[1] The viceroy of India from May, 1591 to May, 1597 was Matias
de Albuquerque; he was succeeded by Francisco da Gama, Conde de
Vidiguera, a grandson of the noted Vasco da Gama. On December 25,
1600, Ayres de Saldanha became viceroy, holding that office a little
more than four years. "During the 'captivity' or subjection to Spain
(1580-1640) India was governed entirely through the _Casa da India_ at
Lisbon, and altogether in the interests of Portugal and the Portuguese
officials, who, as will be seen in vol. ii, jealously excluded Spanish
interference."--Gray and Bell, note in _Voyage of Francis Pyrard_
(Hakluyt Society's publication no. 76, London, 1887), i, p. 439.
[2] _Galagala_: the name of a coniferous tree (also known as _piayo_
and _damar; Agathis orantifolia_), which produces a resin that is
used for burning, for lighting, and for calking vessels. See Blanco's
_Flora_, p. 528; and U.S. Philippine Commission's _Report_, 1900,
iii, p. 282.
[3] Montero y Vidal recounts (_Hist. de la piratería_, i, pp. 146-150)
the piratical raids made about this time by the Joloans and
Mindanaos. When they saw that the fort at La Caldera was abandoned,
they collected a force of three thousand men, in fifty caracoas, and
(July, 1599) invaded the coasts of Cebú, Negros, and Panay, ravaging
with fire and sword, and carrying away eight hundred captives. In
the following year these Moros came against the Spanish settlement
of Arévalo (now Iloilo), in Panay, with eight thousand men; but
they were repulsed by a handful of Spaniards, aided by a thousand
Indian allies. Gallinato led an expedition (February, 1602) against
the Joloans, inflicting considerable loss on them, but was unable
to reduce their forts; and he was compelled, by lack of supplies,
to return to Manila. In the summer of 1602 another Moro expedition
sallied out from Mindanao and harried all the northern islands, even
attacking Luzon; they carried away much booty and many captives. A
partial punishment was inflicted upon them by Spanish expeditions,
but they were not subdued; and the Moro pirates were a constant source
of terror and danger until recent times.
[4] Each paragraph is accompanied in the original MS. by a marginal
note summarizing its contents; this is here omitted, as containing
no additional information.
[5] This decree was issued at Lisbon, March 31, 1582, by Felipe II;
a copy of it (addressed to Peñalosa) appears in the MS. from which
we have obtained this group of documents on the Maluco expedition.
A royal decree dated June 22, 1599, orders that all military
expeditions in the islands thereafter must be sanctioned by the
council of war, the cabildo of Manila, and the Audiencia.
[6] In 1526, the cabildo of the City of Mexico gave permission for the
citizens "to have their tepuzque gold converted at the smelting works"
into coin. "For two years oro tepuzque was exclusively used, and the
intrinsic value fluctuated so much that a standard was demanded. In
September, 1528 the cabildo adopted the resolution that all such money
should be examined and stamped." See Bancroft's _Hist. Mexico_, iii,
p. 669.
[7] Spanish, _quando lo que se mãda es cosa muy conueniente a la
República._ The context would apparently require _inconueniente_,
"injurious to the commonwealth;" there is apparently this typographical
error of omission in the original printed text.
[8] The president and members of a tribunal of commerce, appointed
to try and decide causes which concern navigation and trade.
[9] Children resulting from the unions between Chinese and Indians
are known as zambaigos.
[10] In 1603 Monterey, then viceroy of Nueva España, was promoted
to the viceroyalty of Peru. The salaries of these offices were
respectively twenty thousand and thirty thousand ducats (Bancroft's
_Hist. Mexico_, iii, p. 2).
[11] The "piece of eight" was a coin having the weight and value of
eight reals of silver; the "piece of four," one of half that value.
[12] Reference is apparently made here to the preceding document,
"Principal points in regard to the trade of the Filipinas."
[13] See La Concepcion's account of the result of this expedition
(_Hist. de Philipinas_, iv, pp. 16-18). The Spanish troops joined the
Portuguese at Tidore, and together they besieged the Malay fort at
Terrenate; but after ten days the Portuguese refused to continue the
siege, and retreated; this compelled Gallinato, the Spanish commander,
to return with his troops to Manila.
[14] _Daifu-sama_: the official title of Iyeyasu, then the chief
secular ruler (Shôgun) in Japan, which power he gained by his victory
at the great battle of Sekigahara (October, 1600). With him began
the Shôgunate of the Tokugawa family, which lasted for two hundred
and fifty years. Iyeyasu labored to secure the peace of the empire,
both internal and external, and to this end undertook to eradicate
the Christian religion in Japan; and formed a code of laws for his
people. He was a man of high character and ability, and was deified
after his death. This event occurred in 1616, when he was seventy-four
years old. See Rein's _Japan_, pp. 293-303.
[15] La Concepcion describes this fire (_Hist. de Philipinas_,
iv, pp. 30-32); he states that the loss therein was estimated at a
million of pesos, "a loss which indicates how opulent was then the
city of Manila."
[16] The emperor of China at this time was Wanleh (see _Vol_. III,
p. 228); he died in 1620. See account of his reign (begun in 1572)
in Boulger's _Hist. China_, ii, pp. 153-204.
[17] _Garbanzo_: the chick-pea, a sort of pulse commonly used in Spain.
[18] The name of the Moro pirates who inhabit the little islands of the
Sulu group east of Tawi-tawi, and the islands between these and Borneo.
[19] These names are corrupt Spanish renderings of the Chinese
names Nanking and Peking. For accounts of the "Middle Kingdom," or
China proper, and its provinces, and the origin and meaning of their
various appellations, see W. Winterbotham's _Chinese Empire_ (London,
1796), i, pp. 40 _et seq_.; and S. Wells Williams's _Middle Kingdom_
(New York, 1871), i, pp. 3 _et seq_.
[20] In the official transcript of this document furnished
us from the Sevilla archives, this word is written _teatinos_
("Theatins")--apparently the copyist's conjecture for an illegible
or badly-written word in the original MS. But the Theatins had no
establishments in the Philippines; and the mention of Chirino in
the second of these letters (next following this one) of Benavides
proves that he referred to the Jesuits (Spanish _iesuitas_), not to
the Theatins.
[21] "The see being vacant"--for Benavides had but just arrived at
Manila, and an interregnum of nearly five years had elapsed since
the death of his predecessor, Santibañez.
[22] Referring to a ceremony performed at mass, also known as the
"kiss of peace." This was given at mass from the earliest times, in
the various Catholic branches of the Church. In the Western churches,
"it was only at the end of the thirteenth century that it gave way
to the use of the 'osculatorium'--called also 'instrumentum' or
'tabella pacis,' 'pax,' etc.--a plate with a figure of Christ on
the cross stamped upon it, kissed first by the priest, then by the
clerics and congregation. Usually now the pax is not given at all in
low masses, and in high mass an embrace is substituted for the old
kiss, and given only to those in the sanctuary" (Addis and Arnold's
_Catholic Dictionary_, p. 497).
[23] Pérez (p. 63) gives but little information regarding this
friar. He seems to have been in the islands as early as 1591, and from
1594 to 1603, engaged in various official duties. In the last-named
year he went to Spain and Rome, afterward going to Mexico, where he
acted as procurator in 1608.
[24] In this paragraph, as in one in the preceding letter of Benavides,
the official transcription of the text has _teatinos_, where "Jesuits"
occurs in the translation; but the mention of Chirinos shows that
the latter reading is correct. See note 20, _ante_, on p. 109.
[25] Spanish _hermita_ (sometimes meaning "hermitage"); a reference
to what is now a suburb of Manila, situated on the shore of the bay,
and called Hermita or Ermita. "In its parish church is venerated,
with great devotion, the image of its tutelar saint, Our Lady of
Guidance--to which holy image were especially commended, in former
days, the ships from Nueva España" (Buzeta and Bravo's _Diccionario_,
ii, p. 77).
[26] This was the eldest daughter of Felipe III--Anna Maria, generally
known as Anne of Austria. Born in 1601, she was married at the age of
fourteen to Louis XIII of France; and after his death was regent during
the minority of her son, Louis XIV. She died on January 20, 1666.
[27] Diego de Guevara, belonging to a noble family in Spain, entered
in early youth the Augustinian order, at Salamanca. In 1593 he came to
the Philippines with a company of twenty-four missionaries, and held
various official positions in his order. In 1602 he founded a convent
in Bungo, in Japan. Sent to Spain in 1603, with news of the Chinese
insurrection, he did not reach the court until three years later;
he remained there until 1610, when he returned to the Philippines
as visitor for his order. From 1616 until his death in 1621, he was
bishop of Nueva Cáceres.
[28] Spanish, _reformados_; literally "reformed," but referring to
those who belong to religious houses of strict discipline.
[29] A royal decree dated at Barcelona, June 13, 1599, orders the
governor and Audiencia of the Filipinas to take suitable measures
for restricting the number of Chinese allowed to live in Manila, or
in other parts of the islands. The copy of this decree preserved in
the Sevilla archives contains also an extract from a letter to Acuña
(dated November 29, 1603) in which he is thus directed by the king:
"You have been informed by other despatches of the difficulties (which
had been pointed out to the said Don Francisco [Tello] and other
persons) arising from the number of Sangleys who have remained in the
Parian of that city and its outskirts, so that you might be watchful
for the security of the country. The said Don Francisco writes at
present, that having examined into the matter, and conferred upon
it, he finds (as at that time appeared best) that the most expedient
way was to continue the measure that has been taken since he entered
upon that governorship--namely, that the ships which bring the said
Chinese be sent back [to China] each year full of people. In this
way they can be removed and the country cleared of them, with more
gentleness and kind treatment, as has already been done with many of
them. He thinks that if the captains of the ships are not allowed to
carry more than a hundred Sangleys, including sailors and merchants,
the desired object will be attained--that is, that there should not be
in the country more than three thousand Sangleys, including craftsmen,
gardeners, and workers in all trades. What seems best to us, and I
accordingly so charge you, is to make use of this means, or of others
which may appear to you expedient, so that the country may be secure,
and have only the Sangleys necessary for its service."
[30] This Silonga was one of the most noted of the Moro chiefs; he was
afterward converted by a Jesuit missionary. See account of the raid
made by Buhisan (Buyçan), and of Acuña's efforts to suppress piracy,
in Montero y Vidal's _Hist. Piratería_, i, pp. 148-152.
[31] Pedro Chirino was born in 1557 in Osuna of Andalucía. He graduated
in both civil and canon law at Sevilla, and entered the Society of
Jesus at the age of twenty-three. Having been appointed to the mission
in the Filipinas in place of Father Alonso Sanchez, he arrived there
in 1590 with the new governor, Gomez Perez Dasmariñas. He acted as
missionary to the Tagalos and the Pintados, and was superior of the
Jesuit colleges at Manila and Cebú. He cultivated the friendship of
Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa, whom he advised to found the college
of San Ignacio and the seminary of San José in Manila. On July 7,
1602, he left Cavite for Acapulco by the vessel "San Antonio" with
appointment by Visitor Diego Garcia as procurator of the mission, in
order to take immediate action in the affairs of the mission at both
the royal and pontifical courts. He obtained a decree from Father
General Claudius Aquaviva, by which the mission in the Filipinas
was elevated to a vice-province, independent of the province of
Mexico. His relation was written in 1603, and passed the censorship of
vice-provincial Luis de la Puente in Valladolid. On July 17, 1606, he
returned to Manila. The village of Taitai was removed to its present
site by him. His death occurred September 16, 1635. His biography
was written by Father Juan de Bueras in the annals of the province
of Filipinas for 1634-35, signed by the author in Manila, May 26,
1636; and by Father Pedro Murillo Velarde in part ii, book ii, chap,
i, of _Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de la Compañía de Jesús._
Of the many manuscripts left by Father Chirino, I possess the most
important. It is the original manuscript, and is entitled _Primera
Parte de la Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de la Compañía de
Jesus_.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[32] Referring to Morga's _Sucesos de las Islas Philipinas_ (Mexico,
1609). I have seen the only copy of the new edition of this work
published in Madrid, by Justo Zaragoza, in 1880--the only copy,
because the balance of the edition was sold as waste-paper, as its
sale was anticipated by the edition of Dr. Rizal published in Paris
in 1890.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[33] His death occurred in Mactan, on the morning of April 28,
1521.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[34] Chirino writes here somewhat inaccurately. Magalhães and Loaisa
sailed directly from Spain, and went through the Strait of Magellan;
Saavedra was the first who went to the Philippines from Nueva España
(1527), and was followed in this route by Villalobos in 1542. See
accounts of these voyages in _Vols_. I and II of this series.
[35] Cárlos V disapproved of Villalobos entering the Malucos, and
on this account was on the point of depriving the viceroy of Nueva
España, Don Antonio de Mendoza, of his office, as the latter had given
instructions as to the manner of performing the expedition.--_Pablo
Pastells, S.J._
[36] Cosmo de Torres was born in 1510 at Valencia; he departed for
India in 1538, and was admitted to the Jesuit order by St. Francis
Xavier, on March 20, 1548. He was afterward sent to Japan, where he
began the work of christianizing that people. He died on October 10,
1570, after a long and arduous missionary career. (Sommervogel's
_Bibliothèque_, viii, p. 112.)
St. Francis Xavier's ministry in the Indias and Japan began in 1542,
and lasted ten years; he died on December 2, 1552.
[37] The name "Philipinas" was given to the islands by Villalobos, and
confirmed by Felipe II in a decree dated at Valladolid, and directed
to the viceroy of Nueva España, Don Luis de Velasco, September 24,
1559.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[38] The others were Andres de Urdaneta, Andres de Aguirre, Diego de
Herrara, Pedro de Gamboa. The sixth died at the port of Navidad. Father
Rada also died at sea, while returning to Manila from an expedition
to Borneo. Felipe II ordered his manuscripts to be collected and
preserved in the archives.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[39] See description of this incident, and illustration presenting
a view of the image (which is still in existence), in _Vol_. II of
this series, pp. 120, 217.
[40] See Loraca's account of the beliefs of the Moros, _Vol_. V,
pp. 171-175.
[41] An account of the festivities held in Manila in 1623 on the
occasion of the accession of Philip IV to the Spanish crown, includes
the mention of bull-fights. The festivities were attended by the entire
town, civil and political. This account, which contains valuable
social observations, is an extract from a manuscript owned by the
Compañia general Tabacos de Filipinas, Barcelona, and was published
privately (1903) in an edition of 25 copies by Señor Don José Sánchez
Garrigós. It will be presented in this series, if space will permit.
[42] These winds are known as _baguios_ or _tifones_ (English
"typhoons"). See full account of them, with diagrams, tables,
etc. (prepared largely from data and reports furnished by the Jesuit
fathers in the Manila observatory), in U.S. Philippine Commission's
_Report_, 1901, iv, pp. 290-344.
[43] Diego Vazquez de Mercado, later archbishop of Manila.--_Pablo
Pastells, S.J._
[44] Regarding this sharpening of the teeth, see Virchow's "Peopling of
the Philippines" (Mason's translation), in Smithsonian Institution's
_Annual Report_, 1899, pp. 523, 524. Jagor says--_Travels in the
Philippines_ (London, 1875), p. 256: "The further circumstance
that the inhabitants of the Ladrones and the Bisayans possess
the art of coloring their teeth black, seems to point to early
intercourse between the Bisayans and the Polynesians." The Jesuit
Delgado mentions--_Hist. de Filipinas_ (Manila, 1892), p. 328--the
custom of adorning the teeth with gold. Cf. Sawyer's _Inhabitants of
Philippines_, p. 342.
[45] In the margin (p. 9), are various references to
authors. "Book 7, chap. 2 and 56; and book 16, chap. 36,"
probably refers to the _Naturalis historia_ of the elder
Pliny. "Ludovic. Vartom. Nauigat. lib. 5. cap. 12," refers to book 5,
chap. 12 of the _Itinerario_ of Lodovico Barthema (Roma, 1510). Another
reference is to Thomas Malvenda's _De Antichristo_, book 3, chap. 12.
The word for "cane" here used is the Tagal name for several
species of the bamboo (_Bambus_), the largest and most useful being
_B. arundo_. Both this and the bejuco (_Calamus_) were commonly
mentioned under the general term _cañas_ ("canes," or "reeds,"):
and not only the bejuco, but one species of bamboo (_B. mitis_)
yields clear water as a beverage for man's use. See Blanco's _Flora_,
pp. 187-189.
[46] A marginal note (p. 9) opposite this line cites "book 13,
chap. 11," presumably of the same work that is mentioned in the
preceding note.
[47] The palmo was a measure of length used in Spain and Italy,
varying from eight and one-third to ten and one-third inches.
[48] The first Franciscan religious arrived at Manila June 24,
1577. These were fathers Fray Pedro Alfaro, Fray Pedro de Jerez, Fray
Pablo de Jesus, Fray Juan de Plasencia, Fray Juan Bautista Pesaro,
Fray Alonso de Medina, Fray Sebastian de Baeza, Fray Francisco
Mariano, Fray Diego de Oropesa, Fray Agustin de Tordesillas, Fray
Antonio Barriales, and Fray Francisco Menor, and two choristers and
lay brothers.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[49] Domingo de Salazar was born in Labastida (in Alavese Rioja) in
1512. He joined the Order of St. Dominic in 1546 at Salamanca; and at
forty years of age he went to Mexico. In 1579 he was appointed first
bishop of the Filipinas, and took possession of his seat in 1581. In
virtue of the bull _Fulti proesidio_, promulgated by Gregory XIII,
he erected the principal church of Manila into a cathedral church,
December 21 of the same year. Immediately thereafter he held the first
council, being assisted by both the secular and regular clergy. In
1591 he returned to Acapulco and Mexico, whence he went to España
in 1593. He died in Madrid, December 4, 1594, and was buried in the
church of Santo Tomás of his order.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[50] Don Gonzalo Ronquillo was born at Arévalo, of an illustrious
family. His father was a military officer, his grandfather a civil
magistrate, and his brother a distinguished warrior. From 1572 to
1575, Gonzalo Ronquillo served in the Audiencia of Mexico as chief
constable; then returning to Spain, he made an offer to the king
to conduct six hundred colonists to the Filipinas Islands. This was
accepted, and he was appointed governor of the islands, for which he
departed from Spain early in 1579. On the way he lost so many of his
colonists, by desertion or death, that only three hundred and forty
remained when he left Panama, February 24, 1580; they reached Manila
on June 1 following. In 1581 he founded the town of Arevalo on the
island of Panay. Ronquillo's death occurred at Manila, on February 14,
1583--caused, according to a letter written by his cousin Don Diego to
the king, by his grief at the proceedings of Doctor Sande from Mexico
in reprisal for the severe residencia which, by order of the king,
Ronquillo had taken of Sande's government.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[51] These auditors received two thousand pesos of nugget gold (_oro
de minas_) annually; and the president, four thousand pesos.--_Pablo
Pastells, S.J._
[52] _Dedo_: originally, a finger (cf. French _doigt_): by extension,
a measure of length ("a finger's breadth"); see _Vol_. III, p. 201.
[53] Dr. Francisco de Sande, a native of Cáceres, left Acapulco to
enter upon his governorship of the Filipinas, April 6, 1575, and
arrived at Manila August 25, entering immediately upon his duties.
Pedro de Chaves named in his honor the newly-founded city of Nueva
Cáceres. Sande directed a personal expedition to Borneo, sailing
from Manila for this purpose March 3, 1578, accompanied by forty-six
native vessels. He took possession of that great island April 20,
and reëntered Manila July 29 with twenty-one galleys and galleots,
six ships, one hundred and seventy pieces of artillery, and other
war material taken from the enemy. His governorship ended June 1,
1580.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[54] A small island between Sangir and Tagolanda (_Vol_. XI, p. 297).
[55] Sommervogel only mentions two priests of this name in the missions
of India, but both of them were of later date.
[56] The supreme pontiff, Gregory XIII, erected the episcopal see
of Manila December 21, 1581, with the publication of the bull _Fulti
præsidio_. Clement VIII elevated it into a metropolitan church August
14, 1591, assigning to it as suffragan, the churches of Cebú, Nueva
Segovia, and Nueva Cáceres. To these was added that of Santa Isabel
de Paro in 1865, and lastly those of Lipa, Tuguegaras, Cápiz, and
Zamboanga, in virtue of the apostolic decree _Quæ in mari sinico_,
given by Leo XIII at St. Peter's in Roma, September 17, 1902.--_Pablo
Pastells, S.J._
[57] "The balete tree (_Ficus Urostigima_--Sp.) corresponds to our
witch elm, and certainly at night has a most uncanny appearance. Each
of these great trees has its guardian spirit, or Ticbalan" (Sawyer,
_Inhabitants of Philippines_, pp. 214, 343). See also Blanco's _Flora_,
art. "Ficus." Chirino speaks of this tree as having no fruit; he must
have observed specimens which bore only sterile flowers.
[58] The _Erythrina_ (_indica_, Lam.; _carnea_, Bl.); see Blanco's
_Flora_, pp. 393, 394, and Delgado's _Historia_, pp. 429, 430, for
descriptions of this tree (named by them _dapdap_).
[59] _Anona_, of several species; one is commonly known as
"custard-apple," another as "sour-sop." The species _A. squamota_
(Tagal, _Ates_) is regarded as producing the best fruit.
[60] A species of wild hog, _Sus scropha_. In all the large islands
of the Asiatic archipelago may be found wild swine, of various
species. "The flesh of the hog must have formed a principal part of
the animal food of the nations and tribes of the archipelago before
the conversion to Mohammedanism. It did so with the people of the
Philippine Islands on the arrival of the Spaniards, and it does so
still with all the rude tribes, and even with the Hindoos of Bali
and Lomboc" (Crawfurd's _Dictionary_, pp. 152, 153). See Zúñiga's
_Estadismo_ (Retana's ed.), ii, p. 438.*
[61] The Haraya is a Visayan dialect.
[62] That is, the most important things which happen to men in leaving
this world--death, judgment, heaven, and hell; this subject is also
included under the term "eschatology."
[63] They were Fathers Alonso de Humanes, superior, Juan del Campo,
Mateo Sánchez, Juan de Ribera, Cosme de Flores, Tomás de Montoya,
Juan Bosque, and Diego Sánchez. They left Acapulco March 22, and cast
anchor at Cavite June 10. Dr. Morga, appointed by virtue of a royal
decree, given at El Escorial, August 18, 1593, left Cádiz with his
wife and six children in February, 1594, and Acapulco on the same
date as the above-mentioned fathers. Under his charge was the aid
for the islands, taken to Manila by the galleons "San Felipe" and
"Santiago."--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[64] In _Menology of the English Province, S.J._ (Roehampton, 1874) is
the following notice (July 14): "At Manila, in the Philippine Islands,
in 1627, Father Thomas de Montoya, an Indian of Florida. After
thirty years of indefatigable labor among those nations, he died
by slow poison, given by the Bassians [Bisayans?] out of hatred
to the Faith." The statement regarding his nativity is, however,
erroneous. "Murillo Velarde states (_Historia_, lib. viii, cap. x,
no. 57) that this father was born, not in Florida, but at Zacatecas
(Mexico), in 1568. He entered the Society at the age of eighteen, in
the Mexican province, and passed over to that of the Philippines in
1595 (the year when it was formed). There he filled successively the
offices of Latin teacher at Manila, master of novices, and missionary
to the Pintados. These Indians poisoned him, after which it seems that
he returned to Manila, where his life was a continued martyrdom. To the
sufferings from the effect of the poison were added those of a violent
asthma. He possessed perfectly the Tagal language." (See _Woodstock
Letters_, 1900, vol. 29, pp. 154, 155.) He is also mentioned by Colin
(_Hist. misiones_, part ii, book iii, p. 334).--_E.I. Devitt, S.J._
(Georgetown College).
[65] Francisco de Borja (Borgia), Duke of Gandia (a city in Spain),
entered the Jesuit order in 1551, becoming its general in 1565;
he held this office until his death, September 30, 1572. He was
beautified in 1624, and canonized in 1671.
[66] His remains are now entombed to the right of the transept of
the Cebú cathedral.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[67] Don Francisco Tello entered Manila July 14. He had left Acapulco
March 6, with Father Vera. The latter's companions were Fathers López
de la Parra, Manuel Martinez, Valerio de Ledesma, Juan de Torres,
Gabriel Sánchez, Miguel Gómez, Juan de San Lucar, Francisco de Otazo,
Alonso Rodriguez, Cristobal Jiménez, Francisco de Encinas, Diego de
Santiago, Leonardo Scelsi, and Bartolomé Martes.--_Pablo Pastells,
S.J._
[68] Various Philippine languages were studied and systematized by
the first missionaries to the islands, although none of these works
were printed, so far as is known, before 1610. Probably the earliest
of these was a vocabulary of the language of the Cebú islanders, by
Martin de Rada (who died in 1580). Other early Augustinians composed
linguistic works as follows: Agustín de Alburquerque (died 1580) an
_Arte_, or grammar, of the Tagal language; Diego Ochoa (died 1585),
an _Arte_ and vocabulary of the Pampango; Estéban Marin (died 1601),
_Artes_ of Igorrote and Zambal.
[69] Spanish, _actos solenes, i liciones de erudicion_. At Manila, in
Chirino's time, there was only what is called _collegium inchoatum_;
but in ordinary colleges of the Society, with a complete order of
classes, it was the custom, at the _solemnis instauratio studiorum_,
for the prefect of studies or the professor of rhetoric to inaugurate
the year's work by delivering a "learned discourse," before the
whole academic body; and to this function the appreciative public
was invited. Sometimes the students gave a public exhibition of
their work and proficiency. This "solemn act" might be a dramatic
representation--an original play written for the occasion--or it
might consist of literary exercises on the part of the scholars, music
being also introduced. The technical name for these purely literary
exercises was an "academy," or "specimen;" and naturally they would
take place during the course of the scholastic year Such was the
custom of the age, in Spanish countries.--_Rev. E.I. Devitt, S.J._
[70] Molave is the name of a tree whose wood is very hard and
highly valued for building purposes; it is called by the natives
"the queen of woods." The name molave is applied to several species
of _Vitex_. especially to _V. geniculata_, Bl.
[71] _Piña_: a silver design in the form of a pineapple.
[72] _i.e._, to scourge themselves, as a voluntary penance--a practice
then common among religious devotees. It was probably a survival from
the earlier practices of the associations of Flagellants, who publicly
scourged themselves, in penitential processions through the streets;
they appeared during the period 1260-1420.
[73] Cf. the belief of the Winnebago Indians regarding the fate of
departed souls (_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xiii, p. 467).
[74] _Golo_: "the name of a charm for lovers, used by the ancient
Tagals" (Blumentritt, _Dicc. mitológico,_ p. 51). Regarding this
book of charms, cf. Retana's _Libro de aniterías_ (Madrid, 1894),
which reproduces a similar book, obtained from a Filipino native,
with explanations of such words and phrases as are intelligible;
it is preceded by extracts from the _Practica_ of Tomás Ortiz, O.S.A.
[75] Evidently a reference to the serpents of the genus _Python_,
allied to the boa-constrictor. They attain enormous size in the
forests, some specimens having been obtained over twenty-two feet
long. Young ones are often kept by the natives in their houses to
kill the rats; these snakes become tame and harmless.
[76] In the printed work, on the margin opposite this and the following
sentences, are various references, thus: "Isaiah, 60; Isaiah, 9; Psalm
79; Isaiah, 66; Psalm 35, whereon 'B. Amb. Greg. II. moral. c. 2'"--the
last apparently a reference to St. (and Pope) Gregory I's _Moralia
in Jobum_ (Basle, 1468?).
[77] In the margin of the printed page is a reference to Ezekiel, 8.
[78] Cf. Loarca's version of this and other myths, and his account of
the native beliefs and superstitious practices (_Vol_. V, pp. 121-141).
[79] The Tagals also called this bird _tigmamanukin_; its scientific
name is _Irene cyanogastra_, Meyer (Blumentritt's _Dicc. mitológico_,
pp. 34, 118). See Forbes's description of the "fairy bluebird" (_Irene
turcosa_) in his _Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago_
(New York. 1885). p. 67.
[80] Naso (the native name for which is Siroan) and Potol are,
respectively, the southwest and northwest extremities of Panay
Island. Cf. the offerings made to rocks by the Huron Indians (_Jesuit
Relations_, x, p. 165).
[81] Probably referring to Cape San Agustín, the southeastern extremity
of Mindanao, at the eastern entrance of Sarangani Strait, where there
is always a heavy sea.
[82] For this reason it is called Puntas Flechas--_Pablo Pastells,
S.J._
[83] In the margin of the printed work is a reference to "3 Kings,
16"--_i.e._, the first Book of Kings in the Protestant version of
the Old Testament.
[84] See accounts of the practices of medicine-men among the northern
tribes of the North American Indians, in _Jesuit Relations, passim_.
[85] Among the infidels of Mindanao there are still four kinds of
sacrifices: human, called _pag-huaga_, practiced by the Bagobos; that
of swine, or _pag-balilig_; that of chickens, or _pag-talibong_; and
the _pag-cayag_, which is a poured-out offering of rice. The _baylanas_
sacrifice the victim by thrusting into the heart or throat of the
animal a _balarao_ or dagger, and suck the blood issuing from the
wound. Then they dance about the sacrifice in innumerable attitudes,
and sing, while trembling and making grimaces, the following stanza:
Miminsad miminsad si mansilatan
Vpud si Badla ñga maga-dayao nañg dunia.
Baylan managun-sayao,
Baylan managun-liguid.
afterward Badla will descend, who will give health to the earth. Let
the Baylanas [priests] dance, let the Baylanas dance about."--_Pablo
Pastells, S.J._
[86] A marginal note in the printed work cites II Corinthians, 8.
[87] St. Marcellinus, the thirtieth of the Roman pontiffs, was elected
in 296 A. D., and died in 304.
[88] The following references appear on the margin of the printed page:
Boethius, _Topica_ (Tolentino, 1484), book 2. Andreas Tiraquellus,
_Ex commentariis in Pictonum côsuetudines, sectio De legibus
connubialibus_ (Parisis, 1513), law 4. Francisco Ribera, _In librum
duodecim prophetarum commentarii_ (Salmanticae, 1587), Hosea, 3.
[89] Pérez (p. 44) only records the various churches served by this
father, from 1596 to 1607, and his death in the latter year.
[90] Apparently at the point of Tinagoan, on Buad Island, off the
western coast of Samar.
[91] In the margin is a reference to II Timothy, 4.
[92] _Piper betel_; the method of using it as a stimulant is
described in _Vol_. IV, p. 22a. The _coca_ to which the betel-nut is
here compared is the dried leaf of a Peruvian shrub (_Erythroxylon
coca_). of stimulant and tonic qualities. From it is obtained the
well-known anæsthetic cocaine.
[93] Marginal references (of which some throughout this page of
Chirino are too indefinite to be verified): _II Paralipomenon_ (the
appellation, in Roman Catholic versions of the Bible, of the books
named "Chronicles" in the Protestant version), 16. Onuphrius, book 2.
[94] Marginal references: _Fastorum Plutarchi in Sylla_. Plinius,
book II, chap. 10. _Ecclesiastes_, 34. _Sermo 15_ of St. Jerome, 9.
[95] Marginal references: _II Paralipomenon_, 35. _Job_, 3. Aristotle,
cited by Varro, book 6.
[96] Marginal references: _Judges_, 4, and thereon Procopius of
Gaza--probably a reference to his commentaries, _Commentarii in
Octateuchum_ (a Latin translation; Tiguri, 1555).
[97] Marginal references: _Herodotus and Diodorus_, book 3. Pineda's
_Job_, 3, v. 16--the _Commentarium in Job libri tredecim_ of Joannes
de Pineda (of Sevilla).
[98] Marginal references: Josephus, _Antiquitates_, book 13,
chap. 15; book 16, chap. 11. Gregorius Giraldus, _Syntagma de
funeratibus_. Eustatius, on Homer, p. 393--referring to one of the
works on Homer by Eustathius of Thessalonica.
[99] Marginal references: Athenæus, book 7. Alessandro Sardi (of
Ferrara), _De moribus ac ritibus gentium libri III_ (Venetiis, 1557).
[100] A side note in the original gives the Hebrew dvmh _duma_,
which means "silences," and hence "sepulchres."
[101] Marginal references: Virgil, _Æneid_, 6. Hosea, 10,
v. 15. Pineda's _Job_, 3, v. 13.
[102] A marginal note refers to Ecclesiastes, 1; but it is not quoted
directly by Chirino, who seems only to use it as a suggestion for
his own thought.