BELLEROPHON.
_Ques._ Who was Beller´ophon?
_Ans._ This hero was the son of Glaucus, and grandson of Sis´yphus,
king of Corinth. Having accidentally killed one of his relatives, he
fled, as was usual in such circumstances, and was received with much
kindness by Proetus, king of Argos. Beller´ophon had not, however,
been long at Argos when the king was prejudiced by a calumnious
report, and became jealous of the young hero. As he was ashamed to
violate the rights of hospitality, he despatched Beller´ophon to his
father-in-law, Joba´tes, king of the Lycians, with sealed letters in
which he requested that prince to put the bearer to death. Joba´tes
was also unwilling to imbrue his hands openly in the blood of a guest;
he resolved, therefore, to effect his purpose indirectly, by engaging
Beller´ophon in dangerous enterprises.
The first task imposed upon the hero, was the slaying of the Chimæra,
a fabulous monster which we have already described, and which was
then spreading terror through the kingdom of Lycia. Before proceeding
to the combat, Beller´ophon took counsel of the soothsayer, Polyi´dus,
who advised him to procure, if possible, the winged steed Peg´asus.
For this purpose, he directed him to pass the night in the temple of
Minerva. There the goddess visited him in a dream, and gave him a
golden bridle, instructing him as to its use. On awaking, Beller´ophon
found the bridle in his hand, and repaired immediately to the spring
at which Peg´asus was accustomed to drink. The winged steed submitted
to the golden bit, Beller´ophon mounted him fearlessly, and was borne
through the air to his combat with the Chimæra. When he returned to
Joba´tes with the spoils of the monster, the king sent him to fight
against certain people, called Sol´ymi, whom he had much difficulty in
subduing. He next defeated the Amazons, a nation of female warriors,
and destroyed a party of Lycians, who laid an ambush for him on his
return. Joba´tes perceived from these exploits that his guest was
indeed allied to the gods, and abandoned all further designs against
him. He even gave him his daughter in marriage, and declared him his
successor in the kingdom.
Beller´ophon might have ended his days in happiness and prosperity,
had he not irritated the gods by his pride. He conceived the project
of mounting to heaven on his winged steed; Jupiter was indignant, and
sent a gad-fly which stung the horse, and caused him to throw the
presumptuous rider. Beller´ophon, lame and blind from his fall,
wandered in lonely places, avoiding the haunts of men, until death
came to relieve his misery.
DEUCALION.
_Ques._ Who was Deucalion?
_Ans._ He was king of Thessaly, and son of Prometheus. During his
reign, there occurred so great a flood that the whole earth was
covered with the waters. Of the entire human race, only Deucalion and
his wife, Pyrrha, were saved. When the waters abated, the ship in
which they were carried rested upon Mount Parnassus, and they
consulted the oracle of Themis, to know by what means the earth might
again be peopled. The oracle directed that they should cast behind
them the bones of their Great Mother. Understanding by this expression
the earth, which is the common mother of all, they gathered stones
which they cast behind them, as they had been commanded, when a great
prodigy ensued. The stones thrown by Deucalion assumed human form and
became men, and those thrown by Pyrrha were changed into women.
_Ques._ How is this fable explained?
_Ans._ It is supposed that Deucalion and Pyrrha were remarkable for
their piety and virtue; and that by precept and example, they subdued
the ferocity of their subjects. In this manner they softened those
who before were hard like stones, so that gentleness and humanity
began to reign among them.
DÆDALUS.
_Ques._ Who was Dæd´alus?
_Ans._ He is said to have been a native of Athens, eminent for his
skill in architecture and statuary. His nephew Perdix wrought with
him, and showed much inventive genius. Having observed the teeth of a
serpent, or, according to some, the backbone of a fish, Perdix
invented the carpenter's saw, and applied it to the cutting of timber.
By this and other efforts of skill, the young man excited the jealousy
of Dæd´alus, who killed him by casting him down from the summit of the
Acropolis. Perdix was transformed into a partridge, a timid bird which
seems still mindful of its fall, and keeps to low coverts, avoiding
high places and lofty flights. For this murder, Dæd´alus was sentenced
to banishment by the Court of the Areop´agus. He found an asylum with
Minos, king of Crete, for whom he constructed the famous Labyrinth.
Having incurred the displeasure of Minos, Dæd´alus was imprisoned in a
lofty tower. As there seemed no other means of escape, he resolved on
attempting a flight through the air. For this purpose, he made wings
for himself and his son Ic´arus, which were so skilfully contrived,
that, by their aid, they mounted boldly in the air, and directed
their flight over the sea. Ic´arus disregarded his father's
instructions, and approached so near the sun that its heat melted the
wax which united the feathers of his wings. He could no longer sustain
himself, and was drowned in that sea which is called Icarian, from his
name. Dæd´alus arrived in Sicily, where he was employed by Coc´alus,
king of that island, in the erection of many splendid edifices.
Various explanations have been given of the fable of Dæd´alus. The
most probable opinion is that there really existed an architect of
that name, whose fame was such that all the improvements made in those
early times in architecture and sculpture were attributed to him by
popular tradition. He introduced the use of masts and sails in ships,
and he is said to have been the first who represented statues in
natural and lifelike attitudes, and with open eyes. Dæd´alus is also
mentioned as the inventor of the axe, plumb-line and augur.
CEYX--HALCYONE--THE HALCYON BIRDS.
_Ques._ Who was Ceyx?
_Ans._ He was a king of Trachinia, who married Halcy´one, a daughter
of the god Æolus. Ceyx was drowned on his way to consult the oracle of
Claros. Halcy´one was apprised of the sad event in a dream, in which
she saw her husband stand before her, with pallid countenance and
dripping garments. She hastened to the strand at break of day, and
gazing over the waters, beheld the body of Ceyx borne towards her by
the waves. In her despair, she cast herself into the sea, but the gods
took pity on the faithful pair, and transformed them into halcyons.
According to the poets, it was decreed that the sea should remain calm
while these birds built their nests upon it. Notwithstanding the
querulous, lamenting note of the halcyon, it was regarded by the
ancients as a symbol of tranquillity, and as it seemed to make its
home upon the waters, it was consecrated to Thetis. Pliny tells us
that these birds constructed their floating nests during the seven
days immediately preceding the winter solstice, and laid their eggs in
the seven days succeeding. These are the "halcyon days" of antiquity,
and this expression is still used to denote a period of bright and
tranquil happiness.
The only bird of modern times which at all resembles the halcyon
described by Pliny and Aristotle, is the _Alcedo Ispida_, a species of
martin called by the French, martin-pêcheur. This martin, however,
makes its nest on shore, lays its eggs in the spring, and has no
connection with calm weather. The large sponge-like ball which was
taken by the ancients for the floating nest of the halcyon, was in
reality a zoöphyte, of the class named by Linnæus, halcyonium.