Saratoga, N. Y., 609;
articles of surrender at, 317, 358;
authorities on the surrender, 358;
prisoners and stores, 358;
strength of the two armies, 358;
monument at, 366.
_See_ Burgoyne, Schuyler, Gates.
Sargent, John, 613.
Sargent, L. M., _Dealings with the Dead_, 72, 461;
on Leonard as Massachusettensis, 110.
Sargent, Winthrop, 106;
_Life and Career of Maj. John André_, 464;
on the Cincinnati Society, 746;
_Stansbury and Odell_, 273.
Sartigan, 655.
Saunderson, H. H., _Charlestown, N. H._, 355.
Saunderson, Lieut., march to Yorktown, 554.
Sauthier, C. J., map of Hudson River and the Canada route, 349;
of Canada, 349;
map of New York province (1774), 340, 341;
map of N. Y. campaign (1776), 336, 338;
plan of Fort Washington, 338.
Savage, S. P., 92.
Savannah, attacked (1778), 469, 519;
D'Estaing at (1779), 470;
assault, 471, 523;
evacuated (1782), 507, 546;
maps, 521;
accounts, 522.
Sawyer, Capt. Samuel, diary, 326.
Scalps, Americans charged with buying, 683;
bounties, 681;
divided, 682;
bought by British generals, 731;
want of evidence as regards the English buying them, 683.
Scammans, Col., court-martial, 189.
Scammell, Alexander, 128, 466;
in Lexington, 178;
letters (Winter Hill), 203;
letters on Canada exped., 216;
killed, 502, 555;
Burgoyne's surrender, 358.
Scharff, _St. Louis_, 740.
Schaukirk, E. G., diary, 325
Scheifflin, Lieut., 729.
Schenectady, 609.
Schoharie Valley ravaged, 644, 658.
Schönbrun, 734.
Schoolcraft, H. R., on Oriskany, 351;
_Indian Tribe_, 652.
Schulenberg on Burgoyne's surrender, 364.
Schuyler, G. W., on the landmarks of Burgoyne's campaign, 361.
Schuyler, Gen. Philip, differences with Wooster, 161;
on Ticonderoga (1775), 214;
in command of the Northern department (1775), 215;
papers, 215;
on the siege of Quebec, 221;
prepares for the campaign of 1777, 293;
autograph, 297;
joined by St. Clair, at Fort Edward, 298;
portrait, 298;
accounts of, 298;
his family, 298;
his Albany house, 298;
his wife, 298;
at Fort Miller, 298;
his headquarters at Saratoga, 356;
orderly-book (1777), 359;
secures Guy Johnson's war-belt, 624;
ordered to arrest Sir John Johnson, 624;
his "Peacock expedition", 625;
on the employment of Indians, 673;
Indian commissioner, 674;
his quarrel with Gates, 346;
correspondence with Gouverneur Morris during the Burgoyne campaign,
358;
_Proc. Court Martial_, 358;
disliked by New Englanders, 161, 358, 359;
in command of the Northern department (1777), 348;
proclamation, 350;
calls out militia, 356;
his spy, 356;
superseded by Gates, 356;
controversy of Bancroft with G. W. Schuyler and others over his
conduct, 316, 356;
intercedes for Arnold, 452;
his expedition to Tryon County, 653;
in N. Y., 1775, watching Tryon, 142;
authorized to advance into Canada, 161;
resigns the command to Montgomery, 162;
relieved of command in Canada, 165;
at Stillwater, 298;
superseded by Gates, 301;
his military character, 316.
Schuyler, Hanyost, 351.
_Scot's Magazine_, 516.
Scott, Capt., sent by Burgoyne to open communication with Clinton,
364.
Scott, Eben G., _Development of Constitutional Liberty_, 64.
Scott, Geo. G., _Saratoga Address_, 366.
Scott, Capt. James, marries Hancock's widow, 270.
Scudder, H. E., "Life in Boston during the Siege", 204;
_Men and Manners_, 204;
on siege of Boston, 173;
on Bunker Hill, 191.
Scull, G. D., _Capt. Evelyn_, 183, 205;
_Evelyns in America_, 183, 364;
edits Montresor's Journal, 419.
Scull and Heap, map of Philad., 442.
Scull, _Map of Penna._, 416.
Seabury, Samuel, arrested, 98;
his tracts, 104.
Sears, Isaac, 98.
Seaver, Jas. E., _Mary Jemison_, 662.
Seaver, _Mary Jemison_, 683.
Secker, Archbp., 243.
Sedgwick, Theo., Jr., 359.
Seeley, J. R., _Expansion of England_, 66, 255.
Ségur, Count, _Mémoires_, 560.
Selman, Capt., 565.
Seneca Lake, Sullivan on, 640.
Senecas, incursions of, 605;
their numbers, 610;
their great Castle, 640;
destroyed, 641;
in St. Leger's army, 661;
on the Alleghany, 671.
Senff, Col., 531;
his plan of Camden, 533.
Senter, Isaac, _Exped. against Quebec_, 219.
Seven Years' War, 14.
Sevier, Col. John, 478;
portrait, 535;
fights the Indians, 677.
Sewall, Jonathan, 108;
autog., 50;
his house in Cambridge, 142.
Sewall, W., _Method of making Saltpetre_, 108.
Seward, Miss, _Monody on André_, 464.
Seward, W. H., on Cherry Valley, 666;
on Sullivan's expedition (1779), 671.
Seymour, Horatio, on Burgoyne's surrender, 361.
Seymour, Wm., _Southern Expedition, 1780-83_, 531.
Shabbakong Creek, 377.
Shallos, Jacob, 227.
Sharp, Granville, _Declaration of the people's natural right_, 106.
Sharp, W. S., reprints Smith's _New Jersey_, 409.
Shattuck, Lemuel, 184;
his _Concord_, 184.
Shaw, Maj. Samuel, 467;
_Journals_, 191.
Shawanese, 610; history of, 735;
make treaty, 702;
their ravages, 709.
Shea, J. G., edits _Operations of the French Fleet_, 502, 548.
Sheffield, Wm. P., _Rhode Island Privateers_, 591.
Sheftall, Capt. Mordecai, _Acc. of his Capture_, 519.
Shelburne, Earl of, 21;
attacks the government for using Indians, 621;
retires (1767), 43.
Shelby, Col. Evan, 677.
Shelby, Col. Isaac, 478, 678;
portrait, 535;
acc. of, 536;
at King's Mountain, 535.
Sheldon, Col., at Poundridge, 557;
receives André, 458.
Shelpot Creek, 421.
Sheppard, J. H., _Com. Tucker_, 567.
Sherburne, Andrew, _Memoirs_, 404, 525, 590.
Sherburne, J. H., _Paul Jones_, 589.
Sherman, Roger, on com. to draft Declar. of Indep., 230;
portrait and autog., 262, 263;
life of, 265;
on Burgoyne's campaign, 358.
Shimmin, Wm., 464.
Shipbuilding, discouraged, 8;
in New England, 563.
Shipley, Bishop, _Speech intended_, etc., 97;
references, 97;
portrait, 97.
Shippack Creek, 423.
Shippen, Edward, 402.
Shippen, Peggy, 402, 449;
corresponds with André, 449;
marries Benedict Arnold, 449;
her knowledge of his treason, 449.
Shippen Papers, 464.
Ships must be English built, 8.
Shirley, Gov. William, his house, 156;
character, 22;
his stamp act (1755), 11;
Writs of Assistance, 12.
Shoes manufactured in Lynn, 39.
Short, W. T. P., 222.
Shreve, John, 419.
Shuldham, Admiral, arrives at Boston, 152.
Silliman, Gen., on Harlem, 334;
on the Saratoga battlefield, 357.
Simcoe, Col. J. G., raiding near Philadelphia, 442;
offered to try to rescue André, 467;
in Virginia, 546;
his maps, 547;
_Journal_, 518;
_Queen's Rangers_, 395, 518;
pursues Steuben in Va., 497;
fight at Spencer's Ordinary, 497.
Simms, Jephtha R., _Schoharie County_, or _The Frontiersmen of N. Y._,
659.
Simms, W. G., _Views and Reviews_, 464;
_Life of Gen. Greene_, 510;
_Life of Marion_, 512;
on King's Mountain, 536;
novels of Revolutionary times, 545.
Simond, T. C., _South Boston_, 156.
Simpson, Thomas, 472.
Simpson, Wm., plan of Stony Point, 558.
Sinclair, Lt.-Gov., 737;
his letters, 738.
Sioux Indians, 738, 741.
Six Nations, boundary line, 605, 609;
map of their country, 607, 608;
their conquered territory, 609;
conflicts with the Cherokee claims, 610;
their numbers, 610;
their allies, 610;
addressed by Congress, 616;
support Guy Johnson, 619;
professions of peace, 619;
the ministry order them to service, 620;
Lord North defends such use, 621;
divided in their councils, 622;
invaded by Sullivan, 640;
their claims of land by conquest, 650;
divided in the Rev. War, 659;
their houses and way of living, 668, 669;
with some exceptions join the British, 623, 627;
Congress attempts to lure them to their side, 633;
their supremacy over other tribes, 706.
_See_ Iroquois.
Skene, Philip, 214.
Skenesborough, fight at, 297.
Skinners (on the Hudson), 456.
Slave-trade, 9.
Slavery and the Declar. of Independence, 239.
Slover, John, _Narrative_, 736.
Small, John, Major, 153;
at Bunker Hill, 138;
likeness by Trumbull, 197.
Smallwood, Gen., 393, 533;
in the South, 477;
his Marylanders, 329.
Smedley, Samuel, 568.
Smibert, his portrait of Mayhew, 71.
Smith, Adam, 63;
_Wealth of Nations_, 7, 9, 253;
controverted by Brougham, 9.
Smith, Aubrey H., 219.
Smith, Chas., _American War_, 189, 200.
Smith, Charles C., on André, 464;
on Cornwallis, 516;
edits Henshaw's orderly-book, 204;
edits Jolley Allen's _Sufferings_, 205;
on making gunpowder, 108.
Smith, Col., sent out by Gage to scour the country, 119;
his report on Lexington, 178.
Smith, E. V., _Newburyport_, 568.
Smith, Goldwin, _Study of History_, 93;
on Yorktown, 555.
Smith, Horace W., edits _Proceedings_ of André's examination, 461;
_Siege of Yorktown_, 553.
Smith, Isaac, 187.
Smith, James, autog., 265;
life, 266.
Smith, Col. James, _Life and Travels_, 248.
Smith, J. A. 184.
Smith, Joshua Hett, brings André ashore, 454;
his house, 454, 455, 456;
his character, 456;
arrested, 460;
his trial, 463;
Dawson's _Record of the Trial_, etc., 463;
escapes to England, 463;
his _Narrative_, 463.
Smith, J. S., _Memoir of De Kalb_, 530.
Smith, Lloyd P., 746.
Smith, Marshall, _Legends_, 708.
Smith, Noah, on Bennington, 355.
Smith, R. P., life of Hopkinson, 265.
Smith, Col. Samuel, wounded at Fort Mifflin, 388;
on the Delaware (1777), 431.
Smith, Seba, 173.
Smith, Thomas, _Mecklenburg Declaration_, 257.
Smith, Wm. _Hist. Acc. of Exped. against Ohio Indians_, 696, 699;
editions, 699;
letter on Stamp Act, 73;
on Montgomery, 216.
Smith, Wm. Henry, _Life of St. Clair_, 349;
on Princeton, 412.
Smith, chaplain at Saratoga, 360.
Smucker, Isaac, 708;
_Ohio Pioneer History_, 736.
Smyth, J. F. D., _Tour in the U. S._, 652.
Snider, the boy, killed, 85, 89.
Snow, a vessel, 572.
Sons of Liberty, 30;
in N. Y., 53;
history of, 72;
their correspondence, 72;
correspond with John Wilkes, 72;
support non-importation, 78;
propose a Congress (1774), 99.
Sorel River, 215.
Soulés, _Troubles_, etc., 560.
South Carolina, agrees to a Stamp Act Congress, 30, 73;
non-importation in, 79;
_Letters of a Freeman_, 79;
movements (1774), 98;
rice-planters in, 117;
in the Cont. Congress, 235;
adopts a constitution, 272;
militia in, 478;
maps, 537, 538;
her naval force, 571.
Spain, her North American possessions, 685;
settlements on the Mississippi to be attacked by England, 738;
at war with Great Britain, 738;
her assistance to G. R. Clark, 742;
her relations to the United States, 742;
would restrict their boundaries, 742;
invades the Illinois country, 743.
Spanish Main, commerce with, 25.
Sparks, Jared, intended history of the Stamp Act, 75;
occupies Craigie House, 142;
_Life of Ethan Allen_, 214;
_Charles Lee_, 407;
on Brandywine, 418;
_Life and Treason of Arnold_, 464;
the documents given in his _Washington_, 464;
reviews Johnson's _Greene_, 511;
on Pulaski, 522, 524;
prompts Mackenzie's life of Paul Jones, 590;
gives a due share of blame to the Americans for the use of Indians,
622.
Speed, Thomas, _Wilderness Road_, 708.
Speier, R. J., 194.
Spencer, Joseph, 134.
Spencer, J. A., _United States_, 665.
Spencer's Ordinary, fight at, 497.
Sprague, Wm. B., 264.
Springfield, N. J., action at, 559.
Springfield, N. Y., burned, 633.
Sproule, Capt. George, _Environs of Charleston_, 528.
Squier, Ephraim, 219;
diary, 360.
St. Ange de Bellerive at Fort Chartres, 701.
St. Augustine, plan of, 538.
St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, commands at Ticonderoga, 296, 348;
evacuates the post, 296;
his trial, 349;
_Life and Public Services_, 349;
his papers, 350;
portrait, 297;
other likenesses, 297;
his house, 297;
at Castleton, 297;
hears of Lexington fight, 178;
sent South, 546, 744;
at West Point, 460.
St. François Indians, 656;
at Cambridge, 655.
St. John Indians, 617.
St. John (Sorel River), island of, fort on, 215, 216;
attacked (1775), 565;
surrenders, 162, 217.
St. Lawrence, gulf, chart, 215;
river, chart, 215.
St. Leger, Col. Barry, his part in Burgoyne's campaign, 296;
authorities, 351;
portrait, 351;
his letter from Oswego, 366;
his expedition, 299, 628;
diagram of his order of march, 628;
attacks Fort Stanwix, 628;
his proclamation, 629;
defeats Herkimer, 631;
retreats, 300, 632;
his opinion of Indians, 632;
number of his troops, 661;
offers for scalps, 683.
St. Louis attacked, 730, 737, 739.
St. Luc, La Corne, 351.
St. Pierre and Miquelon, trade with, prohibited, 27.
St. Simon, Gen., in Virginia, 501.
Ste. Geneviève, 738.
Stamp Act (1755), 11, 72;
(1765), 29, 333;
Franklin's view, 5;
violence, 24;
threatened (1764), 26;
Franklin asks for patronage under it, 29;
arouses indignation, 29;
petitions against, in Parliament, 32;
rejoicing in London, 33;
riots and compensation for them, 34;
origin of, 72;
debates on it languid, 72;
Congress determined on, 72;
title of act, 72;
the stamps, 72;
repealed, 32, 74;
debates on the repeal, 74;
the lords protest, 74, 85;
Congress to consider the act, 29, 30, 74;
_Authentic Account_, 74;
_Journal_, 74;
references, 74;
Tory support of act, 75;
American and British authorities on the turmoil, 75;
Sparks intended a history, 75.
Stanhope, Earl (_see_ Mahon), _Miscellanies_, 464.
Stanley, Dean, _Westminster Abbey_, 461.
Stanwix, Fort, 274;
movements near (1777), 350;
authorities, 351;
bounds of treaty at, 650, 706, 707;
described, 660;
rumors of its capture, 672.
_See_ Fort.
Staples, W. R., _Doc. Hist. of the Destruction of the Gaspee_, 90;
_Annals of Providence_, 565.
Stark, Caleb, _Memoir of Gen. Stark_, 301.
Stark, Gen. John, on Bunker Hill, 137, 187, 190;
at siege of Boston, 134;
autog., 137;
notices, 190;
letters (Winter Hill), 203;
at Bennington, 300;
silhouette, 301;
his monument, 301;
homestead, 301;
portraits, 301;
memoir, 301;
life of, by Caleb Stark, 354;
his letters about Bennington, 354;
his papers, 354.
Staten Island, 340, 404;
British on, 275, 326;
map, 327;
Sullivan's raid on, 417;
expedition to (1780), 561.
Stearns's _North Amer. Almanac_, 178.
Stedman, Charles, _Amer. War_, 518, 659;
under Cornwallis, 517;
his _History_ noticed by Clinton, 517.
Stedman, James, 464.
Stenton, situation of, 425, 429.
Stephen, Gen. Adam, 144, 421;
at Brandywine, 381.
Steuben, Baron, at Valley Forge, 393;
inspector-general, 393, 437;
reorganizes the army, 560;
in Virginia, 496, 515, 546, 732;
pursued by Simcoe, 497;
portraits, 497;
lives of, 515.
Stevens, B. F., 467, 719;
_Howe's Orderly-Book_, 415.
Stevens, Henry, 359.
Stevens, J. A., on Stamp Act times in New York, 73;
on New York in the Continental Congress, 99;
"Birth of the Empire State", 274;
on Harlem fight, 334;
on Benedict _Arnold_, 357;
on Burgoyne's campaign, 366;
on Washington's headquarters at Tappan, 460;
on Arnold's _Arnold_, 464;
on the French in Virginia, 516;
on their departure, 745;
on Camden, 530;
on Gates at Camden, 532;
on Lafayette's expedition against Arnold, 547;
on Rochambeau's march to Virginia and return, 551;
edits Fersen's letters, 554;
on Yorktown, 555;
on the combined movements near N. Y., 561;
on the campaign in R. I. (1778), 601.
Stevens, _History of Georgia_, 522.
Steward, Rev. James, and Trumbull's _Indian Wars_, 651.
Stickney, Chas. E., _Minisink Region_, 662.
Stiles, Ezra, on Bunker Hill, 187;
portrait and autog., 188;
his account of Long Island battle, 329.
Stiles, H. R., _Brooklyn_, 330;
_Fort Chartres_, 705.
Stillman, Wm. J., _Poetic Localities of Cambridge_, 142.
Stillwater, battle, 356;
Schuyler at, 298.
Stirling, Gen. Lord, captured at Brooklyn, 279, 280, 328;
at Monmouth, 400, 444;
portrait, 280;
in N. Y. (1776), 325;
his house, 331;
at Princeton, 368;
at Brandywine, 381;
at Germantown, 385;
on Trenton, 407.
Stirling, Capt. Thomas, 705, 706.
Stockbridge Indians, 655;
enlisted, 120, 612, 674;
visit the Six Nations, 613;
addicted to liquor, 613;
at siege of Boston, 613, 657;
at White Plains, 613;
at King's Bridge, 613;
in Indiana (1819), 613.
Stockton, H., life of R. Stockton, 265.
Stockton, Richard, 108;
autog., 264;
life by H. Stockton, 265.
Stoddard, _Louisiana_, 737.
Stoddard, Frances Mary, 205.
Stoddard, R. H., 193.
Stokes, Chief Justice Anthony, 522;
_View of the British Constitution_, 523.
Stone, Enos, account of Hubbardton fight, 350.
Stone, E. M., _John Howland_, 90, 405;
_Invasion of Canada_, 219;
on Yorktown, 555;
_French Allies_, 560;
on the R. I. campaign (1778), 601.
Stone, F. D., "Philadelphia Society", 260;
"The Struggle for the Delaware", 367.
Stone, Thos., autog., 265;
life, 266.
Stone, W. L. (_Senior_), _Sir Wm. Johnson_, 647;
_Brant_, 247, 351, 657;
_Red Jacket_, 247;
_Border Wars of the Rev._, 247, 657;
_Wyoming_, 247;
_Uncas and Miantonomoh_, 247;
account of, 247;
on New York and the Dec. of Indep., 262;
memoir of George Clinton, 308.
Stone, W. L. (_the younger_), edits Pausch, 347;
on Moses Harris, 356;
_Cent. Cel. of Burgoyne's Surrender_, 357;
on Major Acland, 358;
_Wyoming_, 665;
_Orderly-Book of Sir John Johnson_, 351;
_Campaign of Burgoyne_, 351;
_Saratoga and Ballston_, 360;
"Burgoyne in a New Light", 360;
notes to Pausch's Journal, 360;
_Campaign of Burgoyne_, 361;
_Cent. Cel. of Burgoyne's Surrender_, 361;
translates the Riedesel memoirs, 361;
landmarks of Burgoyne's campaign, 361.
Stone Arabia (N. Y.), 609, 644.
Stone, _Beverley, Mass._, 350.
Stonington, Conn., attacked, 145.
Stono River, 526;
attacked by Lincoln, 520.
Stony Point, 455, 456, 465, 556;
plans of, 557, 558;
attacked, 558;
medals, 559.
Stormont, Lord, his correspondence, 592.
Storrs, Experience, 203.
Storrs, Lt.-Col., 188.
Stow, Edw., 204.
Strahan, Wm., corresp. with Franklin, 85;
on the repeal of the Stamp Act, 74.
Straus, _Origin of Repub. Form of Govt._, 71.
Street, A. B., on Burgoyne's campaign, 357;
on Saratoga, 361.
Strobel, P. A., _Salzburghers_, 523.
Strong, _Flatbush_, 330.
Stryker, W. S., _Maxwell's brigade in Sullivan's Exped._, 670;
_Block House at Tom's River_, 744;
_New Jersey line in Va._, 555;
on Princeton, 412.
Stuart, Gilbert, paints John Brooks, 202;
Gates, 303;
Gansevoort, 629;
John Adams, 36.
Stuart, I. W., _Jona. Trumbull_, 674;
_Nathan Hale_, 334.
Stuart, Capt. John, 714;
_Indian Wars_, 714;
supt. of Southern Indians, 615, 620;
instructed by Gage to stir up the Indians, 620.
Stuart, Lieut.-Col., at Eutaws, 545.
Suffolk, Earl of, justifies use of Indians, 621.
Suffolk Resolves, 100, 236.
Sugar Act (1733), 63, 72;
modified, 25.
Sugar Islands, 7, 686.
Sullivan, James, on the Penobscot exped., 603.
Sullivan, Gen. John, portrait, 68;
sent to Portsmouth (1775), 146;
sent to Canada, 166;
took command, 167;
retreats to Crown Point, 167;
at Winter Hill (1776), 203;
in command on Long Island, 278;
his character, 278;
wished the command at Ticonderoga (1777), 348;
joins Washington (1776), 373;
at Trenton, 375, 407;
at Brandywine, 381, 418;
at Germantown, 385;
his raid on Staten Island, 417;
at Chestnut Hill, 419;
on the Conway Cabal, 446;
in the Rhode Island campaign, 593;
advances, 595;
assails D'Estaing in an order, 595;
retires, 595;
fighting takes place, 595;
his report on the R. I. campaign, 595;
crosses to mainland, 598;
his conduct criticised, 598;
defended by T. C. Amory, 598;
his orders, 598;
letters, 598;
effect on the country, 601;
his proclamation, 653;
journals of his Indian exped., 671, 681;
lists them, 681;
all published by the State of New York, 681;
the army's route, 681;
losses in his campaign (1779), 642;
maps of his marches, 642;
portrait, 637;
autog., 637;
his house, 637;
his family, 637;
commands exped. against the Indians, 638;
exped. against the Indians, 666;
acc. by Gordon, 666;
life, by Amory, 666;
by Peabody, 667, 670;
his force (1779), 667;
not intending to attack Niagara, 669;
brigade book, siege of Boston, 204;
captured at Brooklyn, 279, 280;
in command in Canada, 226;
letters, 226;
the battle of Long Island, 327.
Sullivan's Island (1776), 169, 170;
view of fort, 228;
attack, 229;
authorities, 229;
the news in Philadelphia, 229;
contemp. accounts, 229;
plan of the attack, 229;
general American accounts, 229;
British accounts, 229, 230.
Sulte, B., _Canadiens Français_, 164.
Sumner, Geo., _Oration_ (1859), 592, 738.
Sumner, Wm. H., 123;
on Gen. Warren, 194;
on Hancock, 271.
Sumter, Gen., 475;
in the South, 477;
attacked by Tarleton, 478, 480;
threatens to resign, 490;
harasses Greene, 492;
at Fishdam Ford, 532;
portraits, 532;
on Weemys's attack, 536;
his differences with Morgan, 537.
Sunbury, Georgia, 519.
Susquehanna Company of Connecticut, 680.
Sutherland, Capt. of the "Vulture", 461.
Sutton, Sir Richard, 232.
Sutton (Mass.) men at Lexington, 182.
Swain, D. L., on invasion of N. Carolina, 168;
_Indian War of 1776_, 678.
Sweat, Samuel, letters (Winter Hill), 203.
Swedes' Ford, 425.
Swett, Col. Samuel, papers on Bunker Hill, 189, 191;
plan of Bunker Hill, 202;
acc. of, 191;
autog., 191.
Sylvester, R. B., _Saratoga_, etc., 366.
Sylvester, Richard, 83.
Talbot, Major, wounded at Fort Mifflin, 389.
Talbot, Silas, in Rhode Island, 602;
lives of, 603.
Tallmadge, B., 464;
his letters, etc., on André, 466;
his estimate of the captors of André, 466;
portraits and autog., 457;
_Memoir_, 457;
and André, 458, 460.
Tappan, N. Y., André at, 460;
De Wint House, 460;
Seventy-Six Stone House, 460.
Tarbox, Increase N., his views on the question of the command at
Bunker Hill, 191;
_Life of Putnam_, 191.
Tardieu, P. F., _Carte des Etats Unis_, 675.
Tarleton, Col., at the siege of Charlestown, S. C., 473;
defeats Buford, 475;
at Black-Stocks, 536;
at the Cowpens, 481, 538;
at Poundridge, 557;
raid in Va., 497, 515;
_Campaign of 1780 and 1781_, 517;
his losses, 517;
his career, 517;
portrait, 517;
Mackenzie's _Strictures_, 517;
at Camden, 530;
attacks Sumter, 478;
pursues Marion, 480;
pursues Morgan, 481;
at Guilford, 486;
at the Waxhaws, 527;
at Fishdam Ford, 532.
Tarrytown, N. Y., monument at, 466.
Tate, W., 223.
Taxation of the colonies, ministerial view, 17;
colonial view, 17;
right of, 63;
denied, 24;
internal and external, 50;
first movement against, 68;
_Reasons why the British colonies should not be charged with
internal taxes_, 70;
the government view in the Protest of the Lords against repeal of
Stamp Act, 74;
_History of Amer. Taxation, 1763-1775_, 75;
pro and con arguments in Read's _George Read_, 75;
Soame Jenyns's _Objections_, 75;
James Otis's _Considerations_, 75;
_Regulations lately made_, 75;
tracts on, 75;
_Letter to a Member_, 75;
_Objections to the taxation_, etc., 75;
_Good Humour_, 85;
_Inquiry into the nature of the present disputes_, 85;
_True constitutional way of putting an end to the disputes_, 85;
Johnson's _Taxation no tyranny_, 109;
_Defence of the American Congress_, 109;
_Letter to Dr. Price_, 109.
Taylor, Eldad, 205.
Taylor, Geo., autog., 265;
life, 266.
Taylor, Janette, 590.
Taylor, John, life of John Penn, 265.
Taylor, John, _Inquiry_, etc., 272.
Taylor, J. W., _Ohio_, 708.
Taylor, R., on Geo. Mason, 272.
Tea, destroyed, 46, 91;
duty on, 46;
importation of it arouses Philadelphia, 57;
and the other colonies, 57;
in Boston, 91;
in N. H., 92;
in Connecticut, 93;
in New York, 93;
in Pennsylvania, 93;
fac-simile of broadside, 93;
in N. Carolina, 93;
tax on, to remain, 51.
Teller, _Ridgefield, Conn._, 348.
Temple, John, duel with Whateley, 93.
Tennessee, 708;
Haywood's hist. of, 678.
Ternant, Gen., 513.
Ternay, Chev. de, 499;
at Newport, 499, 560;
dies, 499;
his tomb, 499;
autog., 500.
Tetard Hill (N. Y.), 287, 338, 339.
Thacher, B. B., 91.
Thacher, Dr. James, 464;
_Military Journal_, 189, 202, 660.
Thacher, Oxenbridge, 13;
_Sentiments of a British American_, 70;
dies, 70.
Thacher, Peter, oration on Boston Massacre, 88;
his account of Bunker Hill, 186.
Thaxter, Jos., 178.
Thayendanegea. _See_ Brant, Joseph.
Thayer, Capt. Simeon, _Journal_, 219;
at Fort Mifflin, 388.
Thomas, E. S., _Reminiscences_, 184, 412.
Thomas, Gen. John, 108;
second in command under Ward, 134;
at Roxbury, 134;
at Dorchester Heights, 156;
his headquarters in Roxbury, 156;
at Quebec, 225;
letters, 225;
made general, 119, 165;
in command at Roxbury, 130;
ordered to Canada, 165;
retreats from Quebec, 166;
dies, 167;
portrait, 167;
_Memoir_, 167;
affronted at Congress, 167.
Thomas, Isaiah, 122;
_Narrative of Lexington_, etc., 175;
_Mass. Kalendar_, 47.
Thomas, Lieut. John, on Louisiana, 737.
Thomas, W. H. B., 214.
Thompson, Benj., Count Rumford, 507;
in Boston, 128;
in S. Carolina, 545;
lives of, 546.
Thompson, Eben, _Memoir_, by Mary P. Thompson, 117.
Thompson, Gen., on Canada exped., 225;
acc. of, 225.
Thompson, Wm., 203.
Thomson, Chas., letter on taxation, 75;
letter to Wm. Drayton, 96;
on Bunker Hill, 189;
portrait, 272;
his house, 272;
autog., 450.
Thornton, J. W., _Pulpit of the Rev._, 244;
his sale, 467.
Thornton, Matthew, autog., 263;
life, 265;
signed the Decl. of Indep., 268.
Three County troop in Massachusetts, 184.
Three Rivers (1775), 216;
attack (1776), 167, 225, 227.
Throckmorton, B. W., on Benedict Arnold, 357.
Throg's Neck, 285.
Thwaites, R. G., on L. C. Draper, 727.
Tickle, Robt., _Present state of the Nation_, 85;
_Considerations_ in reply, 85.
Ticonderoga, capture planned, 613;
taken (1775), 129;
view of ruins, 129;
papers on capture, 130;
cannon taken to Cambridge, 156;
authorities on its capture (1775), 213;
disputes over the origination of the expedition, 213;
trophies, 214;
Arnold's report, 214;
current reports, 214;
ruins of, 214;
diary (1775) at, 215;
its condition after capture, 215;
apprehension at, after fall of Quebec, 227;
Gates at, 291;
St. Clair at (1777), 348;
attacked by Burgoyne, 296;
evacuation, 296, 349;
authorities, 349;
effect of it, 350;
works, 314, 353, 354;
maps (1777), 350;
Trumbull's, 350, 352;
that used at St. Clair's trial, 350, 353;
recaptured, 304.
Tiddeman, Mark, map of N. Y. harbor, 326.
Tiffany, Osmond, _Life of O. H. Williams_, 537.
Tilghman, James, 709.
Tilghman, Col. Tench, 334;
_Memoirs_, 407;
_Diary of Yorktown_, 554.
Tilton, James, 337.
Tinicum Island, 429, 437.
Tioga (Tiaoga), 609;
attacked, 636;
plan of, 681.
Tioga Valley, 641.
Tiverton, R. I., 600.
Tobacco trade restricted, 8, 9.
Todd, C. B., _Redding, Conn._, 348;
on Col. Ledyard, 562;
_Joel Barlow_, 467.
Todd, Col. John, 723;
on Kaskaskia, 729;
his _Record Book_, 730.
Tomahawk improvements (squatter rights), 611.
Tom's River, 744.
Tonicas Indians, 702.
Tonyn, Gov., 522.
Topham, John, 219.
Tories, acc. of, by T. B. Myers, 351;
at Wyoming, 635.
_See_ Loyalists.
Totowa, 404.
Towle, N. C., _Constitution of the U. S._, 74, 274.
Town, Ithiel, _Particular Services_, 341, 546, 589.
_Town and County Mag._, 209.
Townshend, Chas., 21, 23, 38;
died, 39;
in the Stamp Act debates, 72.
Townshend, C. H., _Invasion of Conn._, 557.
Townshend, Jos., on Brandywine, 419.
Townshend, M. I., on Burgoyne's exped., 366.
Townshend acts, 20, 38;
resisted, 42;
misunderstood by Bancroft, 64;
attempt to repeal, 51;
repealed (except on tea), 52.
Trade monopolized by English merchants, 5.
Transylvania (Kentucky), 716.
Treaty of Paris (1783), 747.
_See_ Paris.
Trecothic, alderman, 51.
Tremain, Grenville, 466.
Trenton, N. J., surprise at, 374;
authorities, 407;
maps, 408-412;
court-martial of the Hessian officers, 412;
picture by Trumbull, 412;
current verses, 412;
flag captured, 412.
Troup, Col. Robert, on the Conway Cabal, 447.
Trout, Rev. Jacob, 418.
Trowbridge, Edmund, autog., 50.
Trudruffrin. _See_ Paoli, 423.
Trumbull, Henry, _Indian Wars_, bibliog. of, 651;
its various titles, 651;
reprinted by Pritts, 651.
Trumbull, Col. John, painted Moultrie, 172;
his picture of Bunker Hill, 190, 197;
plan of the siege of Boston, 207;
his painting of _Death of Montgomery_, 220;
paints John Adams, 36;
autobiog., 189;
portrait of Putnam, 193;
plan of Boston Neck lines, 211;
paints St. Clair, 297;
Schuyler, 298;
map of Ticonderoga, 350;
paints Col. Tallmadge, 457;
arrested in London, 463;
his picture of Yorktown, 506;
of Trenton, 412;
his portrait of Gen. Greene, 510;
of Morgan, 511;
on the Rhode Island campaign, 597.
Trumbull, Col. Jonathan, diary at Yorktown, 554.
Trumbull, Gov. Jonathan, his letter to Gage, 181.
Trumbull, Jos., 203.
Trumbull, James H., on "Sons of Liberty", 72;
edits Mott's journal, 213;
on the origin of the Ticonderoga expedition (1775), 213;
on the _Indian Wars_ of H. Trumbull, 651.
Trumbull MSS., 681.
Tryon, Gov., seeks safety on a man-of-war, 107;
his seal and autog., 140;
his proclamation (1776), 325;
the Hickey Plot, 326;
orders a map of N. Y. province made, 341;
report on the province, 341;
his address to the people of Conn., 557;
_Address on his late expedition_, 557;
invades Connecticut, 557.
Tryon County, N. Y., 645, 659.
Tucker, Dr. Josiah, Dean of Gloucester, 75;
and Franklin, 74;
on the Amer. Rev., 254;
tracts, 75;
_Letter from a merchant_, 75;
_Series of answers_, 75;
_Humble Address_, 75.
Tucker, Sam., of New Jersey, joins the enemy, 370.
Tucker, Com. Samuel, at siege of Charleston, 524;
orders to command the "Boston" in fac-simile, 566;
his career, 567;
takes John Adams to France, 567;
his log-book, 567;
his papers, 567;
lives of, 567;
in the "Boston", 583;
his parole in fac-simile, 583.
Tucker, St. George, on Guildford, 541.
Tuckerman, H. T., _America and her Commentators_, 560;
_Silas Talbot_, 603;
on Daniel Boone, 708.
Tudor, Wm., letters to, 7, 9, 88, 187;
his _Otis_, 70;
his Massacre oration, 446.
Tugaloo River, 676.
Tupper, Benj., 325.
Turkey Hill (R. I.), 596, 598, 602.
Turner, H. E., _Greenes of Warwick_, 510.
Turner, O., _Phelps and Gorham Purchase_, 670.
Turtle Bay (N. Y.), 333, 335.
Tuscaroras, Col. Butler among the, 619;
their lands, 610;
mostly took the American side, 623.
Tuttle, J. F., _Hibernia Furnace_, 108;
_Morris County_, 407;
_Rev. Forefathers_, 407;
_Washington in Morris County_, 407;
_Washington at Morristown_, 417;
on the camp at Morristown, 559.
Twightwees, 610.
Two-penny Act, 24.
Tyler, Albert, _Bennington_, 301, 356.
Tyler, John, _Address at Jamestown_, 107.
Tyler, Moses Coit, on Patrick Henry, 107;
his _Patrick Henry_, 723.
Tyng, D. A., 746.
"Tyrannicide", her log, 582;
takes the "Revenge", 586.
Uhlhorn, J. F., 712.
Ulloa at New Orleans (1766), 737.
Unadilla destroyed, 636, 653.
Union, growth of, in the colonies, 79;
symbol of disjointed snake, 79.
United States, independence of, growth of the sentiment, 231;
_Public Land Laws_, 247.
_See_ Congress, Independence, etc.
_Universal Asylum_, 207.
_Universal Magazine_, 463.
Upham, W. P., 205;
_Life of Gen. Glover_, 325.
Urquhart, James, 209.
Valcour Island, fight at, 292, 346;
map of, 347.
Valentine, _N. Y. City Manual_, 331.
Vallancey, Capt. C., 543.
Valley Forge, 416;
Committee of Congress at, 393;
Baron Steuben at, 393;
condition of army, 436;
encampment, 389;
French alliance celebrated, 439;
life at, 437;
plan of camp, 439;
Washington's H. Q., 439.
Van Cortlandt, Philip, autobiography, 670.
Van Dyk, Col., 467.
Van Schaick, Col., attacks the Onondagas, 639;
marches to Cherry Valley, 626.
Van Schaick's Island, 298.
Van Wart, Isaac, 456.
Vandalia, 708.
Varick, Col. Richard, at Freeman's Farm, 316;
on the Saratoga campaign, 356;
aide to Arnold, 460;
his papers, 460.
Varnum, Gen., abandons Fort Mercer, 389.
Vaughan, Benj., his ed. of Franklin's _Pieces_, 653.
Vaughan, David, 341.
Vaughan, Samuel, his journal, 506.
Vermont, constitutional movements in, 274;
_Documents relating to the resistance to Burgoyne_, 354;
proclamations issued by Burgoyne and Schuyler, 350;
signs of defection in, 646.
_Vermont Quart. Mag._, 356.
Vernon, Wm., autograph, 566.
Verplanck House, 746.
Verplanck's Point, 455, 465;
plan, 557, 558.
Verreau, _Invasion du Canada_, 216.
Vigo, Col. F., 724.
Villefranche, his maps of the Hudson, 456, 462.
Vincennes (Indiana), 704;
captured, 718, 719;
fort at, 719;
evacuated by the British, 722;
taken by Hamilton, 724;
authorities, 729.
Vinton, J. A., 191.
Viomenil, 504, 745.
Virginia, action for a congress (1774), 99;
address to the king (1769), 83;
_Address to the Convention_, 272;
British in (1779-80), 546;
_Calendar of State Papers_, 515, 649;
commerce of (1671), 64;
(1770, etc.), 64;
com. of correspondence, 90;
Constitution of, written by George Mason and Thomas Jefferson, 261;
adopts a constitution, 272;
Declaration of Rights, 272;
in the Cont. Congress, 234;
Dunmore in (1775), 122;
disputes of bounds with Penna., 248;
over Ohio lands, 709;
influence in the Ohio country, 715;
early naval movements, 565;
effect of Boston Port Bill, 96;
establishes intercolonial com. of corresp., 54, 56;
fight at the Great Bridge, 168;
Norfolk destroyed, 168;
maps of, 538;
militia, 485;
at Camden, 533;
military ardor in (1774), 116;
movements (1774), 98, 117;
(1775), 107;
planting wheat instead of tobacco (1775), 121;
plundering expeditions to, 495;
Arnold in, 495;
and the Stamp Act, 29, 73;
Steuben in, 515;
sympathy for Boston (1769), 46, 113;
non-importation agreement, 47;
Ohio country a county, 729.
Von Holst, _Const. Hist. U. S._, 274.
Von Mirbach, 329.
Von Stern, 329.
Wabash Indians, 739;
treaty with, 724.
_See_ Ouabache.
Wabash Land Company, 650.
Wabasha, a Sioux, 737, 738.
Waddell, A. W., on the Regulators, 80.
Wade, Col. Nath., 460.
Wadsworth, Gen. Peleg, in the Penobscot expedition, 603;
letters, 603.
Wadsworth, Jas., on the Danbury exped., 348.
Wager, D. E., 626.
Wakefield, Ebenezer, 357.
Waldo, J. & D., 47.
Waldo, Sergt., diary at Valley Forge, 436.
Walker, B., _Life of Paul Jones_, 590.
Walker, C. I., _Northwest during the Rev._, 733.
Walker, Dr., in Kentucky, 715.
Walker, James, 421.
Walker, Mrs. Thomas, 222.
Walker, _Statesmen's Manual_, 274.
Wallabout Bay, 328.
Wallace, Sir James, 471.
Waller, Adj., letter, 194;
orderly-book, 205.
Walmscook, 356.
Waln, Robert, life of James Wilson, John Morton, Stephen Hopkins,
Thomas McKean, 265;
Josiah Bartlett, William Williams, Samuel Huntington, Geo. Rymer,
Matthew Thornton, William Whipple, Robert Morris, Abraham Clark,
265;
John Hart, 266;
of Francis L. Lee, 266.
Walpole, Horace, 175;
and the American war, 112;
his _George the Third_, 112;
his _Last Journals_, 112.
Walpole Grant on the Ohio, 687, 708.
Walton, Geo., life, 265;
autog., 266.
Walworth, Mrs. Ellen H., _Burgoyne and the Northern Campaign_, 315;
on Burgoyne's surrender, 358.
Wangenheim, map of movements in Jersey, 409;
surveys of Forts Clinton, etc., 364.
Ward, Andrew H., _Ward family_, 192;
_Shrewsbury_, 192.
Ward, Artemas, made general, 116;
commander-in-chief, 131, 134;
made second to Washington, 142;
commissions Mugford, 567;
on the Penobscot exped., 603, 604;
sluggish, 133;
left in Boston, 159, 205;
his papers, 159;
resigned, 159;
portrait, 159, 192;
supposed to be older than he was, 189;
notices, 191;
autog., 192;
letters from Cambridge, 203.
Ward, Geo. A., finds Paul Jones' papers, 590.
Ward, Col. Jos., 138, 203;
his order on the field at Bunker Hill, 138.
Ward, R. D., _Lafayette's visit to Va._, 555.
Ward, Gov. Samuel, 220, 222, 565;
his journal, 565.
Ward, Samuel, on Long Island battle, 329;
_Battle of Long Island_, 331.
Ward, Townsend, 423.
Ware, Joseph, _Journal_, 219.
Warner, Col. Seth, at Crown Point, 129;
acc. of, 129;
at Bennington, 301;
letters, 350;
notices by G. F. Houghton, 356;
by Highland Hall, 356;
by Chipman, 356.
Warren, Benjamin, at Cherry Valley, 666;
diary, 360.
Warren, Edw., _John Warren_, 194.
Warren, G. W., _Bunker Hill Mt. Asso._, 191.
Warren, Isaac, _Almanac_, 342.
Warren, Gen. James, autog., 566;
committee of correspondence, 89;
on Bunker Hill, 187;
letters, 203.
Warren, Dr. John, 188.
Warren, John C., 193.
Warren, Gen. Jos., 60;
his circular letter (1773), 57;
writes call for the tea-ships meeting in Boston, 91;
his attack on Bernard, 83;
draws up Suffolk Resolves, 100;
quells disturbance at Cambridge, 115;
his address on Boston Massacre, 88, 119;
the MS., 120;
on Lexington day, 125;
his last note, 132;
made general, 133;
Bunker Hill, 137;
portrait, 54;
by Norman, 193;
by Copley, 193, 194;
by Trumbull, 197;
letter on capture of Ticonderoga, 214;
on independence, 258;
purposes of Congress on his death, 194;
memorials of, 194;
statue of, 194;
accounts, 194;
remonstrates with Connecticut for sending messenger to Gage, 128;
killed, 139.
Warren, Mercy, _The parody parodized_, 86;
letters, 203.
_Warren Genealogy_, 194.
Warren (R. I.), 600.
Warwick (R. I.), 600.
Washington, George, in the Congress of 1774, 237;
would march 1,000 men to Boston, 114;
active in Virginia (1775), 131;
made commander-in-chief, 108, 133;
references, 133;
commission and instructions, 133;
his first letter from Cambridge, 141;
fac-simile of its heads, 141;
reaches Cambridge, 142;
assumes command of the army, 142;
holds council of war, 142;
his headquarters in Cambridge, 142;
disappointed in the N. E. troops, 144;
deficient in powder, 145;
commissions a navy, 152, 564;
Proclamation of repossessing Boston, 159;
moves his army to New York, 160;
sends Sullivan to Canada, 166;
letters on the siege of Boston, 173, 203;
their condition and repositories, 173;
entertains Caghnawaga Indians, 203;
medal for the siege of Boston, 206;
instruction for the Kennebec expedition, 217;
in New York, 275, 325;
his army, 275;
headquarters on Richmond Hill, 276;
his other headquarters in N. Y., 276;
retreats from Brooklyn to N. Y., 281;
condition of his army, 281;
urges enlistments for the war, 282;
calls for better officers, 282;
proposes to burn New York, 283, 334;
not wishing independence (1775), 255;
headquarters at Harlem, 284;
his army along the Bronx, 285;
at White Plains, 286;
at New Castle, 286;
rude cut of, 311;
on the battle of Brooklyn, 326;
plot to assassinate, in N. York, 326;
retreats from Long Island, 330;
the question of a fog, 330;
evacuates New York, 333;
at Harlem, 334;
movements above N. Y. (1776), 337;
orders the evacuation of Fort Lee, 367;
retreats through the Jerseys, 368;
given dictatorial powers, 373, 376;
attacks Trenton, 374;
at Princeton, 378;
his letters on the campaign of 1776, near N. York, 344;
in winter-quarters at Morristown, 379;
at Middlebrook, 379;
marches through Philad., 380;
at Brandywine, 381;
retreats to Chester, 382;
to Philadelphia, 382;
at Germantown, 385;
at Whitemarsh, 389;
at Valley Forge, 389;
proclamation about grain, 390;
distrusted in Congress (1777), 391;
the Conway Cabal, 392;
watches Clinton's withdrawal from Philad., 397;
pursues Clinton, 398;
at Monmouth, 399;
authorities on these campaigns, 403;
criticised by Jos. Reed, 403;
as dictator, 407;
in the campaign of 1777, 416;
at Morristown, 417;
at Middlebrook, 417;
marches through Philad., 418;
H. Q. at Brandywine, 419;
falsely informed at Brandywine, 419;
his Brandywine map, 420;
letter from Duché 437;
H. Q. at Stenton, 429;
on the defence of the Delaware, 431;
H. Q. in Philad., 436;
at Whitemarsh, 442;
at Monmouth, 445;
censures Lee, 446;
the Conway Cabal, 446;
his Fabian policy, 446;
reprimands Arnold, 451;
goes to Hartford to confer with Rochambeau, 454, 458;
returned before he was expected, 458;
receives letter from Arnold, 460;
prepares for any emergency, 460;
H. Q. at Tappan, 460;
orders André to be hanged, 460;
his correspondence with Clinton respecting the execution, 461;
his letters on the plot, 461;
H. Q. at Newburgh, 465;
his account of Arnold's conspiracy, 466;
_Domestic Life_, by Richard Rush, 466;
traduced for executing André, 467, 468;
his justification, 467;
later English authorities approve, 468;
countenanced the exchange of André for Arnold, 468;
encouraged Champe to abduct Arnold, 468;
meets Rochambeau at Weathersfield, 499;
attempts to surprise N. Y. forts, 499;
marches to Virginia, 500;
headquarters at Williamsburg, 506;
his opinion of Henry Lee, 510;
papers on the Yorktown campaign, 515;
on the Yorktown campaign, 549;
thanked by Congress, 549;
his epaulettes, 549;
his journals and orderly-books, 553;
Middlebrook, 556;
at Morristown, 559;
his H. Q., 559;
communications with Rochambeau, 560, 561;
at Totowa and Preakness, 561;
proposed attack with the French on New York forts, 561;
marches to Virginia (1781), 561;
at Livingston Mansion, 562;
was he a marshal of France? 562;
steps leading to his naval authority (1775), 565;
ceased supervision (1776), 567;
suggestions as to privateers, 591;
portrait of, 575;
takes command of the army, 612;
his instructions, 612;
authorized to use Indians, 616, 617, 633;
visited by Indians at Cambridge, 622;
his interest in Western lands, 649;
selects land for soldiers of the French war, 649;
on the Sullivan exped. (1779), 667, 669;
on Brodhead's exped., 671;
sends Arnold up the Kennebec, 673;
sends letter to the Eastern Indians, 674;
his journal in the Ohio region, 709;
his opinion of Clark's project for attacking Detroit, 731;
moves his army to the Hudson (1781), 744;
at Newburgh, 744;
Nicola's letter, 745;
Newburgh addresses, 746;
authorizes _Collection of Papers_, 746;
cessation of hostilities, 746;
farewell address, 746;
last circular to the States, 746;
at Rocky Hill, 746;
enters New York at the close of the war, 746;
parts with his officers, 747;
goes to Annapolis, 747;
resigns his commission, 747;
at Mount Vernon, 747;
message against Genet, 734.
Washington, Col. William, 481, 537;
at Trenton, 376;
charges at Cowpens, 482;
medal, 539.
Watauga besieged, 478, 676, 679.
Watauga Association, 678, 708.
Waterbury, Col. David, 325;
on Arnold's fight on Lake Champlain, 346.
Wateree River, 475.
Waterloo, N. Y., _Library and Hist. Soc. Proc._, 681.
Watertown, Mass., Prov. Congress at, 203.
Watrin, Father, _Missions of Louisiana_, 720.
Watson, Benj. Marston, loyalist, 253.
Watson, Elkanah, _Memoirs or Men and Times_, 203, 253.
Watson, H. C., _Old Bell of Independence_ or _Noble Deeds of our
Forefathers_, 259.
Watson, John Lee, _Paul Revere's Signals_, 174.
Watson, W. C., on Arnold's fight at Valcour Island, 377;
_Essex County, N. Y._, 214.
Wawarsing destroyed, 646.
Waxhaw Creek, Buford's defeat at, 475, 527.
Wayne, Anthony, 445;
at Paoli, 383;
court-martialled, 419;
on Germantown, 386, 421;
orderly-book, 437;
at Brandywine, 381;
on Arnold's treason, 466;
on the Northern campaign (1776), 346;
lives of, 514;
portraits, 385;
account of, by De Peyster, 385;
his house, 385;
at Monmouth, 400, 446;
surprised in Georgia by Indians, 677;
in Virginia, 497, 547;
in the Yorktown campaign, 501;
in Georgia, 507;
attacks Stony Point, 558;
at Bull's Ferry, 560;
hero of the _Cow Chace_, 560;
at Morristown, 561.
Weare, Mechech, his papers, 598.
Weathersfield, Conn., Washington and Rochambeau at, 561;
Webb House in, 561.
Webb, S. B., 187, 203.
Webber, C. W., _Hist. and Rev. Incidents_, 708.
Webster, Daniel, his correct estimate of the causes of the Revolution,
63;
_Address to N. Y. Hist. Soc._, 99;
on the Bunker Hill controversy, 190;
orations at Bunker Hill, 194.
Wedderburn, his attack on Franklin, 95.
Weedon, Gen., at Brandywine, 382.
Weems, Mason L., _Life of Marion_, 512.
Welling, J. C., on the _Mecklenburg Resolutions_, 257.
Wells, J. C., 729.
Welsh, Thomas, 88.
Wemms, William, 86.
Wemple, Edw., 366.
Wemys, Maj. James, his opinions of generals, 330;
criticises Howe, 330;
his papers, 518;
attacks Sumter, 480, 536.
Wesley, John, protects against the war, 111.
West, Benjamin, 463;
paints Bouquet's likeness, 692;
his sketches of Bouquet's campaigns, 699.
West Cambridge (Mass.) men at Lexington, 184.
West Point, 325, 455, 456, 556;
Moses Greenleaf plan, 451;
other plans, 459, 462, 465;
views, 463;
history of, by Boynton, 464;
fortified, 557.
Westchester County (N. Y.), history of, 325, 340.
Westchester Farmer (_see_ Seabury, Samuel, and Wilkins, Isaac), 104;
_Free Thoughts_, 104;
_Congress canvassed_, 104;
Hamilton's reply, 104;
_A View of the Controversy_, 104;
authorship in dispute, 104.
Westcott, Henry, _Centennial Sermons_, 184.
Western, Fort (Augusta, Me.), 163.
Westminster (Vt.) massacre, 172.
Westmoreland Papers, 516.
Westmoreland, Pa., 680.
Weston, Hannah, 564.
Weston, Thomas, Jr., _Peter Oliver_, 95.
Weymouth, Earl of, 43.
Whaleboat warfare, 591.
Wharton, Anna H., on Thomas Wharton, 272, 405;
_Wharton Genealogy_, 436.
Wharton, Chas. P., _Poetical Epistle to Washington_, 575.
Wharton, Samuel, 708;
on Indian lands, 650.
Wharton, Gov. Thomas, 272.
Wharton, Thomas, Jr., 405;
death of, 401.
Wharton family, 436;
their house, 436.
Whately, Thomas, 56.
Wheatley, Phillis, 146.
Wheeler, _No. Carolina_, 514, 678.
Wheeling, Va., 716.
Wheelock, Col., in the Northern campaign (1776), 346.
Wheelock, Rev. Eleazer, 655;
instructs Brant, 626.
Wheildon, W. W., _Siege of Boston_, 173;
_Revere's Signal Lanterns_, 175;
_Concord Fight_, 184;
_Bunker Hill_, 191;
_Solomon Willard_, 194.
Whipple, Abraham, cruising, 565;
sails to Bermuda, 567;
acc. of, 567;
portraits, 567;
letters, 567;
in the "Providence", 582, 583;
his captures, 584;
at Charleston (1780), 524;
autograph order, 472.
Whipple, Christopher, 565.
Whipple, Wm., autog., 263;
life, 265;
on Burgoyne's surrender, 358;
on privateering, 591.
White, Joseph, _Battle of Trenton_, 406.
White, Philip, 744.
Whitechurch, Robt., 510.
White Clay Creek, Pa., 421.
Whitemarsh, 416, 442;
Washington at, 389.
White Plains, 340;
Washington at, 286;
lines of corn-stalks, 286;
evacuated, 286;
Howe's blunders at, 291;
American position at, 336, 337;
references, 337;
Col. Hazlett's letter, 337.
Whitney, James L., _Lit. of Nineteenth April_, 185.
Whitney, Josiah, on Putnam's death, 190.
Whitney, Miss, statue of S. Adams, 41.
Whittier, J. G., "Great Ipswich fight", 128.
Whittlesey, Col. Chas., _Expedition of Dunmore_, 714;
_Fugitive Essays_, 649, 714.
Whittlesey, Capt. Ezra, 613.
Whittlesey, E. D., on Marshall's acc. of Danbury exped., 348.
Whyte, Robert, 425.
Wickes, Lambert, capt. in the navy, 370;
carried the first national vessel across the ocean, 571;
takes Franklin over, 571;
cruises around Ireland, 572;
difficulties in French ports, 572;
lost at sea, 573.
Wiederhold, plan of Trenton attack, 511.
Wilbur's Basin, 309.
Wild, Ebenezer, 220.
Wilkes, John, 11;
and the "Sons of Liberty", 72;
his efforts and speeches, 110, 121;
his comments on Burgoyne's speeches, 365;
"Wilkes and Liberty", 28.
Wilkesbarré, 606.
Wilkins, Isaac, his tracts, 104.
Wilkinson, Eliza, _Letters_, 520, 527.
Wilkinson, Gen. James, on Freeman's Farm, 356;
in Canada, 222;
plan of Trenton, 412;
of Princeton, 413;
_Memoirs_, 189;
carries news of Burgoyne's surrender to Congress, 358.
Wilkinson, J. B., _Binghamton_, 670.
Wilkinson, W. C., 361.
Willers, Diedrich, Jr., _Sullivan's Campaign_, 670.
Willet, Col. Marinus, at Fort Stanwix, 299, 350, 628;
attacks St. Leger's camp, 631;
_Narrative_, 350, 631;
in command on the Mohawk, 645;
threatens Oswego, 646.
Willett, W. M., _Marinus Willett_, 350, 670.
William and Mary, their charter for Mass. destroyed, 114.
Williams, Capt., 728.
Williams, Col., 475.
Williams, Mrs. C. R., _Biog. of Rev. Heroes_, 404.
Williams, David, 456, 466.
Williams, J. F., in the "Hazard", 582;
in the "Protector", 582;
engages the "Duff", 582;
her log, 582;
commands the Massachusetts fleet, 582.
Williams, Lieut., 148.
Williams, O. H., under Greene, 484;
at Guildford, 485;
accounts of, 537;
on Hobkirk's Hill, 542;
at Ninety-Six, 544;
at Eutaws, 545;
_Campaign of 1780_, 530;
in the South, 476.
Williams, Richard, plan of American lines round Boston, 212.
Williams, Wm., 187;
autog., 263;
life of, 265.
Williamsburg, Va., Wayne at, 501;
American army at, 501;
Washington's headquarters at, 506;
maps of, 553.
Williamson, Col. Andrew, map of his marches, 675;
invades Indian territory, 676.
Williamson, Col. David, 735, 736;
murders Indians, 736.
Williamson, Hugh, on the tea-ship commotions, 91;
on North Carolina Revolutionary history, 514.
Willing, Anne, 693.
Willing, Thos., 383.
Wilmington, Del., 421.
Wilmington, N. C., occupied by the British, 487;
map, 542.
Wilson, Chas., _Burgoyne's Campaign_, 361.
Wilson, D., _Jane McCrea_, 627.
Wilson, James, _Considerations, etc._, 106;
autog., 265;
life, 265.
Wilson, L., 461.
Wilson, R., 545.
Wilson, Thos., _Biog. of the Principal American Heroes_, 530.
Wilson, _Memoir of Bishop White_, 438.
Winnebagoes, 739.
Winsor, Justin, "Notes on the Causes of the Revolution", 68;
"The Conflict Precipitated", 113;
references on the siege of Boston, 172;
bibliography of Bunker Hill, 185;
edits Ware's journal, 219;
notes on the campaign round N. Y. (1776), 323;
notes on the authorities for the campaigns of 1777-1778, 403;
"The Treason of Arnold", 447;
"Events in the North, 1779-1781", 555;
on the extent of the Continental army, 588.
Winstanley paints John Adams, 36.
Winter Hill (near Boston), 206;
lines at, 207;
camp at, 202, 203, 204.
Winthrop, Hannah, 318.
Winthrop, James, at Bunker Hill, 202.
Winthrop, Prof. John, 187, 205.
Winthrop, Madam, 180.
Winthrop, R. C., on Charles Hudson, 184;
on R. Frothingham, 186;
_Address on unveiling Prescott's Statue_, 194;
_Oration at Yorktown_, 555;
address on Fort Griswold, 562.
Winthrop, Sam., autog., 50.
Wister, Sally, diary, 436.
Withers, Alex. S., _Chronicles of Border Warfare_, 248, 711.
Witherspoon, John, in Congress, 244;
autog., 264;
life, 265.
Withington, L., 219.
Woedtke, Baron de, letters, 225.
Wolcott, Oliver, autog., 263;
life of, 265;
on Bemis's Heights, 357.
Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., life of O. Wolcott, 265.
Wood, Sylvanus, 183.
Wood Creek (N. Y.), 298, 351.
Woodbridge, Col. Ruggles, 346.
Woodbridge, N. J., 372.
Woodbury, James T., 184.
Woodd, Lieut., 148.
Woodford, Gen., at Germantown, 385;
and his Virginians, 525.
Woodhull, Gen., captured, 280;
death of, 330.
Woodruff, Samuel, 357.
Woodstock, N. Y., 639.
Woolsey, Theodore, 464.
Woolson, C. F., "Up the Ashley", 471.
Wooster, Gen. David, killed, 348;
monuments to, 348;
near N. Y. (1776), 153;
differences with Schuyler, 161;
and Montgomery, 162;
in the Canada expedition, 220;
his character, 220;
letters of, 220, 221;
portrait, 225;
autog., 225;
at Montreal, 165;
at Quebec, 166;
recalled from Canada, 167.
Worcester, S. T., _Hollis_, 190.
Wragg, Wm., 79.
Wraxall, _Hist. Memoirs_, 112.
Wright, Aaron, 203.
Wright, Gov. Sir James, of Georgia, 611;
letters to Dartmouth, 90;
on the number of Indians, 651;
correspondence, 675.
Wright, Joshua G., _Address_, 168.
Wright, W. E., translates Rochambeau's _Memoirs_, 516.
Writs of Assistance, 68;
opposed by Otis, 11;
explained, 11;
legalized, 39;
references, 65;
enforced by Bernard, 65.
Wrottesley, Sir John, 330.
Wyandots, 610;
their home, 735.
Wyatt, Thos., _Generals presented with Medals_, 537.
Wyoming, 606;
Moravian Indians at, 606;
attacked, 634;
population of the valley, 634;
fortified, 634;
Forty Fort, 634;
defeat of Col. Butler, and massacre, 635;
losses, 635;
retreat of the invaders, 636;
account of massacre, 653;
early accounts, 662;
general accounts, 665;
bibliog., 665.
Wyoming Valley invaded by Pennsylvanians to dispossess the Connecticut
settlers, 680.
Wythe, Geo., 716;
autog., 265.
Yale Book, 189.
Yonge, C. D., _British Navy_, 589;
_Constitutional Hist. of England_, 75.
York, Pa., Congress at, 391, 419.
Yorke, Sir Joseph, his correspondence, 592.
Yorktown, campaign of, 547;
evidence on the responsibility of Cornwallis of Clinton, 548, 549;
correspondence of the surrender, 549;
news received in London, 549;
prisoners taken, 549;
maps of, 550, 551, 552, 553;
inquiry into the campaign in England, 516;
debates in Parliament, 516;
news received in England, 555;
acc. of centennial of, 555;
responsibility for the surrender, 516;
siege of, 501;
surrendered, 504;
forces engaged, 504;
fac-simile of articles of capitulation, 505;
Nelson House, 506;
Moore House, 506;
view of the capitulation field, 506;
medals, 506;
Trumbull's picture, 506.
Young, Arthur, _Observations_, 709.
Young, J., assigned to the "Saratoga", 583.
Young, Thomas, 88.
Young, Sergeant Wm., 406.
Younglove, Moses, 683;
his captivity, 659.
Zane, Elizabeth, 716.
Zeigler, W. B., _Heart of the Alleghanies_, 536.
Zeisberger, David, 734;
diary edited by Bliss, 736.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The liberal party; for even as late as the Declaration of
Independence, the Tory party were, by estimation, two fifths of the
whole population.
[2] The validity of this title in the crown was recognized by the
congress at Albany in 1754. Proceedings, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxv.
64.
[3] The exercise of the prerogative, as a cause of the Revolution,
finds its just prominence in Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_,
_passim_.
[4] Franklin thought differently. "The charters are sacred. Violate
them, and then the present bond of union (the kingly power over us)
will be broken." _Works_, iv. 296; Hutchinson, _History_, iii. 172. But
see Chalmers's _Opinions concerning Colonies_, Index, under _King_.
[5] Its most serious invasion was when the Long Parliament, from
the necessity of the case, exercised sovereign powers,—that of the
prerogative among others.
[6] There is a notable instance in the case of the judicial tenure.
By the British Constitution, the king is not only the fountain of
justice, but by a legal fiction he administers it in person, as James
I. once proposed to do; and on this theory of actual presence, he
chooses his representative and removes him at pleasure. It follows
that, when the king dies, the authority of his representative ceases.
And such was the case until the reign of William III., when it was
attempted to limit the king's prerogative, but with only partial
success. By 12 and 13 Will. III. ch. 2 (1701), the judicial tenure was
during good behavior instead of the king's pleasure. But George III.,
a most strenuous asserter of his prerogative, in 1761, soon after his
accession, declared to the two Houses that he regarded the independence
of the judges as one of the best securities of the rights and liberties
of his subjects, and recommended that they should hold office, with
settled and permanent salaries, during good behavior, notwithstanding
the demise of the crown (_House Journal_, vol. xxviii. 1094); and
this became the law by I Geo. III. ch. 23. Constitutionally the king
sat in his provincial courts as well as in British courts, and his
surrender of the prerogative ought to have extended to the former.
That, however, was not the decision in 1763, when the New York Assembly
remonstrated at the appointment of Chief Justice Prat, to hold during
the king's pleasure, by whom his salary was paid. This caused great
dissatisfaction in the colonies, and in Massachusetts especially, in
1773, when the judges were paid by the king. The matter was not free
from practical difficulties. The king had rights to the revenue which
colonial juries would not respect; and consequently in 1698 Parliament
set up admiralty courts without juries. The king was also interested in
the administration of the civil and criminal law; but unless the judges
conducted themselves so as to suit the people, the representatives cut
down their salaries,—that is, starved them into compliance with the
popular will; consequently, the king thought it best not only to retain
but to use his prerogative, with respect to the appointment, tenure,
and pay of the provincial judges.
[7] "Give me leave to ask you, young man, what it is you mean
by repeating to me so often, in every letter, the Spirit of the
Constitution?" (Dean Tucker, _Letter from a Merchant in London to his
Nephew in America_, 1766.)
[8] This was Jefferson's position, but he said he could get only Wythe
to agree with him in the early days of the Revolution (_Writings_,
Boston ed., 1830, vol. i. 6).
[9] "Why may not an American plead for the just prerogatives of
the crown?" (_Works_, iv. 218.) "The sovereignty of the crown I
understand. The sovereignty of the British legislature out of Britain
I do not understand" (_Ibid._, 208). "Our former kings governed their
colonies as they had governed their dominions in France, without the
participation of British Parliaments" (_Ibid._, 262). "America _is
not_ part of the dominions of England, but of _the king's dominions_"
(_Ibid._, 284). This theory he carried to the farthest extent, and
wrote that "when money is wanted of the colonies for any public
service, in which they ought to bear a part, call upon them by
requisitional letters from the crown (according to the long-established
custom) to grant such aids as their loyalty shall dictate and their
abilities permit" (_Ibid._, 156).
[10] _Works_, x. 321.
[11] _The Rights of Great Britain Asserted_, 82.
[12] An American annual revenue of less than two thousand pounds cost
Great Britain between seven and eight thousand pounds a year (Bancroft,
orig, ed. v. 88, citing the Grenville Papers).
[13] Vol. III. pp. 182, 267, and 381.
[14] A summary of these acts may be found in Adam Smith's _Wealth of
Nations_, ii. 201; and they are discussed by John Adams in a series of
letters to William Tudor (_Works_, vol. x. _passim_). The first act
is understood to be a substantial reënactment of a law of the Long
Parliament in 1651, suggested by Sir George Downing, a native of New
England.
[15] Such, at least, seems to be the effect of the words "in
English-built shipping", in the act of 1663, excluding those "of the
built and belonging to" the colonies which were permitted by the act
of 1660. But were the commodities and manufactures of England included
among those of "Europe" which could be exported to the colonies only in
English-built ships, or could the colonists send their own ships for
them?
[16] From overlooking this option, this clause of the act has received
unmerited obloquy. It was simple justice to the British trader.
[17] This legislation may be traced in the Table to the _Statutes at
Large_, vol. ix., title Plantations, and, in part, in John Adams's
_Works_, vol. x. 350, note. See also Franklin's _Works_, iv. 250, 400.
[18] _Wealth of Nations_, vol. ii. 435.
[19] _Colonial Policy_, vol. i. 7, 239.
[20] Cf. on this point a paper by Charles Deane in the _Amer. Antiq.
Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1886.
[21] _Rights of Great Britain Asserted_, 87. But see Franklin's opinion
as to these bounties (_Works_, iv. 225).
[22] Burke's _Works_, i. 457, Boston ed.
[23] _Colonial Policy_, i. 156.
[24] But see _Works_, iv. 301: "Depend upon it, the Americans are not
so impolitic as to neglect settlements for unprofitable manufactures;
but some manufactures may be more advantageous to some persons than the
cultivation of lands."
[25] Burke's _European Settlements in America_, ch. vii.; _Works_, ix.
328.
[26] See Franklin's "Rules for Reducing a Great Empire to a Small One",
in _Works_, iv. 387.
[27] See Thacher's "Draft of an Address to the King and Parliament", in
_Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc._, vol. xx. p. 49.
[28] _Works_, x. 248.
[29] The writs to which he attributed so much importance require
explanation. A vessel laden with dutiable goods ought to enter some
established port and manifest her cargo at the custom-house for payment
of duties. This the government justly demands, and with it the fair
trader readily complies. Not so the illicit trader. Before reaching
port he may discharge a portion of the cargo in some place remote from
the custom-house; or in a regular port, by connivance, he may secrete
a portion of it, and thus escape paying duties. In either case the
revenue officer needs a search-warrant for such goods. If he applies
to the court, he must set forth a general description of the goods
concealed and the place where, together with the names of witnesses.
This is recorded, and may be known to all parties interested. The
result is, that the informer subjects himself to private animosity and
public obloquy, and the goods meanwhile may be removed to some other
place. This process may be repeated indefinitely, with like results.
What the officer needs, therefore, is a general warrant, good for an
indefinite time, not returnable into the court, and authorizing search
of all suspected places at all hours of the day, for any dutiable goods
supposed to be concealed. This is a Writ of Assistance. Its formidable
nature is readily understood, and the objections to it are apparent.
It is like those General Warrants which made a great noise in England
in connection with John Wilkes (Campbell's _Lord Chancellors_, v. 207,
American ed.; _Parliamentary History, 1764_, vol. xv. 1393). They are
prohibited by the Bill of Rights in the Massachusetts Constitution,
drafted by John Adams, as infringing the right of the citizen to
protect his house from unreasonable search; and when the Constitution
of the United States, without a similar provision, was submitted to
the people, its absence was noticed, and the omission supplied by the
fourth amendment. Such writs are now in force in England (16 and 17
Vict., ch. 107, sec. 221), but not in the United States.
[30] 7 and 8 Wm. 3, ch. 22, sec. 5.
[31] "BOSTON, Feb. 19th, 1753. Whereas, I am informed there still
continues to be carried on an illicit trade between Holland and
other parts of Europe, and the neighboring colonies, and that great
quantities of European and Asiatic commodities are clandestinely
brought from thence unto this port by land as well as by sea; and as
I am determined to use my utmost endeavors to prevent the carrying
on of a trade prejudicial to our mother country and detrimental to
the fair trader, I hereby again give this public notice that if any
person or persons will give me information where such goods are
concealed, that they may be proceeded against according to law, they,
upon condemnation, shall be very handsomely rewarded, and their names
concealed; and I hereby direct all the officers of the customs within
my district to be very vigilant in discovering and seizing all such
contraband goods. H. FRANKLAND, _Coll._" (Nason's _Frankland_, p. 44.)
[32] Hutchinson, _History_, iii. 92.
[33] Quincy's _Reports_, Appendix, 407.
[34] It is of little consequence whether the merchants were instigated
by one Barons, a dismissed revenue officer, or by Otis, supposed to
have been influenced by the appointment of Hutchinson as Chief Justice
to the exclusion of his father, who had cherished expectations of
elevation to the bench on the first vacancy (Hutchinson, _History_,
iii. 86; Tudor's _Life of Otis_, 55; and John Adams's _Works_, x. 281).
[35] Quincy's report, which is of the second hearing, Nov. 18, 1761,
gives little more than the authorities cited. Minot adds a point in
Gridley's argument (_History_, ii. 89). John Adams's notes, taken at
the first hearing in February, may be found in his _Works_, ii. 521,
and a more extended report, in Minot, _ut supra_, 91, and in Tudor's
_Life of Otis_, 63. See also John Adams's _Works_, vol. x. _passim_.
[36] Horace Gray, Jr., sums up the whole matter in the following
paragraph: "A careful examination of the subject compels the conclusion
that the decision of Hutchinson and his associates has been too
strongly condemned as illegal, and that there was at least reasonable
ground for holding, as matter of mere law, that the British Parliament
had power to bind the colonies that even a statute contrary to the
Constitution could not be declared void by the judicial courts; that
by the English statutes, as practically construed by the courts in
England, Writs of Assistance might be general in form; that the
Superior Court of Judicature of the province had the power of the
English Court of Exchequer; and that the Writs of Assistance prayed
for, though contrary to the spirit of the English Constitution, could
hardly be refused by a provincial court, before general warrants had
been condemned in England, and before the Revolution had actually
begun in America. The remedy adopted by the colonies was to throw
off the yoke of Parliament; to confer on the judiciary the power to
declare unconstitutional statutes void; to declare general warrants
unconstitutional in express terms; and thus to put an end here to
general Writs of Assistance" (Quincy's _Reports_, Appendix, 540).
[37] _Works_, x. 183.
[38] Hutchinson, iii. 100.
[39] Pownall's _Administration of the Colonies_, 3d ed., Appendix, iii.
40.
[40] In 1763, when the Indians on the southern frontiers were menacing,
Gen. Gage required 750 men from Massachusetts to assist in a movement
against the Indians on the lakes. The House declined nor would it yield
even when the Secretary of State urged compliance (Minot's _History_,
ii. 142). But while Massachusetts refused the required assistance,
Connecticut, though reluctantly, granted it,—a fact of much
significance in respect to the reliability of voluntary contributions
for the common defence of the colonies.
[41] More than 400 privateers had been fitted out from the colonial
ports, which had cruised against French property even as far as the
coast of France (Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 40).
[42] Grahame, _Hist. U. S._, iv. 138.
[43] See Vol. V. p. 613.
[44] See Vol. V. p. 177.
[45] In England, admiralty courts were without juries; but revenue
cases were tried in the Court of Exchequer, with juries.