected with Amsterdam by a steam tramway, passing

by way of the small fortified towns of Naarden and Muiden on the Zuider

Zee. Pop. (1900) 20,238. It is situated in the middle of the Gooi, a

stretch of hilly country extending from the Zuider Zee to about 5 m.

south of Hilversum, and composed of pine woods and sandy heaths. A

convalescent home, the Trompenberg, was established here in 1874, and

there are a town hall, middle-class and technical schools, and various

places of worship, including a synagogue. Hilversum manufactures large

quantities of floor-cloths and horse-blankets.

HIMALAYA, the name given to the mountains which form the northern

boundary of India. The word is Sanskrit and literally signifies

"snow-abode," from _him_, snow, and _alaya_, abode, and might be

translated "snowy-range," although that expression is perhaps more

nearly the equivalent of _Himachal_, another Sanskrit word derived from

_him_, snow, and _achal_, mountain, which is practically synonymous with

Himalaya and is often used by natives of northern India. The name was

converted by the Greeks into _Emodos_ and _Imaos_.

Modern geographers restrict the term Himalaya to that portion of the

mountain region between India and Tibet enclosed within the arms of the

Indus and the Brahmaputra. From the bend of the Indus southwards towards

the plains of the Punjab to the bend of the Brahmaputra southwards

towards the plains of Assam, through a length of 1500 m., is Himachal or

Himalaya. Beyond the Indus, to the north-west, the region of mountain

ranges which stretches to a junction with the Hindu Kush south of the

Pamirs, is usually known as Trans-Himalaya. Thus the Himalaya represents

the southern face of the great central upheaval--the plateau of

Tibet--the northern face of which is buttressed by the Kuen Lun.

Structure of the Himalaya.

Throughout this vast space of elevated plateau and mountain face

geologists now trace a system of main chains, or axes, extending from

the Hindu Kush to Assam, arranged in approximately parallel lines, and

traversed at intervals by main lines of drainage obliquely.

Godwin-Austen indicates six of these geological axes as follows:

1. The main Central Asian axis, the Kuen Lun forming the northern edge

or ridge of the Tibetan plateau.

2. The Trans-Himalayan chain of Muztagh (or Karakoram), which is lost

in the Tibetan uplands, passing to the north of the sources of the

Indus.

3. The Ladakh chain, partly north and partly south of the Indus--for

that river breaks across it about 100 m. above Leh. This chain

continues south of the Tsanpo (or Upper Brahmaputra), and becomes part

of the Himalayan system.

4. The Zaskar, or main chain of the Himalaya, i.e. the "snowy range"

_par excellence_ which is indicated by Nanga Parbat (overlooking the

Indus), and passes in a south-east direction to the southern side of

the Deosai plains. Thence, bending slightly south, it extends in the

line of snowy peaks which are seen from Simla to the famous peaks of

Gangotri and Nanda Devi. This is the best known range of the Himalaya.