could he have imagined the magnitude of the task, or the reason of
the opposition. As we have said, this opposition came from the fact
that an entirely different system of religion held sway. To-day we
would call the Roman system natural religion and Antonine’s conception
dogmatic truth. He ascribed too much to his God, which is no uncommon
failing amongst the credulous; probably he claimed a revelation from
on high, and was inclined to consign those who disagreed with him to
that special limbo which the ignorant have reserved for all those who
make them look foolish, for all that spells truth contrary to their own
limited imaginings; if so, he would not have been unusual. The genius
of natural religion is that it is comprehensive, tolerant, righteous
and just. It has no dogma save the individual experience of each. The
genius of dogmatic religion lies in the assumption to itself of absolute
exclusiveness; it alone contains truth, and in its later editions,
finality as well. Whether Antonine’s form included this latter pretension
we do not know, certainly it claimed what no Roman thinker could accord
to any faith under the sun—the proposition that God was one and God was
supreme. The Roman had been bred on Pyrrho, Epicurus, Lucretius, and
Cicero, and was more inclined to postulate that God was the cosmic entity
of spirit, something as potent as, if not analogous to, the entity of
electricity in modern science. He had no relations with the older deities
who had made life terrible by their persecutions of the human race, and
had no desire to submit himself again to a system which would erect
fright into yet another national deity. He had long since grown weary
of trying to propitiate infinity, and now understood that he might as
well sacrifice to the animals in the Zoological Gardens, in the hope of
staying their hunger, as make oblation to the deities in the expectation
of a return in kind.
This was no new struggle that Antonine proposed to inaugurate in the city
of Rome. It is the contest between rationalism and dogma when pushed
to its logical conclusion. Doubtless there is much to be said on both
sides; certainly much has been written and more has been said during
the history of civilisation. The rationalists have set it forth as the
struggle between ignorance and reason; the dogmatists as that between
good and evil; certainly it was not a struggle on which Antonine was
either old enough or wise enough to lay down any definite line of truth
for the future guidance of the world. Unfortunately, this was just what
he attempted to do. He knew that the national deity of every nation under
heaven was fright, and forgot that its antithesis was truth. He knew that
fright was bound to predominate; that men would continue to pay their
worship as they paid their taxes, lest a worse thing should happen to
them. It had been the same in Homer’s day. Men had been brought up to
fright, and as one God died they demanded another. The Prophets had given
men Gods, laughing the while at the divinities they created, because
they believed as little in the sacerdotal fables as Tennyson did in the
phantom idylls of Arthurian romance.
The point is, that what the mass of men demand they will get. It is the
usual law of supply and demand, where the man who can increase the demand
and satisfy it to any extent is the successful founder of a new religion.
This is undoubtedly the business of the sacerdotal caste in every
generation, and their success is assured as long as they are capable
of increasing the supply, while they whet the demand. They fail when
some one else appeals to popular imagination as more mysterious, or more
spiritual.
Now, Antonine seemed to think that mere dictation of what was to himself
obvious should be enough to give his God a start, and, that done, all men
would discover the vital attraction for themselves. Perhaps he was right;
stranger things had happened before his day, and were to happen not long
afterwards; we can never know, as the system had no more time for a fair
trial than had that of Constantine’s successor Julian.
For the moment Rome was bored with all Gods; they had found them so
cruel, vindictive, and malignant that the citizens had got irritated and
sceptical, had left their deities feeling that already for too long time
had blood and treasure been spent without avail. Now at last, men said,
“dread has vanished and in its place is the ideal.” Evemerus had asserted
that the Gods were just ordinary bullies who would cringe if men stood up
to them, and even the lower classes had agreed with him.
This, Antonine felt, was a deplorable state of affairs—rank atheism if
not something worse. He knew the potency of his God, and desired, by
gentle means, to set it forth to others that they too might believe.
Unfortunately, no one desired belief, and he had to fight against
rationalism as well as convention. The Romans were not yet tired of their
chase after impossible delights; when they were, another dogma presented
itself, and as often as not it was accepted, as being the line of least
resistance.
If Antonine had given them what Julian did, his success would have been
assured. Such was philosophy, freedom, and beauty under the guise of
a God whose existence he admitted, but whose intervention he denied.
Antonine was not Julian; he was an Eastern monotheist, far nearer to the
worship and doctrines of Jehovah than to those of any Western mode of
thought. He could not understand the deification of attributes, because
he wanted something more tangible, real, and superstitious, something
that appealed to his neurotic nature and erotic passions.
Thus it is that his vain efforts to unite all worship, all religions in
that dedicated to Deus Solus are derided, as well by the monotheistic
Hebrew as by the tritheistic Christian. His fault lay in the fact that
he was too young for the work, too unaccustomed to the circuitous and
mole-like burrowings by which a religion captures society. But the scheme
in itself showed purpose and a precocious propensity for the mysterious,
unnatural and unhealthy in a child of his age.
Had Antonine been born in the twentieth instead of the third century
of this era, had he enjoyed the advantages of a modern education, he
would have learned that religion and unusual propensities are the last
things a gentleman is expected to parade before the world. Further, he
would have certainly emerged from the training—which though drastic
is certainly most salutary—with his waywardness curbed, his mind and
will strengthened, his lithe and graceful body healthy and fit to bear
the fatigues and responsibilities which life was going to lay upon his
splendid shoulders. Unfortunately for him, he was a Syrian with wonderful
eyes and a mystical temperament, and was born at a time when the
monarch’s wayward will was a law unto himself and all the world besides;
yet despite these drawbacks, with so many of the elements of success to
hand, he might have triumphed, if the usual conspirators had not been at
work. “Rome was still mistress of the world though she was growing very
old. A few more years and the Earth’s new children fell upon her; then
the universe was startled by the uproar of her agony. Then and not till
then, where the thunderbolt had gleamed did the emaciated figure of the
crucifix appear, and upon the shoulders of a prelate descended the purple
which had dazzled the world.”
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FOOTNOTES
[1] _Die S.H.A. Sechs litterar-geschichtliche Untersuchungen_, Leipzig,
1892.
[2] See Peter, _Hist. Crit._ cap. ii.; Bernhardy, _Proemii de S.H.A._
[3] _Observationum S.H.A._, Breslau, 1838.
[4] _Andeutungen zur Texteskritik_, 1842.
[5] Czwalina, _De epistularum auctorumque quae a S.H.A. proferuntur_,
Bonn, 1870.
[6] “Über die S.H.A.,” _Rhein. Mus._ vol. vii.
[7] Peter, _Hist. Crit. S.H.A._, Leipzig, 1860.
[8] Peter, _Jahresbericht_, 1865-82, “S.H.A.”
[9] _Ibid._
[10] “Der Geschichtschreiber Marius Maximus,” _Untersuch._ vol. iii.,
Leipzig, 1870.
[11] Ruebel, _De fontibus quatuor priorum S.H.A._, Bonn, 1872;
Dreinhoefer, _De auctoribus vitarum quae feruntur Spartiani_, etc.,
Halle, 1873; Plew, _Marius Maximus, als direkt und indirekt Quelle der
S.H.A._, 1873.
[12] _De Aelio Cordo rerum Augustarum scriptore commentatio_, Muenster,
1885.
[13] Haupt, _Philologus_, xliv. 575.
[14] Dio, lxxx. 1.
[15] _Gli Scrittori della Storia Augusta_, 1881.
[16] _De Herodiano rer. Rom. scriptore_, 1881.
[17] Giambelli and Plew, _opp. citt._
[18] _Op. cit._ p. 82.
[19] _Marius Maximus als direkt und indirekt Quelle der S.H.A._,
Strassburg, 1878.
[20] Boehme, _Dexippi fragmenta_, 1882, pp. 10-11.
[21] _Die S.H.A._, pp. 49, 102.
[22] _De epistularum auctorumque quae a S.H.A. proferuntur_, Bonn, 1870.
[23] “Die ‘Vita’ des Avidius Cassius,” _Rhein. Mus._ vol. xliii., 1888.
[24] Dessau, “Über Zeit und Persönlichkeit der S.H.A.,” _Hermes_, xxiv.
337-92, 1899.
[25] “Die S.H.A.,” _Hermes_, xxv. 228-92.
[26] “Die Entstehungszeit der S.H.A.” _Neue Jahrbuch Phil._ vol. cxli.
[27] “Die Sammlung der S.H.A.,” _Rhein. Mus._ vol. xlv.
[28] Seeck, _op. cit._
[29] _Carinus_, xviii. 3.
[30] T. Pollio, _Trig. Tyr._ v. 3, etc.
[31] Klebs, “Die Sammlung der S.H.A.,” _Rhein. Mus._, vol. xlv., 1890.
[32] _Ibid._ vol. xlvii.
[33] “Die S.H.A.,” _Sitzungsber. der philos.-philol. Klasse der Bayer.
Akad._, 1891.
[34] _Op. cit._ p. 479.
[35] “Über die S.H.A.,” _Hermes_, vol. xxvii., 1892.
[36] “Zur Echtheitsfrage der S.H.A.,” _Rhein. Mus._ vol. 49.
[37] “Studies in S.H.A.,” _Amer. Journ. Phil._ vol. xx., Baltimore, 1899.
[38] _Der historische Wert der_ Vita Commodi.
[39] _Beiträge zur Kritik der Überlieferung der Zeit von Commodus zu
Caracalla_, 1903.
[40] _Leben des Kaisers Hadrian_, Leipzig.
[41] _Kaiserhaus der Antonin_, Leipzig.
[42] _Kaiser Hadrian und der letzte grosse Historiker von Rom_, 1905.
[43] Quoting Diadumenianus, ix. 2.
[44] _Op. cit._ pp. 145 ff.
[45] _Berlin. phil. Wochenschriften_, xxii. p. 489, xxv. p. 1471.
[46] _Studi sugli S.H.A._, Messina, 1899.
[47] _Elagabalo_, Feltre, 1905.
[48] _Études sur hist. Aug., 1904_, Paris.
[49] _Vide_ cap. vi. _Vita Alex. Sev._
[50] _Life of Gibbon._
[51] _Les Empereurs syriens._
[52] _De M.A.A.E. trib. pot._, Florence, 1711.
[53] Bishop of Adria.
[54] Tristran Sieur de St-Amant, _Commentaires historiques_, Paris, 1635.
[55] C. Saumaise, _S.H.A._ vi., _Notae et emendationes_, Paris, 1620.
[56] _Vide_ Suetonius, _Lives of the Emperors_.
[57] As Tiberius, “Principes mortales, rem publicam aeternam esse”
(_Ann._ iii. 6).
[58] The change of the name to its Greek and commonly received form is
100 years later than Elagabalus, in fact it occurs first in Lampridius,
and was seemingly born of the necessity, which had been suggested to
Constantine, of connecting the old worship of the only God with that of
Mithra the Persian Sun deity.
[59] The number of years in the _Liber generationis_ is, however,
debatable, since Rubensohn gives three years in his edition.
[60] S.H.A. = Scriptores Historiae Augustae.
INDEX
Aegae in Cilicia, Macrinus retires to, 73
Aemilian Bridge, Antonine’s body thrown from, 169, 189
Aeneas, 129
Aesculapius, 258
African inscriptions erase _Severi Nepos_, 199
Agrippina, 121
Alexander of Macedon, his connection with Alexander Severus, 144
Alexander Severus, or Alexianus, 8, 14, 18, 22, 38, 40, 54,
123; description and career to Antonine’s death, 136-72; not
priest of Elagabal, 174; liberality at his adoption, 189;
date of accession, 193; date of tribunicial renewal, 196;
substitutes his name for that of Antonine, 199; stupidity, 205;
abolishes mixed bathing, 245; on public feasts, 259
Alexandria, Bassianus’ legates badly received at, 57, 73
Ammianus Marcellinus, on the birthplace of Bassianus, 35
Annia Faustina, marriage with Antonine, 134; divorce mooted,
150; divorced, 178; compared with Bathsheba, 221; her
genealogy, 222; age and position, 223; reasons against the
divorce, 224
Antinous and Hadrian, 231
Antioch, Origen goes to, 20; Macrinus at, 25, 41, 48; news of
rising reaches, 56; distance between Antioch to Emesa, 60;
coin of Diadumenianus, Emperor, 65; Macrinus retires to, 68;
Macrinus leaves for Rome, 72; Antonine arrives at, 77
Antiochianus, 154
Antoninus Pius, 5; first Roman coins of Emesa, 26
Antony, 26
Apamea, 26, 34, 63; Macrinus goes to, and declares
Diadumenianus Caesar at, 67; Antonine at, 139
Aphrodite-Adonis, compared with Elagabal-Urania, 175
Apicius, 253
Apollo and his loves, 234
Apollonius of Tyana, 31
Appia, Lex, 121
Aquilia Severa, matrimony with Emperor discussed, 130; duration
of marriage, 132; return to Emperor, 183; position discussed,
189, 208, 211; appearance, 214; date of marriage, 216; date of
divorce, 218; returns as Empress, 224
Arca, Alexander’s birthplace, 144
Archelais, death-place of Macrinus, 74
Archimedes, 270
Aristomachus, the standard-bearer, 154
Aristotle, quoted, 85
Arnobius, on Phallic worship, 230
Arria Fadilla, grandmother of Annia Faustina, 222
Arrianus, Herodian, 9
Artabanus, 22, 43; Diadumenianus sent to, 72
Arvalium, Collegio Fratrum, meet to elect Elagabalus, 68;
temporizing policy, 81
“Assyrian, the,” Xiphilinus’ name for Antonine, 95
Attila, 244
Augustan Legion, absorbs 3rd Gallic Legion on account of this
latter’s revolt, 89
Augustus, 23, 26; compared with Antonine, 84; influence in
Rome, 104, 203
Aurelia Sabina, mother of Annia Faustina, 222
Aurelius Celsus, captor of Macrinus, 74
Aurelius Eubulus, Chancellor of Exchequer, 170
Aurelius Fabianus, 176
Avitus, Julius, husband of Julia Maesa, 32
Barak compared with Gannys, 70
Barrachinus on Gens Cornelia, 205
Bassianus, Julius, 27
Bathsheba, compared with Annia Faustina, 221
Baumeister, on site of Eliogabalium, 113
Bayle, dictionary of, 31
Becker, 4
Belos, oracles, at Apamea, 26
Bertrand, on Gens Cornelia, 205
Bloch cited, 234
Boehme on Dexippus, 9
Boni, Commendatore, on Elagabal shrine, 132
Bonus Accursius, 4, 8
Borghese, 133
Borghese Collection, 209
Bylus, centre of worship of Aphrodite-Adonis, 175
Bithynia, Macrinus’ flight through, 73
Byzantium, 74
Caecilius Aristo, Governor of Nicomedia, 73
Caesar, Julius, on divorce, 224; his sexual condition, 238
Caius Caligula, 23, 76, 186; prodigalities, 184; marriages,
203; as a host, 236; his perfumes, 257
Capitolinus, 3, 101
Cappadocia, Macrinus flies through, 73
Caracalla, 5; birth of, 29; and Soaemias, 33-36; and Julia
Mamaea, 38; in Mesopotamia, 41; his murder, 43; soldiers
compare him with Macrinus, 47; Bassianus accepted as heir of,
54; conquered cities, 61, 76, 77; Antonine promises Caracalla’s
privileges to soldiers, 84; baths of, finished, 129; his
paternity denied for Antonine and affirmed for Alexander,
158; liberalities, 190; date of tribunicial renewal, 196;
Caracalla’s influence on morals, 203; Vestals, 214; uses
Pomponius Bassus, 219; his severity to his mother, 221; his
system of informers not re-established, 243; introduces Persian
tiara, 249
Casaubon, 4
Cassius, Avidius, 10
Castinus, 90
Chalcedon, Macrinus taken at, 74
Charrae, 42
Cheyne quoted, 97
Christ, Pauline theories concerning, 19; and Apollonius, 31;
menaced by Antonine’s claim, 99, 114
Christian religion, persecuting tendencies, 1, 98; unpopular
in Rome, 118; amalgamated with that of Elagabal, 278; human
sacrifices, 280
Chronicle, Imperial, on length of reign, 13, 191
Cicero, 26, 213; on immortality, 224; on divorce, 283
Claudius Attalus, 90
Claudius Censor, dismissed from office, 179
Claudius, Emperor, 159, 178; compared with Macrinus, 76; and
Vestals, 214
Clement VII., 131
Clodius, 106
Cn. Claudius Severus, grandfather of Annia Faustina, 222
Cohen, 21, 61; on Antonine’s illness, 94; on the date of the
procession, 174; on number of liberalities, 190; on irregular
coins, 195
Commodus, 5, 26, 76, 159, 184, 229
Constantine, Emperor, orders life of Elagabalus, 3, 11;
reasons for this order, 17; and Christ, 114, 187; and the new
Monotheism, 214, 228; opposed by Mithras, 268; mentioned, 285
Constantius, 10
_Consularia Constantinopolitana_, 93
Cordus, Aelius Junius, 6
Cornelia, family discussed, 205
Cornificia family, ancestors of Annia Faustina, 222
Corpus Domini procession, compared with Elagabal procession, 176
Croce, Church of Sta., site of summer temple, 113
Cumont, 114; quoted, 133
Cybele, Antonine priest of, 117; identified with Urania, 133;
priests castrated, 238; Elagabalus ordained to this priesthood,
276
Cyzicus, port of Nicomedia, 89
Czwalina, 4, 9
Dacia, 104
David, compared with Antonine, 221; and Jonathan, 234
Deborah, 70
Dessau, attacks authenticity of Scriptores, 10; attacks
Wölfflin, 13
Dexippus, 9
Diana, identified with Urania, 133; the Laodicean statue of, 277
Digest xxix., 206
Diocletian, 12, 105
Dion Cassius, character of his work and his appointments, 7;
Maesa’s influence on, 8; quoted, 19, 27, 28, 31; on Sextus
Varius Marcellus, 33; on date of Bassianus’ birth, 35; on
Gessianus Marcianus, 38; on the date of the proclamation, 55;
on the journey to the camp, 56; on battle of Immae, 70; on
Antonine’s entry into Antioch, 77; on Antonine’s Consulate,
82; on pretenders, 88; on length of reign, 107; on Antonine’s
character, 126; on duration of second marriage, 132; on
Urania’s dowry, 134; on Seius Carus, 139; on Antonine’s love
of Alexander, 142; on Alexander’s name, 144; on plot against
Alexander, 152; discrepancies with Lampridius’ stories, 155;
on Maesa’s hatred of Antonine, 157; on other plots to destroy
Alexander, 162; on Antonine’s murder, 166; eliminates Maesa
and Mamaea from the murder, 170; on date of murder, 191; on
duration of Aquilia’s marriage, 218; on executions, 220; on
Annia Faustina’s marriage, 221; on the nameless wives, 224; on
Hierocles, 238, 239
Dirksen, 4
Divorce considered, 204; mediaeval privilege, 210
Dodwell, 4
Domaszewski quoted, 34, 175
Domitian, 23, 76, 159, 178; and Vestals, 214; and feasts, 236
Drake, on Caracalla’s life, 13
Dreinhoefer, 6
Duruy, 21, 92; on Alexander Severus, 138
Eckhel, 21, 26; on the number of Soaemia’s children, 34;
on date of Cornelia Paula’s divorce, 126; on number of
liberalities, 190; on the tribunicial renewal, 194; on Annia
Faustina’s genealogy, 222; on her age, 223
Egbert, on tribunicial renewals, 196
Elah-Gebal, monarchy, 25; Bassianus becomes High Priest of, 50;
portents of, 54; accompanies the Emperor, 91; occupies Temple
of Faustina on Mount Taurus, 92; his worship decreed to be
first, 100; position in Rome, 114; shrine in Forum, 132; second
marriage, 133; and Alexander’s adoption, 143; procession, 174;
return to Emesa, 174; analogy with use of name Jehovah, 185;
regarded as another Jupiter, 189, 273; amalgamation unpopular,
275; worship not idolatrous, 287
Elephantis and Parrhasius, compared with Elagabalus, 228
Eliogabalium, site of, 92, 112; sacred fire taken to, 130; date
of completion, 174; relics taken to, 275, 276
Elizabeth, Queen, compared with Julia Pia, 31; her
ecclesiastical headship same as that of Emperor, 274
Ellis, Prof. Robinson, quoted, 276
Emesa, 25, 26, 100, 113, 231, 246; reputed birthplace of
Bassianus, 36; Maesa and family return to, 45-6; Julian’s
battle at, 60; the god returns to, 174
Epagathos, Diadumenianus entrusted to, 72
Epicurus, 283
Eribolus, Macrinus embarks from, 73
Eusebius, 20
Eutropius, 11, 19; on length of reign in Rome, 107, 192; on
entry into the city, 108
Eutychianus persuades the soldiers, 52; takes Bassianus to
the camp, 56; sends Julianus’ head to Apamea, 65; position in
State discussed, 80; compared with Gannys, 86; City Praefect,
111; Consul, 129; City Praefect, second time, 133; Praetorian
Praefect, 169; spared from the murders, 171; epitome of
offices, 179; and Julius Paulus, 208
Evemerus quoted, 285
Fabius Agrippinus, 90
Fabius Gurgis, 249
Fasti Romani (Clinton), on tribunicial renewal, 195
Faustina, 28
Flavian amphitheatre restored by Antonine, 128
Forel cited, 234
Forquet de Dorne, 21; on Macrinus, 48; on Gannys, 101; on
Antonine’s nature, 127
Friedländer, on distance of Macrinus’ flight, 73; on Senaculum,
121
Froelich, 26
Fulvius Diogenianus, on Macrinus, 58; Praefect of Rome, 170
Galatia, Macrinus flies through, 73
Galen, 31
Gallicanus, 3
Gallic Legion, 3rd, disloyal to Antonine and disbanded, 89
Gannys, 53; compared with Gideon, 70; compared with
Eutychianus, 86; murder of, 101; reasons for his death, 233
Gellius Maximus, a pretender, 89
Geta, 168, 196
Giambelli, on Dion Cassius, 8; on sources of Dion and Herodian,
9
Gordius or Cordus, 125, 156; dismissed from office, 179
Gratus, Consul A.D. 221, 195
Groebe, on date of Antonine’s murder, 191
Gulick, on Christian tendencies, 242
Hadrian, 5, 229; influence on morals, 203; and Antinous, 231;
abolishes mixed bathing, 245
Haupt, on Greek sources of Scriptores, 7
Hebrew religion, unpopularity of, 118; barbaric, 279
Heer, 6, 13; on Commodus, 15
Heliogabalus, Lampridius’ name for the Emperor, 185
Henzen, on the Arval Brothers, 68
Herakles, his friendships, 234
Hercules, inscription to, 175
Herod, kingship compared with that of Emesan dynasty, 26
Herodian, 6, 8, 19, 32, 42; on date of Bassianus’ birth, 35;
on the worship at Emesa, 50; on the journey to the camp,
56; on the battle of Immae, 70; on Maesa’s position, 78;
on length of Antonine’s stay in Antioch, 91; Elagabalus’
portrait sent to Senate, 99; on entry into the city, 110; on
Antonine’s character, 126; on duration of second marriage,
132; on Urania’s dowry, 134; on corruption of the guards,
135; on Alexander’s age, 142; on date of adoption, 145; does
not mention Antonine’s plot against Alexander, 152; on the
disowning of Alexander, 158; on Antonine’s murder, 166; on the
cortège to the camp, 170; on the liberalities, 176; on duration
of Aquilia’s marriage, 218; on Elagabalus’ pastimes, 247; on
his ostentation, 249
Hierocles, marriage with Elagabalus, 126, 203; dismissal
demanded and refused, 156; killed with Antonine, 170; origin
and character, 239
Homs or Hems, modern name of Emesa, 24
Horace, his atheism, 271
Huysmans, quoted, 257
Hyacinth and Apollo, 234
Hydatius, 93
Hylas and Herakles, 234
Iamblichus, 26, 27
Iamblichus, the philosopher, on Phallicism, 230
Iambulus, 187
Immae or Emma, battle of, 69
Ishtar-Tammuz, parallel procession to that of Elagabal, 175
Isidore, 127
Isis, 2, 96; popularity in Rome, 117; gives way to Mary, 281
_Itinera Hierosolymitana_, 73
Jehovah, compared with Baal, 50, 96; analogy with use of name
Elagabal, 185; character of worship, 213; amalgamated with
Elagabal, 277; akin to Elagabal, 286
Jerome, on Senaculum, 121
John of Antioch, 20
Jonathan and David, 234
Jordanis, 20
Julia Cornelia Paula, marriage with Antonine, 111; divorced,
126, 129; history, 205; reasons for the marriage, 206; age,
209; date of divorce, 209
Julia Domna Pia, 20, 27; married to Septimius Severus, 29; her
titles, 30; compared with Mamaea, 39, 40; Secretary of State,
41; after Caracalla’s death, 43; her suicide, 45
Julianus, on birthplace of Bassianus, 35
Julianus, Emperor, 5; deposed by Pomponius Bassus, 219
Julianus, Ulpius, sent by Macrinus to Emesa, 58; defeat of,
60-62
Julius Paulus, 21, 31, 111, 164; history, 205; and Eutychianus,
208; banishment discussed, 209
Jupiter Capitolinus, to serve Elagabal, 97; Eliogabalium
reconsecrated to, 174; gives place to Mithra, 271
Juvenal, 106; on morals, 204
Klebs, 10, 11
Kornemann, on lives from Hadrian to Alexander Severus, 6, 14
Krafft-Ebing, cited, 234
Kreutzer, on Herodian, 8
Lactantius, cited, 230
Lambesa in Pannonia, 88
Lampridius, 3, 6, 16, 18, 19; on name “Varius,” 36; on
Soaemias, 78; on the period of fanaticism, 98; on the entry
into the city, 108; on Maesa and Soaemias in Senate, 119; on
Senaculum, 121; on Antonine’s neglect of state for religion,
124; on Antonine’s infidelities, 126; on Alexander, 138; on
Alexander’s name, 144; on the reasons for Senate’s reticence,
150; on plot against Alexander, 152; on Antonine’s danger,
154; discrepancies, 155; on possible date of disowning, 159;
on Sabinus, Ulpian, and Silvinus, 163; reasons for Antonine’s
murder, 165; on unfit appointments, 179; on Antonine’s desire
for conquest, 185; on the Emperor’s name and history, 185;
on buildings erected, 186; on date of Alexander’s accession,
192; on Antonine’s sagacity, 198; on Julius Paulus, 205; on
Antonine’s wives generally, 208; on Julius Paulus’ banishment,
209; on Antonine’s use for wives, 215; on Antonine’s moods
when married to Annia, 223; impossibility of his stories, 227;
ascribes Elagabalus’ moderation to Maesa, 233; on his passion
for flowers, 236; on his castration, 238, 276; on Zoticus, 240;
on Elagabalus’ effeminacy, 241; on his fastidiousness, 248; on
his jewellery, 249; on cost of his feasts, 253; on his pranks,
262; on his wanton waste, 265; condemns Antonine’s religion,
267; on Diana’s statue, 277; on Elagabalus’ human sacrifices,
280
Lanciani, concerning Julius Avitus’ house on Aesquiline, 32
Lécrivain, 16
Leptis Magna, birthplace of Septimius Severus, 27
_Liber Generationis_, on length of Antonine’s reign, 191
Ligorius, 199
Locusta, 159
Lollius Urbicus, confounded with Marius Maximus, 15, 19
Lucilla, reputed mother of Annia Faustina, 222
Lupus, nickname of Bassianus, 35
Lyons, birthplace of Caracalla, 29
Macrinus, 6, 7, 17, 22, 32, 41, 43, 81, 112, 178; becomes
Emperor, 44; usurpation and fall, 46-76; date of tribunicial
renewal, 197
Maecenas, 203
Maesa, Julia, 7, 18, 27; comes to Rome, 31; her family, 33, 40;
returns to Emesa, 45-6; makes Bassianus high priest, 49; goes
to the camp, 56; compared with Deborah, 70; position in state,
78; Augusta, 86; desires to go to Rome, 92; arranges Antonine’s
first marriage, 109; in Senate, 120; and Annia Faustina, 134;
starts Alexander plot, 138; her scheme, 141; partial failure of
plot, 147; hatred of Antonine, 157; has Alexander designated
Consul, 160; agreeable to Julia Paula’s divorce, 210; no friend
of Severa’s, 217; scheme for her divorce, 218; plan of alliance
with Roman nobility, 218; influence on government, 233; and
Elagabalus’ youth, 247
Mamaea, instigator of Antonine’s murder, 18; and Origen, 20;
position and character, 38, 40; helps in first plot, 131; and
Annia Faustina, 135; starts Alexander plot, 138; corrupts
police, 145; partial failure of plot, 147; Mamaea’s guardians
for Alexander, 152; part in the plot against Antonine’s life,
156; takes precautions for Alexander’s safety, 159; part in
Antonine’s murder, 166; her probable plan for the murder, 171;
subsequent vilification of Antonine, 172; helps Pomponius
Bassus’ plot, 219
Marcia, first wife of Septimius Severus, 27, 29
Marcianus, Gessianus, 38
Marcomanni, Antonine’s desire to conquer, 184
Marcus Aurelius, 84, 144, 246; relationship with Annia
Faustina, 222
Marcus, Emperor, 5
Marius Maximus, author of _De vitis imperatorum_, 5;
credibility as a source, 6; confounded with Lollius Urbicus,
15, 19; Macrinus’ correspondence with cited, 84; on Antonine’s
entry into city, 111
Martialis, the murderer of Caracalla, 42
Masculinus Valens, 176
Mediobarbus, on liberalities, 190, 251
Messalina, compared with Elagabalus, 240
Mithra, 2; the most determined opponent of Jehovah, 96;
popularity in Rome, 114, 117; identified with Urania, 133; and
with Elagabal worship, 268; takes the place of Jupiter, 271
Moguntiacum, 88
Moll, cited, 234
Mommsen, defends Scriptores, 10; on the date of Diadumenianus’
elevation, 65; on length of Antonine’s reign, 192
Monza diploma, on Alexander’s position, 158
Morison, Cotter, cited, 20
Mueller, 5, 6, 8
Murissimus, 156
Nero, 23, 76, 159, 178; influence on morals, 203; abnormal,
229; palace described, 245; ever popular, 246; exceeded by
Elagabalus in extravagance, 250; his use of perfumes, 257
Nerva, 5
Nestor, Julianus, 90
Nicomedia, Antonine winters at, 93; length of stay discussed,
94; Antonine assumes the name Elagabalus at, 99; Elagabalus’
popularity disappears, 103; departure from, 107
Niebuhr, 20
Niehues, 6
Oppolzer, on the date of the eclipse, 55
Orcus (Pluto), temple of, site of Eliogabalium, 113
Origen, his journey to Court, 19
Orosius, 20
Otho, 23, 250; compared with Elagabalus, 253
Padua, a reputed birthplace of Gens Cornelia, 205
Paetus, Valerianus, 90
Pagi, on tribunicial renewal, 194
Palladium, removed to Eliogabalium, 118; history of, 129
Papia Poppoea, Lex, cited, 204
Papinian, 21, 31
Parthian campaign, 41, 107
Parthian Legion, at Apamea, 60; attempted corruption by Seius
Carus, 63, 139
Parthian medal, 22
Pasciucco, on Lampridius, 15
Pauly, on the buildings of the reign, 187; on genealogy of
Annia Faustina, 222; on her age, 223
Pertinax, 5, 30
Peter, Hermann, 3, 27; on Dexippus, 9; on Lollius Urbicus, 15
Petronius, on freedmen, 180; quoted, 230
Philostratus, 31
Pica Caerianus, 90
Pignorius, on Gens Cornelia, 205
Plautianus, 41
Plew, 6
Pliny, on value of myrrhin, 264
Pollio, Consul Suffectus, 85
Pollio, Trebellius, 3, 11
Pollux, 127
Pomponius Bassus, 134, 139, 188; plot in connection with
Aquilia Severa’s marriage, 131; Consul and Governor of Mysia,
his offices, 219; date of death, 221
Porta Praenestina, 113, 275
Praefecti Urbis, mooted by Antonine, appointed by Alexander, 198
Preuner, on Aquilia’s position, 211
Primus Cornelianus, 68
Procession of the God, probable date, 174; origin of, 175
Prosopographia, on date of Antonine’s murder, 191; on
jurisprudence of the reign, 205
Protogenes, 125
Prusias, 93
Ramsay, on the procession, 175; on genealogy of Annia Faustina,
222
Renaissance, compared with Roman spirit of atheism, 201, 270
Rescripts, bear Antonine’s name after supposed death, 199
Richter, 4
Roerth, on the journey across Asia, 93
Roman religion, described, 116; its civic nature and the
Emperor’s position, 213; genesis of, 269; alien to natural
religion, 282
Rubensohn, on date of Antonine’s murder, 191
Ruebel, 6
Sabinus Aquilius, Severa’s father, banished, 163; confused by
Lampridius with Sabinus Tiberius, jurist, 164; position, 215
Sabinus, Fabius, brother of Aquilia Severa, 216
Salzer, on date of Antonine’s murder, 191
Samsigeramus, 26
Sardanapalus, Dion’s name for Antonine, 152, 200
Saumaise, 22
Schulz, 6, 15; on Antonine House, 16
Scythian Legion, quartered at Emesa under Commodus, 26
Seeck, 11, 13
Seius Carus, 139, 188
Seleucid monarchy, 26
Seleucus, Consul A.D. 221, 195
Senaculum, Soaemias president of, 34, 78, 121; hall built for,
187
Senate, subservience of, 14; Macrinus’ letters to, 56;
desire to be rid of Macrinus, 58; informed of Diadumenianus’
elevation, 64; Antonine’s letters and amnesty to, 82; registers
Antonine’s decrees, 85; did not declare Antonine priest of
Elagabal, 95, 97; at Elagabal worship, 116; attitude towards
Aquilia Severa’s wedding, 131; tries traitors, 131; adoption
of Alexander before, 143; ordered to disown Alexander, 150;
Alexander recognised Consul before, 161; dissolved, 163;
orders the erasure of Antonine’s name, 198; creates Julia
Paula Augusta, 209; and marriage of Aquilia Severa, 215; and
Pomponius Bassus, 220
Seneca, 121, 204
Septimius Severus, 27, 31, 38, 144; honours Macrinus, 41;
builds Mithraic temple, 114; date of tribunicial renewal, 196;
employs Julius Paulus, 206; uses Pomponius Bassus, 219
Serapion, 42
Serviez, on the order of Antonine’s wives, 207; on Aquilia
Severa, 217
Severus or Verus, a pretender, 88
Sextus Rufus, 20; on site of Eliogabalium, 113
Sextus Varius Marcellus, husband of Soaemias, 34, 113
Silius Messala, plot in connection with Aquilia Severa’s
marriage, 131, 139, 216, 219
Silvinus, Alexander’s tutor, killed, 164
Soaemias, character, 33; compared with Mamaea, 39, 40; and the
legionaries, 53; at battle of Immae, 70; position in state, 78;
Augusta, 86; position in the Senate, 120; tries to frustrate
plot against Antonine, 153; persuades Antonine to admit
Alexander Consul, 161; murder of, 166; reasons for her murder,
171
Sodales Antoniniani, on date of adoption, 145
Sohemais, 25
Solomon’s temple compared with Emesan temple, 50
“Spartianus,” Aelius, 3, 11
Spem Veterem gardens, 113, 153, 158, 262
Spintries, 160, 240
Stobbe, on date of Antonine’s murder, 193; on tribunicial
renewal, 194
Strabo, 25
Studniczka, on Eliogabalium, 113
Suburra, district of Rome, 262
Suetonius, 13, 23, 79, 227, 250; on Senaculum, 121; on Vestals,
131, 212; on life generally, 20; on Caligula, 203
Summer temple, site of, 112; date of completion, 174
Sylla, Governor of Cappadocia, a traitor, 90; compared with
Julius Paulus, 205
Tacitus, on Christianity, 228
Tammuz, month of processions, 175
Tana, in Algeria, arch to Macrinus at, 75
Taurus, Mount, temple of Faustina on, 92
Tertullian, on Antinous, 231
Tertullian, on Julia Domna, 30; on divorce, 204
Theodosius, 10
Thermae Caracallae, 187; Varianae or Surae, 187
Thrace, Eutychianus fights under Commodus in, 53; Alexander’s
spectral journey, 144
Thyatira, coin of Diadumenianus, 65
Tiberinus and Tractitius, nicknames of Antonine given by Dion
and Lampridius, 200
Tiberius, Emperor, 117, 160, 164, 229
Titus, 23, 178
Titus Claudius Severus, father of Annia Faustina, 222
Trajan, 5
Triccianus, Aelius Decius, 90
Tripolis, coins struck at, 208
Tristran, as critic, 22; on Macrinus, 47; on Julia Paula, 206;
on the order of the wives, 207; on Annia Faustina’s genealogy,
222
Tropea, 15
Turre, 22; tribunicial renewal, 194
Tyro, a reputed birthplace of Gens Cornelia, 205
Ulpian, 21, 31; dedication of works, 163
Urania, Astarte, Tanit, Juno Coelestis, shrine in Forum, 132;
marriage with Elagabal, 133; amalgamated to the worship of
Elagabal, 278
Valerius Ferminus, 176
Valerius Maximus quoted, 242
Valsecchius, 22; on tribunicial renewal, 194
Velletri, home of Soaemias and her husband, 34
Vespasian, 26, 141
Vespasian amphitheatre, 246
Vesta, Minerva, or Pallas, to serve Elagabal, 97; alliance of
Elagabal with, 114; story of the marriage with Elagabal, 129;
shrine in Forum, 132, 189; amalgamated with Elagabal, 278
Vestals, community discussed, 211; supporters of civic
religion, 214; arbiters of public feeling, 261
Victor, Aurelius, on site of Eliogabalium, 11, 19, 27, 113; on
length of reign, 193; on Antonine’s castration, 276
Victoria Aeterna inscription, 139
Vigiles inscription, 145
Virgil, 23
Vitellius, 23, 236, 250, 253
Vopiscus, 3, 11, 13
Walwick Chesters inscription, title of _Sac. Elag._ erased, 199
Wirth, on the date of the proclamation, 55; on date of battle
of Immae, 69; on arrival in Rome, 107
Wissowa, on site of summer temple, 112
Wölfflin, on Vopiscus, 3, 11; on Mommsen, 12
Wotton, quoted, 89; on Gannys, 102
Xiphilinus, 7, 52, 113; on Eutychianus, 80; on Antonine, 95;
on Antonine’s marriage with Hierocles, 239; on Zoticus, 239;
condemns Antonine’s religion, 267
Zoticus, his story, 239
Zonaras, 19; on Antonine’s amulets, 184; on nicknames of the
Emperor, 200; on Elagabalus’ castration, 238; on Zoticus, 239
Zosimus, 19
THE END
_Printed by R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, Edinburgh._