Ancestors of the Metchnikoff family--The Great Spatar--Leo
Nevahovitch.
The Metchnikoff family made no show of family pride; one old aunt,
however, was extremely proud of one of their ancestors, the Great
"Spatar" (sword-bearer). The following is the account given of this
ancestor by E. Picot, after a Moldavian chronicle.[5]
[5] _Chronicle of John Neculua._
Few men led such an adventurous life or made themselves glorious
through such varied gifts as did Nicholas Spatar Milescu.
His name is connected with the history of Moldavian, Greek, Russian,
and Chinese literature. His origin, his talents, his crime, the
mutilation he suffered, his audacious journey across the whole of
Asia to reach Pekin, the valuable information which he gathered
during his embassy at the Court of the "Son of Heaven," everything
conspires to excite curiosity concerning him.
Spatar was born in Moldavia in 1625. While yet very young he went
to Constantinople, where he studied theology, philosophy, history
ancient and modern, Greek, Latin, Slavonic and Turkish. He afterwards
went to Italy to study natural science and mathematics. On his return
to Moldavia he soon became known for his erudition, acquired great
influence, and became much appreciated at Court. Owing to clever
political intrigues he preserved the simultaneous favour of several
enemy princes, one of whom, Stepanita, covered him with benefits and
honours. Nevertheless, Spatar wrote to Constantine Bassarab, in Poland,
advising him to come and to overthrow Stepanita's throne. He sent
his letter inside a hollow cane; Constantine, however, did not wish
to launch himself into such an adventure, and indignantly sent the
hollow cane and the letter to Stepanita himself. At first the prince,
naturally angry, thought of having Spatar executed; he spared his life
for the sake of his talents, but condemned him to have the tip of his
nose cut off. Spatar went to Germany, where, says the naïve chronicler,
a doctor made his nose grow again. He came back to Moldavia for a short
time and then went to Russia. Thanks to his knowledge of languages, he
was made an interpreter at the Court of the Tsar Alexis Michailovitch,
and was the first tutor of his son Peter the Great, whom he taught to
read and to write.
In 1674 the Tsar Alexis Michailovitch entrusted Spatar with a mission
in China, where he was to open negotiations with a view to commercial
and political relations between Russia and China. In the course of his
journey Spatar carefully collected all possible information concerning
the countries he traversed. He thus gathered much interesting
geographical knowledge and highly important data concerning the
commercial value of Asiatic rivers, and specially the Amour river.
At Pekin, Spatar rapidly learnt the Chinese language, occupied for
three years the post of ambassador in China, and returned to Russia
bringing back most valuable information and many rich presents given
him by the Emperor of China.
All this had excited the jealousy of the Muscovite courtiers; they
took advantage of the coincidence between the death of the Tsar and
Spatar's return to deprive him of his treasures and to have him exiled
to Siberia. But, when Peter the Great ascended the throne, Spatar
succeeded in making a letter reach him relating his misfortunes,
and the Tsar recalled him, gave him back his property, and showered
honours upon him. Spatar again became interpreter of the Embassy; Peter
consulted him in all Far-Eastern questions, and gave him confidential
documents to translate into foreign languages.
Spatar's literary activity was vast and varied. He translated the Bible
from the Greek into Roumanian; he wrote a chronicle on the origin of
Roumania, articles on theology, a Greco-Latin-Russian dictionary, and a
work entitled _Arithmetic_, in which he discussed, by means of numbers
and figures, questions of Theology, Philosophy, and Ethics. He dealt in
his writings with Art, Archæology, and History; described his Siberian
travels, China and the Amour river, and made numerous translations of
diplomatic documents. His erudition was such that his contemporaries
appealed to his knowledge as they would have consulted an encyclopædia.
He had married a Muscovite and had several sons and grandsons. Three
of his nephews came from Moldavia to join him and entered the Russian
army. He died in 1714 at the age of 80. Such is the history of the
"Great Spatar."
The following notice is to be found in Brockhaus and Effrone's
_Encyclopædia_: "The Metchnikoffs are a noble family, descended from a
Moldavian Boyar, the Spatar (sword-bearer) Joury Stepanovitch,[6] who
came to Russia with Prince Cantemir. Peter the Great gave this Boyar
large land estates. His son took the name of Metchnikoff (Russian
translation of Sword-bearer)."
[6] This Boyar was no doubt a nephew of the Great Spatar.
The following generations included military men chiefly, one sailor,
one mining engineer, one senator, but no scientific men.
On the mother's side, Elie Metchnikoff had no ancestor as remarkable or
as romantic as the great Spatar. Yet his grandfather, Leo Nevahovitch,
was a very intelligent and highly cultivated man. He had been
Farmer-General for tobacco in Poland. A Jew by race, he took to heart
the persecutions directed against his co-religionists and defended
them in literary newspaper articles. Nevertheless he accepted indirect
advice from Alexander I. and let himself be baptized. He adopted the
Lutheran religion and his children were brought up in it.
At the beginning of the Polish Revolution in 1830, Nevahovitch was
warned that his house was about to be sacked; the warning reached him
as he was peacefully enjoying a theatrical performance. He hurried to
prepare for departure and left Warsaw with his family for Petersburg,
where he lived on his income. Having given up business, he took up
literary work and translated German philosophical works, made friends
in the literary world, and knew Pushkin and Kriloff. His children,
Emilia Lvovna amongst others, inherited his intellectual gifts. One
of his sons was a remarkable caricaturist and edited a caricature
newspaper which was very well known at the time. The Nevahovitch family
produced no men of science. Metchnikoff himself considered that he had
inherited his mother's disposition and turn of mind. In any case, his
ancestors on both sides included talented individuals, from whom he may
have inherited his gifts and his innate taste for science.