SPARTA
“Lacedæmon’s hollowed vale by mountain-gorges pent.”
HOMER, _Odyssey_.
In the Spartans’ theory of life adventures abroad or the welcome of
strangers into their own territory had no place. Perhaps nothing more
sharply differentiated them from the Athenians, whose love of roving was
equalled only by their delight in seeing the rest of the world drawn to
their city. The instinctive and reasoned reserve of the Spartans was
reënforced by the physical conditions of their country. Laconia is
bulwarked on three sides by mountains, through which, in antiquity, all
entrances but one were difficult, and its southern boundary is the open
and stormy sea. The Laconian Gulf splits the country into two
peninsulas, ending in the famous promontories of Tænarum and Malea, in
rounding which so many sailors, from the days of Menelaus and Agamemnon
and Odysseus, have looked for violent winds.
Far inland, within the rifts of the northern hills, lies the plain of
Sparta. By those to whom the sea is not an essential element in Greek
landscape this city is held to be more beautifully situated than any
other in Greece. The brilliant luxuriousness of a southern lowland is
combined with the austere grandeur of mountain scenery. Some twenty
miles in length, the plain is only five miles broad between the ranges
of Taygetus and of Parnon, whose bases show extraordinary caverns and
fissures. Taygetus stretches along the whole western side of Laconia,
but rears the highest of its long line of summits just over Sparta.
These magnificent summits, covered with snow for two thirds of the year,
ennoble many a landscape outside of Laconia. Below them extend the wide
tracts of forest where Artemis once took her pleasure, and Spartan
hunters tracked the wild boar with dogs that shared their “bravery” and
“love of toil” and won a guerdon of praise from Pindar and Sophocles. In
front of these woodlands rise the five peaks which have given to the
mountain the modern name of Pentedactylon.
It is characteristic of the Greek attitude toward nature that the
mountain is not praised in poetry as much as is the beautiful plain,
richly fertilized by the river Eurotas on its way from Arcadia to the
sea. Telemachus, in spite of his greater affection for the rough
goat-pastures of his native Ithaca, appreciated the wide courses and the
meadowland of Sparta where “aboundeth the clover, the marsh grass, the
wheat and the rye and the broad white ears of the barley.” Euripides
knew that the reedy bed of the Eurotas, the trees and meadow flowers of
its banks, its hungry foam in the season of heavy rain and the lovely
gleam of its calmer waters would haunt the homesick hearts of Helen and
the Spartan maidens who shared Iphigeneia’s exile among the Taurians.
[Illustration: TAYGETUS]
Modern Sparta, founded after the War of Independence, lies in the
southern district of the Sparta of antiquity. Mediæval Sparta, called
Mistra, lay some distance west of the old site, very near the entrance
to the Langada Pass. Homeric Sparta lay to the southeast, across the
Eurotas, at Therapne, later a suburb of the Doric city. Here flourished
that noble court which amazed the young Ithacan and the tale of which is
still to us “a fountain of immortal drink.” Telemachus arrived just as
Menelaus was marrying his son to a native princess, and his daughter,
the inheritor of her mother’s loveliness, to Thessalian Neoptolemus,
Achilles’s son. Never could the great vaulted hall of the palace have
displayed a gayer splendour. The son of Odysseus has grown up in no mean
castle, but this gleam of gold and silver, like sun and moon, this
flashing bronze and shining ivory and glowing amber make him feel as if
he were on Olympus at the court of Zeus. Tumblers perform wonderful
tricks. A divine minstrel sings. Silver basins and golden ewers are
passed around. Supper is served on a polished table in dishes of gold.
Menelaus, noticing the boy’s charming admiration, tells him how he has
gathered his wealth in Cyprus and Phœnicia and Egypt, but how it means
little to him over against the loss of his old comrades and friends. And
as they talk Helen comes in, like Artemis of the golden arrows, and her
willing servants bring her a carved chair and cover it with a rug of
soft wool. And sitting there, her white hands busied with the deep blue
wool wound about her golden distaff and with the dressed yarn heaped in
her silver basket that runs on little wheels and is rimmed with gold,
she talks with them of what happened once in Troy and of Odysseus of the
hardy heart and, quite easily, of how she had wanted to come home again
to her own country and her child and to her lord “who was lacking in
naught, nor wisdom, nor beauty of manhood.” And into their drinking cups
she put a drug and “they drank of it, quenching all anger and pain and
all of their sorrows forgetting.”
The memory of the royal pair never died in Sparta. Therapne contained a
sanctuary called the “Menelaeion,” where prayers were offered for the
physical beauty which was keenly desired by an athletic people. Helen
sometimes walked abroad to bestow in turn the gift she had received from
Aphrodite. At least, Herodotus tells a story of a nurse taking a very
ugly girl baby to the temple and meeting a strange woman who insisted
upon seeing the child and who then gently stroked its head and said,
“One day this child shall be the fairest lady in Sparta.” And from that
very day her looks began to change and the ugly baby became the beauty
of the town and married the king.
It is not difficult to prolong the associations with Homeric Laconia by
following Helen on her guilty flight southward; lingering to see Amyclæ,
a rich city in Homeric times, and the beehive tomb of Vaphio, which in
1889 yielded up two incomparable vessels of gold now in the Museum at
Athens; and going on to the busy seaport town of Gytheion, from whose
docks Paris took his stolen bride to the little island of Cranaë, now
Marathonisi, before spreading his defiant sails for the longer voyage.
But sooner or later the fact of the Dorian invasion must be reckoned
with, and the resultant birth at Sparta of a civilization totally at
odds with that which it displaced.
In Laconia the invasion was one of conquest and subjection, and the
victors prided themselves on keeping their blood pure, much as the
Laconian Maniotes of modern times have clung fiercely to their Spartan
descent. Sparta became the Dorian city _par excellence_, the protagonist
of Dorian ideals, the natural leader of the forces which both in war and
peace were in opposition to the Ionic elements in Greek life. The
historical events in this development are so interwoven with the history
of the other states of Greece, especially with that of Athens, that they
will already have become familiar to travellers who visit Sparta last.
The conquest of Messenia first increased her resources. By the middle of
the sixth century she won signal victories over Tegea and Argos and
became the head of the Peloponnesian Confederacy, which included every
state in the Peloponnesus except Achæa and Argos. Before the end of the
century she was the leading state of Greece, for Thessaly was losing
ground and Athens had not yet risen. In the first part of the fifth
century Sparta was the natural leader of the Greek allies against
Persia, and in the autumn of 481 B. C. was the head of the congress at
the Isthmus. To her generals was given the command of both the army and
the navy. But her conduct of the wars at best did not increase her
prestige, nor did she afterwards exhibit any skill in using new
conditions. This was the opportunity of Ionic Athens to create the
greatest period of Greek history. But Sparta was also strong and
possessed in Brasidas a general unparalleled among the Laconians for
eager enterprise, trustworthiness and personal popularity. A final
struggle was inevitable. The Dorians won, and, at the end of the fifth
century, once more for a generation held the balance of power in Greece.
But Sparta’s despotism within the Peloponnesus and her desire for
foreign aggrandizement created new hostilities. Early in the fourth
century Persia undermined her maritime power, and Greek friendships as
strange as the Æschylean truce between fire and water were formed to her
detriment. Athens and Thebes, Corinth and Argos forgot old enmities in
hatred of Sparta, but she maintained her supremacy and forced upon
Greece the arbitration of the Persian king. For fifteen years Greek
politics veered hither and thither, and then at Leuctra Epaminondas
conquered Sparta and won the leadership of Greece for Thebes. His death
gave one more opportunity to Athens, but before she could use it Macedon
arose and at Chæronea united her with Sparta in a common humiliation.
Never again did either Dorian or Ionian state have power to alarm the
other.
Thucydides described Sparta as a straggling village like the ancient
towns of Hellas. Polybius added that it was roughly circular in shape
and level, although it inclosed certain uneven and hilly places. It had
no real acropolis, but the highest of its several hills received this
conventional name; and it was not fortified by walls until long after
the greatest days of its history. Four districts or wards, Pitane,
apparently the aristocratic quarter, Limnæ, Cynosura, and Mesoa, perhaps
represented an early group of villages which later were united in one
city.
This city was extraordinarily barren of artistic adornment. The citizens
of no other leading state in the whole of Greece were so indifferent to
the value of architecture and sculpture, nor is it likely that they were
perturbed by the prophecy of Thucydides: “If the community of Lacedæmon
should become a desert with only the temples and ground foundations
remaining, I think that, after the lapse of much time, men of the future
would be very slow to believe that the power of the Lacedæmonians was
equal to their fame. And yet they possess two of the five divisions of
the Peloponnesus and hold the hegemony of the whole and of many outside
allies. But this community is not a city regularly built with costly
temples and edifices and would seem rather insignificant.”
Temples and edifices of course there were for the business of life and
of religion, but the need for them was not, as in Athens, or even in
certain cities of rude Arcadia, identified with the larger need of
inspiring or importing the genius of architect, sculptor, and painter.
Sparta had an early school of sculpture, influenced by Cretan teachers,
specimens of whose work may be seen in the Museum. But the impulse
shrivelled and died in an uncongenial atmosphere. Nor do we find the
Spartans in the great artistic centuries clamouring for the work of
foreign artists as did the towns of “stupid” Bœotia. The British School
of Archæology is successfully engaged in the exploration of Sparta, but
we cannot anticipate the discovery of statues like the Hermes of Olympia
or the restoration of buildings like the Treasury of the Athenians at
Delphi.
With this chastening of his imagination the traveller may turn his
attention to the few discoveries which up to this time have been made.
By far the most significant of these are fragmentary remains of the
temple of Athena Chalkiœkos and of the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia.
Athena’s Brazen House, existing in some form from a very early epoch,
was so associated with the public life of the city that it became known
to foreigners as an object of peculiar national sentiment. Euripides
makes the Trojan women attribute to Helen a desire to see it once more
when, praying to die at sea before the consummation of their captivity,
they seek to involve her in their own fate:—
“And, God, may Helen be there,
With mirrors of gold,
Decking her face so fair,
Girl-like; and hear and stare
And turn death cold,
Never, ah, never more
The hearth of her home to see,
Nor sand of the Spartan shore,
Nor tombs where her fathers be
Nor Athena’s Brazen Dwelling
Nor the towers of Pitane.”[43]
The discovery of the Temple of Artemis is of great importance, not only
because it was the pivot of the religious life of Sparta but because its
eighth century foundations, excavated beneath the traces of a sixth
century structure, may belong to the earliest temple in Greece. The
image, called Orthia because it had been found “upright” in a thicket of
willows, was believed by the Spartans to be the ancient wooden one
brought by Orestes and Iphigeneia from the land of the Taurians, where
Iphigeneia, rescued by Artemis from the sacrificial altar at Aulis, had
been its priestess and guardian. Euripides naturally preserves the
Athenian tradition that the image was brought to Brauron. But Pausanias
presses the Spartan claim and explains the hoary custom of annually
scourging the boys in front of the image by the “relish for blood” that
it had acquired in the days when human sacrifices were offered to it in
a barbarian land.
Footnote 43:
Translated by Gilbert Murray.
The brutality in the training of Spartan youth has bulked so large in
tradition that local associations with it perhaps impress the traveller
more sharply than any others. In the southwestern region of the town,
near the large ruins of a Roman bath, lay, it is thought, the Dromos or
race course, and the Platanistas or Plane-tree Grove, surrounded by a
moat and entered by two bridges, where the boys, as a part of their
education, fought very savage battles. This grove is an excellent
illustration of the danger of claiming too much for the influence on the
mind of external forms. Plato held that even the shapes of trees might
influence the spirit of those who walked among them, and Walter Pater,
in his study of Lacedæmon, compresses the idea into a definite
application by describing the plane tree, the characteristic tree of
Sparta, as “a very tranquil and tranquillizing object, regally spreading
its level or gravely curved masses on the air.” Yet within a circle of
these tranquillizing objects Cicero, and later Lucian and Pausanias, saw
the Spartan boys fighting with incredible fury, kicking, scratching,
biting, and dying rather than confess themselves beaten.
In literature as well as in the plastic arts the Spartans failed to
express themselves. Only four poets of any widespread fame had their
homes in Sparta, and no one of these was a native born. Significantly,
too, they all lived at least as early as the seventh century, at the
only period when Spartan life showed any pliability. Individual freedom
was not wholly repressed, and an acknowledgment of the graces of life
was at times permitted. Only under these conditions could art live at
all, and poetry outran sculpture in permanent achievement. This was,
perhaps, due to its immediate connection with music (including dancing),
the only art which the later Spartans, although they did not give it a
place in their educational curriculum, seem to have appreciated.
According to tradition, Sparta’s poets all came to her in response to a
call for foreign aid in her domestic broils. Terpander of Lesbos and
Thaletas of Crete successively founded two musical epochs in a city that
was intent upon controlling its serfs and developing its soil.
Terpander’s service was almost incalculable, for he modified the
existing lyre into an instrument which was universally used until the
fifth century and which gave the first great impulse to vocal music. But
“the strings he fingered are all gone,” and of the verses that he wrote
we have only a few fragments to recall his life in Sparta, his
invocations at public festivals of Apollo, the chief god of the city,
and of Castor and Polydeuces, the city’s heroes, and his praise of the
city herself:—
“Bursts into bloom there the warrior’s ardour,
Clear lifts the note of the shrill-voicèd Muse.
Justice walks down the wide highways as Warder,
Ever their Helper glory to choose.”
Thaletas, coming from an island where the dance had been important from
prehistoric times, and finding in Sparta the same friendly atmosphere of
open Dorian life, introduced the festival of the Gymnopædia, in which
boys displayed the perfected beauty of their naked bodies in athletic
dances and, by means of formal songs in unison, began the “choral
lyric.” This poetic form, passing far beyond its birthplace, became
everywhere in Greece the chief expression of public worship of gods and
heroes and stimulated the powers of such poets as Simonides and Pindar
and Bacchylides. Thaletas was lost sight of in his greater successor
Alcman, who not only was credited with the creation as well as with the
cultivation of the choral lyric, but also was adjudged so successful in
all his work that Alexandrian scholars included him in their canon of
the melic poets, with Pindar and Sappho.
Terpander and Thaletas are little more than names, familiar only to
those who study origins. Alcman and Tyrtæus, the poet of the Messenian
War, are representatives of the vital poetry which Sparta cherished in
her supple youth before her ideals had matured and her life had
irreparably settled into its narrow grooves. Tyrtæus was probably an
Athenian, even if it is mere legend that he was a lame schoolmaster sent
by Athens in derision when Sparta appealed for help in the second
Messenian War. Alcman was born in Sardis, though probably of Hellenic
blood. If our traditional dates are correct, some years at least of
their lives must have coincided. Their poetry in general represented
different modes, Tyrtæus being the earliest master, outside of Ionia, of
the flute-accompanied elegiac distich, the lusty heir of the Homeric
hexameter, while Alcman established many of the more delicate measures
permitted by the versatile lyre. Their poetic purposes, however, were
influenced in common by the Dorian atmosphere in which they lived.
In Tyrtæus this showed itself in the creation of martial verse, which
seems to have been powerfully influential in arousing into active
service, at a time of need, the courage and the perseverance ingrained
in the Doric character. But his own racial gift made it impossible that
his poetry should be confined to one country. In all parts of Greece,
through many centuries, it expressed the ideal of courage. One of his
anapæstic songs, intended to be sung by Spartan soldiers as they marched
to battle, has been called the Marseillaise of Greece. A fragment of it
still stirs the blood:—
“Up! youths of the Spartan nobles,
Ye citizen sons of the elders!
With the left hold out your targes,
And fling your spears with boldness.
Spare not your lives. To spare them
Was never known in Sparta.”
The Dorian element that appealed to Alcman was the publicity of the
daily life. Men lived in common, ate at large public tables, trained
their children in groups, and believed always in the sacrifice of the
individual to the necessities of the state. Hence they took kindly to
public festivals where choruses of men and women, boys and girls could
sing hymns that gave expression to common and national sentiments. These
hymns Alcman wrote in great numbers. Especially famous and never
displaced by later poets were his partheneia, written for the choruses
of Spartan maidens whose share in the athletic training of their
brothers made them the most beautiful in Greece. Travellers in Sparta
who look at the lifeless ruins of the Temple of Artemis will rejoice
that among the broken fragments of Alcman’s poetry exist seven complete
strophes of a partheneion which probably was sung before the temple at
one of the festivals of the goddess. Helen as a child had danced at such
a festival, and doubtless many a girl in Alcman’s chorus was pointed out
by the surrounding crowd as her fit successor. In his vigour the poet
must often himself have led the dances of these tall, straight maidens.
In his old age, too stiff to keep pace with their lithe movements, he
added to a song he wrote for them “des images aimables” of gallant
regret:—
“Nay, now no longer, ye sweet-voicèd maidens, lovely in singing,
Can my limbs bear me. Would God, would to God, that a halcyon were I
Who with his married mates over the flowering meadows of Ocean
Fluttereth, heart-free of trouble, the sea-purple bird of the
spring-time.”
Verses like these betray an un-Dorian element in Alcman’s genius which
came from his Æolian ancestry. It crept into his choral lyrics and
claimed its own in his lighter verses. Love and feasting and Bacchic joy
furnished him with subjects. No other set of lyric fragments contains so
many traces of the consciousness of natural beauties. If all his poetry
were preserved, it would not surprise us to find in it a complete and
sensitive response to the extraordinary loveliness amid which he lived.
We know already that by night in the valley of the Eurotas he watched
sleep descend upon the crests and crags of Taygetus and the waiting
earth,[44] was aware of the dew of moonlit evenings and the songs of
birds, and felt the charms of the alternating seasons, especially the
invigorating bloom of spring.
Footnote 44:
For this fragment see chapter i, p. 22.
After the seventh century Sparta entered the Greek world with an
offering that excluded art and the consciousness of external beauty.
This was her mode of life, dedicated to one austere end. The citizens of
Sparta were a small body of men, of pure Dorian blood, freed from the
cares of self-support by the serfs or helots who were descendants of the
original possessors of the soil they tilled. The whole time of the
masters could be devoted to the state, and the pivotal demand of the
state was for strong, brave and skilful soldiers. All life was a vast
system of education directed toward the end of military efficiency. This
explains each one of their customs: the exposure of sickly infants on
the slopes of Mount Taygetus; the savage training of their boys and the
severe training of their girls, who were to be the mothers of soldiers;
the repression of personal luxury, the equalizing of rich and poor, the
detailed elimination of individual pursuits. Conservatism was the breath
of their life. Their institutions were of very ancient origin, although
Lycurgus is now regarded as merely a legendary designer, and, once in
possession of their imaginations, could not be shaken off or essentially
modified. At the crucial period following the Peloponnesian War their
inability to use new conditions played havoc with their political
opportunities. Exclusiveness and reserve were corollaries of their
single purpose. Indifference to the arts of peace was inevitable in a
nation consecrated to preparation for war.
The spectacle presented by the Spartans never failed to excite the
lively interest of the other Greeks. Men as diverse as Xenophon and
Aristotle wrote about their institutions, and popular judgments were
always in evidence. An opinion which was probably held by many just
before the Peloponnesian War is contained in Thucydides’s rehearsal of a
speech made in Sparta by a Corinthian delegate to the conference which
the allies had forced upon her. Impatiently he tells the Spartans that
they do not know how utterly unlike them the Athenians are:—
“They are revolutionary and swift to plan and to execute whatever they
conceive, but you are all for conserving the existing state of things,
inventing no new policy and in action not even coming up to what
necessity demands. Again, they are daring beyond their strength and run
risks contrary to their judgment, and in the midst of terrors they are
full of hope. Whereas your way is to act within your strength, to have
confidence not even in your best secured plans and, when terrors
threaten, to think that you will never be set free from them. Nay, they
are energetic and you are laggards; they go abroad while you cling to
home.”
The Spartan king, Archidamus, justified his nation in a speech made in a
private session:—
“We have ever dwelt in a free and most illustrious state, and this
policy of conservative self-control may well be equivalent to sound
reason. We have become good warriors and wise in counsel by our careful
discipline; good warriors, because self-control best quickens the sense
of honour, and from this noble sense of shame springs courage; wise in
counsel, because we are too unlettered to be superior to the laws, too
severely self-controlled to disobey them.”
A generation earlier Herodotus had paid his tribute to the Spartan
loyalty to law in his story of the conversation between Xerxes,
meditating his attack on Greece, and Demaratus, the ruined Spartan king
who had fled to the court of Darius. Want, the exile tells the monarch,
had always been a fellow-dweller in his land, but courage was an ally
they had gained by wisdom and laws. “The Lacedæmonians even when
fighting man for man are inferior to none, but in a body they are the
best of all. For although they are free they are not wholly free, for
over them there is a master, Law, whom they fear far more than thine
fear thee. At any rate, they always do his bidding.” And that the
Athenians, with their reverence for law, were by no means unwilling to
attribute to the law-abiding Spartans a love of liberty as passionate as
their own is seen in another story of Herodotus. Two young nobles
volunteered to go to Xerxes and offer their lives in atonement for the
murder of his father’s heralds. On their way to Persia they were
entertained by the governor Hydarnes, who, calling attention to his own
prosperity, urged them to make their submission to the king. “Hydarnes,”
they answered, “thy advice to us is one-sided. Thou hast tried the one
side, but art inexperienced in the other. For thou knowest how to be a
slave, but liberty thou hast not tried as yet, whether it be sweet or
no. Shouldst thou taste it, thou wouldst urge us to fight for it not
only with the spear but also with the battle-axe.”
One base alloy historians and poets alike found in the character of the
Spartans. This was their corruptibility, their sordid greed of gain, as
Aristophanes called it when angered by their rejection of peace. To the
same political period belong savage attacks of Euripides on Spartan
treachery and dishonesty. He also takes occasion to question the
chastity of the daughters of Sparta:—
“No Spartan maiden, even wishing it, were chaste!
Not they. Their homes deserting, with their chitons slit
Along the thigh, with robes loose-girdled, they with youths
Share in the foot-race and—a thing I can’t endure—
In wrestling bouts.”
Probably this exactly expressed the sentiment of the average Athenian
theatre-goer, accustomed to identify the virtue of women with their
obedience to conventional restrictions, which men in the fifth century
insisted upon as well as the husband in Menander’s play:—
“You’re overstepping, wife, a married woman’s bounds,
The front door passing; for to ladies of good birth
The house door is the limit by convention set.
This chasing and this running out into the street,
Your billingsgate still snapping, Rhode, is for dogs!”
Men possessed of these ideas could not appreciate that in Sparta, in the
great periods, freedom and sobriety went hand in hand. Aristotle, in his
arraignment of the license and luxury of the Spartan women as one of the
defects of the Spartan system, may have been dealing with some special
facts of his own day. In the fourth century Sparta had in certain ways
deteriorated.
But this deterioration could not do more than blur the outlines of a
system of life which for three centuries had stood before the world, a
“whole serene creation.” Comic writers might show up the boorishness of
the unlearned Spartans, and irritable tragic poets might vent their
spleen on their country’s enemy, but in the end Spartan institutions had
to be respected and admired. Indeed, many Athenians affected a special
predilection for qualities unlike their own and “laconized” in dress,
manner, and speech. Philosophy flourished in Sparta, Plato tells us, and
with it a rare skill in conversation. The typical Spartan, after
pretending that he could not talk, would throw into the discussion,
“like a clever javelin-thrower,” a remark “worth listening to, brief,
compressed.”
Thinkers as well as Laconomaniacs displayed enthusiasm for Spartan
ideas. Aristotle, to be sure, while praising the love of education among
the Lacedæmonians, deplored their absorption in one object and also
complained that they preferred the good they gained to the virtue by
means of which they gained it. But, true as this may be, the nobility of
the effort, the flawless harmony of details, the perfect adjustment of
the system to the use for which it was intended, resulted in a product
as truly Greek as is a Doric temple or an Attic trilogy. It is not
strange that its apotheosis is found in the ideal state of the great
visionary of Athens. Plato’s “Republic” is Sparta idealized and
interpreted by an Athenian.
A state combining the character of the Dorians and the genius of the
Ionians history has failed to produce. Isocrates cherished a hope that
Athens and Sparta might divide the headship of a gloriously united
Greece. After Chæronea he was even far-sighted enough to plead for the
willing union of Hellas under Philip of Macedon. Hopes like these proved
either futile or too mean. But his pride in the spiritual achievements
of his own city has been approved by Time, “the Inspector-General of
men’s deeds.” The institutions of Sparta like every other product of the
Greek mind went into the crucible of Athens. And this city, triumphing
beyond the orator’s boast, “has caused the name of Hellene to seem to be
matter no longer of birth but of intellect, and has made them bear it
whose claim is that of culture rather than of origins.”
APPENDIX
Usually only the first line of citations is noted.
CHAPTER I. =Page 2= (third paragraph) Cf. Curtius, _Greek History_, I,
p. 23 and _passim_. Plato, _Timæus_, 22 B. =3= Quotation from Curtius,
_Greek History_, I, p. 32. =5= Hatzidakis, _Neugriechische Grammatik_,
p. 4. =9= Quotation from Tozer, _Geography of Greece_, p. 44. Cf.
_passim_. =10-12= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 281. =17-18= Æschylus,
_Agamemnon_, 454. =19= Homer, _Odyssey_, VI, 130; V, 51; _Iliad_, VIII,
553. =20= Homer, _Odyssey_, VI, 162. Pindar, _Olymp._, II, 70. =21=
Pindar, _Olymp._, VI, 54. =22= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 1390. =23=
Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 563; _Prometheus_, I, 88. =24= Sophocles,
_Philoctetes_, 936; _Œdipus Tyrannus_, 204. =25= Aristophanes, _Clouds_,
275. =26= Aristophanes, _Peace_, 571. Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 142.
Euripides, _Hippolytus_, 70. =27= Euripides, _Trojan Women_, 845;
_Bacchæ_, 1084. Plato, _Phædrus_, 229, 230. =28= _Greek Anthology_,
Pal., VII, 669. Very probably by Plato; App. Plan., 13, attributed to
Plato, but probably of later date. Theocritus, _Idyl_, VII, 134.
CHAPTER II. =Page 37= Thucydides, VI, 30. =38= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_,
763; 433. =39= Lucian, _When My Ship Comes In_ (_Navigium_), 5. =43=
Æschylus, _Suppliants_, 715. =44= Isocrates, _Areopagiticus_, 66. =45=
Plato, _Symposium_, 173 B. Lucian, _Navigium_, 35. =46= Xenophon,
_Hellenica_, II, 4, 11. =47-48= Lysias, _Against Eratosthenes_, 4. =49=
Menander, _Fragments_. =50= Plato, _Republic_, 439, E. 54 _Greek
Anthology_, Pal., VII, 639.
CHAPTER III. =Page 57= Euripides: _Suppliants_, 403-408. Jebb, _Modern
Greece_, p. 70. =59= Isocrates, _Panegyricus_, 23, 24. =62= Ælian, _apud
Stob. Serm._, XXIV, 53. For Solon’s apothegm cf. Herodotus, I, 32;
Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 928. =63= “The Guardian,” cf. Lucian: _The
Fisher_, 21. =64= Plutarch, _Life of Solon_ (end). =66= Euripides,
_Trojan Women_, 801. =67= G. Murray, _Rise of the Greek Epic_, p. 173.
=68= Homer, _Iliad_, II, 557-558. Lucian, _True History_, II, 20. =69=
Dyer, _The Gods in Greece_, p. 125. See Gardner and Jevons, _Greek
Antiquities_, p. 296. =72= Æschylus, _Persians_, 241-242. Herodotus,
VII, 105. =73= Lucian, _Twice Accused_, 11.
CHAPTER IV. =Page 74= Plato, _Republic_, 532, C. Howe, _Greek
Revolution_ (1828), p. 340. =76= Plato, _Phædrus_, 279 B. =78= Cf.
Gardner, _Ancient Athens_, p. 256. =80= Bayard Taylor, _Travels in
Greece and Russia_ (1859), p. 39. =81= Homer, _Iliad_, II, 546-551. =82=
Homer, _Odyssey_, VII, 78. Herodotus, VI, 137. =83= Herodotus, VIII, 41;
55. Aristophanes, _Lysistrata_, 758. =84= Aristophanes, _Birds_, 828.
=85= Demosthenes, 597, 8. Aristophanes, _Knights_, 1321. =85-86=
Aristophanes, _Lysistrata_, 256, 641. =88= Plutarch, _Life of Pericles_,
13. Lucian, _The Fisher_, 39.
CHAPTER V. =Page 91= Thucydides, II, 64. =92= Æschylus, _Persians_, 347.
Euripides, _Medea_, 826. Demosthenes, _Olynthiac_, III, 25, 29. =103=
Second paragraph, cf. Lucian, _Cock_, 26. =104= Æschylus, _Eumenides_,
328. =105= Æschylus, _Eumenides_, 778; and 1032. =106= Cf. J. I. Manatt,
_The Pauline Areopagus, Andover Rev._, 1892. =107= Plato, _Phædo_, 114,
C. ff. Pindar, _Olymp._, II. =108= Plato, _Apology_, 41, C.
Aristophanes, _Wasps_, 31 ff. =109= Plato, _Republic_, 514. See note on
p. 129 of J. Harrison’s _Primitive Athens_, and cf. J. H. Wright, _Harv.
Stud. Class. Phil._, 1906, pp. 131-142. See also below, chap, vii, p.
164. Barathrum. See Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 574; Herodotus, VII, 133;
Plato, _Gorgias_, 516, E. =110= Cf. Gardner, _Ancient Athens_, p. 127;
Plato, _Apology_, 36, D; Plutarch, _Aristides_, 27. =110-111=
Aristophanes, _Peace_, 1183; _Birds_, 450. =111= Bacchylides,
_Fragments_. Lysias, _Or._ XXIV, 20. =112= Aristophanes, _passim_, and
_Birds_, 1080-1081. Menander, _Fragments_. =114= Æschylus, _Seven
Against Thebes_, 854. =115= Thucydides, II, 34. =115-116= Thucydides,
II, 52, 54; Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyrannus_, 171. =117= Aristophanes,
_Clouds_, 17, 18 & 56; _Wasps_, 246. =118= Demosthenes, _Against Conon_,
9. =120= Lucian, _Icaromenippus_, 16. Aristophanes, _Birds_, 1421;
_Wasps_, 835. =123= _Homeric Hymn to Dionysus_, 51. Bacchylides, XIX, 5.
=123-124= Pindar, _Fragments_. Aristophanes, _Acharnians_, 636.
Euripides, _Medea_, 824. =125= Plato, _Phædrus_, 247, A; _Republic_,
592, A, B.
CHAPTER VI. =Page 127= Pindar, _Olymp._, VI, 1. Aristophanes, _Wasps_,
600. Homer, _Odyssey_, XV, 459. =128= Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 171. =129=
Homer, _Iliad_, XI, 558. =130= Euripides, _Alcestis_, 252, 433, 575.
Homer, _Odyssey_, XIII, 221. =131= _Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite_.
Euripides (?), _Rhesus_, 546. Homer, _Iliad_, III, 10; VIII, 555; III,
198. Homer, _Odyssey_, XI, 444. Aristophanes, _Wasps_, 179. =133= Homer,
_Iliad_, XVIII, 414. Plato, _Republic_, III, 404. =134= Homer,
_Odyssey_, XVII, 205. Homer, _Iliad_, XXII, 147. Homer, _Odyssey_, VI,
70; VII, 19. _Homeric Hymn to Demeter_, 105. =135= Euripides, _Electra_,
54. =136= Aristophanes, _Thesmophoriazusæ_, I. =139= Plato, Laws, 653.
=140= Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyrannus_, 1489. Aristophanes,
_Thesmophoriazusæ_. Menander, _Epitrepontes_. Plato, _Lysis_.
CHAPTER VII. =Page 144= Aristophanes, _Clouds_, 300. Aristophanes,
_Frogs_, 1056. Plato, _Critias_, 112. =145= Theophrastus, _De Signis
Tempestatum_, I, 20, 24. Aristophanes, _Clouds_, 299-313; and see chap,
i, p. 25. =146-147= Sophocles, _Œdipus Coloneus_, 668-687; 16-18;
694-701. =147= Cf. chap. iii, p. 65. =148= Plato, _Phædo_, 115, C.
Antipater, _Anth. Græca_, ed. ab De Bosch, Lib. III, Tit. xxxii. =149=
Xenophon, _Hellenica_, II, 4, 2-4. =150= Simmias, _Anth. Pal._, VII, 22.
=151= Aristophanes, _Acharnians_, 34-36; 179; 257-263; 325-348. =152=
Menander. Parts of four comedies of Menander were found in Egypt 1905,
published 1907 (Lefebvre). For translation of this scene _see_ N. Y.
_Nation_, p. 266, Mar. 19, 1908. =154= Æschylus, _Seven against Thebes_,
587. =156= Plato, _Republic_, 451, A; Pindar, _Pyth._, X, 41-44.
Dioscorides, _Anth. Pal._, VII, 410. =158= Demosthenes, _De Corona_,
208. =159= Epitaph of Æschylus. _See_ Vita Æschyli, Medicean MS.
Cynosarges Gymnasium. The site is now put somewhere near the present
American and British Schools. Cf. Gardner, _Anc. Ath._, 528. =160=
Herodotus, VI, 120. =161= Æschylus, _Persians_, 238. Plutarch,
_Lysander_, XVI. =162= Lysias, XXI, 5. Aristophanes, _Knights_, 550-560.
=163= Homer, _Odyssey_, III, 278. Sophocles, _Ajax_, 1216 ff. Herod.,
VI, 115. Plato, _Crito_, 43, and _Phædo_, 58, B. =164= Zoster:
Herodotus, VIII, 107. Vari: cf. Frazer on _Paus._, I, xxxii, and see
note on chap. v, p. 109. Solon: cf. chap. iii, p. 58. =165= Demosthenes,
_De Falsa Legatione_, 251. =166-168= Æschylus, _Persians_, 447-449; 386
_passim_ to 421; 274-277; 821-822; 923; _Agamemnon_, 658-660. =169=
Timotheus, _Persæ_, 105. Plutarch, _Aristides_, X.
CHAPTER VIII. =Page 174= Euripides, _Suppliants_, 30. =175= Euripides,
_Helena_, 1301. =176= Strabo, X, 3, 9. =178= Sophocles, _Œdipus
Coloneus_, 1146. Euripides, _Ion_, 1078. Herodotus, VIII, 65. =179=
Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 341. =180= Aristotle, fragment, quoted by
Synesius. =181= Pindar, fragment. Sophocles, fragment. Euripides,
_Hercules_ _Furens_, 613. Isocrates, _Panegyricus_, 28. Aristophanes,
_Frogs_, 455. =182= Andocides, _On the Mysteries_, 31. Plato, _Phædrus_,
251 A. =183= Alcman (probably). =184= Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 338, 397.
=185= Plato, _Phædo_, 69 C.
CHAPTER IX. =Page 186= Pindar, _Pyth._, VIII, 21. Plutarch, _Life of
Pericles_, 156. =187= Lucian, _Navigium_, 15. Thucydides, VI, 32. =189=
Pindar, _Nem._, VII, 78. Bacchylides, _Epinician Odes_, 13. =190=
Pindar, _Isth._, IV, 23; VII, 16; IV, 49; V, 23. Pindar, _Nem._, V, 23.
=191= Pindar, _Pyth._, VIII, 92.
CHAPTER X. =Page 192= Herodotus, I, 5. =193= Pindar, _Olymp._, XIII, 65.
=194= Homer, _Iliad_, IX, 529. Bacchylides, _Epinician Odes_, 5.
Euripides, _Meleager_ (not extant). Lucian, _Life’s-end of Peregrinus_,
30. =196= Æschylus, _Choëphoroi_, 602. =197= Theognis, 667, 825, 1197.
=198= Thucydides, I, 140. Aristophanes, _Acharnians_, 509. Isocrates,
_De Pace_, 117. =199= _Greek Anthology_, Pal., VII, 496. =200= Lucian,
_Marine Dialogues_, 9. Euripides, _Medea_, 1282. =201= _Greek
Anthology_, Pal., VI, 349; VI, 223. Aristotle, _Politics_, 1327 a, 1330
b. Bacchylides, Fragment. =202= Homer, _Iliad_, II, 570. =203= Pindar,
_Olymp._, XIII, 4. Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 439. Homer, _Odyssey_, XI,
593. =204= Homer, _Iliad_, VI, 144. Pindar, _Olymp._, XIII, 63. =205=
Plato, _Republic_, IX, 579 E. =208= Herodotus, I, 24. =210= Pindar,
_Olymp._, XIII, 6. =211= _Greek Anthology_, Pal., IX, 151. =213=
Plutarch, _On Garrulity_, XIV. Lucian, _How to Write History_, 3. =215=
Euripides, _Trojan Women_, 205. =216= Thucydides, VIII, 7.
CHAPTER XI. =Page 218= Euripides, _Andromache_, 1085. Pindar, _Pyth._,
VIII, 61. =219= Homer, _Odyssey_, VIII, 79. Æschylus, _Prometheus_, 679.
Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyr._, 70; _Œdipus Col._, 84. =220= Homer, _Odyssey_,
IV, 1. Æschylus, _Persians_, 568. Æschylus, _Prometheus_, 680.
Herodotus, _passim_. =221= Aristophanes, _Knights_, 1007. =222=
Herodotus, VII, 139. Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyr._, 711. =224= Æschines,
_Against Ctesiphon_, 115. =227= Homer, _Iliad_, I, 44. Pindar, _Pyth._,
I, 1. =228= Himerius, quoted in Wharton’s _Sappho_, p. 165. Æschylus,
_Eumenides_, 13. Plato, _Protagoras_, 343. =230= Æschylus, _Eumenides_,
23, 1. Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Tauris_, 1234. =232= Homer, _Odyssey_,
XIX, 392. Euripides, _Ion_, 82. =234= Strabo, IX, 3. =237= Euripides,
_Andromache_, 1085. Pindar, _Pyth._, IV, 4. Demosthenes, _Philippics_,
III. =240= Plato, _Republic_, =X=, 616. =243= Pindar, _Pyth._, III, 75.
=244= Herodotus, VIII, 35. =248= Cf. Myers, _Pindar_, p. 10. =249=
Pindar, _Olymp._, XII, 5.
CHAPTER XII. =Page 250= Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyr._, 1398. =251=
Aristophanes, _Thesmophoriazusæ_, 1180. =252= Herodotus, VIII, 37. =259=
Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyr._, 800. =260= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 1111. Homer,
_Odyssey_, XIX, 518. =261= Homer, _Odyssey_, XI, 576. =262= Demosthenes,
_On the Crown_, 218. =265= _Greek Anthology_, Pal., VII, 245.
CHAPTER XIII. =Page 266= Pindar, _Isth._, VI, 1. =267= Plutarch, _On the
Malice of Herodotus_. Homer, _Iliad_, =IV=, 384; II, 495. _Homeric
Hymns_ to Apollo and Hermes. =268= Æschylus, _Seven Against Thebes_,
296. Sophocles, _Antigone_, 1124. Euripides, _Bacchæ_, _passim_. =271=
Pindar, _Olymp._, VI, 89. =275= Pindar, _Pyth._, III, 87; _Isth._, I, 1;
_Nem._, I, 33. =276= Sophocles, _Trachiniæ_. Sophocles, _Antigone_,
1148; Euripides, _Bacchæ_, _passim_. =277= Euripides, _Bacchæ_, 233.
=278= Aristophanes, _Thesmophoriazusæ_, 990. =279= Euripides, _Bacchæ_,
64, 105, 677. =281= Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyr._, 1026. =283= Sophocles,
_Œdipus Tyr._, 1186, 1524. =284= Æschylus, _Seven Against Thebes_, 524,
686. =286= Euripides, _Phoinissæ_, 1009. Sophocles, _Antigone_, 450.
=287= Sophocles, _Œdipus Tyr._, 867. Sophocles, _Antigone_, 781, 800.
=288= Pindar, _Isth._, VII, 5. =291= Pindar, _Isth._, VII, 5. Plutarch,
_Apothegms_. =293= Pindar, _Pyth._, III, 79. =295= Plutarch,
_Apothegms_.
CHAPTER XIV. =Page 296= Hesiod, _Theogony_, I. Plato, _Symposium_, 221
A. =297= Pindar, _Pyth._, I, 78. Æschylus, _Persians_, 484. Herodotus,
IX, 16. =298= Herodotus, IX, 25. =299= Pindar, _Pyth._, I, 77. Æschylus,
_Persians_, 813. Simonides, _Greek Anthology_, Pal., VII, 253, 251.
=300= Thucydides, III, 53. =301= Plutarch, _On the decay of oracles_.
_On the dæmon of Socrates_. A friend of Plutarch, not Plutarch himself,
visited the oracle of Trophonius. =302= Pindar, _Olymp._, XIV, 1. =304=
Cicero, _Against Verres_, IV, 2, 59. =307= Plato, _Republic_, X, 611.
Homer, _Iliad_, II, 303. =308= Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, 1386.
Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 220. =309= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 181. =310=
Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 640. =311= Cf. Symonds’ _Greek Poets_, I,
chap. 5. =314= Plutarch, _Life of Aristides_, 21.
CHAPTER XV. =Page 316= _Iliad_, I, 156. =317-322= Herodotus, VII,
210-233. =318= Cf. Pausanias, I, 4, 1-4; X, xix-xxiii.
CHAPTER XVI. =Page 323= Alpheus of Mitylene, _Anth. Pal._, IX, 101;
sometimes attributed to Antipater of Thessalonica. =330= Herodotus, I,
1. =331= Lucian, _Charon_, 23. =332= Pausanias, II, 15, with Frazer’s
notes. =333= Pindar, _Nemean_, X, 28; VI, 12. =335= Thucydides, I, 9;
_Iliad_, II, 108. Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aul._, 1498. _Iphigeneia in
T._, 845-846. =336-343= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 40-47; 320; 154; 334-337;
818-820; 905-911; 947; 958-962; _passim_, 973; 1327-1330; 1379-1387;
1548-1559; 577-579. =341= Cf. Browning’s _Agamemnon_ for several
phrases. =342= Euripides, _Electra_, 54; 77. Æschylus, _Choëph._ 1061.
=343= _Iliad_, IV, 52. Pythagoras: Horace, _Od._, I, 28, 11. Iamblichus,
_Life of Pythag._, 63, and see Lucian, _Cock_, 16, 17. Herodotus, I, 31.
=344= Æschylus, _Suppliants_, 954-956. =345= Æschylus, _Prometheus_,
854-869. =346= Lucian, _Marine Dialogues_, 6. =347= Herodotus, I, 82;
Lucian, _Charon_, 24. =348= Euripides, _Orestes_, 53-55. =349-350=
Lucian, _Marine Dialogues_, 12. Euripides, _Trojan Women_, 1081-1088.
=352= Isyllus, cf. Smyth, _Melic Poets_, p. 528. =355= Strabo, VII, cap.
6, 12. =356= Lucian, _Cataplus_, 18. Plutarch, _Life of Demosthenes_,
XXX.
CHAPTER XVII. =Page 358= Pindar, _Olymp._, III, 27. Homer, _Iliad_, II,
612. =360= Homer, _Iliad_, II, 607. =361= Polybius, XXIV, 15. =365=
_Greek Anthology_, App. Plan., 188. =366= Herodotus, VIII, 26. =371=
_Greek Anthology_, Pal., IX, 314; App. Plan. 188. =374= Xenophon,
_Anabasis_, 5, 3, 10. Homer, _Odyssey_, V, 272. =377= Hesiod,
_Theogony_, 775. =380= Pindar, _Olymp._, VI, 100. _Homeric Hymn to Pan_,
30. Homer, _Odyssey_, III, 497. =381= Sappho; Homer. See chap. i, 19,
21. =385= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 519.
CHAPTER XVIII. =Page 388= Pindar, _Olymp._, III, 19. =390= Lucian,
_Marine Dialog._, 3. Strabo, VI, cap. 2, 4. =391= Antigonus Carystus,
_Historia Mirab._, 140 (155). =392= Xenophon, _Anabasis_, IV, viii, 26.
=397= _Odyssey_, V, 79; Lucian, _Jupiter as Tragedian_, 10, 11. =403=
Lucian, _Herodotus_, I. Herodotus, VIII, 26. =408= Lucian, _Council of
the Gods_, 12. Pindar, _Olymp._, II, 51. =410= Herodotus, VI, 103. =411=
Pindar, _Olymp._, I, 18. Bacchylides, V, 37-45, and 178-186. =412=
Pindar, _Olymp._, I, 86. =413= Pindar, _Olymp._, I, 28. =415= Æschylus,
_Agamemnon_, 341. =416= Pindar, _Olymp._, IV, 1; VI, 75; VI, 91. =417=
Pindar, _Olymp._, XIII, 92; III, 44; XI (X), 45. =418= Pindar, _Olymp._,
XI (X), 72; 73-76; XIV, 20. =419= Pindar, _Olymp._, VII. =420= Plato,
_Republic_, 621, C, D. =421= Bacchylides, VI. =423= Æschylus,
_Prometheus_, 95.
CHAPTER XIX. =Page 425= Homer, _Odyssey_, III, 491. =429= Thucydides,
IV, 40.
CHAPTER XX. =Page 431= Homer, _Odyssey_, IV, 1. =432= Pindar, fragment.
Sophocles, _Ajax_, 8. Homer, _Odyssey_, IV, 603. Euripides, _Helen_,
348; _Iphigeneia in Tauris_, 132. =433-434= Homer, _Odyssey_, IV.
Herodotus, VI, 61. =436= Æschylus, _Agamemnon_, 650. =437= Thucydides,
I, 10. Polybius, V, 22. =440= Lucian, _Anacharsis_, 38. Cicero,
_Tusculan Disputations_, 5, 27. =446= Thucydides, I, 70. =447=
Herodotus, VII, 104, 135. =448= Euripides, _Andromache_, 595. =449=
Plato, _Protagoras_, 342. =450= Aristotle, _Politics_, 1271 B.
Isocrates, _Letter to Philip_; _Panegyricus_, 51.
NOTE on =pages 154-5= ‘Euripus.’ Strictly speaking, this applies only to
the narrower channel between Aulis and Chalkis. Also used of the whole
southern channel: see Bury’s and Frazer’s Maps of Attica. [Blank Page]
INDEX
Acarnania, 13, 193, 321.
Achæa, 13, 194, 326, 373, 435.
Achæans, 14, 324.
Acharnae, 148, 150 ff.
Acrocorinth, 8, 212, 214;
view from, 202.
Acropolis, see under _Athens_.
Ægaleus, Mt., 149, 164, 173, 177.
Ægean, 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 57, 325, 353.
Ægina, 144, 162, =186-91=.
Ægospotami, 101, 102.
Æmilius Paulus, 235.
Æolians, 328;
in Bœotia, 310.
Æschines, place in literature, 97;
cited, 224.
Æschylus, at Delphi, 237;
at Eleusis, 181;
at Marathon, 158-9;
character of, 125;
competition with, 328;
influence of, 104, 415;
place in literature, 95;
treatment of nature, 22;
youth of, 70 ff.;
cited, 10, 11, 38, 43, 64, 72, 83-4, 91, 104, 154, 155, 159, 161,
166, 167, 168, 196, 230, 246, 268, 283-5, 292, 297, 299, 308, 309,
336, 342, 344, 385, 415, 436.
Ætolia, 13, 193.
Africa, 220, 239.
Akte, of Argolis, 330, 351;
of Piræus, 36, 42, 55.
Alcibiades, at Delium, 296;
influence of, 101;
parody of Mysteries, 176;
picture of, 77;
Sicilian expedition, 37.
Alcman, 442 ff.;
cited, 18, 22, 182, 444-5.
Alexander, at Chæronea, 262;
at Isthmus, 217;
at Olympia, 391;
death of, 3;
empire of, 99;
statue at Olympia, 402.
Alexandrian period, 4.
Alphēus, god and river, 231, 328, 369, 375, 379, 381, =388-91=, 404.
Altis, at Marathon, 158;
at Olympia, 388, 395, =402-5=.
Amorgos, 7.
Amphiaraus, sanctuary of, 153-4.
Amphictyony, Delphic, 224, 238.
Amphissa, 223.
Amyclæ, 434.
Anacapri, 2.
Anacreon, 70.
Anaxagoras, 96.
Andocides, place in literature, 96;
cited, 181.
Andritsena, 378, 381-2.
Andros, 7.
Anthedon, 306-7.
Anthesteria, 141.
Anthology, Greek, 4-5;
cited, 28, 54, 147, 150, 156, 171, 201, 211, 265, 299, 300, 323, 371,
373.
Antiphon, 96.
Antisthenes, 99.
Antoninus Pius, 364.
Aphæa, temple of, 188.
Aphrodite, 397, 434;
at Piræus, 54;
on Mt. Ida, 131;
of Melos, 5.
Apollo, at Olympia, 397;
at Ptoön, 301;
Delphic legends, 230 ff.;
god of prophecy, 218 ff.;
Hymn to, 231;
in _Alcestis_, 130;
in _Eumenides_, 105 ff.;
in _Hymn to Hermes_, 368 ff.;
significance at Delphi, 246 ff.;
statue at Olympia, 399, 400;
— at Sparta, 441;
summer festival of, 136;
temple at Bassæ, 382 ff.;
— at Corinth, 202, 203, 207, 213;
— at Delphi, 237-8;
— on Sacred Way, 178;
— at Thebes, 282, 292;
— in Vale of Tempe, 245.
Appian, 43.
Arachneum, Mt., 336.
Arachova, 30, 252, 253 ff., 381.
Arcadia, 14, 29, 131, 220, 239, =358-87=, 425, 429.
Arcesilas, 239.
Archidamus, 240, 447.
Areopagus, see under _Athens_.
Arethusa, 390, 391.
Argolic Gulf, 324, 330.
Argolid, Argolis, 8, 13, 162, =323-57=.
Argos, 10, 11, 221, 239, 325, 327, =329-30=, 346, 435, 436.
Arion, 208-9.
Aristides, 100, 124.
Aristodemus, 428.
Aristogeiton, 71.
Aristomenes, 428, 430.
Aristophanes, place in literature, 95;
treatment of nature, 24;
cited, 25, 26, 35, 65, 70, 71, 83, 85-6, 108, 112, 117, 120, 127,
128, 131, 132, 136, 144, 145, 150, 151, 161, 162, 179, 184, 221,
251, 448.
Aristotle, Lyceum of, 119;
philosophy, 97 ff.;
cited, 66, 180, 201, 212, 446, 449, 450.
Aroanius, river, 375.
Artemis, 24;
at Olympia, 397;
Brauronia, 86;
hymn to, 223;
in Arcadia, 365, 373, 374;
in _Hippolytus_, 26, 355;
on Taÿgetus, 432;
Orthia, 438-9;
temple at Aulis, 309;
— at Piræus, 46;
— at Thebes, 282, 293.
Artemisium, 298.
Asclepieum, at Athens, 122;
at Epidaurus, 352;
modern substitute for, 30
Ascra, 310.
Asia, 1, 220, 325.
Asia Minor, 1, 9, 239, 325, 327.
Asopus, river, in Bœotia, 12, 153, 270, 296, 305;
in Malis, 317;
in Sicyon, 328, 329.
Astypalæa, 7.
Athens (ancient), 10, 13, 436, 442, 450;
after battle of Salamis, =91-125=;
before Salamis, =57-73=;
Academy of, 65, 119, 147;
Acropolis of, 60, 73, =74-90=, 92, 107, 144, 162, 173, 184, 193, 232;
Agora, 72, 99, 110 ff.;
Areopagus of, 69, 72, 99, 104 ff., 110;
Asclepieum, 122;
Barathrum, 109;
Callirrhoë, 61, 65, 109, 133;
Cynosarges Gymnasium, 65, 99, 159;
Dipylon Gate, 113, 144, 177, 183;
Dionysiac Theatre, 120 ff.;
Erechtheum, 75, 77, 81, 84, 97;
Gymnasia, 65, 118;
Lenæum, 61, 69;
Lyceum, 94, 99, 119;
Lysicrates Monument, 122;
Market-place (old), 65;
Nike temple, 77, 79;
Old Athena temple, 75, 92;
olive in, 66;
Olympieum, 57, 65, 119;
Parthenon, 77, 78, 80-1, 85, 87-9, 382;
Pnyx, 108;
Propylæa, 77-78, 79, 85, 89, 94;
—, old, 65, 76;
Prison of Socrates, 89, 107;
Prytaneum, 110;
Street of Tombs, 113;
Theseum, 94;
Tholus, 110;
—, Modern, 29, =126-43=.
Athena, Alea, 364;
Archegetis, 86;
at Piræus, 52;
Chalkiœkos, 438;
importance at Athens, 67;
old temple of, 75;
statues on Acropolis, 78-9;
the Watcher, 62.
Athos, Mt., 11, 13.
Attic age, 5.
Attica, 5-8, 13, 15, =144-70=, 325.
Aulis, 267, =307= ff.
Bacchus, see _Dionysus_.
Bacchylides, place in literature, 420;
cited, 111, 123, 189, 243, 411, 421.
Bassæ, temple at, 358, 382 ff.
Bendis, festival of, 48 ff.
Bion, 4.
Bœotia, 4, 7, 8, 260, =266-315=, 325, 438.
Brasidas, 436.
Brauron, 160.
Brennus, 318.
Byron, 5, 79, 194;
cited, 422.
Byzantine, churches, 29, 404;
Greek, 5;
ruins, 29, 404;
age, 40, 212.
Cadmus, 200, 272 ff.
Cæsar, Julius, 211, 215.
Calauria, 330, 356.
Caligula, 304.
Callichorus, 175.
Callimachus, cited, 183.
Callirrhoë, see _Athens_.
Calydon, 194.
Calydonian boar hunt, 194, 364.
Carthage, 43, 239, 398.
Cassotis, 245.
Castalia, 226, 252, 253.
Cecrops, 59, 144.
Cenchreæ, 212.
Ceos, 7, 95, 420, 421.
Cephisus, river, Attic, 146, 148, 152, 177, 184;
Bœotian, 260, 265, 269, 316.
Chæronea, 97, 115, 198, 210, 257, 260, =261-5=, 401, 436, 450.
Chasia, 150.
Chryso, 223.
Cicero, 97;
cited, 1, 32, 181, 211, 304, 316, 440.
Cimon, 100-101;
at Eleusis, 182;
in Messenian affairs, 428.
Cirphis, Mt., 226, 253, 256, 258.
Cithæron, Mt., 12, 193, 219, 268, 278, 280, 281, 292, 296.
Cladeus, river and god, 388, 393, 404.
Claudius, 304.
Cleft Way, 250, 257 ff.
Clement, St., cited, 215.
Cleonæ, 330, 331.
Cnidus, 35, 173.
Cnossus, 231.
Colonists, 58, 414.
Colonus, 24, 146-7.
Comedy, 95.
Common dialect, 3.
Conington, cited, 71.
Conon, 35, 56, 102;
Wall of, 33, 36, 39, 41, 44.
Constantinople, fall of, 3;
foundation of, 196.
Copaic Lake, 269, 271.
Corcyra, 206.
Corinna, 306.
Corinth (New), 201, 202;
(Old), =201-17=, 220, 436.
Corinthian Gulf, 5, 7, 8, 9, 192 ff., 223, 269, 324, 326, 329, 331.
Corycian Cave, 229, 252, 255.
Cos, 353.
Cotilius, Mt., 384.
Cranaë, 435.
Craneum, 213.
Cretan, 20;
Cretans, 231, 413;
Eteo-Cretans, 14.
Crete, 9, 15, 221, 239, 324, 325, 326, 362, 441.
Crimea, 58.
Crisæan plain, 223-4, 238.
Cumæ, 2.
Cybele, at Piræus, 49.
Cyllene, Mt., 8, 9, 365, 367, 369, 376, 383.
Cynuria, 330, 347.
Cyprus, 1, 433.
Cypselus, 205;
chest of, 207.
Cyrene, 239.
Cythnus, 7.
Danai, 323, 344.
Dances, ancient and modern, 137, 139.
Danube, 9.
Daulis, 258, 259.
Decelea, 148, 150.
Delium, 296.
Delos, 7, 101, 107, 163, 397;
confederacy of, 100.
Delphi, =218-49=, 289, 344, 401.
Demaratus, 179, 447.
Demeter, at Olympia, 397, 410;
in Arcadia, 173;
in Bœotia, 173, 314;
Hymn to, 174-5;
patroness of marriage, 140;
shrines of, 30;
statue of, 173;
worship of, 173 ff.
Demosthenes, at Chæronea, 262;
place in literature, 97;
suicide of, 103, 356-7;
cited, 85, 92, 118, 158, 165, 237.
Dicæarchus, cited, 286, 306.
Dinarchus, 97.
Dio Chrysostom, 271, 399.
Diogenes the Cynic, 213.
Dionysia, Greater, 69, 140;
Lesser, 141.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 300.
Dionysus, at Athens, 68 ff., 72;
at Delphi, 227 ff.;
at Eleusis (Iacchus), 174, 177, 179;
at Olympia, 397;
at Panopeus, 261;
brings Semele from Hades, 355;
Hymn to, 122, 277;
infant, 396;
in _Frogs_, 128, 129, 203;
in the Marshes, 141;
old cult, 30;
on Helicon, 303;
temple at Thebes, 293.
Diphilus, cited, 52, 206.
Dirce, 272, 294.
Dodona, 14.
Donkeys, 128-9.
Dorians, 326 ff., 328.
Doric, dialect, 398.
Doris, 316, 328, 358.
Easter, festival of, 132, 137, 142.
Echo, 372-3, 418.
Egypt, 9, 433.
Egyptians, 2.
Eira, 426, 428.
Eleusinia, 183.
Eleusis, bay of, 48, 193;
mysteries, 114, 129, =171-85=;
town-spring of, 134.
Eleutheria, 313.
Elis, 9, 373, 389, 392.
Elton, cited, 272.
Epaminondas, 262, 295, 296;
character of, 289 ff., 363;
death of, 360 ff.;
founds Messene, 429-30.
Epicurus, 99.
Epidaurus, 330, =351= ff.
Epirus, 14, 270.
Erechtheum, see under _Athens_.
Erechtheus, 59, 83.
Eridanus, river, 144.
Eris, apple of, 397.
Erymanthus, Mt., 8, 9, 373, 381, 383;
river, 375.
Etruscan, 414.
Eubœa, 7, 11, 153, 206;
Gulf of, 269.
Eumelus, 208.
Euripides, at Piræus, 50;
cenotaph, 55;
place in literature, 95-6;
theology of, 49, 97;
treatment of Nature, 16, 26;
cited, 26, 27, 57, 91, 114, 124, 132, 135, 138, 160, 169, 175, 178,
200, 210, 215, 218, 228-9, 230-1, 233-4, 268, 274, 276, 277,
279-81, 285-6, 292, 308, 354, 425, 432-3, 438-9, 448.
Euripus, 11, 153, 154, 307.
Eurotas, river, 375, 432-3.
Eurymedon, 71.
Excavations by, Americans at Corinth, 202, 212 ff.;
British at Sparta, 438;
French at Delphi, 225, 236;
Germans at Olympia, 404;
Greeks at Thebes, 292.
Festivals, ancient and modern, 139-142.
Flaminius, 217.
Funerals, ancient and modern, 129-130.
Games, Isthmian, 216-17, 407;
Nemean, 333, 407;
Olympic, ancient, 388 ff., 407, =408-13=;
—, modern, 422-3;
Pythian, 242 ff., 407.
Gauls, at Delphi, 235;
at Thermopylæ, 318.
Geoffrey de Villehardouin, 379.
Geraneia, Mt., 195, 199.
Glaucus, of Chios, 244;
sea-divinity, 307.
Goethe, cited, 22, 251.
Gorgias, place in literature, 97;
statue at Delphi, 240;
— at Olympia, 403.
Gorgopis, Lake, 12.
Gortys, river, 375.
Goulas (Gha, Gla), 271.
Graces, the, 20, 416, 420;
temple of, 302.
Græco-Roman period, 4.
Grylus, 360.
Gytheion, 435.
Hadrian, aqueduct, 376;
at Athens, 60;
at Delphi, 235;
at Eleusis, 182;
at Olympia, 402;
road of, 199.
Hagios Vlasis, 260.
Harmodius, 71.
Hatzidakis, G. N., cited, 5.
Helicon, Mt., 7, 193, 292, 301, =302-4=, 313.
Hephæsteum, 60.
Hephæstus, at Athens, 59-60;
in _Prometheus_, 23;
street, 133.
Hera, at Olympia, 395-6;
in Argolis, 329, 348;
head of, 344.
Heraclea, 196.
Heracles, at Marathon, 159;
at Olympia, 393, 422;
birth, 275;
Cretan, 393;
journey to Hades, 355;
labours of, 218-19, 333, 347, 374, 376, 399;
temple at Thebes, 293.
Heræum, Argolis, 330, 336, =343-4=, 357;
at Olympia, 389, 395-8.
Hermæa, 140.
Hermes, Homeric Hymn to, 367 ff.;
Ram Bearer, 313;
statues of, 5, 371, 396.
Hermione, 328, 329, 330, =355=.
Herodas (Herondas), 4.
Herodes Atticus, 156;
gifts of, 88, 241, 402.
Herodotus, at Athens, 93;
piety of, 222, 248;
place in literature, 96;
cited, 66, 82, 83, 109, 157, 160, 166, 179, 192, 208, 222, 267, 287,
297, 299, 319, 321, 330, 343-4, 347, 366, 403, 410, 434, 447-8.
Hesiod, life and works, 268 ff.;
cited, 272, 296, 303, 309 ff., 377-8.
Hieron of Syracuse, 243, 413-4.
Himera, battle of, 398.
Hipparchus, 70, 328.
Hippias, 33, 70;
sophist, 403.
Hippocrates, 93, 353.
Hippocrene, 303.
Hippodamus, 45.
History, 3, 14, 15, 96.
Homer, connection with Argolis, 323 ff.;
with Athens, 67-8;
treatment of nature, 18 ff.;
cited, 18, 19, 81-2, 163, 202, 204, 227, 267, 343, 358, 360, 374,
377, 397, 431, 433-4.
Homeric Hymns, 267;
to Apollo, 231;
to Artemis, 223;
to Dionysus, 122, 277;
to Hermes, 367 ff.;
to Pan, 371 ff.
Horace, cited, 345.
Hydarnes, 448.
Hymettus, Mt., 13, 109, 145, 163.
Hypereides, place in literature, 97;
cited, 103.
Iacchus, see under _Dionysus_.
Ibycus, 213.
Ictinus, 182, 382, 383, 385, 386.
Ida, Mt., in Asia Minor, 11, 130;
in Crete, 393.
Ilissus, river, 27, 28, 125, 133, 144, 422.
Inachus, river, 332.
Ionia, 97.
Ionian, 14;
sea, 383.
Isæus, 97.
Ismenus, river, 272, 294.
Isocrates, place in literature, 97;
cited, 59, 181, 198, 450.
Isthmus of Corinth, 10, 144, 193, 201, 215, 324, 334, 353, 436.
Italy, 58, 220.
Itea, 223, 226.
Ithaca, 231, 432.
Ithome, Mt., 8, 383, 426, 428.
Jebb, Sir Richard, cited, 57-8, 103, 413.
Julian the Apostate, 235-6, 403.
Kalamata, 10, 425-7.
Kallidromos, Mt., 317.
Kapræna, 261.
Karaïskakis, Place, 30, 36.
Karytæna, 29, 378-9;
Geoffrey de, 379.
Kastri, 224 ff.
Kephisia, 148, 152.
Kerata, Mt., boundary between Attica and Megara, 8, 173, 195.
Kronos Hill, 388 ff.
Kydias, 329.
Lacedæmon, 8, 426, 431.
Laconia, 8, 324, 327, 426, 431, 435.
Laconian Gulf, 431.
Ladon, river, 375, 389, 390.
Langada Gorge, 426.
Language, Greek, 3;
dialects, 414;
modern, 5.
Larisa of Argos, 325, 327, 330.
Lasus, 328.
Laurium, 160-1.
Leake, cited, 385-6.
Lebadeia, =301=, 313.
Lechæum, 212, 216.
Leonidas, 298, 317-321.
Lerna, 330, =346-7=.
Lesbos, 131, 441.
Leuctra, 289, 296, 430.
Lindus, 29, 419.
Lipari Islands, 10.
Literature, Greek, =3-5=; =93-100=.
Locris, 7, 14, 193, 223, 226;
Epicnemidian, 316.
Lucian, 4;
cited, 39, 53, 54, 68, 73, 88, 120, 213, 331, 356, 390, 402, 403,
408, 440.
Lucius, Mummius, 211.
Lycabettus, Mt., 144.
Lycæus, Mt., 8, 367, 373, 378, 383.
Lycosura, 359, 364.
Lycurgus, lawgiver, 446;
orator, 97.
Lyric poetry, 95.
Lysander, 102.
Lysias, place in literature, 97;
cited, 47, 76, 111, 149.
Lysippus, 244, 329.
Lysis, disciple of Socrates, 140;
of Tarentum, 291.
Macedon, 15, 96, 100, 356, 401, 436.
Macedonia, 2, 239.
Macedonian rule, 39, 102, 210, 391, 394, 401, 436.
Mænalus, Mt., 373.
Malea, 324, 431.
Malis, 316.
Malian Gulf, 7.
Mantinea, 289, =359= ff., 364.
Marathon, 70 ff., 103, =157-60=, 298;
— race, 159, 422.
Marathonisi, 435.
Markopoulo, 160.
Meander, river, 328.
Mediterranean, 1, 3, 40, 390.
Megalopolis, 9, =359=, =378=, 382, 385, 429.
Megara, 8, 48, 164, =192-9=;
— Hyblaea, 196.
Megarid, 144, 164.
Megistias, 321.
Melicertes, 200.
Melos, 5, 162, 326.
Menander, death, 4;
friend of Theophrastus, 99;
place in literature, 96;
plays of at Piræus, 50;
tomb, 55;
cited, 49, 55, 112, 121, 152, 449.
Menidhi, 137, 150, 151.
Mesogia, 160.
Mesolonghi, 30, 194.
Messene, 429.
Messenia, 5, 8, 13, 14, =425-30=;
Bay of, 10, 13.
Messina, Straits of, 10.
Midas, 239.
Midea, 325.
Minoa, in Megarid, 195.
Minyæ, 14, 302.
Mistra, 29, 433.
Moluriad Rock, 200.
Monemvasia, 29.
Morea, 8;
dukes of, 404.
Moschus, 4.
Munychia, 33, 41, 42, 45, 50, 55.
Murray, Gilbert, cited, 132, 214, 274 ff., 439.
Musæa, 313.
Mycalessus, 314.
Mycenæ, 11, 319, 325, 327, 330, 331, 332, =334= ff., 351.
Mycenæan civilization, 182, 292, =325-6=.
Myconos, 7.
Myron, 78.
Mysteries, see under _Eleusis_.
Mytika, 361.
Nature, Greek treatment of, 15-28.
Nauplia, 30, 324, 325, 330, =348=.
Navarino, 425.
Naxos, 7, 13, 30.
Neda, river, 382, 383, 384.
Nedon, river, Gorge of, 426.
Nemea, 330, =332= ff.
Nemesis, 154 ff.
Nereid, 255-56, 397.
Nero, at Corinth, 213;
at Delphi, 235;
at Isthmus, 215, 217;
at Olympia, 391, 402;
at Thespiæ 304.
Nike, by Pæonius, 400;
of Samothrace, 161;
temple of, see under _Athens_.
Nisæa, in Megarid, 195.
Nomian Mts., 373, 383.
Norton, Charles Eliot, cited, 16.
Œta, Mt., 7, 316, 326.
Olympia, 9, 243, 382, =388-424=.
Olympus, Mt., 6, 14, 15, 370, 404, 423.
Onatas, 386.
Oratory, 96.
Orchomenus, in Arcadia, 365;
in Bœotia, 270, 302.
Oropus, 153.
Orphic School, 174.
Ossa, Mt., 7.
Othrys Mts., 7.
Pæonius, 400.
Pæstum, 2, 357.
Palermo, 10.
Pallantium, 360, 364.
Pan, at Athens, 72-3;
_Homeric Hymn_ to, 371 ff.;
in modern folk-lore, 255;
at Delphi, 229;
at Psyttaleia, 166;
at Thebes, 293.
Panathenæa, 67, 71, 135, 137, 140.
Panopeus, 260.
Parmenides, 97.
Parnassus, Mt., 7, 193, 223, 225, 226, 227, 232, 234, 253, 254, 256,
258, 259, 261, 292, 301, 316, 326, 329, 353, 393.
Parnes, Mt., 7, 144, 148, 153.
Parnon, Mt., 8, 432.
Paros, 29, 386.
Parthenius, Mt., 373.
Parthenon, see under _Athens_.
Patras, 192, 194-5, 392.
Paul, St., 210, 212, 395;
cited, 106, 217, 407.
Pausanias, general, 298, 299;
topographer, cited, 76, 88, 145, 150, 165, 183, 207, 235, 241, 264,
265, 271, 289, 292, 293, 301, 304, 309, 310, 319, 329, 336, 346,
352, 353, 360, 361-2, 374, 375, 376, 384, 390, 405, 411, 428, 430,
440.
Pegasus, 204, 214, 303.
Peirene, 204, 207, 214.
Pelasgians, 14, 82, 324, 344, 347.
Pelion, Mt., 7.
Peloponnesian War, 34, 101, 153, 288, 300, 429.
Peloponnesus, 8, 15.
Pelops, 393, 399, 405, 412.
Peneius, river, 7.
Pentedactylon, Mt., 432.
Pentelicus, Mt., 5, 7, 11, 13, 25, 132, 144, 148, 152, 153, 159.
Periander, 206 ff.
Pericles, age of, 394;
death, 115;
at Eleusis, 182;
Megarian decree of, 198;
oratory of, 96, 108;
political influence of, 34, 56, 97, 100, 101, 104.
Persephone, 355;
worship of, 171 ff.
Persian Wars, 15, 96, 100, 197, 210, 317, 330.
Phæacia, 134.
Phalerum, 45, 125, 132, 395.
Pheneus, 365;
lake of, 375-6.
Pheræ, 425.
Pherecrates, cited, 82, 266.
Phidias, 135, 244, 293, 399.
Phigalia, 382.
Phigalians, 383, 386.
Philip, 39, 115, 451;
at Chæronea, 262;
in Delphic Amphictyony, 224;
of Hellenic blood, 102, 391;
statues of, 240, 401.
Philopœmen, 361-3.
Philosophy, 97 ff.;
closing of schools of, 3.
Phlius, 328, =329=, 330.
Phocis, 14, 223, 260, 316.
Phœnicia, 324, 433.
Phœnicians, 127, 273, 330.
Phœnicides, cited, 84.
Pholoë, Mt., 373-4.
Phryne, 240, 304.
Pieria, 368.
Pindar, age of, 31;
art of, 288;
in Athens, 95;
descent of, 271;
house of, 293;
place in literature, 268;
treatment of nature, 20-1;
cited, 20-1, 110, 114, 122, 124, 156, 186, 189, 190, 191, 204, 210,
218, 237, 243, 249, 266, 275, 288, 291, 299, 302, 333, 358, 388,
408, 410, 411, 412, 415, 420, 432.
Pindus, Mt., 7, 13.
Piræus, 30, =32-56=, 85, 100, 102, 145, 186, 187.
Pisistratus, 64 ff., 174, 182.
Platæa, 71, 91, =296-301=, 313, 320.
Plato, Academy of, 119, 147;
age of, 39;
cave of, 109;
legend of, 164;
opinion of Kydias, 330;
place in philosophy, 98;
treatment of nature, 28;
cited, 28, 46-7, 74, 107, 125, 139, 144, 182, 185, 198, 205, 307,
352, 414, 420, 449, 450.
Plistus, river, 226, 234, 242, 252, 253.
Plutarch, 4;
birthplace, 61;
character of, 268;
cited, 64, 88, 110, 169, 213, 240, 267, 301, 353, 356.
Polybius, cited, 360, 361, 363, 437.
Polygnotus, 129, 241.
Poros, 356.
Poseidon, at Athens, 59;
in Argolis, 348;
in Elis, 390;
temple of at Calauria, 356;
— at Pæstum, 2;
— at Sunium, 162.
Potidæa, 119.
Prasiæ, 160.
Pratinas, 328.
Praxilla, 329.
Praxiteles, 5, 244, 293, 304, =364=, 396.
Propylæa, see under _Athens_.
Ptoön, Mt., 269, 292, 301, 313.
Pylos, 231, 425, 429.
Pythagoras, 97, 291.
Rhamnus, 154 ff.
Rhodes, 1, 29, 127, 135, 419;
Colossus of, 397.
Rogers, B. B., cited, 70, 132, 141, 161, 179, 181, 251.
Roman rule, 39-40, 172, 211-12, 391, 394, 402, 414.
Romans, 204, 362.
Salamis, 48, 62, 68, 144, 353, 357, 399;
battle of, 71, 91, 103, =165-70=, 188, 209, 299, 398.
Samos, 70, 99.
Sappho, read by Solon, 64;
treatment of nature, 18 ff.;
cited, 18, 19, 20, 21, 136, 380.
Saronic Gulf, 8, 32, 41, 163, 193, 324, 353, 354.
Scamander, 134.
Scironian Cliffs, =199= ff., 354.
Scopas, 293, 364, 386.
Selinus, 398.
Seriphos, 7.
Servius Sulpicius, cited, 32, 199.
Shelley, cited, 25, 56, 148, 368.
Sicily, 1, 9, 10, 15, 58, 239, 328, 388, 390;
Sicilian Greeks, 391, 398, 414;
— expedition, 37, 101, 187.
Sicyon, 329.
Simmias, cited, 150.
Simonides, at Athens, 70, 95;
poet laureate, 420;
rival of Lasus, 328;
cited, 64, 136, 157, 158, 200, 299-300, 320, 321, 349.
Socrates, on Acropolis, 76 ff.;
in Assembly, 108;
at Delium, 296;
at Isthmian Games, 217;
by Ilissus, 27;
in Gymnasia, 119, 140;
in Piræus, 46 ff.;
place in philosophy, 98-9.
Solon, in Egypt, 2;
influence in Athens, 58 ff.;
statue at Salamis, 165;
cited, 62, 63, 283.
Solos, 376.
Sophists, 94, 96, 97.
Sophocles, place in literature, 95;
tomb of, 150;
treatment of nature, 24 ff.;
cited, 24, 116, 140, 146, 163, 171, 178, 222, 240, 250, 268, 276,
281-3, 286-7, 303, 335, 341, 405-7, 432.
Sparta, 8, 10, 13, 100, 102, 153, 239, 288, 425, 429, =431-451=.
Spercheius, river, 316, 318.
Sphacteria, 429.
Sphinx, Mt., 292.
Sterling, John, cited, 320, 404.
Strabo, cited, 234, 271, 355, 390.
Stymphalus, 365;
lake of, 376.
Styx, 377.
Suetonius, cited, 215.
Sunium, =161= ff., 356.
Swinburne, cited, 106, 424.
Symonds, J. A., cited, 114, 136, 349.
Syracusans, 38, 102, 414.
Syracuse, 10, 38, 43, 206, 414.
Tænarum, 208, 431.
Tanagra, 296, =305-6=, 313.
Tatoï, 153.
Tauropolia, 140.
Taÿgetus, Mt., 8, 13, 383, 389, 426, 432, 445.
Tegea, 359, =363-4=, 435.
Telesilla, 329.
Tempe, Vale of, 7, 245.
Tenedos, 388.
Tenos, 7.
Terpander, cited, 441-2.
Thaletas, 441-2.
Thebes, 15, 229, 239, =266-95=, 436.
Themistocles, fortification of Piræus, 33, 34, 36;
policy of, 44, 101;
at Olympia, 361;
at Salamis, 166;
tomb of, 41.
Theodosius, 236, 403.
Theocritus, 4, 16, 258;
treatment of nature, cited, 28.
Theognis, 196-7.
Theophrastus, 99;
cited, 51, 62, 121, 140.
Thera, 326.
Theramenes, 102.
Therapne, 433.
Thermopylæ, 7, 9, 298, =316-22=, 360.
Theseus, in art and literature, 60, 399;
Bacchylides on, 95;
city of, 104, 107, 146;
in _Hippolytus_, 354 ff.;
Isthmian Games, 217;
the Panathenæa, 67, 137;
return from Crete, 79, 163.
Thesmophoria, 140.
Thespiæ, 304-5.
Thespians, 288, 313, 319.
Thespis, 63, 156.
Thessaly, 6, 7, 13, 14, 135, 270, 368, 435.
Thoricus, 160.
Thrace, 2, 5, 171, 220.
Thrasybulus, 149.
Thriasian Plain, 173, 179.
Thucydides, historian, at Delphi, 248;
place in literature, 96;
cited, 37, 91, 115, 116, 216, 267, 289, 300, 326, 335, 360, 429, 437,
446-7;
statesman, 101.
Tiberius, 391, 402.
Timotheus, cited, 168, 362.
Tiryns, 324, 325, 327, 330, 336, =348-51=.
Tragedy, 95.
Treton, Mt., 331.
Tripolis, 360, 373, 375.
Triptolemus, 174.
Troëzen, 330, =353= ff., 358.
Troy, 10, 27, 134, 336, 337, 338, 343, 357.
Tyrtæus, cited, 427, 428, 443.
Vaphio, 435.
Vari, 163-4.
Virgil, 310, 364.
Way, cited, 139, 218, 229.
Wordsworth, cited, 17, 21.
Xenophon, place in literature, 96;
treatment of Epaminondas, 289;
cited, 46, 51, 149, 267, 289, 360, 374, 392, 446.
Xerxes, at Platæa, 298;
at Salamis, 165;
at Thermopylæ, 317;
invasion of Delphi, 252;
— of Greece, 447.
Zacynthus, 231.
Zanes, 401.
Zeno, 99.
Zeus, 14, 23, 27;
birth of, 367, 393;
at Lebadeia, 301;
at Nemea, 333;
at Olympia, 392, 393, 395, 396, 423;
at Piræus, 52;
temple at Olympia, 398-401.
=The Riverside Press=
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Footnotes
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Transcriber’s Note
Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and
are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.
36.1 Zeus’s ether on his “beetle.[”] Added.
232.25 came to Delphi in their childless[n]ess. Inserted.
252.1 the true Phi[l]hellene Inserted.
350.16 Pr[oe/œ]tus, the first king of Tiryns Replaced.
394.16 ho[h/p]elessly confounds history Replaced.