Inquisition, its origin, ii. 62.
Attempts to arrest the intellectual revolt, ii. 74.
Its sacrifices, ii. 188.
Its effect on Protestantism in Spain and Italy, ii. 220.
Insane, Diogenes' view of the, i. 102.
Insect an automatic mechanism, ii. 349.
Institutes of Menu, i. 63.
Intellect, the primal, Anaxagoras's view of, i. 108.
Intellectual class, the true representation of a community, i. 13.
Despair, ii. 52.
Intellectual impulse makes its attack through astronomy, ii. 133.
Development the aim of nature, ii. 359.
Interstitial death, i. 14.
Creations, ii. 312.
Investitures, the conflict on, ii. 17.
Invisible, localization of the, i. 36.
Ionian philosophy, puerilities of, i. 106.
Irene, the Empress, puts out her son's eyes, i. 374.
Her superstitious cruelty, i. 420.
Iris, its function, i. 5.
Isis, her worship, i. 187.
Isothermal lines, i. 24, 26.
Israfil, the angel, i. 345.
Italian Christianity, boundaries of, ii. 1.
System, its movements, ii. 150.
Italy, relations of, ii. 127.
Degraded state of, ii. 127.
Immorality of, ii. 136.
Cause of her degradation, ii. 143.
Scientific contributions of, ii. 390.
Causes of her depression, ii. 391.
James I., his proceedings against witchcraft, ii. 117.
Jason, the voyage of, i. 41.
Jaxartes, its drying up, i. 29.
Jerome of Prague, his martyrdom, ii. 101.
Jerome, St., denounces Pelagius, i. 294.
Translates the Bible into Latin, i. 306.
His equivocal encomiums on marriage, i. 359, 427.
Jerusalem, position of, i. 77.
Bishops of, i. 272.
Church of, i. 291.
Fall and pillage of, i. 328, 335.
Capture of, ii. 22.
Surrender of, to Frederick II., ii. 68.
Jesuits, the Order of, instituted, ii. 220.
The extent of their influence, ii. 221.
Causes of their suppression, ii. 222.
Jewish physicians, their writings, ii. 120.
Jewish-Spanish physicians, writings of, ii. 123.
Jews, conversion of, i. 270.
Are the teachers of the Saracens, i. 384.
Their influence on supernaturalism, ii. 119.
Medical studies among, ii. 121.
Expulsion of, from France, ii. 126.
Their geographical knowledge and its results, ii. 175.
John, King of England, is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III., ii. 54.
John, Pope, died in prison, i. 353.
John VIII., Pope, pays tribute to the Mohammedans, i. 379.
John XVI., Antipope, cruel and ignominious treatment of, i. 381.
John XXII., Pope, the practical character of his policy, ii. 93.
John of Damascus takes part in the Iconoclastic dispute, ii. 59.
Joshua ben Nun, a professor at Bagdad, i. 402.
Journalism is gradually supplanting oratory, ii. 204.
Judgment, future, according to the Egyptian theology, i. 92.
According to the Koran, i. 345.
Right of individual, asserted by Luther, ii. 209.
Jugurthine War, i. 247.
Julian, Emperor, attempts the restoration of paganism, i. 311.
Justinian closes the philosophical schools in Athens, i. 216.
His re-conquest of Africa, i. 327.
Effect of his wars, i. 351.
Conquers Italy, i. 354.
Justin Martyr, his illustrations of his idea of the divine ray, i. 274.
Kaleidoscope, an optical instrument, ii. 380.
Kalid, the "Sword of God," defeats Heraclius at the battle of
Aiznadin, i. 335.
Kant, his philosophical doctrines, i. 232.
Kempis, Thomas a, author of the "Imitation of Christ," ii. 106.
Kepler, the effect of the discovery of his laws, i. 4.
His work prohibited by the Inquisition, ii. 263.
His mode of inquiry, ii. 266.
Discovery of his laws, ii. 267.
Cause of his laws, ii. 274.
Kiersi, Council of, quotation from, i. 369.
Kirk's lambs, ferocity of, ii. 244.
Koran, passages from the, i. 331. Review of the, i. 340.
Labarum, story of, believed, i. 309.
Lactantius, his argument against the globular form of the earth, i. 315.
"Ladder of Paradise," ii. 59.
Langton, Stephen, Magna Charta originates from his suggestion, ii. 54.
Languages, modern, their effects, ii. 192.
Languedoc, light literature of, ii. 35.
Laplace discovers the cause of the irregularity of the moon's
motion, ii. 278.
On some of the phenomena of the solar system, ii. 280.
Lapland, cause of the contentment and inferiority of, i. 13.
Lateran Council, second, vests the elective power to the Papacy
in the Cardinals, ii. 15.
Third, defines the new basis of the Papal system, ii. 18.
Fourth, establishes the necessity of auricular confession, ii. 65.
Latin, the use of, as a sacred language, required by the
Church, ii. 191.
Lavaur, massacre of, ii. 62.
Law, the world ruled by, i. 20.
Succession of affairs determined by, i. 389.
Eternity and universality of, ii. 359.
Lawyers, their agency first recognized, ii. 81.
Their power antagonistic to the ecclesiastical, ii. 82.
Their opposition to supernaturalism, ii. 113.
Leaning towers, i. 30.
Leaves of plants, their action, ii. 339.
Legends of Western Saints, i. 435.
Legion, Roman, how constructed, i. 251.
Leibnitz, his doctrine of the mind, i. 231.
His contribution to geology, ii. 286.
Leif, the first discoverer of America, ii. 164.
Lentulus, spurious letter of, to the Roman senate, i. 361.
Leo III., Pope, crowns Charlemagne in St. Peter's, i. 371.
Assaulted by the nephews of Adrian, i. 378.
Leo the Chazar continues an iconoclastic policy, i. 419.
Leo the Great, i. 352.
Leo the Isaurian, the founder of a new dynasty at
Constantinople, i. 416.
Publishes an edict prohibiting the worship of images, i. 417.
Leo X., Pope, exposed to obloquy, ii. 213.
His character, ii. 215.
Is reported to have contracted syphilis, ii. 232.
Leontius Pilatus, description of, by Boccaccio, ii. 194.
Lesches, poems of, i. 51.
Levites, their manner of healing, i. 400.
Lewenhoeck discovers spermatozoa, ii. 286.
Liberty not appreciated in India, i. 62.
Mental when maintained, ii. 227.
Libraries, Alexandrian, size of, i. 188.
Establishment of, i. 317.
Licinius neutralizes the policy of Constantine, i. 278.
Life, individual, is of a mixed kind, i. 2.
Social, its nature, i. 2.
First opinion of savage, i. 3.
Variable rapidity of, i. 18.
Light, velocity of motion of, ii. 279, 298.
Proves the age of the world, ii. 298.
White, ii. 379.
Chemical influences of, ii. 383.
Limestone deposited from the sea, ii. 321.
Lipari, the crater of, supposed to be the opening into hell,
i. 354, 357.
Lippershey first constructs a telescope, ii. 261.
Lisbon, the great earthquake of, ii. 302.
Listening contrasted with reading, ii. 203.
Lister, author of a synopsis of shells, ii. 286.
Ascertains the continuity of strata, ii. 286.
Literary men, their influence, ii. 150.
Literature, spread of gay, from Spain, ii. 60.
Profligate character of, in England, ii. 244.
Lithotomy, new operations for, by the Alexandrian surgeons, i. 399.
Livy, writings of, vindictively pursued by Gregory the Great, i. 357.
Locke, his theory of the sources of ideas, i. 231.
Locomotion, followed by mental development, ii. 119, 136.
Provisions for, show the social condition of a nation, ii. 239.
Locomotives, invented by Murdoch, ii. 387.
Logic, Aristotle's, i. 177.
Character of mediaeval, ii. 111.
Each age of life has its own, ii. 192.
"Logos," Philo's idea of the, i. 210.
Justin Martyr's idea of the, i. 274.
Lombards, converted at the beginning of the sixth century, i. 365.
London, condition of, towards the close of the seventeenth
century, ii. 238.
Lorenzo de' Medici, his patronage of literature and philosophy, ii. 195.
Loretto, miracle of, ii. 80.
Louis XIV., his order in council punishing sorcery, ii. 118.
Louis, St., his character, ii. 73.
Lucius Apuleius, i. 211.
Lucretius, the irreligious nature of his poem, i. 257.
Luitprand captures Ravenna, i. 422.
Luitprand quoted on Constantinople, ii. 58.
Luther, experiences of, ii. 117.
The revolt of, ii. 149.
History of, ii. 208.
Excommunication of, ii. 211.
Looked upon with contempt by the Italians, ii. 215.
Lyceum, Aristotle founds a school in, i. 176.
Lyons, Council of, ii. 71.
Macaulay, Lord, has taken too limited a view of the
Reformation, ii. 227.
Macedonian campaign opens a new world to the Greeks, i. 45.
Its ruinous effects on Greece, i. 172.
Its effect on intellectual progress, i. 186.
Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, his heresy, i. 289.
Machiavelli, the principles of, ii. 137.
His "History of Florence," ii. 143.
Machinery, social changes effected by, ii. 388.
Magellan, his great voyage, ii. 169.
Magic and necromancy, Plotinus resorts to, i. 214.
Magic lantern, ii. 380.
Magna Charta originates from a suggestion of Stephen Langton, ii. 54.
Magnet supposed by Thales to have a living soul, i. 97.
Magnetic variation, discovery of the line of, ii. 163.
Erroneously supposed by Columbus to be immovable, ii. 165.
Magnetism, discoveries in, ii. 378.
Maimonides, his life and writings, ii. 124.
Malpighi devotes himself to botany, ii. 286.
Applies the microscope to anatomy, ii. 286.
Man the archetype of society, i. 2.
Controlled by physical agents, i. 10.
Variations of, i. 11.
First form of, according to Anaximander, i. 107.
Nature and development of, i. 233.
His race connections, i. 234.
Apparent position of, on the heliocentric theory, ii. 337.
Marco Polo, ii. 174.
Marcus Graecus gives the composition of gunpowder, i. 408.
Mareotis, Lake, i. 323.
Mariner's compass introduced by the Arabs, ii. 43.
Marozia, her infamy and cruelty, i. 380.
Marriage, compulsory in the time of Augustus, i. 253.
Sinfulness of, according to the principles of the monks, i. 426.
Marsilio, his work "The Defender of Peace," ii. 93.
Marsilius Ficinus, the Platonist, ii. 193.
Masue, John, the Nestorian, superintendence of schools
entrusted to, by Haroun al Raschid, i. 392, ii. 36.
Matilda, Countess, aids Gregory VII., ii. 16.
Calumniated by the married clergy, ii. 17.
Matter, its indestructibility, ii. 375.
Maximum of certainty, i. 236.
Maximus Tyrius, i. 259.
Max Mueller on language, i. 33.
Mayow on respiration, ii. 286.
Mechanical invention, effect of, ii. 384.
Medicine, Byzantine, suppression of, i. 386.
Origin of Greek, i. 393.
Egyptian, i. 397.
Alexandrian, i. 398.
Mediterranean Sea, its dependencies and extent, i. 28.
Propriety of its name, i. 39.
Wonders of, i. 41.
Trade of, ii. 158.
Megaric school, i. 148.
Melanchthon, ii. 211.
Melissus of Samos, an Eleatic, i. 123.
Melloni first polarizes light, ii. 390.
Mendicant Orders, establishment of, ii. 62.
Menu, institutes of, i. 63.
Extract from, i. 224.
Metaphysics, Aristotle's, i. 178.
Uncertainty of, ii. 344.
Meteoric stone, boasted prediction of fall of, i. 111.
Mexico, social condition of, ii. 175.
Michael the Stammerer, his incredulity and profanity, i. 420.
Middle Ages, their condition, i. 139.
Migration of birds, i. 6.
Milan, Bishop of, excommunicated, ii. 17.
Milky way, as explained by the Pythagoreans, i. 117.
Mill life, ii. 388.
Milton, his "Paradise Lost" a Manichean composition, ii. 245.
In favour of the Copernican system, ii. 260.
Miracle cure, i. 386.
Plays, ii. 246.
Missionaries, Irish and British, i. 366.
Mithridates, King of Pontus, studies poisons and antidotes, i. 400.
Moawiyah, Khalif, sends his lieutenant against Africa, i. 334.
Rebuilds the church of Edessa, i. 338.
Moestlin quoted in favour of the Copernican system, ii. 266.
Mohammed subject to delusions, i. 148, 330. History of, i. 329.
Mohammed II., ii. 107.
Mohammedanism, causes of the spread of, i. 337.
Popular, i. 345.
Sects of, i. 347.
Arrest of, in Western Europe, ii. 30.
Literature of, ii. 34.
Uniformly patronized physical science, ii. 121.
Monasteries, condition of Europe at the suppression of, ii. 230.
Monasticism, amelioration of, i. 431.
Spread of, from Egypt, i. 433.
Monks, African and European, i. 237.
Labours and successes of, i. 365.
Their origin and history, i. 424.
Differences of Eastern and Western, i. 434.
Their intellectual influence, i. 438.
Monotheism preceded by imperialism, i. 256.
Roman, its boundaries, i. 261.
Montanus, the pretended Paraclete, i. 291.
Moon, variations of, discovered by Aboul Wefa, i. 325.
Volcanic action in, ii. 304.
Moors boast of an Arab descent, i. 337.
Moral plays, ii. 248.
Moris, Lake, i. 96.
Moslems, their creed, ii. 37.
Motion, the three laws of, ii. 269.
Muggleton, Lewis, his doctrines, ii. 239.
Murdoch invents the locomotive, ii. 387.
Musa completes the conquest of Africa, i. 333.
Arrested at the head of his army, i. 369.
Museum of Alexandria, i. 187.
Its studies arranged in four faculties, i. 397.
Music, scale of, invented by Guido, i. 437.
Mycene, gate of, i. 32.
Mythology, Greek, origin of, i. 37.
Napier invents and perfects logarithms, ii. 285.
Narses, the eunuch, sent by Justinian against Rome, i. 351.
Nations, progress of, like that of individuals, i. 12.
Secular variations of, i. 16.
Death of, i. 17.
Are only transitional forms, i. 17.
Nearchus, an intimate friend of Alexander the Great, i. 173.
Nebulae, existence of, ii. 282.
Nebular hypothesis, ii. 281.
Necromancy, Alexandrian, i. 404.
Neo-Platonism, its origin imputed to Ammonius Saccas, i. 211.
Nervous system, general view of, ii. 346.
Three distinct parts of human, ii. 353.
Nestorians, their origin, i. 295.
Early cultivate medicine, i. 385.
Their history and progress, i. 391.
New academy founded by Carneades, i. 169.
Newspapers, their origin, ii. 204.
When first regularly issued in England, ii. 249.
Were first issued in Italy, ii. 390.
Newton, quotation from "Principia" of, i. 120.
Availed himself of the doctrines of Hipparchus, i. 202.
Under no obligation to Bacon, ii. 259.
Publication of the "Principia" of, ii. 272.
His mathematical learning and experimental skill, ii. 286.
Niagara Falls furnish proof of time from effect produced, ii. 305.
Prove the enormous age of the earth, ii. 334.
Nicaea, Council of, summoned by Constantine, i. 286.
Second council of, summoned by Irene, i. 420.
Nicene Creed, i. 287.
Nicholas V. a patron of art, ii. 110.
Nicomedia, church of, destroyed, i. 277.
Niebuhr, his opinion of the Greek account of the Persian war, i. 131.
Nile, inundations of, i. 86.
Nirwana, the end of successive existences in the Buddhist
doctrine, i. 71, 230.
Nitria, why well adapted for monks, i. 432.
Nogaret, William de, the legal adviser of Boniface, ii. 84.
Advises King Philip the Fair, ii. 91.
Nomades, Asiatic, i. 29.
Nominalism, doctrine of, sprang from scholastic philosophy, ii. 11.
Norman invasion of England favoured by Pope Gregory VII., ii. 16.
Norway, depth of rain in, i. 25.
Elevation and depression in level of, ii. 307.
Norwegians, diet of, accounted for, i. 27.
Novatus the heretic, i. 284.
Number the first principle according to the Pythagorean
philosophy, i. 113.
Numenius, a Trinitarian, i. 211.
Numerals, Arabic, derived from the Hindus, ii. 40.
Introduced into different countries, ii. 49.
Oaks, objects of adoration among the German nations, i. 241.
Obelisks, Egyptian, prodigious height of, i. 76.
Observatories first introduced into Europe by the Arabs, ii. 42.
Ocean, its size, ii. 371.
Octave, the grand standard of harmonical relation among the
Pythagoreans, i. 116.
Oliva, John Peter, his comment on the Apocalypse, ii. 78.
Olympian deities, their nature, i. 50.
Omar, Khalif, takes Jerusalem, i. 335.
His behaviour contrasted with that of the Crusaders, ii. 22.
Opinion and Reason, Parmenides's work on, i. 121.
Optics, discoveries in, ii. 379.
Oratory supplanted by journalism, ii. 204.
Orchomenos, ruins of, i. 32.
Orders, monastic, rise and progress of, i. 433.
Orestes compelled to interfere to stop a riot in Alexandria, i. 322.
Organ, the, invented by Sylvester, a Benedictine monk, i. 437.
Organisms, permanence of, due to external conditions, i. 8.
Control of physical agents over, i. 9.
Dates of various, ii. 321.
Orpheus, legend of, i. 37.
Osiris, daily ceremony before tomb of, i. 89.
One of the divinities of the Egyptian theology, i. 91.
Site of temple of, given to the church, i. 319.
Osporco changes his unseemly name into Sergius, ii. 143.
Ostrogoth monarchy overthrown, i. 351.
Otho III., Emperor, contemplates a reform in the Church, and is
poisoned by Stephania, ii. 6.
Otranto taken by the Mohammedans, ii. 109.
Oxus, its drying up, i. 29.
Pacific Ocean crossed, ii. 171.
Paganism, attitude of, i. 268.
Death-blow given to, by Theodosius, i. 312.
Pagans, accusation of, against the Christians, i. 301.
Painting and sculpture, relation of the Church to, i. 360.
Palaeontology, historical sketch of early, ii. 314.
Palatine library burnt by Gregory the Great, i. 357.
Pandataria, Sylverius banished to, i. 354.
Pantheism, theology of India underlaid with, i. 59.
Adopted by Parmenides, i. 121.
Greek, i. 223.
Papacy, history of, i. 290.
Consolidation of its power in the West, i. 362.
Signal peculiarity of, i. 378.
Human origin of, i. 382.
Paper, invention of, ii. 200.
Pappus, an Alexandrian geometrician, i. 204.
Parabolani diverted from their original intent by Cyril, i. 321, 386.
"Paraclete," doctrines of faith discussed in the, ii. 10.
Paradise spoken of with clearness by Mohammed, i. 345.
Parliament, its accusation against the clergy, ii. 235.
Parma, John of, the General of the Franciscans, ii. 77.
Parmenides, doctrines of, i. 121.
Pascal, his views of humanity, i. 18.
The influence of his writings, ii. 285.
Path-zone, i. 24.
Patristicism, introduction of, i. 314.
Doctrines of, i. 315.
Conflict of, with philosophy, i. 316.
Decline of, ii. 129.
End of geography of, ii. 164.
Ethnical ideas of, ii. 165.
End of, ii. 225.
Paulus Aemilius, his severity, i. 249.
Pausanias, i. 131.
Pelagian controversy, its effect on Papal superiority, i. 293.
Pelagius, his doctrines, i. 293, 366.
Penances, the Veda doctrine of, i. 61.
Pendulum first applied to clocks by the Moors, ii. 42.
Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, i. 370.
Pergamus, library of, transferred to Egypt, i. 318.
Pericles embraces obnoxious opinions, i. 50.
His the age of improvement in architecture and oratory, i. 132.
Perictione, the reputed mother of Plato, i. 151.
Periodicities, human cause of, i. 7.
Peripatetics, their philosophy, i. 178.
Persecutions, moral effects of, ii. 225.
Persepolis, burning of by Alexander the Great, i. 174.
Perses, revolt of, i. 246.
Persia, Greek invasion of, i. 171.
Subdued by Othman III., i. 335.
Persian invasion of Europe, i. 130.
Attack on the Byzantine system, i. 326.
Personified forms introduced, i. 37.
Perturbations, astronomical, accounted for, ii. 274.
Peru, its coast, a rainless district, i. 86.
A description of, ii. 179.
Peter d'Apono, the alchemist, the wonders imputed to him, ii. 116.
Peter de Brueys, his martyrdom, ii. 60.
Peter Morrone becomes Celestine V., i. 79.
Peter the Hermit, ii. 22, 135.
Peter the Venerable, his acquirements, ii. 12.
Peter's pence, ii. 54.
Petrarch, his opinion of Avignon, ii. 95.
His zeal for learning, ii. 194.
Pharaoh Necho, his ships first double the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 167.
Philadelphus Ptolemy, i. 189.
Philae, mysterious temple of, i. 89.
Philip the Fair protects the Colonnas, ii. 81.
Philiston, a writer on regimen, i. 397.
Philo of Larissa, founder of the fifth academy, i. 170.
Philo the Jew thinks he is inspired, i. 209.
Compares the mind to the eye, i. 234.
Philosopher's stone, i. 407.
Philosophers, persecution of, i. 311.
The revolt of, ii. 149.
Philosophical criticism, effect of, i. 46.
Schools, Indian, i. 65.
Philosophical principles, application of, i. 237.
Philosophy, peripatetic, i. 178.
Greek, end and summary of, i. 217.
Greek and Indian, the analogy between, i. 236.
Reappearance of, ii. 3.
Phlogiston, theory of, ii. 374.
Phocaeans built Marseilles, i. 46.
Phoenicians, enterprise of, i. 45.
Phosphorus discovered by Achild Bechil, i. 410.
Photius, his two works, ii. 59.
Photography, ii. 383.
Physical instruments, improvements in, ii. 384.
Physicians, classes of, i. 397.
Jewish, i. 400.
Oppose supernaturalism, ii. 113.
Are disliked by the Church, ii. 121.
Physics of Zeno, i. 183.
Physiology, its phases the same as those of physics, i. 5.
Of Plato, i. 156.
Of Aristotle, i. 180.
Piccolomini lays the foundation of general anatomy, ii. 285.
Pietro de Vinea undertakes to poison Frederick II., ii. 72.
Pinzons of Palos assist Columbus, ii. 161.
Pisa, Council of, deposes the rival Popes, ii. 97.
The first botanical gardens established at, ii. 390.
Plagues, mortality of ancient, i. 250.
Plants, effect of seasons on, i. 6.
Their dependence on the air, i. 102, ii. 339.
Plataea, fabulous number slain at battle of, i. 130.
Plater first classified diseases, ii. 285.
Plato, his profound knowledge of human nature, i. 53.
His doctrines, i. 152.
Platonism, Plutarch leans to, i. 210.
Reappearance of, in Europe, ii. 193.
Plays, miracle, moral, real, ii. 246.
Pleiades, a nickname given to seven Alexandrian poets, i. 201.
Plotinus, writings of, i. 212, 404.
Plutarch leans to platonizing Orientalism, i. 210.
Poggio Bracciolini quoted, ii. 101.
Polarization of light lends support to the undulatory theory, ii. 382.
Pole star, ii. 305.
Polycrates, Bishop of Ephesus, opposes Victor, Bishop of Rome, i. 291.
Polygamy, institution of, i. 331.
Secured the conquest of Africa, i. 334.
Its influence in consolidating the conquests of Mohammedanism, i. 338.
Polytheism, its antagonism to science, i. 49.
Slowness of its decline, i. 52.
Pontifical power sustained by physical force, i. 300.
Popes, biography of, from A.D. 757, i. 378.
Had no faith in the result of the Crusades, ii. 23.
Porphyry, his writings, i. 214, 404.
Porsenna takes Rome, i. 244.
Posidonius, i. 232.
Praxagoras wrote on the pulse, i. 397.
Pre-existence, Plato's notion of, i. 160.
Press, liberty of, secured, ii. 250.
"Principia," Newton's, quotation from, i. 120.
Publication of, ii. 272.
Its incomparable merit, ii. 275.
Printing, invention of, ii. 198.
Effects of, ii. 200.
Problems of Greek philosophy, i. 217.
Proclus burns Vitalian's ships, i. 215.
His theology, i. 215.
Procopius, the historian, secretary to Belisarius, ii. 58.
Profatius, a Jew, appointed regent of the faculty of
Montpellier, ii. 125.
Prosper Alpinus writes on diagnosis, ii. 285.
Protestant, origin of the name, ii. 211.
Provincial letters of Pascal, influence of, ii. 286.
Psammetichus overthrows the ancient policy of Egypt, i. 75.
"Psammites," a work of Archimedes, i. 195.
Psychology, origin of, i. 101.
Solution of questions of, ii. 344.
Ptolemies, political position of, i. 186.
Biography of, i. 200.
Ptolemy, his "Syntaxis," i. 203.
Puffendorf, author of the "Law of Nature and Nations," ii. 286.
Pulpit, influence of, affected by the press, ii. 201.
Decline of eloquence of, ii. 203.
Its relation to the drama, ii. 249.
State of, an index of the mental condition of a nation, ii. 249.
Punic wars, results of, i. 245.
Puranas, i. 65.
Pyramids of Egypt, size of, i. 75.
The Great, its antiquity and wonders, i. 81.
What they have witnessed, i. 84.
Their testimony unreliable as to the age of the world, ii. 327.
Pyrrho, the founder of the Sceptics, i. 164.
Pyrrhus, the Epirot, i. 244.
Pythagoras, biography of, i. 111.
The service he rendered us, i. 230.
Quintus Sextius, i. 258.
Quipus, a Peruvian instrument for enumeration, ii. 185.
Quito, why it was regarded as a holy place, ii. 185.
Rab, a Jewish anatomist, i. 400.
Rabanus, a Benedictine monk, sets up a school in Germany, i. 437.
Rabbis cultivate medicine, ii. 122.
Radbert, his views on transubstantiation, ii. 10.
Railways, ii. 387.
Rain, quantity of in Europe, i. 25.
Maximum points of, i. 25.
Rainless countries, agriculture in, i. 85.
Of the West, i. 86.
Peru one, ii. 180.
Rainy days, number of, i. 26.
Influence of, i. 27.
Rameses II., his policy, i. 78.
Raschi, his varied acquirements, ii. 123.
Ravenna, Gerbert appointed Archbishop of, ii. 6.
Ray leads the way to comparative anatomy, ii. 286.
Raymond Lully, said to have been compelled to make gold for
Edward II., ii. 155.
Raymond de Pennaforte compiles a list of decretals, ii. 70.
Reading, its advantage over listening, ii. 203.
Realism, its origin, ii. 11.
Reason, Algazzali's doctrine of the fallibility of, ii. 51.
Reductio ad absurdum introduced by Zeno, i. 122.
Reflection, Democritus's view of, i. 125.
Reflex action, ii. 348.
Reformation attempted in Greece, i. 50.
Influences leading to, ii. 190.
Dawn of the, ii. 204.
In Switzerland, ii. 210.
Organization of, ii. 211.
In Italy, ii. 212.
Arrest of, ii. 214.
Counter, ii. 219.
Culmination of, in America, ii. 226.
Relics, age of, i. 51.
Worship of, i. 414.
Reminiscence, Plato's doctrine of, i. 153.
Republic of Plato, i. 159.
Revolution, French, ii. 150.
Rhacotis, Alexandria erected on the site of, i. 192.
Rhazes discovers sulphuric acid, i. 410.
Rhazes, a Moorish writer on botany, ii. 39.
Rheims, Gerbert appointed Archbishop of, ii. 5.
Rhodes raised from the sea, i. 30.
Rhodians, maritime code of, i. 45.
Richard I. of England treacherously imprisoned, ii. 25.
His treatment by Saladin contrasted with that he received from
a Christian prince, ii. 136.
Rienzi, a demagogue, ii. 95.
Rig Veda, asserted to have been revealed by Brahma, i. 58.
"Robber Synod," the council of Ephesus, i. 297.
Roderic, King of the Goths, ii. 28.
Roderigo de Triana, the first of Columbus's crew to descry
land, ii. 163.
Roman power, influence of, i. 52.
Christianity, influence of, on the people, i. 241.
History, importance of, i. 242.
Power, triple form of, i. 243.
First theocracy and legends, i. 243.
History, early, i. 243.
Slave laws, atrocity of, i. 249.
Slave system, social effects of, i. 249.
Depravity, i. 252.
Women, their dissoluteness, i. 253.
Ethnical element disappears, i. 255.
Conquest, effects of, i. 256.
Rome, cause of permanence of, i. 11.
Unpitying tyranny of, i. 267.
Fall and sack of, by Alaric, i. 300.
Fall and pillage of, by the Vandals, i. 350.
Progress of, to Papal supremacy, i. 352.
Relations of, to Constantinople, i. 353.
Three pressures upon, ii. 1.
Pillaged, sacked, and fired by Henry, ii. 20.
Immoralities of, brought to light by the Crusades, ii. 136.
Its geological peculiarities, ii. 307.
Roemer, his estimate of the velocity of light confirmed, ii. 299.
Roscelin of Compiegne, an early advocate of Nominalism, ii. 11.
Ruysch improves minute anatomy, ii. 286.
Sacramentarians, separate from the Lutherans, ii. 211.
Sahara Desert affects the distribution of heat in Europe, i. 24.
Saladin retakes Jerusalem, ii. 25.
His noble behaviour to Richard I., ii. 136.
Salamanca, Columbus confuted by the Council of, ii. 161.
Council of, its reply when urged to teach physical science, ii. 278.
Sampson, Agnes, burnt for witchcraft, ii. 117.
Samuel, an accomplished Jewish physician, i. 400.
Sanctorio lays the foundation of modern physiology, ii. 285.
Invents the thermometer, ii. 390.
Sanscrit vocabulary, i. 33.
Saracens, their policy, i. 336.
Cause of their check in the conquest of France, i. 369.
Are taught by the Nestorians and Jews, i. 384.
They dominate in the Mediterranean, i. 422.
Their chemistry, medicine, and surgery, ii. 39.
Their philosophy, ii. 49.
Early cultivators of astronomy, ii. 133.
Sardica, Council of, i. 292.
Satan, notion of, had become debased, i. 414.
Sautree, William, the first English martyr, ii. 99.
Saviour, in Koran never called Son of God, i. 342.
Model of, eventually received, i. 361.
Scandinavian geological motion, i. 30.
Discovery of America, ii. 164, 175.
Sceptics, rise of, i. 163.
Schism, causes of the great, ii. 96.
Scholastic philosophy, rise of, ii. 11.
Theology, rise of, ii. 12.
Schools, philosophical Greek, merely points of reunion, i. 112.
The Megaric, Cyrenaic, and Cynical, i. 148.
Science, Alexandrian, suppressed, i. 325.
Sculpture, relation of Church to, i. 360.
Sea of Azof, a dependency of the Mediterranean, i. 28.
Seasons, effect of, on animals and plants, i. 6.
Sebastian de Elcano, the Lieutenant of Magellan, ii. 173.
Secular geological movement of Europe and Asia, i. 29.
Inequalities of satellites, ii. 277.
Semicircular canals, their function, i. 5.
Seneca, the influence of his writings accounted for, i. 258.
Sens, Council of, report of, to Rome, ii. 11.
Sensation, Democritus confounds it with thought, i. 125.
Senses, Algazzali's doctrine of the fallibility of, ii. 50.
Septuagint Bible, the translators of, entertained by Ptolemy
Philadelphus, i. 190.
Serapion, causes of its umbrage to Archbishop Theophilus, i. 318.
Destruction of, i. 319.
Serapis, establishment of the worship of, i. 187.
Description of the temple of, i. 318.
Statue of, destroyed, i. 319.
Temple of, used for a hospital, i. 399.
Servetus, the burning of, by Calvin, ii. 226.
Almost detected the circulation of the blood, ii. 285.
Servile rebellion in Sicily, i. 247.
Seville, tower of, an observatory built by the Arabs, ii. 42.
Shakespeare, quotation from, i. 207.
His position with regard to English literature, ii. 249.
Shepherds, the, their exertions in behalf of King Louis, ii. 76.
Shiites, one of the seventy-three Mohammedan sects, i. 347.
Sigismund, Emperor, his treacherous conduct to John Huss, ii. 101.
Silver, its comparative value in Rome, i. 251.
Simon Magus, an Oriental magician, wonders related of, ii. 114.
Simony, organization of, ii. 97.
Sirius, its supposed influence on the waters of the Nile, i. 90.
Slave system, Roman, i. 249.
Slavery under Charlemagne, i. 373.
Recognized in certain cases in Mexico, ii. 176.
Slavians converted by Greek missionaries, i. 367.
Smyrna, Erasistratus established a school there, i. 399.
Snow, distribution of, in Europe, i. 26.
Snowy days, number of, at various places, i. 26.
Social war, important results of, i. 247.
Eminence, no preservative from social delusion, ii. 117.
Society, the intellectual class the true representative of a
community, i. 13.
Sociology, comparative, ii. 359.
Socrates, Aristophanes excites the people against, i. 47.
His mode of teaching, and his doctrines, i. 143.
Character of, in Athens, i. 146.
"The Mad," i. 150.
Solar system proves the existence of law, i. 4.
Soliman the Magnificent takes Belgrade, ii. 109.
Sonnites, one of the seventy-three Mohammedan sects, i. 347.
Sopater accused of magic, and decapitated, i. 310.
Sophists, their doctrines, i. 135. Their influence, i. 220.
Sorcery, intermingling of magic and, i. 402.
Introduction of European, ii. 115.
Soul, Indian ideas of the, i. 60.
Purification of, i. 61.
Diogenes' opinion of that of the world, i. 99.
Plato's doctrine of the triple constitution of, i. 156.
Greek problem as to the nature of, i. 218.
As to the immortality and absorption of, i. 228.
The human, ii. 365.
Sound, nature and properties of, ii. 369.
Spain, Roman annexation of, i. 247.
Arab invasion of, ii. 28.
Literature of, ii. 35.
Crime of, ii. 166.
Sparta, Lycurgus abolished private property in, i. 129.
Spartacus, the gladiator, i. 248.
Species, Cuvier's doctrine of the permanence of, ii. 326.
Opposition to the doctrine of transmutation of, ii. 328.
Specific gravity, Alhazen's tables of, clearly approach our own, ii. 48.
Sphaerus, the Stoic, fraud practised on, i. 189.
Spheres, music of, a belief entertained by the Pythagoreans, i. 116.
Sphinxes, one of the wonders of ancient Egypt, i. 76.
Spinal cord, its separate and conjoint action, ii. 352.
Spires, first Diet of, ii. 210.
Spirit, in chemistry, had at first a literal meaning, i. 405.
Spiritualists, their devout regard for the "Everlasting Gospel," ii. 78.
Spontaneous generation, Anaximander's doctrine of, i. 107.
Anaxagoras's doctrine of, i. 109.
Stage, state of, an index of the mental condition of a nation, ii. 249.
Stancari first counted the vibrations of a string emitting
musical notes, ii. 390.
Stars, multiple, i. 4.
Coloured light of double, ii. 277.
Our cluster of, how divided, ii. 280.
Star-worship, fetichism displaced by, i. 3.
The philosophy of, i. 90.
Steam-engine first invented by Hero, i. 205, 387.
The nature of Watt's improvement in, ii. 385.
Steno first recognizes the twofold division of rocks, ii. 315.
Stephania, wife of Crescentius, poisons Otho III., ii. 7.
Stephanus, a grammarian of Constantinople, ii. 58.
Stephen II., Pope, consecrates Pepin and his family, i. 370.
Stephen III., Pope, urges Charlemagne against the Lombards, i. 371.
Stephenson, George, his improvement in the locomotive, and its
results, ii. 387.
Stercorists, their doctrines, ii. 10.
Stereoscope, an optical instrument, ii. 380.
Stevinus, his mechanical works, ii. 269.
Revives correct views of the mechanical properties of water, ii. 372.
Stigmata, marks miraculously impressed on the body of St.
Francis, ii. 64.
Stilicho, a Goth, compels Alaric to retreat, and Rhadogast to
surrender, i. 300.
Is murdered by the Emperor, his master, i. 300.
Stoicism, its intention, i. 183.
Stoics, exoteric philosophy of, i. 184.
Struve, his estimate of the velocity of light, ii. 299.
Stylites, St. Simeon, an aerial martyr of the fifth century, i. 426.
Success too often the criterion of right, i. 332.
Sun, agency of, i. 103.
Aristarchus's attempts to ascertain the distance of, i. 199.
The source of force, ii. 339.
Influence of, on organic and inorganic nature, ii. 362.
Sun-dials, invention of, wrongfully ascribed to Anaximander, i. 107.
Supererogation, the theory of, ii. 207.
Supernatural appearances, cause of, i. 428.
Supernaturalism, its adoption by the age of faith, ii. 112.
Overthrow of, in France, ii. 126.
Superstitions, disappearance of, i. 255.
Swammerdam section to the natural history of insects, ii. 286.
Sweden, change of level in, ii. 307.
Sybaris, a luxurious Italiot city, i. 128.
Sylverius, Pope, deposed by the Emperor's wife, Theodora, i. 354.
Sylvester, a Benedictine monk, invents the organ, i. 437.
Sylvester II., Pope, is believed to have made a speaking head, ii. 115.
Symmachus, Senator, falls a victim to the wrath of Theodoric,
the Gothic king, i. 353.
"Syntaxis," the great work of Ptolemy, i. 203.
Syphilis, moral state of Europe indicated by the spread of, ii. 231.
Syria, importance of conquest of, to the Arabs, i. 335.
Tacitus, his testimony to the depraved state of Roman morality, i. 254.
Tarasius created Patriarch by Irene, i. 420.
Tarik lands at Gibraltar, so called in memory of his name, ii. 29.
Tartars, why they prefer a milk diet, i. 27.
Tartarus, one of the two divisions of hell, according to
Anaximenes, i. 36.
Taxation, amount of Roman, i. 251.
Taylor, Jeremy, his testimony as to the authority of the
Fathers, ii. 225.
Telescope, invention of, ii. 261, 380.
Temperature, life can only be maintained within a narrow range,
i. 7.
Templars, apostasy, arrest, and punishment of, ii. 90, 91, 92.
Tensons, or poetic disputations, originated among the Arabs, ii. 34.
Tertullian, his letter to Scapula, i. 275.
Denounces the Bishop of Rome as a heretic, i. 291.
Denies the Scripture authority for certain observances, i. 358.
His impression of the personal appearance of the Saviour, i. 361.
Testimony, human, value of, ii. 119.
Tetractys, the number "ten," why so called, i. 114.
Tezcuco, description of, ii. 178.
Thabor, mysterious light of, ii. 59.
Thales, philosophy of, i. 95.
Thaumasius, the name of Ammonius changed to, i. 322.
Theatre, the English, ii. 245.
Thebit Ben Corrah determines the length of the year, ii. 41.
Theodora, Empress, restores image-worship, i. 421.
Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, effect of the conquest of Italy by, i. 353.
The change in his policy, i. 353.
Theodorus, Bishop his tongue cut out, i. 378.
Theodosius, Emperor, fanaticism of, i. 312.
His cruel vengeance at Thessalonica, i. 313.
His acts, i. 317.
Orders the Serapion to be torn down, i. 319.
Theodosius, an Alexandrian geometrician, i. 204.
Theon, an Alexandrian geometrician, and father of Hypatia, i. 204, 322.
Theophilus, Archbishop of Alexandria, his character, i. 317.
Cause of his umbrage at the Serapion, i. 318.
Persecutions of, i. 319.
Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, first introduced the word
"Trinity," i. 273.
Theophilus, Emperor, image-worship restored at his death, i. 421.
His surly and insolent reply to Almaimon, ii. 40.
Theosis, its meaning as employed by John Erigena, ii. 9.
Therapeutae, early Egyptian hermits, i. 424.
Thermotics, science of heat, ii. 383.
Thessalonica, massacre at, i. 313.
Thomas a Kempis, the reputed author of "The Imitation of
Christ," ii. 196.
Thought, confounded with sensation by Democritus, i. 125.
Variation of human, ii. 205.
Thucydides, his secret disbelief of the Trojan war, i. 49.
Thuringians converted in the seventh and eighth centuries, i. 365.
Tides and currents explained on the theory of gravitation, ii. 371.
Time, nothing absolute in, i. 17.
Torricelli, weight of atmosphere understood before, ii. 47.
Hydrostatics created by, ii. 285.
Constructs the barometer, and demonstrates the pressure of
the air, ii. 390.
Toscanelli, a Florentine astronomer, and friend of Columbus, ii. 160.
Constructs his gnomon in the Cathedral of Florence, ii. 255.
Tours, battle of, i. 368.
Trade-wind, under the dominion of law, i. 4.
Transformation, the world is undergoing unceasing, i. 59.
Transitional forms, nature of, i. 12.
Transmigration of souls, the Veda doctrine of, i. 61.
The Buddhist doctrine of, i. 71.
The Pythagorean doctrine of, does not imply the absolute
immortality of the soul, i. 117.
Plato's doctrine of, i. 156.
Transmission, hereditary, nature of, ii. 333.
Transmutation of metals, i. 406.
Of species, doctrine of, has met with opposition, ii. 328.
Transubstantiation, a twin-sister of transmutation, i. 407.
The doctrine of, first attacked by the new philosophers, ii. 9.
The Italian doctrine of, rejected by the German and Swiss
reformers, ii. 210.
Tribonian suspected of being an atheist, i. 359.
Trinitarian disputes had their starting point in Alexandria, i. 191.
Trinity, the Indian doctrine of, i. 64.
The Egyptian doctrine of, i. 91.
Is assumed in the doctrine of Numenius, i. 211.
The word does not occur in the Scriptures, i. 273.
Triumvirate, the First, usurps the power of the senate and
people, i. 248.
Trojan war, various views entertained about, i. 50.
Horse, superstitious notions of the tools with which it was
made, i. 51.
Troubadours use the Langue d'Oc in the north of France, ii. 60.
Trouveres use the Langue d'Oil in the south of France, ii. 60.
Tupac Yupanqui, Inca, quoted, ii. 183.
Turkish invasion, effect of, ii. 110.
Turks, their origin and progress, ii. 105.
Tutching, his severe and prolonged punishment, ii. 244.
Tycho makes a new catalogue of the stars, ii. 284.
Tympanum, its function, i. 5.
Types, Platonic, i. 152.
Tyre, fall of, i. 80.
Tyrians, their enterprise, i. 45.
Ulphilas invents an alphabet for the Goths, i. 307.
"Unam Sanctam," the bull of, issued by Pope Boniface, ii. 83.
Under-world, primitive notions respecting, i. 39.
Undulatory theory of light, ii. 381.
Uniformity, doctrine of, ii. 323.
Unity of mankind, i. 10.
Religious, implies tyranny to the individual, ii. 227.
Universe, unchangeability of, taught by Anaxagoras, i. 108.
Its magnitude, ii. 292, 335.
Unreliability of sense, Zeno's illustration of, i. 123.
Urban II. institutes the Crusades, ii. 20.
Urban VI., his cruelty to his cardinals and bishops, ii. 96.
Valentinian issues an edict denouncing the contumacy of Hilary, i. 300.
Is a Nicenist, i. 311.
Valerius, Count, the Pelagian question settled through his
influence, i. 294.
Vallisneri, an Italian geologist of the eighteenth century, ii. 315.
Vandal attack, i. 327.
Vandals converted in the fourth century, i. 365.
Van Helmont introduced the theory of vitality into medicine, ii. 285.
Variation of organic forms, i. 8.
Man not exempt from law of, i. 10.
Human, best seen when examined on a line of the meridian, i. 11.
The political result of human, i. 11.
Varolius, a distinguished anatomist, ii. 284.
Varro, Terentius, his scepticism, i. 257.
Vasco de Gama doubles the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 167.
Vatican library founded by Nicholas V., ii. 111.
Vedaism, the adoration of nature, its doctrines, i. 58.
Its changes, i. 64.
Vedic doctrines, minor, i. 62.
Venice, commercial rivalry between Genoa and, ii. 158.
Takes the lead in the publication of books, ii. 199.
Venus, light of the planet, ii. 304.
Verona, Fracaster wrote on the petrifactions found at, ii. 315.
The first geological museum established at, ii. 390.
Vesicles, nerve, structure and functions of, ii. 347.
Victor, Bishop of Rome, requires the Asiatic bishops to conform
to his view respecting Easter, i. 291.
Victor III. denounces the life of Pope Benedict IX. as foul and
execrable, i. 381.
Vienne, Council of, ii. 89.
Vieta improves algebra, and applies it to geometry, ii. 284.
Vigilius purchases the Papacy for two hundred pounds of gold, i. 354.
Vinci, Leonardo da, his contributions to science, ii. 268.
First asserts the true nature of fossil remains, ii. 314, 390.
Compares the action of the eye to that of a camera obscura, ii. 380.
Virgin Mary, worship of, i. 296.
Various art types of the, i. 361.
Visconti, Barnabas, irreverence of, ii. 95.
Visigoths, spread of, through Greece, Spain, Italy, i. 300.
Vision, correct ideas respecting, ii. 380.
Vitello publishes a treatise on optics in the sixteenth
century, ii. 255.
Vocabulary, Indo-Germanic, i. 32.
Volcanoes, ii. 301.
Volta, indebtedness of chemistry to, ii. 391.
Voltaic electricity, ii. 377.
Voyages, minor, ii. 174.
Vulgate becomes the ecclesiastical authority of the West, i. 306.
Jealous fears of Rome respecting depreciation of the authority
of, ii. 195.
Wales, South, thickness of coal-bearing strata in, ii. 308.
Walter the Penniless, one of the first Crusaders, ii. 22.
War, effect of, on the low Arab class, i. 339.
Moral state of Europe indicated by the usages of war, ii. 232.
War system, Roman, i. 250.
Water, importance of, in Egypt, i. 96.
The curious treatise of Zosimus on the virtues and composition
of, i. 408.
Physical and chemical relation of, ii. 372.
Watt, James, has revolutionized the industry of the world, i. 387.
His discovery of the constitution of water, ii. 340.
His invention of the steam-engine, ii. 385.
Week, origin of the, i. 403.
Weeping statues, held in superstitious veneration by the vulgar, i. 51.
Western Empire becomes extinct, i. 351.
Westphalia, Peace of, the culmination of the Reformation, ii. 212.
Whewell, his testimony to the incomparable merit of Newton's
"Principia," ii. 275.
Wickliffe translates the Bible, ii. 99. The revolt of, ii. 148.
William of Champeaux opens a school of logic in Paris, ii. 14.
William, Lord of Montpellier, his edict respecting the practice
of medicine, ii. 123.
William de Nogaret assists King Philip against Pope Boniface
II., ii. 84.
Also against the Templars, ii. 91.
William de Plaisian prefers a long list of charges against Pope
Boniface, ii. 84.
Willis, his researches on the brain and nervous system, ii. 286.
Winking pictures held in superstitious veneration by the vulgar, i. 51
Witchcraft, introduction of European, ii. 115.
Women, condition of, in India, i. 63.
"Sub-introduced," i. 359.
Exerted extraordinary influence in the conversion of Europe, i. 365.
Woodward improves mineralogy, ii. 286.
World, to determine the origin and manner of production of, the
first object of Greek philosophy, i. 217.
Hindu doctrine of the absorption of, i. 226.
Moral, is governed by principles analogous to those which
obtain in the physical, i. 348.
Expected end of, i. 377.
Anthropocentric ideas of the beginning of, ii. 297.
Worlds, infinity of; ii. 292. Succession of, ii. 336.
Worms, synod of, ii. 18.
Xantippe, the wife of Socrates, her character unfairly judged
of, i. 147.
Xenophanes, the representative of a great philosophical advance, i. 118.
Xerxes, his exploits exaggerated, i. 130.
Ximenes, Cardinal, burns Arabic manuscripts, ii. 177.
Year, length of, determined by Albategnius and Thebit Ben
Corrah, ii. 41.
Yezed, Khalif, origin of Iconoclasm imputed to, i. 417.
Yolinda de Lusignan, Frederick compelled to marry her by
Honorius III., ii. 67.
York, Archbishop of, excommunicated, ii. 75.
Yucay, the site of the national palace of Peru, ii. 182.
Zachary, Pope, enters into an alliance with King Pepin, i. 370.
Zaryab, the musician, honour paid him by the Khalif Abderrahman, ii. 34.
Zedekias, physician to Charles the Bald, fabulous story of, ii. 120.
Zehra, splendour and magnificence of the palace and gardens of, ii. 32.
Zemzen, a well, one of the fictions of popular Mohammedanism, i. 345.
Zeno the Eleatic, the doctrines of Parmenides carried out by, i. 122.
Zeno the Stoic, rival of Epicurus, i. 182.
Ziska, John, desecration of the body of, ii. 149.
Zosimus, Pope, annuls the decision of Innocent I., and declares
the opinion of Pelagius to be orthodox, i. 294.
Zosmus the Panopolitan, describes the process of distillation, i. 408.
Zuinglius, the leader of the Swiss Reformation, ii. 210.
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