Transcriber’s Note:
This work features some large and wide tables. These are best viewed
with a wide screen.
THE
CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY
EDITED BY
S. F. HARMER, M.A., Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge; Superintendent
of the University Museum of Zoology
AND
A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge;
University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates
VOLUME III
[Illustration]
[Illustration: Map to illustrate
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
of the
LAND OPERCULATE MOLLUSCA]
_The figures indicate the number of known species._
MOLLUSCS
By the Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of
King’s College, Cambridge
BRACHIOPODS (RECENT)
By A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ’s College,
Cambridge
BRACHIOPODS (FOSSIL)
By F. R. C. REED, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge
New York
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND LONDON
1895
_All rights reserved_
“Why, you might take to some light study: conchology, now; I
always think that must be a light study.”
GEORGE ELIOT, _Middlemarch_.
COPYRIGHT, 1895,
BY MACMILLAN AND CO.
Norwood Press:
J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
PREFACE TO THE MOLLUSCA
The general plan of classification adopted in this work is not that of
any single authority. It has been thought better to adopt the views of
recognised leading specialists in the various groups, and thus place
before the reader the combined results of recent investigation. This
method may, perhaps, occasion a certain number of small discrepancies,
but it is believed that the ultimate effect will be to the advantage of
the student.
The classification adopted for the recent Cephalopoda is that of
Hoyle (‘Challenger’ Reports, _Zoology_, vol. xvi.), for the fossil
Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea) that of Foord (_Catalogue of the Fossil
Cephalopoda in the British Museum_, 1888–91), and (Ammonoidea) P.
Fischer (_Manuel de Conchyliologie_, 1887). In the Gasteropoda the
outlines are those adopted by Pelseneer (_Mém. Soc. Malacol. Belg._
xxvii. 1894), while the details are derived, in the main, from P.
Fischer. The Amphineura, however, have not been regarded as a separate
class. The grouping of the Nudibranchiata is that of Bergh (Semper,
_Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen_, ii. 3). The Pelecypoda are
classified according to Pelseneer’s most recent grouping.
Acknowledgment of the principal sources of information has been made in
footnotes, and a short list of leading authorities has been appended
to the chapters on anatomy, for the use of students desirous to pursue
the subject further. In the case of geographical distribution the
authorities are too numerous and scattered to admit of a list being
given.
A special word of thanks is due to Mr. Edwin Wilson for his patient
care in preparing the illustrations, the majority of which are taken
from specimens in the University Museum of Zoology. Mr. Edgar Smith,
besides affording the kind help which visitors to the British Museum
always experience at his hands, has permitted me to use many specimens
for the purposes of illustration.
A. H. COOKE.
KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,
_20th December 1894_.
CONTENTS
SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK.
MOLLUSCA
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION--POSITION OF MOLLUSCA IN THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM--CLASSIFICATION--ORIGIN OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER
MOLLUSCA 1