FOOTNOTE:

[1] The above account has been corrected and amplified in some

statements of fact for this edition. Its original author, John

Ritchie Findlay (1824-1898), proprietor of _The Scotsman_ newspaper,

and the donor of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in

Edinburgh, had been intimate with De Quincey, and in 1886 published

his _Personal Recollections_ of him.

DERA GHAZI KHAN, a town and district of British India, in the Punjab. In

1901 the town had a population of 21,700. There are several handsome

mosques in the native quarter. It commands the direct approaches to the

Baluch highlands by Sakki Sarwar and Fort Monro. For many years past

both the town and cantonment have been threatened by the erosion of the

river Indus. The town was founded at the close of the 15th century and

named after Ghazi Khan, son of Haji Khan, a Baluch chieftain, who after

holding the country for the Langah sultans of Multan had made himself

independent. Together with the two other _deras_ (settlements), Dera

Ismail Khan and Dera Fateh Khan, it gave its name to the territorial

area locally and historically known as Derajat, which after many

vicissitudes came into the possession of the British after the Sikh War,

in 1849, and was divided into the two districts of Dera Ghazi Khan and

Dera Ismail Khan.

The DISTRICT OF DERA GHAZI KHAN contains an area of 5306 sq. m. The

district is a long narrow strip of country, 198 m. in length, sloping

gradually from the hills which form its western boundary to the river

Indus on the east. Below the hills the country is high and arid,

generally level, but sometimes rolling in sandy undulations, and much

intersected by hill torrents, 201 in number. With the exceptions of two,

these streams dry up after the rains, and their influence is only felt

for a few miles below the hills. The eastern portion of the district is

at a level sufficiently low to benefit by the floods of the Indus. A

barren tract intervenes between these zones, and is beyond the reach of

the hill streams on the one hand and of the Indus on the other. Although

liable to great extremes of temperature, and to a very scanty rainfall,

the district is not unhealthy. The population in 1901 was 471,149, the

great majority being Baluch Mahommedans. The principal exports are wheat

and indigo. The only manufactures are for domestic use. There is no

railway in the district, and only 29 m. of metalled road. The Indus,

which is nowhere bridged within the district, is navigable by native

boats. The geographical boundary between the Pathan and Baluch races in

the hills nearly corresponds with the northern limit of the district.

The frontier tribes on the Dera Ghazi Khan border include the Kasranis,

Bozdars, Khosas, Lagharis, Khetvans, Gurchanis, Mazaris, Mariris and

Bugtis. The chief of these are described under their separate names.

DERA ISMAIL KHAN, a town and district in the Derajat division of the

North-West Frontier Province of India. The town is situated near the

right bank of the Indus, which is here crossed by a bridge of boats

during half the year. In 1901 it had a population of 31,737. It takes

its name from Ismail Khan, a Baluch chief who settled here towards the

end of the 15th century, and whose descendants ruled for 300 years. The

old town was swept away by a flood in 1823, and the present town stands

4 m. back from the permanent channel of the river. The native quarters

are well laid out, with a large bazaar for Afghan traders. It is the

residence of many Mahommedan gentry. The cantonment accommodates about a

brigade of troops. There is considerable through trade with Afghanistan

by the Gomal Pass, and there are local manufactures of cotton cloth

scarves and inlaid wood-work.

The DISTRICT OF DERA ISMAIL KHAN contains an area of 3403 sq. m. It was

formerly divided into two almost equal portions by the Indus, which

intersected it from north to south. To the west of the Indus the

characteristics of the country resemble those of Dera Ghazi Khan. To the

east of the present bed of the river there is a wide tract known as the

_Kachi_, exposed to river action. Beyond this, the country rises

abruptly, and a barren, almost desert plain stretches eastwards,

sparsely cultivated, and inhabited only by nomadic tribes of herdsmen.

In 1901 the trans-Indus tract was allotted to the newly formed

North-West Frontier Province, the cis-Indus tract remaining in the

Punjab jurisdiction. The cis-Indus portions of the Dera Ismail Khan and

Bannu districts now comprise the new Punjab district of Mianiwali. In

1901 the population was 252,379, chiefly Pathan and Baluch Mahommedans.

Wheat and wool are exported.

The Indus is navigable by native boats throughout its course of 120 m.

within the district, which is the borderland of Pathan and Baluch

tribes, the Pathan element predominating. The chief frontier tribes are

the Sheranis and Ustaranas.

DERBENT, or DERBEND, a town of Russia, Caucasia, in the province of

Daghestan, on the western shore of the Caspian, 153 m. by rail N.W. of

Baku, in 42° 4' N. and 48° 15' E. Pop. (1873) 15,739; (1897) 14,821. It

occupies a narrow strip of land beside the sea, from which it climbs up

the steep heights inland to the citadel of Naryn-kaleh, and is on all

sides except towards the east surrounded by walls built of porous

limestone. Its general aspect is Oriental, owing to the flat roofs of

its two-storeyed houses and its numerous mosques. The environs are

occupied by vineyards, gardens and orchards, in which madder, saffron

and tobacco, as well as figs, peaches, pears and other fruits, are

cultivated. Earthenware, weapons and silk and cotton fabrics are the

principal products of the manufacturing industry. To the north of the

town is the monument of the _Kirk-lar_, or "forty heroes," who fell

defending Daghestan against the Arabs in 728; and to the south lies the

seaward extremity of the Caucasian wall (50 m. long), otherwise known as

Alexander's wall, blocking the narrow pass of the Iron Gate or Caspian

Gates (_Portae Albanae_ or _Portae Caspiae_). This, when entire, had a

height of 29 ft. and a thickness of about 10 ft., and with its iron

gates and numerous watch-towers formed a valuable defence of the Persian

frontier. Derbent is usually identified with Albana, the capital of the

ancient Albania. The modern name, a Persian word meaning "iron gates,"

came into use in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century,

when the city was refounded by Kavadh of the Sassanian dynasty of

Persia. The walls and the citadel are believed to belong to the time of

Kavadh's son, Khosrau (Chosroes) Anosharvan. In 728 the Arabs entered

into possession, and established a principality in the city, which they

called Bab-el-Abwab ("the principal gate"), Bab-el-Khadid ("the iron

gate"), and Seraill-el-Dagab ("the golden throne"). The celebrated

caliph, Harun-al-Rashid, lived in Derbent at different times, and

brought it into great repute as a seat of the arts and commerce. In 1220

it was captured by the Mongols, and in the course of the succeeding

centuries it frequently changed masters. In 1722 Peter the Great of

Russia wrested the town from the Persians, but in 1736 the supremacy of

Nadir Shah was again recognized. In 1796 Derbent was besieged by the

Russians, and in 1813 incorporated with the Russian empire.

DERBY, EARLS OF. The 1st earl of Derby was probably Robert de Ferrers

(d. 1139), who is said by John of Hexham to have been made an earl by

King Stephen after the battle of the Standard in 1138. Robert and his

descendants retained the earldom until 1266, when Robert (c. 1240-c.

1279), probably the 6th earl, having taken a prominent part in the

baronial rising against Henry III., was deprived of his lands and

practically of his title. These earlier earls of Derby were also known

as Earls Ferrers, or de Ferrers, from their surname; as earls of Tutbury

from their residence; and as earls of Nottingham because this county was

a lordship under their rule. The large estates which were taken from

Earl Robert in 1266 were given by Henry III. in the same year to his

son, Edmund, earl of Lancaster; and Edmund's son, Thomas, earl of

Lancaster, called himself Earl Ferrers. In 1337 Edmund's grandson, Henry

(c. 1299-1361), afterwards duke of Lancaster, was created earl of Derby,

and this title was taken by Edward III.'s son, John of Gaunt, who had

married Henry's daughter, Blanche. John of Gaunt's son and successor was

Henry, earl of Derby, who became king as Henry IV. in 1399.

In October 1485 Thomas, Lord Stanley, was created earl of Derby, and the

title has since been retained by the Stanleys, who, however, have little

or no connexion with the county of Derby. Thomas also inherited the

sovereign lordship of the Isle of Man, which had been granted by the

crown in 1406 to his great-grandfather, Sir John Stanley; and this

sovereignty remained in possession of the earls of Derby till 1736, when

it passed to the duke of Atholl.

The earl of Derby is one of the three "catskin earls," the others being

the earls of Shrewsbury and Huntingdon. The term "catskin" is possibly a

corruption of _quatre-skin_, derived from the fact that in ancient

times the robes of an earl (as depicted in some early representations)

were decorated with four rows of ermine, as in the robes of a modern

duke, instead of the three rows to which they were restricted in later

centuries. The three "catskin" earldoms are the only earldoms now in

existence which date from creations prior to the 17th century.

(A. W. H.*)

THOMAS STANLEY, 1st earl of Derby (c. 1435-1504), was the son of Thomas

Stanley, who was created Baron Stanley in 1456 and died in 1459. His

grandfather, Sir John Stanley (d. 1414), had founded the fortunes of his

family by marrying Isabel Lathom, the heiress of a great estate in the

hundred of West Derby in Lancashire; he was lieutenant of Ireland in

1389-1391, and again in 1399-1401, and in 1405 received a grant of the

lordship of Man from Henry IV. The future earl of Derby was a squire to

Henry VI. in 1454, but not long afterwards married Eleanor, daughter of

the Yorkist leader, Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury. At the battle of

Blore Heath in August 1459 Stanley, though close at hand with a large

force, did not join the royal army, whilst his brother William fought

openly for York. In 1461 Stanley was made chief justice of Cheshire by

Edward IV., but ten years later he sided with his brother-in-law Warwick

in the Lancastrian restoration. Nevertheless, after Warwick's fall,

Edward made Stanley steward of his household. Stanley served with the

king in the French expedition of 1475, and with Richard of Gloucester in

Scotland in 1482. About the latter date he married, as his second wife,

Margaret Beaufort, mother of the exiled Henry Tudor. Stanley was one of

the executors of Edward IV., and was at first loyal to the young king

Edward V. But he acquiesced in Richard's usurpation, and retaining his

office as steward avoided any entanglement through his wife's share in

Buckingham's rebellion. He was made constable of England in succession

to Buckingham, and granted possession of his wife's estates with a

charge to keep her in some secret place at home. Richard could not well

afford to quarrel with so powerful a noble, but early in 1485 Stanley

asked leave to retire to his estates in Lancashire. In the summer

Richard, suspicious of his continued absence, required him to send his

eldest son, Lord Strange, to court as a hostage. After Henry of Richmond

had landed, Stanley made excuses for not joining the king; for his son's

sake he was obliged to temporize, even when his brother William had been

publicly proclaimed a traitor. Both the Stanleys took the field; but

whilst William was in treaty with Richmond, Thomas professedly supported

Richard. On the morning of Bosworth (August 22), Richard summoned

Stanley to join him, and when he received an evasive reply ordered

Strange to be executed. In the battle it was William Stanley who turned

the scale in Henry's favour, but Thomas, who had taken no part in the

fighting, was the first to salute the new king. Henry VII. confirmed

Stanley in all his offices, and on the 27th of October created him earl

of Derby. As husband of the king's mother Derby held a great position,

which was not affected by the treason of his brother William in February

1495. In the following July the earl entertained the king and queen with

much state at Knowsley. Derby died on the 29th of July 1504. Strange had

escaped execution in 1485, through neglect to obey Richard's orders; but

he died before his father in 1497, and his son Thomas succeeded as

second earl. An old poem called _The Song of the Lady Bessy_, which was

written by a retainer of the Stanleys, gives a romantic story of how

Derby was enlisted by Elizabeth of York in the cause of his wife's son.

For fuller narratives see J. Gairdner's _Richard III._ and J. H.

Ramsay's _Lancaster and York_; also Seacome's _Memoirs of the House

of Stanley_ (1741). (C. L. K.)

EDWARD STANLEY, 3rd earl of Derby (1508-1572), was a son of Thomas

Stanley, 2nd earl and grandson of the 1st earl, and succeeded to the

earldom on his father's death in May 1521. During his minority Cardinal

Wolsey was his guardian, and as soon as he came of age he began to take

part in public life, being often in the company of Henry VIII. He helped

to quell the rising in the north of England known as the Pilgrimage of

Grace in 1536; but remaining true to the Roman Catholic faith he

disliked and opposed the religious changes made under Edward VI. During

Mary's reign the earl was more at ease, but under Elizabeth his younger

sons, Sir Thomas (d. 1576) and Sir Edward Stanley (d. 1609), were

concerned in a plot to free Mary, queen of Scots, and he himself was

suspected of disloyalty. However, he kept his numerous dignities until

his death at Lathom House, near Ormskirk, on the 24th of October 1572.

Derby's first wife was Katherine, daughter of Thomas Howard, duke of

Norfolk, by whom he had, with other issue, a son Henry, the 4th earl (c.

1531-1593), who was a member of the council of the North, and like his

father was lord-lieutenant of Lancashire. Henry was one of the

commissioners who tried Mary, queen of Scots, and was employed by

Elizabeth on other high undertakings both at home and abroad. He died on

the 25th of September 1593. His wife Margaret (d. 1596), daughter of

Henry Clifford, 2nd earl of Cumberland, was descended through the

Brandons from King Henry VII. Two of his sons, Ferdinando (c.

1559-1594), and William (c. 1561-1642), became in turn the 5th and 6th

earls of Derby. Ferdinando, the 5th earl (d. 1594), wrote verses, and is

eulogized by the poet Spenser under the name of Amyntas. (A. W. H.*)

JAMES STANLEY, 7th earl of Derby (1607-1651), sometimes styled the Great

Earl of Derby, eldest son of William, 6th earl, and Elizabeth de Vere,

daughter of Edward, 17th earl of Oxford, was born at Knowsley on the

31st of January 1607. During his father's life he was known as Lord

Strange. After travelling abroad he was chosen member of parliament for

Liverpool in 1625, was created knight of the Bath on the occasion of

Charles's coronation in 1626, and was joined with his father the same

year as lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire and chamberlain of

Chester, and in the administration of the Isle of Man, being appointed

subsequently lord-lieutenant of North Wales. On the 7th of March 1628 he

was called up to the House of Lords as Baron Strange. He took no part in

the political disputes between king and parliament and preferred country

pursuits and the care of his estates to court or public life.

Nevertheless when the Civil War broke out in 1642, Lord Strange devoted

himself to the king's cause. His plan of securing Lancashire at the

beginning and raising troops there, which promised success, was however

discouraged by Charles, who was said to be jealous of his power and

royal lineage and who commanded his presence at Nottingham. His

subsequent attempts to recover the county were unsuccessful. He was

unable to get possession of Manchester, was defeated at Chowbent and

Lowton Moor, and in 1643 after gaining Preston failed to take Bolton and

Lancaster castles. Finally, after successfully beating off Sir William

Brereton's attack on Warrington, he was defeated at Whalley and withdrew

to York, Warrington in consequence surrendering to the enemy's forces.

In June he left for the Isle of Man to attend to affairs there, and in

the summer of 1644 he took part in Prince Rupert's successful campaign

in the north, when Lathom House, where Lady Derby had heroically

resisted the attacks of the besiegers, was relieved, and Bolton Castle

taken. He followed Rupert to Marston Moor, and after the complete defeat

of Charles's cause in the north withdrew to the Isle of Man, where he

held out for the king and offered an asylum to royalist fugitives. His

administration of the island imitated that of Strafford in Ireland. It

was strong rather than just. He maintained order, encouraged trade,

remedied some abuses, and defended the people from the exactions of the

church; but he crushed opposition by imprisoning his antagonists, and

aroused a prolonged agitation by abolishing the tenant-right and

introducing leaseholds. In July 1649 he refused scornfully terms offered

to him by Ireton. By the death of his father on the 29th of September

1642 he had succeeded to the earldom, and on the 12th of January 1650 he

obtained the Garter. He was chosen by Charles II. to command the troops

of Lancashire and Cheshire, and on the 15th of August 1651 he landed at

Wyre Water in Lancashire in support of Charles's invasion, and met the

king on the 17th. Proceeding to Warrington he failed to obtain the

support of the Presbyterians through his refusal to take the Covenant,

and on the 25th was totally defeated at Wigan, being severely wounded

and escaping with difficulty. He joined Charles at Worcester; after the

battle on the 3rd of September he accompanied him to Boscobel, and while

on his way north alone was captured near Nantwich and given quarter. He

was tried by court-martial at Chester on the 29th of September, and on

the ground that he was a traitor and not a prisoner of war under the act

of parliament passed in the preceding month, which declared those who

corresponded with Charles guilty of treason, his quarter was disallowed

and he was condemned to death. When his appeal for pardon to parliament

was rejected, though supported by Cromwell, he endeavoured to escape;

but was recaptured and executed at Bolton on the 15th of October 1651.

He was buried in Ormskirk church. Lord Derby was a man of deep religious

feeling and of great nobility of character, who though unsuccessful in

the field served the king's cause with single-minded purpose and without

expectation of reward. His political usefulness was handicapped in the

later stages of the struggle by his dislike of the Scots, whom he

regarded as guilty of the king's death and as unfit instruments of the

restoration. According to Clarendon he was "a man of great honour and

clear courage," and his defects the result of too little knowledge of

the world. Lord Derby left in MS. "A Discourse concerning the Government

of the Isle of Man" (printed in the _Stanley Papers_ and in F. Peck's

_Desiderata Curiosa_, vol. ii.) and several volumes of historical

collections, observations, devotions (_Stanley Papers_) and a

commonplace book. He married on the 26th of June 1626 Charlotte de la

Tremoille (1599-1664), daughter of Claude, duc de Thouars, and

grand-daughter of William the Silent, prince of Orange, by whom besides

four daughters he had five sons, of whom the eldest, Charles

(1628-1672), succeeded him as 8th earl.

Charles's two sons, William, the 9th earl (c. 1655-1702), and James, the

10th earl (1664-1736), both died without sons, and consequently, when

James died in February 1736, his titles and estates passed to Sir Edward

Stanley (1689-1776), a descendant of the 1st earl. From him the later

earls were descended, the 12th earl (d. 1834) being his grandson.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--Article in _Dict. of Nat. Biog._ with authorities and

article in same work on Charlotte Stanley, countess of Derby; the

_Stanley Papers_, with the too laudatory memoir by F. R. Haines

(Chetham Soc. publications, vols. 62, 66, 67, 70); _Memoires_, by De

Lloyd (1668), 572; _State Trials_, v. 293-324; _Notes & Queries_,

viii. Ser. iii. 246; Seacombe's _House of Stanley_; Clarendon's

_Hist. of the Rebellion_; Gardiner's _Hist. of the Civil War and

Protectorate_; _The Land of Home Rule_, by Spencer Walpole (1893);

_Hist. of the Isle of Man_, by A. W. Moore (1900); Manx Soc.

publications, vols. 3, 25, 27. (P. C. Y.)

EDWARD GEOFFREY SMITH STANLEY, 14th earl of Derby (1799-1869), the

"Rupert of Debate," born at Knowsley in Lancashire on the 29th of March

1799, grandson of the 12th earl and eldest son of Lord Stanley,

subsequently (1834) 13th earl of Derby (1775-1851). He was educated at

Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he distinguished himself as a

classical scholar, though he took no degree. In 1819 he obtained the

Chancellor's prize for Latin verse, the subject being "Syracuse." He

gave early promise of his future eminence as an orator, and in his youth

he used to practise elocution under the instruction of Lady Derby, his

grandfather's second wife, the actress, Elizabeth Farren. In 1820 he was

returned for Stockbridge in Hampshire, one of the nomination boroughs

whose electoral rights were swept away by the Reform Bill of 1832,

Stanley being a warm advocate of their destruction.

His maiden speech was delivered early in the session of 1824 in the

debate on a private bill for lighting Manchester with gas. On the 6th of

May 1824 he delivered a vehement and eloquent speech against Joseph

Hume's motion for a reduction of the Irish Church establishment,

maintaining in its most conservative form the doctrine that church

property is as sacred as private property. From this time his

appearances became frequent; and he soon asserted his place as one of

the most powerful speakers in the House. Specially noticeable almost

from the first was the skill he displayed in reply. Macaulay, in an

essay published in 1834, remarked that he seemed to possess intuitively

the faculty which in most men is developed only by long and laborious

practice. In the autumn of 1824 Stanley went on an extended tour through

Canada and the United States in company with Mr Labouchere, afterwards

Lord Taunton, and Mr Evelyn Denison, afterwards Lord Ossington. In May

of the following year he married the second daughter of Edward

Bootle-Wilbraham, created Baron Skelmersdale in 1828, by whom he had a

family of two sons and one daughter who survived.

At the general election of 1826 Stanley renounced his connection with

Stockbridge, and became the representative of the borough of Preston,

where the Derby influence was paramount. The change of seats had this

advantage, that it left him free to speak against the system of rotten

boroughs, which he did with great force during the Reform Bill debates,

without laying himself open to the charge of personal inconsistency as

the representative of a place where, according to Gay, cobblers used to

"feast three years upon one vote." In 1827 he and several other

distinguished Whigs made a coalition with Canning on the defection of

the more unyielding Tories, and he commenced his official life as

under-secretary for the colonies, but the coalition was broken up by

Canning's death in August. Lord Goderich succeeded to the premiership,

but he never was really in power, and he resigned his place after the

lapse of a few months. During the succeeding administration of the duke

of Wellington (1828-1830), Stanley and those with whom he acted were in

opposition. His robust and assertive Liberalism about this period seemed

curious afterwards to a younger generation who knew him only as the very

embodiment of Conservatism.

By the advent of Lord Grey to power in November 1830, Stanley obtained

his first opportunity of showing his capacity for a responsible office.

He was appointed to the chief secretaryship of Ireland, a position in

which he found ample scope for both administrative and debating skill.

On accepting office he had to vacate his seat for Preston and seek

re-election; and he had the mortification of being defeated by the

Radical "orator" Hunt. The contest was a peculiarly keen one, and turned

upon the question of the ballot, which Stanley refused to support. He

re-entered the House as one of the members for Windsor, Sir Hussey

Vivian having resigned in his favour. In 1832 he again changed his seat,

being returned for North Lancashire.

Stanley was one of the most ardent supporters of Lord Grey's Reform

Bill. Of this no other proof is needed than his frequent parliamentary

utterances, which were fully in sympathy with the popular cry "The bill,

the whole bill, and nothing but the bill." Reference may be made

especially to the speech he delivered on the 4th of March 1831 on the

adjourned debate on the second reading of the bill, which was marked by

all the higher qualities of his oratory. Apart from his connexion with

the general policy of the government, Stanley had more than enough to

have employed all his energies in the management of his own department.

The secretary of Ireland has seldom an easy task; Stanley found it one

of peculiar difficulty. The country was in a very unsettled state. The

just concession that had been somewhat tardily yielded a short time

before in Catholic emancipation had excited the people to make all sorts

of demands, reasonable and unreasonable. Undaunted by the fierce

denunciations of O'Connell, who styled him Scorpion Stanley, he

discharged with determination the ungrateful task of carrying a coercion

bill through the House. It was generally felt that O'Connell, powerful

though he was, had fairly met his match in Stanley, who, with invective

scarcely inferior to his own, evaded no challenge, ignored no argument,

and left no taunt unanswered. The title "Rupert of Debate" is peculiarly

applicable to him in connexion with the fearless if also often reckless

method of attack he showed in his parliamentary war with O'Connell. It

was first applied to him, however, thirteen years later by Sir Edward

Bulwer Lytton in _The New Timon_:--

"One after one the lords of time advance;

Here Stanley meets--here Stanley scorns the glance!

The brilliant chief, irregularly great,

Frank, haughty, rash,--the Rupert of debate."

The best answer, however, which he made to the attacks of the great

agitator was not the retorts of debate, effective though these were, but

the beneficial legislation he was instrumental in passing. He

introduced and carried the first national education act for Ireland, one

result of which was the remarkable and to many almost incredible

phenomenon of a board composed of Catholics, Episcopalians and

Presbyterians harmoniously administering an efficient education scheme.

He was also chiefly responsible for the Irish Church Temporalities Act,

though the bill was not introduced into parliament until after he had

quitted the Irish secretaryship for another office. By this measure two

archbishoprics and eight bishoprics were abolished, and a remedy was

provided for various abuses connected with the revenues of the church.

As originally introduced, the bill contained a clause authorizing the

appropriation of surplus revenues to non-ecclesiastical purposes. This

had, however, been strongly opposed from the first by Stanley and

several other members of the cabinet, and it was withdrawn by the

government before the measure reached the Lords.

In 1833, just before the introduction of the Irish Church Temporalities

Bill, Stanley had been promoted to be secretary for the colonies with a

seat in the cabinet. In this position it fell to his lot to carry the

emancipation of the slaves to a successful practical issue. The speech

which he delivered on introducing the bill for freeing the slaves in the

West Indies, on the 14th of May 1833, was one of the finest specimens of

his eloquence.

The Irish Church question determined more than one turning-point in his

political career. The most important occasion on which it did so was in

1834, when the proposal of the government to appropriate the surplus

revenues of the church to educational purposes led to his secession from

the cabinet, and, as it proved, his complete and final separation from

the Whig party. In the former of these steps he had as his companions

Sir James Graham, the earl of Ripon and the duke of Richmond. Soon after

it occurred, O'Connell, amid the laughter of the House, described the

secession in a couplet from Canning's _Loves of the Triangles_:--

"Still down thy steep, romantic Ashbourne, glides

The Derby dilly carrying six insides."

Stanley was not content with marking his disapproval by the simple act

of withdrawing from the cabinet. He spoke against the bill to which he

objected with a vehemence that showed the strength of his feeling in the

matter, and against its authors with a bitterness that he himself is

understood to have afterwards admitted to have been unseemly towards

those who had so recently been his colleagues. The course followed by

the government was "marked with all that timidity, that want of

dexterity, which led to the failure of the unpractised shoplifter." His

late colleagues were compared to "thimble-riggers at a country fair,"

and their plan was "petty larceny, for it had not the redeeming

qualities of bold and open robbery."

In the end of 1834, Lord Stanley, as he was now styled by courtesy, his

father having succeeded to the earldom in October, was invited by Sir

Robert Peel to join the short-lived Conservative ministry which he

formed after the resignation of Lord Melbourne. Though he declined the

offer for reasons stated in a letter published in the Peel memoirs, he

acted from that date with the Conservative party, and on its next

accession to power, in 1841, he accepted the office of colonial

secretary, which he had held under Lord Grey. His position and his

temperament alike, however, made him a thoroughly independent supporter

of any party to which he attached himself. When, therefore, the injury

to health arising from the late hours in the Commons led him in 1844 to

seek elevation to the Upper House in the right of his father's barony,

Sir Robert Peel, in acceding to his request, had the satisfaction of at

once freeing himself from the possible effects of his "candid

friendship" in the House, and at the same time greatly strengthening the

debating power on the Conservative side in the other. If the premier in

taking this step had any presentiment of an approaching difference on a

vital question, it was not long in being realized. When Sir Robert Peel

accepted the policy of free trade in 1846, the breach between him and

Lord Stanley was, as might have been anticipated from the antecedents of

the latter, instant and irreparable. Lord Stanley at once asserted

himself as the uncompromising opponent of that policy, and he became the

recognized leader of the Protectionist party, having Lord George

Bentinck and Disraeli for his lieutenants in the Commons. They did all

that could be done in a case in which the logic of events was against

them, though Protection was never to become more than their watchword.

It is one of the peculiarities of English politics, however, that a

party may come into power because it is the only available one at the

time, though it may have no chance of carrying the very principle to

which it owes its organized existence. Such was the case when Lord

Derby, who had succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father in

June 1851, was called upon to form his first administration in February

1852. He was in a minority, but the circumstances were such that no

other than a minority government was possible, and he resolved to take

the only available means of strengthening his position by dissolving

parliament and appealing to the country at the earliest opportunity. The

appeal was made in autumn, but its result did not materially alter the

position of parties. Parliament met in November, and by the middle of

the following month the ministry had resigned in consequence of their

defeat on Disraeli's budget. For the six following years, during Lord

Aberdeen's "ministry of all the talents" and Lord Palmerston's

premiership, Lord Derby remained at the head of the opposition, whose

policy gradually became more generally Conservative and less

distinctively Protectionist as the hopelessness of reversing the

measures adopted in 1846 made itself apparent. In 1855 he was asked to

form an administration after the resignation of Lord Aberdeen, but

failing to obtain sufficient support, he declined the task. It was in

somewhat more hopeful circumstances that, after the defeat of Lord

Palmerston on the Conspiracy Bill in February 1858, he assumed for the

second time the reins of government. Though he still could not count

upon a working majority, there was a possibility of carrying on affairs

without sustaining defeat, which was realized for a full session, owing

chiefly to the dexterous management of Mr Disraeli in the Commons. The

one rock ahead was the question of reform, on which the wishes of the

country were being emphatically expressed, but it was not so pressing as

to require to be immediately dealt with. During the session of 1858 the

government contrived to pass two measures of very considerable

importance, one a bill to remove Jewish disabilities, and the other a

bill to transfer the government of India from the East India Company to

the crown. Next year the question of parliamentary reform had to be

faced, and, recognizing the necessity, the government introduced a bill

at the opening of the session, which, in spite of, or rather in

consequence of, its "fancy franchises," was rejected by the House, and,

on a dissolution, rejected also by the country. A vote of no confidence

having been passed in the new parliament on the 10th of June, Lord Derby

at once resigned.

After resuming the leadership of the Opposition Lord Derby devoted much

of the leisure the position afforded him to the classical studies that

had always been congenial to him. It was his reputation for scholarship

as well as his social position that had led in 1852 to his appointment

to the chancellorship of the university of Oxford, in succession to the

duke of Wellington; and perhaps a desire to justify the possession of

the honour on the former ground had something to do with his essays in

the field of authorship. His first venture was a poetical version of the

ninth ode of the third book of Horace, which appeared in Lord

Ravensworth's collection of translations of the _Odes_. In 1862 he

printed and circulated in influential quarters a volume entitled

_Translations of Poems Ancient and Modern_, with a very modest

dedicatory letter to Lord Stanhope, and the words "Not published" on the

title-page. It contained, besides versions of Latin, Italian, French and

German poems, a translation of the first book of the _Iliad_. The

reception of this volume was such as to encourage him to proceed with

the task he had chosen as his _magnum opus_, the translation of the

whole of the _Iliad_, which accordingly appeared in 1864.

During the seven years that elapsed between Lord Derby's second and

third administrations an industrial crisis occurred in his native

county, which brought out very conspicuously his public spirit and his

philanthropy. The destitution in Lancashire caused by the stoppage of

the cotton-supply in consequence of the American Civil War, was so great

as to threaten to overtax the benevolence of the country. That it did

not do so was probably due to Lord Derby more than to any other single

man. From the first he was the very life and soul of the movement for

relief. His personal subscription, munificent though it was, represented

the least part of his service. His noble speech at the meeting in

Manchester in December 1862, where the movement was initiated, and his

advice at the subsequent meetings of the committee, which he attended

very regularly, were of the very highest value in stimulating and

directing public sympathy. His relations with Lancashire had always been

of the most cordial description, notwithstanding his early rejection by

Preston; but it is not surprising that after the cotton famine period

the cordiality passed into a warmer and deeper feeling, and that the

name of Lord Derby was long cherished in most grateful remembrance by

the factory operatives.

On the rejection of Earl Russell's Reform Bill in 1866, Lord Derby was

for the third time entrusted with the formation of a cabinet. Like those

he had previously formed it was destined to be short-lived, but it lived

long enough to settle on a permanent basis the question that had proved

fatal to its predecessor. The "education" of the party that had so long

opposed all reform to the point of granting household suffrage was the

work of another; but Lord Derby fully concurred in, if he was not the

first to suggest, the statesmanlike policy by which the question was

disposed of in such a way as to take it once for all out of the region

of controversy and agitation. The passing of the Reform Bill was the

main business of the session 1867. The chief debates were, of course, in

the Commons, and Lord Derby's failing powers prevented him from taking

any large share in those which took place in the Lords. His description

of the measure as a "leap in the dark" was eagerly caught up, because it

exactly represented the common opinion at the time,--the most

experienced statesmen, while they admitted the granting of household

suffrage to be a political necessity, being utterly unable to foresee

what its effect might be on the constitution and government of the

country.

Finding himself unable, from declining health, to encounter the fatigues

of another session, Lord Derby resigned office early in 1868. The step

he had taken was announced in both Houses on the evening of the 25th of

February, and warm tributes of admiration and esteem were paid by the

leaders of the two great parties. He yielded the entire leadership of

the party as well as the premiership to Disraeli. His subsequent

appearances in public were few and unimportant. It was noted as a

consistent close to his political life that his last speech in the House

of Lords should have been a denunciation of Gladstone's Irish Church

Bill marked by much of his early fire and vehemence. A few months later,

on the 23rd of October 1869, he died at Knowsley.

Sir Archibald Alison, writing of him when he was in the zenith of his

powers, styles him "by the admission of all parties the most perfect

orator of his day." Even higher was the opinion of Lord Aberdeen, who is

reported by _The Times_ to have said that no one of the giants he had

listened to in his youth, Pitt, Fox, Burke or Sheridan, "as a speaker,

is to be compared with our own Lord Derby, when Lord Derby is at his

best." (W. B. S.)

EDWARD HENRY STANLEY, 15th earl of Derby (1826-1893), eldest son of the

14th earl, was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge, where

he took a high degree and became a member of the society known as the

Apostles. In March 1848 he unsuccessfully contested the borough of

Lancaster, and then made a long tour in the West Indies, Canada and the

United States. During his absence he was elected member for King's Lynn,

which he represented till October 1869, when he succeeded to the

peerage. He took his place, as a matter of course, among the

Conservatives, and delivered his maiden speech in May 1850 on the sugar

duties. Just before, he had made a very brief tour in Jamaica and South

America. In 1852 he went to India, and while travelling in that country

he was appointed under-secretary for foreign affairs in his father's

first administration. From the outset of his career he was known to be a

most Liberal Conservative, and in 1855 Lord Palmerston offered him the

post of colonial secretary. He was much tempted by the proposal, and

hurried down to Knowsley to consult his father, who called out when he

entered the room, "Hallo, Stanley! what brings you here?--Has Dizzy cut

his throat, or are you going to be married?" When the object of his

sudden appearance had been explained, the Conservative chief received

the courteous suggestion of the prime minister with anything but favour,

and the offer was declined. In his father's second administration Lord

Stanley held, at first, the office of secretary for the colonies, but

became president of the Board of Control on the resignation of Lord

Ellenborough. He had the charge of the India Bill of 1858 in the House

of Commons, became the first secretary of state for India, and left

behind him in the India Office an excellent reputation as a man of

business. After the revolution in Greece and the disappearance of King

Otho, the people most earnestly desired to have Queen Victoria's second

son, Prince Alfred, for their king. He declined the honour, and they

then took up the idea that the next best thing they could do would be to

elect some great and wealthy English noble, not concealing the hope that

although they might have to offer him a Civil List he would decline to

receive it. Lord Stanley was the prime favourite as an occupant of this

bed of thorns, and it has been said that he was actually offered the

crown. That, however, is not true; the offer was never formally made.

After the fall of the Russell government in 1866 he became foreign

secretary in his father's third administration. He compared his conduct

in that great post to that of a man floating down a river and fending

off from his vessel, as well as he could, the various obstacles it

encountered. He thought that that should be the normal attitude of an

English foreign minister, and probably under the circumstances of the

years 1866-1868 it was the right one. He arranged the collective

guarantee of the neutrality of Luxemburg in 1867, negotiated a

convention about the "Alabama," which, however, was not ratified, and

most wisely refused to take any part in the Cretan troubles. In 1874 he

again became foreign secretary in Disraeli's government. He acquiesced

in the purchase of the Suez Canal shares, a measure then considered

dangerous by many people, but ultimately most successful; he accepted

the Andrassy Note, but declined to accede to the Berlin Memorandum. His

part in the later phases of the Russo-Turkish struggle has never been

fully explained, for with equal wisdom and generosity he declined to

gratify public curiosity at the cost of some of his colleagues. A later

generation will know better than his contemporaries what were the

precise developments of policy which obliged him to resign. He kept

himself ready to explain in the House of Lords the course he had taken

if those whom he had left challenged him to do so, but from that course

they consistently refrained. Already in October 1879 it was clear enough

that he had thrown in his lot with the Liberal party, but it was not

till March 1880 that he publicly announced this change of allegiance. He

did not at first take office in the second Gladstone government, but

became secretary for the colonies in December 1882, holding this

position till the fall of that government in the summer of 1885. In 1886

the old Liberal party was run on the rocks and went to pieces. Lord

Derby became a Liberal Unionist, and took an active part in the general

management of that party, leading it in the House of Lords till 1891,

when Lord Hartington became duke of Devonshire. In 1892 he presided over

the Labour Commission, but his health never recovered an attack of

influenza which he had in 1891, and he died at Knowsley on the 21st of

April 1893.

During a great part of Lord Derby's life he was deflected from his

natural course by the accident of his position as the son of the leading

Conservative statesman of the day. From first to last he was at heart a

moderate Liberal. After making allowance, however, for this deflecting

agency, it must be admitted that in the highest quality of the

statesman, "aptness to be right," he was surpassed by none of his

contemporaries, or--if by anybody--by Sir George Cornewall Lewis alone.

He would have been more at home in a state of things which did not

demand from its leading statesman great popular power; he had none of

those "isms" and "prisms of fancy" which stood in such good stead some

of his rivals. He had another defect besides the want of popular power.

He was so anxious to arrive at right conclusions that he sometimes

turned and turned and turned a subject over till the time for action had

passed. One of his best lieutenants said of him in a moment of

impatience: "Lord Derby is like the God of Hegel: 'Er setzt sich, er

verneint sich, er verneint seine Negation.'" His knowledge, acquired

both from books and by the ear, was immense, and he took every

opportunity of increasing it. He retained his old university habit of

taking long walks with a congenial companion, even in London, and

although he cared but little for what is commonly known as society--the

society of crowded rooms and fragments of sentences--he very much liked

conversation. During the many years in which he was a member of "The

Club" he was one of its most assiduous frequenters, and his loss was

acknowledged by a formal resolution. His talk was generally grave, but

every now and then was lit up by dry humour. The late Lord Arthur

Russell once said to him, after he had been buying some property in

southern England: "So you still believe in land, Lord Derby." "Hang it,"

he replied, "a fellow must believe in something!" He did an immense deal

of work outside politics. He was lord rector of the University of

Glasgow from 1868 to 1871, and later held the same office in that of

Edinburgh. From 1875 to 1893 he was president of the Royal Literary

Fund, and attended most closely to his duties then. He succeeded Lord

Granville as chancellor of the University of London in 1891, and

remained in that position till his death. He lived much in Lancashire,

managed his enormous estates with great skill, and did a great amount of

work as a local magnate. He married in 1870 Maria Catharine, daughter of

the 5th earl de la Warr, and widow of the 2nd marquess of Salisbury.

The earl left no children and he was succeeded as 16th earl by his

brother Frederick Arthur Stanley (1841-1908), who had been made a peer

as Baron Stanley of Preston in 1886. He was secretary of state for war

and for the colonies and president of the board of trade; and was

governor-general of Canada from 1888 to 1893. He died on the 14th of

June 1908, when his eldest son, Edward George Villiers Stanley, became

earl of Derby. As Lord Stanley the latter had been member of parliament

for the West Houghton division of Lancashire from 1892 to 1906; he was

financial secretary to the War Office from 1900 to 1903, and

postmaster-general from 1903 to 1905.

The best account of the 15th Lord Derby is that which was prefixed by

W. E. H. Lecky, who knew him very intimately, to the edition of his

speeches outside parliament, published in 1894. (M. G. D.)

DERBY, a city of New Haven county, Connecticut, U.S.A., coextensive with

the township of Derby, about 10 m. W. of New Haven, at the junction of

the Housatonic and Naugatuck rivers. Pop. (1900) 7930 (2635

foreign-born); (1910) 8991. It is served by the New York, New Haven &

Hartford railway, and by interurban electric railways. In Derby there

are an opera house, owned by the city, and a public library. Across the

Housatonic is the borough of Shelton (pop. 1910, 4807), which is closely

related, socially and industrially, to Derby, the two having a joint

board of trade. Adjoining Derby on the N. along the Naugatuck is

Ansonia. Derby, Ansonia and Shelton form one of the most important

manufacturing communities in the state; although their total population

in 1900 (23,448) was only 2.9% of the state's population, the product of

their manufactories was 7.4% of the total manufactured product of

Connecticut. Among the manufactures of Derby are pianos and organs,

woollen goods, pins, keys, dress stays, combs, typewriters, corsets,

hosiery, guns and ammunition, and foundry and machine-shop products.

Derby was settled in 1642 as an Indian trading post under the name

Paugasset, and received its present name in 1675. The date of

organization of the township is unknown. Ansonia was formed from a part

of Derby in 1889. In 1893 the borough of Birmingham, on the opposite

side of the Naugatuck, was annexed to Derby, and Derby was chartered as

a city. In the 18th century Derby was the centre of a thriving commerce

with the West Indies. Derby is the birthplace of David Humphreys

(1752-1818), a soldier, diplomatist and writer, General Washington's

aide and military secretary from 1780 until the end of the War of

Independence, the first minister of the United States to Portugal

(1790-1797) and minister to Spain in 1797-1802, and one of the "Hartford

Wits."

See Samuel Orcutt and Ambrose Beardsley, _History of the Old Town of

Derby_ (Springfield, 1880); and the _Town Records of Derby from 1655

to 1710_ (Derby, 1901).

DERBY, a municipal, county and parliamentary borough, and the county

town of Derbyshire, England, 128¾ m. N.N.W. of London by the Midland

railway; it is also served by the Great Northern railway. Pop. (1891)

94,146; (1901) 114,848. Occupying a position almost in the centre of

England, the town is situated chiefly on the western bank of the river

Derwent, on an undulating site encircled with gentle eminences, from

which flow the Markeaton and other brooks. In the second half of the

19th century the prosperity of the town was enhanced by the

establishment of the head offices and principal workshops of the Midland

Railway Company. Derby possesses several handsome public buildings,

including the town hall, a spacious range of buildings erected for the

postal and inland revenue offices, the county hall, corn exchange and

market hall. Among churches may be mentioned St Peter's a fine building

principally of Perpendicular date but with earlier portions; St

Alkmund's with its lofty spire, Decorated in style; St Andrew's, in the

same style, by Sir G. G. Scott; and All Saints', which contains a

beautiful choir-screen, good stained glass and monuments by L. F.

Roubiliac, Sir Francis Chantrey and others. The body of this church is

in classic style (1725), but the tower was built 1509-1527, and is one

of the finest in the midland counties, built in three tiers, and crowned

with battlements and pinnacles, which give it a total height of 210 ft.

The Roman Catholic church of St Mary is one of the best examples of the

work of A. W. Pugin. The Derby grammar school, one of the most ancient

in England, was placed in 1160 under the administration of the chapter

of Darley Abbey, which lay a little north of Derby. It occupies St

Helen's House, once the town residence of the Strutt family, and has

been enlarged in modern times, accommodating about 160 boys. The Derby

municipal technical college is administered by the corporation. Other

institutions include schools of science and art, public library, museum

and art gallery, the Devonshire almshouses, a remodelled foundation

inaugurated by Elizabeth, countess of Shrewsbury, in the 16th century,

and the town and county infirmary. The free library and museum

buildings, together with a recreation ground, were gifts to the town

from M. T. Bass, M.P. (d. 1884), while an arboretum of seventeen acres

was presented to the town by Joseph Strutt in 1840.

Derby has been long celebrated for its porcelain, which rivalled that of

Saxony and France. This manufacture was introduced about 1750, and

although for a time partially abandoned, it has been revived. There are

also spar works where the fluor-spar, or Blue John, is wrought into a

variety of useful and ornamental articles. The manufacture of silk,

hosiery, lace and cotton formerly employed a large portion of the

population, and there are still numerous silk mills and elastic web

works. Silk "throwing" or spinning was introduced into England in 1717

by John Lombe, who found out the secrets of the craft when visiting

Piedmont, and set up machinery in Derby. Other industries include the

manufacture of paint, shot, white and red lead and varnish; and there

are sawmills and tanneries. The manufacture of hosiery profited greatly

by the inventions of Jedediah Strutt about 1750. In the northern suburb

of Littlechester, there are chemical and steam boiler works. The Midland

railway works employ a large number of hands. Derby is a suffragan

bishopric in the diocese of Southwell. The parliamentary borough returns

two members. The town is governed by a mayor, sixteen aldermen and

forty-two councillors. Area, 3449 acres.

Littlechester, as its name indicates, was the site of a Roman fort or

village; the site is in great part built over and the remains

practically effaced. Derby was known in the time of the heptarchy as

Northworthig, and did not receive the name of Deoraby or Derby until

after it was given up to the Danes by the treaty of Wedmore and had

become one of their five boroughs, probably ruled in the ordinary way by

an earl with twelve "lawmen" under him. Being won back among the

sweeping conquests of Æthelflæd, lady of the Mercians, in 917, it

prospered during the 10th century, and by the reign of Edward the

Confessor there were 243 burgesses in Derby. However, by 1086 this

number had decreased to 100, while 103 "manses" which used to be

assessed were waste. In spite of this the amount rendered by the town to

the lord had increased from £24 to £30. The first extant charter granted

to Derby is dated 1206 and is a grant of all those privileges which the

burgesses of Nottingham had in the time of Henry I. and Henry II., which

included freedom from toll, a gild merchant, power to elect a provost at

their will, and the privilege of holding the town at the ancient farm

with an increase of £10 yearly. The charter also provides that no one

shall dye cloth within ten leagues of Derby except in the borough. A

second charter, granted by Henry III. in 1229, limits the power of

electing a provost by requiring that he shall be removed if he be

displeasing to the king. Henry III. also granted the burgesses two other

charters, one in 1225 confirming their privileges and granting that the

_comitatus_ of Derby should in future be held on Thursdays in the

borough, the other in 1260 granting that no Jew should be allowed to

live in the town. In 1337 Edward III. on the petition of the burgesses

granted that they might have two bailiffs instead of one. Derby was

incorporated by James I. in 1611 under the name of the bailiffs and

burgesses of Derby, but Charles I. in 1637 appointed a mayor, nine

aldermen, fourteen brethren and fourteen capital burgesses. In 1680 the

burgesses were obliged to resign their charters, and received a new one,

which did not, however, alter the government of the town. Derby has been

represented in parliament by two members since 1295. In the rebellion of

1745 the young Pretender marched with his army as far south as Derby,

where the council was held which decided that he should return to

Scotland instead of going on to London.

Among early works on Derby are W. Hutton, _History of Derby_ (London,

1791); R. Simpson, _History and Antiquities of Derby_ (Derby, 1826).

DERBYSHIRE, a north midland county of England, bounded N. and N.E. by

Yorkshire, E. by Nottinghamshire, S.E. and S. by Leicestershire, S. and

S.W. by Staffordshire, and W. and N.W. by Cheshire. The area is 1029.5

sq. m. The physical aspect is much diversified. The extreme south of the

county is lacking in picturesqueness, being for the most part level,

with occasional slight undulations. The Peak District of the north, on

the other hand, though inferior in grandeur to the mountainous Lake

District, presents some of the finest hill scenery in England, deriving

a special beauty from the richly wooded glens and valleys, such as those

of Castleton, Glossop, Dovedale and Millersdale. The character of the

landscape ranges from the wild moorland of the Cheshire borders or the

grey rocks of the Peak, to the park lands and woods of the Chatsworth

district. Some of the woods are noted for their fine oaks, those at

Kedleston, 3 m. from Derby, ranking among the largest and oldest in the

kingdom. From the northern hills the streams of the county radiate.

Those of the north-west belong to the Mersey, and those of the

north-east to the Don, but all the others to the Trent, which, like the

Don, falls into the Humber. The principal river is the Trent, which,

rising in the Staffordshire moorlands, intersects the southern part of

Derbyshire, and forms part of its boundary with Leicestershire. After

the Trent the most important river is the Derwent, one of its

tributaries, which, taking its rise in the lofty ridges of the High

Peak, flows southward through a beautiful valley, receiving a number of

minor streams in its course, including the Wye, which, rising near

Buxton, traverses the fine Millersdale and Monsal Dale. The other

principal rivers are the following: The Dane rises at the junction of

the three counties, Staffordshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire. The Goyt has

its source a little farther north, at the base of the same hill, and,

taking a N.N.E. direction, divides Derbyshire from Cheshire, and falls

into the Mersey. The Dove rises on the southern slope, and flows as the

boundary stream between Derbyshire and Staffordshire for nearly its

entire course. It receives several feeders, and falls into the Trent

near Repton. The Erewash is the boundary stream between Nottinghamshire

and Derbyshire. The Rother rises about Baslow, and flows into Yorkshire,

with a northerly course, joining the Don. Besides the attractions of its

scenery Derbyshire possesses, in Buxton, Matlock and Bakewell, three

health resorts in much favour on account of their medicinal springs.

The whole northward extension of the county is occupied by the plateau

of the Peak and other plateau-like summits, the highest of which are of

almost exactly similar elevation. Thus in the extreme north Bleaklow

Hill reaches 2060 ft., while southward from this point along the axis of

main elevation are found Shelf Moss (2046 ft.), and Kinder Scout and

other summits of the Peak itself, ranging up to 2088 ft. This

plateau-mass is demarcated on the north and west by the vales of the

Etherow and Goyt, by the valley of the Derwent on the east, and in part

by that of its tributary the Noe on the south. The flanks of the plateau

are deeply scored by abrupt ravines, often known as "cloughs" (an

Anglo-Saxon word, _cloh_) watered by streams which sometimes descend

over precipitous ledges in picturesque falls, such as the Kinder

Downfall, formed by the brook of that name which rises on Kinder Scout.

The most picturesque cloughs are found on the south, descending to

Edale, and on the west. Edale is the upper part of the Noe valley, and

the narrow gorge at its head is exceedingly beautiful, as is the more

gentle scenery of the Vale of Hope, the lower part of the valley. In a

branch vale is situated Castleton (q.v.), with the ruined Peak Castle,

or Castle of the Peak, and the Peak Cavern, Blue John Mine and other

caves. The upper Derwent valley, or Derwent Dale, is narrow and well

wooded. In it, near the village of Derwent Chapel, is Derwent Hall, a

fine old mansion formerly a seat of the Newdigate family. On Derwent

Edge, above the village, are various peculiar rock formations, known by

such names as the Salt-cellar. Ashopton, another village lower down the

dale, is a favourite centre, and here the main valley is joined by Ashop

Dale, a bold defile in its upper part, penetrating the heart of the

Peak.

The well-known high road crossing the plateau from east to west, between

the lower Derwent valley, Bakewell, Buxton and Macclesfield, shows the

various types of scenery characteristic of the limestone hill-country of

Derbyshire south of the Peak itself. The lower Derwent valley, about

Chatsworth, Rowsley, Darley and Matlock, is open, fertile and well

wooded. The road leads up the tributary valley of the Wye, which after

Bakewell quickly narrows, and in successive portions is known as Monsal

Dale, Millersdale (which the main road does not touch), Chee Dale and

Wye Dale. On the flanks of these beautiful dales bold cliffs and

bastions of limestone stand out among rich woods. Near the mouth of the

valley, about Stanton, the fantastic effects of weathering on the

limestone are especially well seen, as in Rowtor Rocks and Robin Hood's

Stride, and in the same locality are a remarkable number of tumuli and

other early remains, and the Hermitage, a cave containing sacred

carvings. From Buxton the road ascends over the high moors, here open

and grassy in contrast to the heather of the Peak, and shortly after

crossing the county boundary, reaches the head of the pass well known by

the name of an inn, the Cat and Fiddle, at its highest point, 1690 ft.

South of Buxton the elevations along the main axis decrease, thus Axe

Edge reaches 1600 ft., and this height is nowhere exceeded as the hills

sink to the plain valley of the Trent. The dales and ravines which

ramify among the limestone heights are characteristic and beautiful, and

the valley of the Dove (q.v.) or Dovedale, on the border with

Staffordshire, is as famous as any of the northern dales. Swallow-holes

or waterworn caverns are common in many parts of the limestone region.

The hills east of the Derwent are nowhere so high as those to the

west--Margley Hill reaches 1793 ft., Howden Edge 1787 ft. and Derwent

Moors 1505 ft. The plateau type is maintained. The valley of the Derwent

provides the most attractive scenery in the southern part of the

county, from Matlock southward by Heage, Belper and Duffield to Derby.

_Geology._--Five well-contrasted types of scenery in Derbyshire are

clearly traceable to as many varieties of rock; the bleak dry uplands

of the north and east, with deep-cut ravines and swift clear streams,

are due to the great mass of Mountain Limestone; round the limestone

boundary are the valleys with soft outlines in the Pendleside Shales;

these are succeeded by the rugged moorlands, covered with heather and

peat, which are due to the Millstone Grit series; eastward lies the

Derbyshire Coalfield with its gently moulded grass-covered hills;

southward is the more level tract of red Triassic rocks. The

principal structural feature is the broad anticline, its axis running

north and south, which has brought up the Carboniferous Limestone;

this uplifted region is the southern extremity of the Pennine Range.

The Carboniferous or "Mountain" Limestone is the oldest formation in

the county; its thickness is not known, but it is certainly over 2000

ft.; it is well exposed in the numerous narrow gorges cut by the

Derwent and its tributaries and by the Dove on the Staffordshire

border. Ashwood Dale, Chee Dale, Millersdale, Monsal Dale and the

valley at Matlock are all flanked by abrupt sides of this rock. It is

usually a pale, thick-bedded rock, sometimes blue and occasionally,

as at Ashford, black. In some places, e.g. Thorpe Cloud, it is highly

fossiliferous, but it is usually somewhat barren except for abundant

crinoids and smaller organisms. It is polished in large slabs at

Ashford, where crinoidal, black and "rosewood" marbles are produced.

Volcanic rocks, locally called "Toadstone," are represented in the

limestones by intrusive sills and flows of dolerite and by necks of

agglomerate, notably near Tideswell, Millersdale and Matlock. Beds

and nodules of chert are abundant in the upper parts of the

limestone; at Bakewell it is quarried for use in the Potteries. At

some points the limestone has been dolomitized; near Bonsall it has

been converted into a granular silicified rock. A series of black

shales with nodular limestones, the Pendleside series, rests upon the

Mountain Limestone on the east, south and north-west; much of the

upper course of the Derwent has been cut through these soft beds. Mam

Tor, or the Shivering Mountain, is made of these shales. Next in

upward sequence is a thick mass of sandstones, grits and shales--the

Millstone Grit series. On the west side these extend from Blacklow

Hill to Axe Edge; on the east, from Derwent Edge to near Derby;

outlying masses form the rough moorland on Kinder Scout and the

picturesque tors near Stanton-by-Youlgreave. A small patch of

Millstone Grit and Limestone occurs in the south of the county about

Melbourne and Ticknall. The Coal Measures repose upon the Millstone

Grit; the largest area of these rocks lies on the east, where they

are conterminous with the coalfields of Yorkshire and Nottingham. A

small tract, part of the Leicestershire coalfield, lies in the

south-east corner, and in the north-west corner a portion of the

Lancashire coalfield appears about New Mills and Whaley Bridge. They

yield valuable coals, clays, marls and ganister. East of Bolsover,

the Coal Measures are covered unconformably by the Permian breccias

and magnesian limestone. Flanking the hills between Ashbourne and

Quarndon are red beds of Bunter marl, sandstone and conglomerate;

they also appear at Morley, east of the Derwent, and again round the

small southern coalfield. Most of the southern part of the county is

occupied by Keuper marls and sandstones, the latter yield good

building stone; and at Chellaston the gypsum beds in the former are

excavated on a large scale. Much of the Triassic area is covered

superficially by glacial drift and alluvium of the Trent. Local

boulders as well as northern erratics are found in the valley of the

Derwent. The bones of Pleistocene mammals, the rhinoceros, mammoth,

bison, hyaena, &c., have been found at numerous places, often in

caves and fissures in the limestones, e.g. at Castleton, Wirksworth

and Creswell. At Doveholes the Pleiocene _Mastodon_ has been

reported. Galena and other lead ores are abundant in veins in the

limestone, but they are now only worked on a large scale at Mill

Close, near Winster; calamine, zinc, blende, barytes, calcite and

fluor-spar are common. A peculiar variety of the last named, called

"Blue John," is found only near Castleton; at the same place occurs

the remarkable elastic bitumen, "elaterite." Limestone is quarried at

Buxton, Millersdale and Matlock for lime, fluxing and chemical

purposes. Good sandstone is obtained from the Millstone Grit at

Stancliffe, Tansley and Whatstandwell. Calcareous tufa or travertine

occurs in the valley of Matlock and elsewhere, and in some places is

still being deposited by springs. Large pits containing deposits of

white sand, clay and pebbles are found in the limestone at Longcliff,

Newhaven and Carsington.

_Climate._--From the elevation which it attains in its northern division

the county is colder and is rainier than other midland counties. Even in

summer cold and thick fogs are often seen hanging over the rivers, and

clinging to the lower parts of the hills, and hoar-frosts are by no

means unknown even in June and July. The winters in the uplands are

generally severe, and the rainfall heavy. At Buxton, at an elevation of

about 1000 ft., the mean temperature in January is 34.9° F., and in July

57.5°, the mean annual being 45.4°. These conditions contrast with those

at Derby, in the southern lowland, where the figures are respectively

37.5°, 61.2° and 48.8°, while intermediate conditions are found at

Belper, 9 m. higher up the Derwent valley, where the figures are 36.3°,

59.9° and 47.3°. The contrasts shown by the mean annual rainfall are

similarly marked. Thus at Woodhead, lying high in the extreme north, it

is 52.03 in., at Buxton 49.33 in., at Matlock, in the middle part of the

Derwent valley, 35.2 in., and at Derby 24.35 in.

_Agriculture._--A little over seven-tenths of the total area of the

county is under cultivation. Among the higher altitudes of north

Derbyshire, where the soil is poor and the climate harsh, grain is

unable to flourish, while even in the more sheltered parts of this

region the harvest is usually belated. In such districts sheep farming

is chiefly practised, and there is a considerable area of heath pasture.

Farther south, heavy crops of wheat, turnips and other cereals and green

crops are not uncommon, while barley is cultivated about Repton and

Gresley, and also in the east of the county, in order to supply the

Burton breweries. A large part of the Trent valley is under permanent

pasture, being devoted to cattle-feeding and dairy-farming. This

industry has prospered greatly, and the area of permanent pasture

encroaches continually upon that of arable land. Derbyshire cheeses are

exported or sent to London in considerable quantities; and cheese fairs

are held in various parts of the county, as at Ashbourne and Derby. A

feature of the upland districts is the total absence of hedges, and the

substitution of limestone walls, put together without any mortar or

cement.

_Other Industries._--The manufactures of Derbyshire are both numerous

and important, embracing silks, cotton hosiery, iron, woollen

manufactures, lace, elastic web and brewing. For many of these this

county has long been famous, especially for that of silk, which is

carried on to a large extent in Derby, as well as in Belper and

Duffield. Derby is also celebrated for its china, and silk-throwing is

the principal industry of the town. Elastic web weaving by power looms

is carried on to a great extent, and the manufacture of lace and net

curtains, gimp trimmings, braids and cords. In the county town and

neighbourhood are several important chemical and colour works; and in

various parts of the county, as at Belper, Cromford, Matlock, Tutbury,

are cotton-spinning mills, as well as hosiery and tape manufactories.

The principal works of the Midland Railway Company are at Derby. The

principal mineral is coal. Ironstone is not extensively wrought, but, on

account of the abundant supply of coal, large quantities are imported

for smelting purposes. There are smelting furnaces in several districts,

as at Alfreton, Chesterfield, Derby, Ilkeston. Besides lead, gypsum and

zinc are raised, to a small extent; and for the quarrying of limestone

Derbyshire is one of the principal English counties. The east and the

extreme south-west parts are the principal industrial districts.

_Communications._--The chief railway serving the county is the Midland,

the south, east and north being served by its main line and branches. In

the north-east and north the Great Central system touches the county; in

the west the North Staffordshire and a branch of the London &

North-Western; while a branch of the Great Northern serves Derby and

other places in the south. The Trent & Mersey canal crosses the southern

part of the county, and there is a branch canal (the Derby) connecting

Derby with this and with the Erewash canal, which runs north from the

Trent up the Erewash valley. From it there is a little-used branch (the

Cromford canal) to Matlock.

_Population and Administration._--The area of the ancient county is

658,885 acres, with a population in 1891 of 528,033, and 1901 of

620,322. The area of the administrative county is 652,272 acres. The

county contains six hundreds. The municipal boroughs are Chesterfield

(pop. 27,185), Derby, a county borough and the county town (114,848),

Glossop (21,526), Ilkeston (25,384). The other urban districts are

Alfreton (17,505), Alvaston and Boulton (1279), Ashbourne (4039),

Bakewell (2850), Baslow and Bubnell (797), Belper (10,934), Bolsover

(6844) Bonsall (1360), Brampton and Walton (2698), Buxton (10,181), Clay

Cross (8358), Dronfield (3809), Fairfield (2969), Heage (2889), Heanor

(16,249), Long Eaton (13,045), Matlock (5979), Matlock Bath and Scarthin

Nick (1810), Newbold and Dunston (5986), New Mills (7773), North Darley

(2756), Ripley (10,111), South Darley (788), Swadlincote (18,014),

Whittington (9416), Wirksworth (3807). Among other towns may be

mentioned Ashover (2426), Barlborough (2056), Chapel-en-le-Frith (4626),

Clowne (3896), Crich (3063), Killamarsh (3644), Staveley (11,420),

Whitwell (3380). The county is in the Midland circuit, and assizes are

held at Derby. It has one court of quarter sessions and is divided into

fifteen petty sessional divisions. The boroughs of Derby, Chesterfield

and Glossop have separate commissions of the peace, and that of Derby

has also a separate court of quarter sessions. The total number of civil

parishes is 314. The county is mainly in the diocese of Southwell, with

small portions in the dioceses of Peterborough and Lichfield, and

contains 255 ecclesiastical parishes or districts. The parliamentary

divisions of the county are High Peak, North-Eastern, Chesterfield, Mid,

Ilkeston, Southern and Western, each returning one member, while the

parliamentary borough of Derby returns two members.

_History._--The earliest English settlements in the district which is

now Derbyshire were those of the West Angles, who in the course of their

northern conquests in the 6th century pushed their way up the valleys of

the Derwent and the Dove, where they became known as the Pecsaetan.

Later the district formed the northern division of Mercia, and in 848

the Mercian witenagemot assembled at Repton. In the 9th century the

district suffered frequently from the ravages of the Danes, who in 874

wintered at Repton and destroyed its famous monastery, the burial-place

of the kings of Mercia. Derby under Guthrum was one of the five Danish

burghs, but in 917 was recovered by Æthelflæd. In 924 Edward the Elder

fortified Bakewell, and in 942 Edmund regained Derby, which had fallen

under the Danish yoke. Barrows of the Saxon period are numerous in

Wirksworth hundred and the Bakewell district, among the most remarkable

being White-low near Winster and Bower's-low near Tissington. There are

Saxon cemeteries at Stapenhill and Foremark Hall.

Derbyshire probably originated as a shire in the time of Æthelstan, but

for long it maintained a very close connexion with Nottinghamshire, and

the Domesday Survey gives a list of local customs affecting the two

counties alike. The two shire-courts sat together for the Domesday

Inquest, and the counties were united under one sheriff until the time

of Elizabeth. The villages of Appleby, Oakthorpe, Donisthorpe,

Stretton-en-le-Field, Willesley, Chilcote and Measham were reckoned as

part of Derbyshire in 1086, although separated from it by the

Leicestershire parishes of Over and Nether Seat.

The early divisions of the county were known as wapentakes, five being

mentioned in Domesday, while 13th-century documents mention seven

wapentakes, corresponding with the six present hundreds, except that

Repton and Gresley were then reckoned as separate divisions. In the 14th

century the divisions were more frequently described as hundreds, and

Wirksworth alone retained the designation wapentake until modern times.

Ecclesiastically the county constituted an archdeaconry in the diocese

of Lichfield, comprising the six deaneries of Derby, Ashbourne, High

Peak, Castillar, Chesterfield and Repington. In 1884 it was transferred

to the newly formed diocese of Southwell. The assizes for

Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire were held at Nottingham until the reign

of Henry III., when they were held alternately at Nottingham and Derby

until 1569, after which the Derbyshire assizes were held at Derby. The

court of the Honour of Peverel, held at Basford in Nottinghamshire,

which formerly exercised jurisdiction in the hundreds of Scarsdale, the

Peak and Wirksworth, was abolished in 1849. The miners of Derbyshire

formed an independent community under the jurisdiction of a steward and

barmasters, who held two Barmote courts (q.v.) every year. The forests

of Peak and Duffield had their separate courts and officers, the justice

seat of the former being in an extra-parochial part at equal distances

from Castleton, Tideswell and Bowden, while the pleas of Duffield Forest

were held at Tutbury. Both were disafforested in the 17th century.

The greatest landholder in Derbyshire at the time of the Domesday Survey

was Henry de Ferrers, who owned almost the whole of the modern hundred

of Appletree. The Ferrers estates were forfeited by Robert, earl of

Derby, in the reign of Henry III. Another great Domesday landholder was

William Peverel, the historic founder of Peak Castle, whose vast

possessions were known as the Honour of Peverel. In 1155 the younger

Peverel was disinherited for poisoning the earl of Chester, and his

estates forfeited to the crown. Few Englishmen retained estates of any

importance after the Conquest, but one, Elfin, an under-tenant of Henry

de Ferrers, not only held a considerable property but was the ancestor

of the Derbyshire family of Brailsford. The families of Shirley and

Gresley can also boast an unbroken descent from Domesday tenants.

During the rebellion of Prince Henry against Henry II. the castles of

Tutbury and Duffield were held against the king, and in the civil wars

of John's reign Bolsover and Peak Castles were garrisoned by the

rebellious barons. In the Barons' War of the reign of Henry III. the

earl of Derby was active in stirring up feeling in the county against

the king, and in 1266 assembled a considerable force, which was defeated

by the king's party at Chesterfield. At the time of the Wars of the

Roses discontent was rife in Derbyshire, and riots broke out in 1443,

but the county did not lend active support to either party. On the

outbreak of the Civil War of the 17th century, the county at first

inclined to support the king, who received an enthusiastic reception

when he visited Derby in 1642, but by the close of 1643 Sir John Gell of

Hopton had secured almost the whole county for the parliament. Derby,

however, was always royalist in sympathy, and did not finally surrender

till 1646; in 1659 it rebelled against Richard Cromwell, and in 1745

entertained the young Pretender.

Derbyshire has always been mainly a mining and manufacturing county,

though the rich land in the south formerly produced large quantities of

corn. The lead mines were worked by the Romans, and the Domesday Survey

mentions lead mines at Wirksworth, Matlock, Bakewell, Ashford and Crich.

Iron has also been produced in Derbyshire from an early date, and coal

mines were worked at Norton and Alfreton in the beginning of the 14th

century. The woollen industry flourished in the county before the reign

of John, when an exclusive privilege of dyeing cloth was conceded to the

burgesses of Derby. Thomas Fuller writing in 1662 mentions lead, malt

and ale as the chief products of the county, and the Buxton waters were

already famous in his day. The 18th century saw the rise of numerous

manufactures. In 1718 Sir Thomas and John Lombe set up an improved

silk-throwing machine at Derby, and in 1758 Jedediah Strutt introduced a

machine for making ribbed stockings, which became famous as the "Derby

rib." In 1771 Sir Richard Arkwright set up one of his first cotton mills

in Cromford, and in 1787 there were twenty-two cotton mills in the

county. The Derby porcelain or china manufactory was started about 1750.

From 1295 until the Reform Act of 1832 the county and town of Derby each

returned two members to parliament. From this latter date the county

returned four members in two divisions until the act of 1868, under

which it returned six members for three divisions.

_Antiquities._--Monastic remains are scanty, but there are interesting

portions of a priory incorporated with the school buildings at Repton.

The village church of Beauchief Abbey, near Dronfield, is a remnant of

an abbey founded c. 1175 by Robert Fitzranulf. It has a stately

transitional Norman tower, and three fine Norman arches. Dale Abbey,

near Derby, was founded early in the 13th century for the

Premonstratensian order. The ruins are scanty, but the east window is

preserved, and the present church incorporates remains of the ancient

rest-house for pilgrims. The church has a peculiar music gallery,

entered from without. The abbey church contained famous stained glass,

and some of this is preserved in the neighbouring church at Morley.

Derbyshire is rich in ecclesiastical architecture as a whole. The

churches are generally of various styles. The chancel of the church at

Repton is assigned to the second half of the 10th century, though

subsequently altered, and the crypt beneath is supposed to be earlier

still; its roof is supported by four round pillars, and it is

approached by two stairways. Other remains of pre-Conquest date are the

chancel arches in the churches of Marston Montgomery and of Sawley; and

the curiously carved font in Wilne church is attributed to the same

period. Examples of Norman work are frequent in doorways, as in the

churches of Allestree and Willington near Repton, while a fine tympanum

is preserved in the modern church of Findern. There is a triple-recessed

doorway, with arcade above, in the west end of Bakewell church, and

there is another fine west doorway in Melbourne church, a building

principally of the late Norman period, with central and small western

towers. In restoring this church curious mural paintings were

discovered. At Steetley, near Worksop, is a small Norman chapel, with

apse, restored from a ruinous condition; Youlgrave church, a building of

much general interest, has Norman nave pillars and a fine font of the

same period, and Normanton church has a peculiar Norman corbel table.

The Early English style is on the whole less well exemplified in the

county, but Ashbourne church, with its central tower and lofty spire,

contains beautiful details of this period, notably the lancet windows in

the Cockayne chapel.

The parish churches of Dronfield, Hathersage (with some notable stained

glass), Sandiacre and Tideswell exemplify the Decorated period; the last

is a particularly stately and beautiful building, with a lofty and

ornate western tower and some good early brasses. The churches of

Dethic, Wirksworth and Chesterfield are typical of the Perpendicular

period; that of Wirksworth contains noteworthy memorial chapels,

monuments and brasses, and that of Chesterfield is celebrated for its

crooked spire.

The remains of castles are few; the ancient Bolsover Castle is replaced

by a castellated mansion of the 17th century; of the Norman Peak Castle

near Castleton little is left; of Codnor Castle in the Erewash valley

there are picturesque ruins of the 13th century. Among ancient mansions

Derbyshire possesses one of the most famous in England in Haddon Hall,

of the 15th century. Wingfield manor house is a ruin dating from the

same century. Hardwick Hall is a very perfect example of Elizabethan

building; ruins of the old Tudor hall stand near by. Other Elizabethan

examples are Barlborough and Tissington Halls.

The village of Tissington is noted for the maintenance of an old custom,

that of "well-dressing." On the Thursday before Easter a special church

service is celebrated, and the wells are beautifully ornamented with

flowers, prayers being offered at each. The ceremony has been revived

also in several other Derbyshire villages.

See Davies, _New Historical and Descriptive View of Derbyshire_

(Belper, 1811); D. Lysons, _Magna Britannia_, vol. v. (London, 1817);

Maunder, _Derbyshire Miners' Glossary_ (Bakewell, 1824); R. Simpson,

_Collection of Fragments illustrative of the History of Derbyshire_

(1826); S. Glover, _History and Gazetteer of the County of Derby_,

ed. T. Noble, part 1 of vols. i. and ii. (Derby, 1831-1833); T.

Bateman, _Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire_ (London, 1848);

L. Jewitt, _Ballads and Songs of Derbyshire_ (London, 1867); J. C.

Cox, _Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire_ (Chester, 1875), and

_Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals_ (2 vols., London, 1890); R. N.

Worth, _Derby_, in "Popular County Histories" (London, 1886); J. P.

Yeatman, _Feudal History of the County of Derby_ (3 vols., London,

1886-1895); _Victoria County History, Derbyshire_. See also _Notts

and Derbyshire Notes and Queries_.

DEREHAM (properly EAST DEREHAM), a market town in the Mid parliamentary

division of Norfolk, England, 122 m. N.N.E. from London by the Great

Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5545. The church of St

Nicholas is a cruciform Perpendicular structure with a beautiful central

tower, and some portions of earlier date. It contains a monument to

William Cowper, who came to live here in 1796, and the Congregational

chapel stands on the site of the house where the poet spent his last

days. Dereham is an important agricultural centre with works for the

manufacture of agricultural implements, iron foundries and a malting

industry.

DERELICT (from Lat. _derelinquere_, to forsake), in law, property thrown

away or abandoned by the owner in such a manner as to indicate that he

intends to make no further claim to it. The word is used more

particularly with respect to property abandoned at sea (see WRECK), but

it is also applied in other senses; for example, land gained from the

sea by receding of the water is termed _dereliction_. Land gained

gradually and slowly by dereliction belongs to the owner of the

adjoining land, but in the case of sudden or considerable dereliction

the land belongs to the Crown. This technical use of the term

"dereliction" is to be distinguished from the more general modern sense,

dereliction or abandonment of duty, which implies a culpable failure or

neglect in moral or legal obligation.

DERENBOURG, JOSEPH (1811-1895), Franco-German orientalist. He was a

considerable force in the educational revival of Jewish education in

France. He made great contributions to the knowledge of Saadia, and

planned a complete edition of Saadia's works in Arabic and French. A

large part of this work appeared during his lifetime. He also wrote an

_Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de la Palestine_ (Paris, 1867).

This was an original contribution to the history of the Jews and Judaism

in the time of Christ, and has been much used by later writers on the

subject (e.g. by Schürer). He also published in collaboration with his

son Hartwig, _Opuscules et traités d'Abou-'l-Walîd_ (with translation,

1880); _Deux Versions hébraïques du livre de Kalilâh et Dimnah_ (1881),

and a Latin translation of the same story under the title _Joannis de

Capua directorium vitae humanae_ (1889); _Commentaire de Maimonide sur

la Mischnah Seder Tohorot_ (Berlin, 1886-1891); and a second edition of

S. de Sacy's _Séances de Hariri_. He died on the 29th of July 1895, at

Ems.

His son, HARTWIG DERENBOURG (1844-1908), was born in Paris on the 17th

of June 1844. He was educated at Göttingen and Leipzig. Subsequently he

studied Arabic at the École des Langues Orientales. In 1879 he was

appointed professor of Arabic, and in 1886 professor of Mahommedan

Religion, at the École des Hautes Études in Paris. He collaborated with

his father in the great edition of Saadia and the edition of

Abu-'l-Walîd, and also produced a number of important editions of other

Arabic writers. Among these are _Le Dîwân de Nâbiqa Dhoby[=a]n[=i]_; _Le

Livre de Sîbawaihi_ (2 vols., Paris, 1881-1889); _Chrestomathie

élémentaire de l'arabe littéral_ (in collaboration with Spiro, 1885; 2nd

ed., 1892); _Ousâma ibn Mounkidh, un émir syrien_ (1889); _Ousâma ibn

Mounkidh, préface du livre du bâton_ (with trans., 1887); _Al-Fákhrî_

(1895); _Oumâra du Gémen_ (1897), a catalogue of Arabic MSS. in the

Escorial (vol. i., 1884).

DERG, LOUGH, a lake of Ireland, on the boundary of the counties Galway,

Clare and Tipperary. It is an expansion of the Shannon, being the lowest

lake on that river, and is 23 m. long and generally from 1 to 3 m.

broad. It lies where the Shannon leaves the central plain of Ireland and

flows between the hills which border the plain. While the northerly

shores of the lake, therefore, are flat, the southern are steep and

picturesque, being backed by the Slieve Aughty, Slieve Bernagh and Arra

Mountains. Ruined churches and fortresses are numerous on the eastern

shore, and on Iniscaltra Island are a round tower and remains of five

churches.

Another LOUGH DERG, near Pettigo in Donegal, though small, is famous as

the traditional scene of St Patrick's purgatory. In the middle ages its

pilgrimages had a European reputation, and they are still observed

annually by many of the Irish from June 1 to August 15. The hospice,

chapels, &c., are on Station Island, and there is a ruined monastery on

Saints' Island.

DERHAM, WILLIAM (1657-1735), English divine, was born at Stoulton, near

Worcester, on the 26th of November 1657. He was educated at Blockley, in

his native county, and at Trinity College, Oxford. In 1682 he became

vicar of Wargrave, in Berkshire; and in 1689 he was preferred to the

living of Upminster, in Essex. In 1696 he published his _Artificial

Clockmaker_, which went through several editions. The best known of his

subsequent works are _Physico-Theology_, published in 1713;

_Astro-Theology_, 1714; and _Christo-Theology_, 1730. The first two of

these books were teleological arguments for the being and attributes of

God, and were used by Paley nearly a century later. In 1702 Derham was

elected fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1716 was made a canon of

Windsor. He was Boyle lecturer in 1711-1712. His last work, entitled A

_Defence of the Church's Right in Leasehold Estates_, appeared in 1731.

He died on the 5th of April 1735. Besides the works published in his own

name, Derham, who was keenly interested in natural history, contributed

a variety of papers to the _Transactions of the Royal Society, revised

the Miscellanea Curiosa_, edited the correspondence of John Ray and

Eleazar Albin's _Natural History_, and published some of the MSS. of

Robert Hooke, the natural philosopher.

D'ERLON, JEAN BAPTISTE DROUET, COUNT (1765-1844), marshal of France, was

born at Reims on the 29th of July 1765. He entered the army as a private

soldier in 1782, was discharged after five years' service, re-entered it

in 1792, and rose rapidly to the rank of an officer. From 1794 to 1796

he was aide-de-camp to General Lefebvre. He did good service in the

campaigns of the revolutionary wars and in 1799 attained the rank of

general of brigade. In the campaign of that year he was engaged in the

Swiss operations under Masséna. In 1800 he fought under Moreau at

Hohenlinden. As a general of division he took part in Napoleon's

campaigns of 1805 and 1806, and rendered excellent service at Jena. He

was next engaged under Lefebvre in the siege of Danzig and negotiated

the terms of surrender; after this he rejoined the field army and fought

at Friedland (1807), receiving a severe wound. After this battle he was

made grand officer of the Legion of Honour, was created Count d'Erlon

and received a pension. For the next six years d'Erlon was almost

continuously engaged as commander of an army corps in the Peninsular

War, in which he added greatly to his reputation as a capable general.

At the pass of Maya in the Pyrenees he inflicted a defeat upon Lord

Hill's troops, and in the subsequent battles of the 1814 campaign he

distinguished himself further. After the first Restoration he was named

commander of the 16th military division, but he was soon arrested for

conspiring with the Orléans party, to which he was secretly devoted. He

escaped, however, and gave in his adhesion to Napoleon, who had returned

from Elba. The emperor made him a peer of France, and gave him command

of the I. army corps, which formed part of the Army of the North. In the

Waterloo campaign d'Erlon's corps formed part of Ney's command on the

16th of June, but, in consequence of an extraordinary series of

misunderstandings, took part neither at Ligny nor at Quatre Bras (see

WATERLOO CAMPAIGN). He was not, however, held to account by Napoleon,

and as the latter's practice in such matters was severe to the verge of

injustice, it may be presumed that the failure was not due to d'Erlon.

He was in command of the right wing of the French army throughout the

great battle of the 18th of June, and fought in the closing operations

around Paris. At the second Restoration d'Erlon fled into Germany, only

returning to France after the amnesty of 1825. He was not restored to

the service until the accession of Louis Philippe, in whose interests he

had engaged in several plots and intrigues. As commander of the 12th

military division (Nantes), he suppressed the legitimist agitation in

his district and caused the arrest of the duchess of Berry (1832). His

last active service was in Algeria, of which country he was made

governor-general in 1834 at the age of seventy. He returned to France

after two years, and was made marshal of France shortly before his death

at Paris on the 25th of January 1844.

DERMOT MAC MURROUGH (d. 1171), Irish king of Leinster, succeeded his

father in the principality of the Hui Cinsellaigh (1115) and eventually

in the kingship of Leinster. The early events of his life are obscure;

but about 1152 we find him engaged in a feud with O Ruairc, the lord of

Breifne (Leitrim and Cavan). Dermot abducted the wife of O Ruairc more

with the object of injuring his rival than from any love of the lady.

The injured husband called to his aid Roderic, the high king (aird-righ)

of Connaught; and in 1166 Dermot fled before this powerful coalition to

invoke the aid of England. Obtaining from Henry II. a licence to enlist

allies among the Welsh marchers, Dermot secured the aid of the Clares

and Geraldines. To Richard Strongbow, earl of Pembroke and head of the

house of Clare, Dermot gave his daughter Eva in marriage; and on his

death was succeeded by the earl in Leinster. The historical importance

of Dermot lies in the fact that he was the means of introducing the

English into Ireland. Through his aid the towns of Waterford, Wexford

and Dublin had already become English colonies before the arrival of

Henry II. in the island.

See _The Song of Dermot and the Earl, an old French Poem_ (by M.

Regan?), ed. with trans. by G. H. Orpen, 1892; Kate Norgate, _England

under the Angevin Kings_, vol. ii. (H. W. C. D.)

DERNA (anc. _Darnis-Zarine_), a town on the north coast of Africa and

capital of the eastern half of the Ottoman province of Bengazi or Barca.

Situated below the eastern butt of Jebel Akhdar on a small but rich

deltaic plain, watered by fine perennial springs, it has a growing

population and trade, the latter being mainly in fruits grown in its

extensive palm gardens, and in hides and wool brought down by the nomads

from the interior. If the port were better there would be more rapid

expansion. The bay is open from N.W. round to S.E. and often

inaccessible in winter and spring, and the steamers of the _Nav. Gen.

Italiana_ sometimes have to pass without calling. The population has

recovered from the great plague epidemic of 1821 and reached its former

figure of about 7000. A proportion of it is of Moorish stock, of

Andalusian origin, which emigrated in 1493; the descendants preserve a

fine facial type. The sheikhs of the local Bedouin tribes have houses in

the place, and a Turkish garrison of about 250 men is stationed in

barracks. There is a lighthouse W. of the bay. A British consular agent

is resident and the Italians maintain a vice-consul. The names Darnis

and Zarine are philologically identical and probably refer to the same

place. No traces are left of the ancient town except some rock tombs.

Darnis continued to be of some importance in early Moslem times as a

station on the Alexandria-Kairawan road, and has served on more than one

occasion as a base for Egyptian attacks on Cyrenaica and Tripolitana. In

1805 the government of the United States, having a quarrel with the dey

of Tripoli on account of piracies committed on American shipping, landed

a force to co-operate in the attack on Derna then being made by Sidi

Ahmet, an elder brother of the dey. This force, commanded by William

Eaton (q.v.), built a fort, whose ruins and rusty guns are still to be

seen, and began to improve the harbour; but its work quickly came to an

end with the conclusion of peace. After 1835 Derna passed under direct

Ottoman control, and subsequently served as the point whence the sultan

exerted a precarious but increasing control over eastern Cyrenaica and

Marmarica. It is now in communication by wireless telegraphy with Rhodes

and western Cyrenaica. It is the only town, or even large village,

between Bengazi and Alexandria (600 m.) (D. G. H.)

DÉROULÈDE, PAUL (1846- ), French author and politician, was born in

Paris on the 2nd of September 1846. He made his first appearance as a

poet in the pages of the _Revue nationale_, under the pseudonym of Jean

Rebel, and in 1869 produced at the Théâtre Français a one-act drama in

verse entitled _Juan Strenner_. On the outbreak of the Franco-German War

he enlisted as a private, was wounded and taken prisoner at Sedan, and

sent to Breslau, but effected his escape. He then served under Chanzy

and Bourbaki, took part in the latter's disastrous retreat to

Switzerland, and fought against the Commune in Paris. After attaining

the rank of lieutenant, he was forced by an accident to retire from the

army. He published in 1872 a number of patriotic poems (_Chants du

soldat_), which enjoyed unbounded popularity. This was followed in 1875

by another collection, _Nouveaux Chants du soldat_. In 1877 he produced

a drama in verse called _L'Hetman_, which derived a passing success from

the patriotic fervour of its sentiments. For the exhibition of 1878 he

wrote a hymn, _Vive la France_, which was set to music by Gounod. In

1880 his drama in verse, _La Moäbite_, which had been accepted by the

Théâtre Français, was forbidden by the censor on religious grounds. In

1882 M. Déroulède founded the _Ligue des patriotes_, with the object of

furthering France's "revanche" against Germany. He was one of the first

advocates of a Franco-Russian alliance, and as early as 1883 undertook a

journey to Russia for the furtherance of that object. On the rise of

General Boulanger, M. Déroulède attempted to use the _Ligue des

patriotes_, hitherto a non-political organization, to assist his cause,

but was deserted by a great part of the league and forced to resign his

presidency. Nevertheless he used the section that remained faithful to

him with such effect that the government found it necessary in 1889 to

decree its suppression. In the same year he was elected to the chamber

as member for Angoulême. He was expelled from the chamber in 1890 for

his disorderly interruptions during debate. He did not stand at the

elections of 1893, but was re-elected in 1898, and distinguished himself

by his violence as a nationalist and anti-Dreyfusard. After the funeral

of President Faure, on the 23rd of February 1899, he endeavoured to

persuade General Roget to lead his troops upon the Élysée. For this he

was arrested, but on being tried for treason was acquitted (May 31). On

the 12th of August he was again arrested and accused, together with

André Buffet, Jules Guérin and others, of conspiracy against the

republic. After a long trial before the high court, he was sentenced, on

the 4th of January 1900, to ten years' banishment from France, and

retired to San Sebastian. In 1901, he was again brought prominently

before the public by a quarrel with his Royalist allies, which resulted

in an abortive attempt to arrange a duel with M. Buffet in Switzerland.

In November 1905, however, the law of amnesty enabled him to return to

France.

Besides the works already mentioned, he published _Le Sergent_, in the

_Théâtre de campagne_ (1880); _De l'éducation nationale_ (1882);

_Monsieur le Uhlan et les trois couleurs_ (1884); _Le Premier grenadier

de France; La Tour d'Auvergne_ (1886); _Le Livre de la ligue des

patriotes_ (1887); _Refrains militaires_ (1888); _Histoire d'amour_

(1890); a pamphlet entitled _Désarmement?_ (1891); _Chants du paysan_

(1894); _Poésies Militaires_ (1896) and _Messire du Guesclin, drame en

vers_ (1895); _La mort de Hoche. Cinq actes en prose_ (1897); _La Plus

belle fille du monde, conte dialogué en vers libres_ (1898).

DERRICK, a sort of crane (q.v.); the name is derived from that of a

famous early 17th-century Tyburn hangman, and was originally applied as

a synonym.

DERRING-DO, valour, chivalrous conduct, or "desperate courage," as it is

defined by Sir Walter Scott. The word in its present accepted

substantival form is a misconstruction of the verbal substantive

_dorryng_ or _durring_, daring, and _do_ or _don_, the present

infinitive of "do," the phrase _dorryng do_ thus meaning "daring to do."

It is used by Chaucer in _Troylus_, and by Lydgate in the _Chronicles of

Troy_. Spenser in the _Shepherd's Calendar_ first adapted _derring-do_

as a substantive meaning "manhood and chevalrie," and this use was

revived by Scott, through whom it came into vogue with writers of

romance.

DE RUYTER, MICHAEL ADRIANZOON (1607-1676), Dutch naval officer, was born

at Flushing on the 24th of March 1607. He began his seafaring life at

the age of eleven as a cabin boy, and in 1636 was entrusted by the

merchants of Flushing with the command of a cruiser against the French

pirates. In 1640 he entered the service of the States, and, being

appointed rear-admiral of a fleet fitted out to assist Portugal against

Spain, specially distinguished himself at Cape St Vincent, on the 3rd of

November 1641. In the following year he left the service of the States,

and, until the outbreak of war with England in 1652, held command of a

merchant vessel. In 1653 a squadron of seventy vessels was despatched

against the English, under the command of Admiral Tromp. Ruyter, who

accompanied the admiral in this expedition, seconded him with great

skill and bravery in the three battles which were fought with the

English. He was afterwards stationed in the Mediterranean, where he

captured several Turkish vessels. In 1659 he received a commission to

join the king of Denmark in his war with the Swedes. As a reward of his

services, the king of Denmark ennobled him and gave him a pension. In

1661 he grounded a vessel belonging to Tunis, released forty Christian

slaves, made a treaty with the Tunisians, and reduced the Algerine

corsairs to submission. From his achievements on the west coast of

Africa he was recalled in 1665 to take command of a large fleet which

had been organized against England, and in May of the following year,

after a long contest off the North Foreland, he compelled the English to

take refuge in the Thames. On the 7th of June 1672 he fought a drawn

battle with the combined fleets of England and France, in Southwold or

Sole Bay, and after the fight he convoyed safely home a fleet of

merchantmen. His valour was displayed to equal advantage in several

engagements with the French and English in the following year. In 1676

he was despatched to the assistance of Spain against France in the

Mediterranean, and, receiving a mortal wound in the battle on the 21st

of April off Messina, died on the 29th at Syracuse. A patent by the king

of Spain, investing him with the dignity of duke, did not reach the

fleet till after his death. His body was carried to Amsterdam, where a

magnificent monument to his memory was erected by command of the

states-general.

See _Life_ of De Ruyter by Brandt (Amsterdam, 1687), and by Klopp

(2nd ed., Hanover, 1858).

DERVISH, a Persian word, meaning "seeking doors," i.e. "beggar," and

thus equivalent to the Arabic _faq[=i]r_ (fakir). Generally in Islam it

indicates a member of a religious fraternity, whether mendicant or not;

but in Turkey and Persia it indicates more exactly a wandering, begging

religious, called, in Arabic-speaking countries, more specifically a

_faqir_. With important differences, the dervish fraternities may be

compared to the regular religious orders of Roman Christendom, while the

Ulema (q.v.) are, also with important differences, like the secular

clergy. The origin and history of the mystical life in Islam, which led

to the growth of the order of dervishes, are treated under

[S.][=U]FI'ISM It remains to treat here more particularly of (1) the

dervish fraternities, and (2) the [S.][=u]f[=i] hierarchy.

1. _The Dervish Fraternities._--In the earlier times, the relation

between devotees was that of master and pupil. Those inclined to the

spiritual life gathered round a revered sheikh (_murshid_, "guide,"

_ustadh_, _pir_, "teacher"), lived with him, shared his religious

practices and were instructed by him. In time of war against the

unbelievers, they might accompany him to the threatened frontier, and

fight under his eye. Thus _mur[=a]bit_, "one who pickets his horse on a

hostile frontier," has become the marabout (q.v.) or dervish of French

Algeria; and _ribat_, "a frontier fort," has come to mean a monastery.

The relation, also, might be for a time only. The pupil might at any

time return to the world, when his religious education and training were

complete. On the death of the master the memory of his life and sayings

might go down from generation to generation, and men might boast

themselves as pupils of his pupils. Continuous corporations to

perpetuate his name were slow in forming. Ghazali himself, though he

founded, taught and ruled a [S.][=u]f[=i] cloister (_kh[=a]nq[=a]h_) at

Tus, left no order behind him. But 'Ad[=i] al-Hakk[=a]r[=i], who founded

a cloister at Mosul and died about 1163, was long reverenced by the

'Adawite Fraternity, and in 1166 died 'Abd al-Q[=a]dir al-Jil[=a]n[=i],

from whom the Q[=a]dirite order descends, one of the greatest and most

influential to this day. The troublous times of the break up of the

Seljuk rule may have been a cause in this, as, with St Benedict, the

crumbling Roman empire. Many existing fraternities, it is true, trace

their origin to saints of the third, second and even first Moslem

centuries, but that is legend purely. Similar is the tendency to claim

all the early pious Moslems as good [S.][=u]f[=i]s; collections of

[S.][=u]f[=i] biography begin with the ten to whom Mahomet promised

Paradise. So, too, the ultimate origin of fraternities is assigned to

either Ali or Abu Bekr, and in Egypt all are under the rule of a direct

descendant of the latter.

To give a complete list of these fraternities is quite impossible.

Commonly, thirty-two are reckoned, but many have vanished or have been

suppressed, and there are sub-orders innumerable. Each has a "rule"

dating back to its founder, and a ritual which the members perform when

they meet together in their convent (_kh[=a]nq[=a]h_, _z[=a]wiya_,

_takya_). This may consist simply in the repetition of sacred phrases,

or it may be an elaborate performance, such as the whirlings of the

dancing dervishes, the Mevlevites, an order founded by Jel[=a]l

ud-D[=i]n ar-R[=u]m[=i], the author of the great Persian mystical poem,

the _Mesnevi_, and always ruled by one of his descendants. Jel[=a]l

ud-D[=i]n was an advanced pantheist, and so are the Mevlevites, but that

seems only to earn them the dislike of the Ulema, and not to affect

their standing in Islam. They are the most broad-minded and tolerant of

all. There are also the performances of the Rif[=a]'ites or "howling

dervishes." In ecstasy they cut themselves with knives; eat live coals

and glass, handle red-hot iron and devour serpents. They profess

miraculous healing powers, and the head of the Sa'dites, a sub-order,

used, in Cairo, to ride over the bodies of his dervishes without hurting

them, the so-called D[=o]seh (_dausa_). These different abilities are

strictly regulated. Thus, one sub-order may eat glass and another may

eat only serpents. Another division is made by their attitude to the law

of Islam. When a dervish is in a state of ecstasy (_majdh[=u]b_), he is

supposed to be unconscious of the actions of his body. Reputed saints,

therefore, can do practically anything, as their souls will be supposed

to be out of their bodies and in the heavenly regions. They may not only

commit the vilest of actions, but neglect in general the ceremonial and

ritual law. This goes so far that in Persia and Turkey dervish orders

are classified as _b[=a]-shar'_, "with law," and _b[=i]-shar'_, "without

law." The latter are really antinomians, and the best example of them is

the Bakhtashite order, widely spread and influential in Turkey and

Albania and connected by legend with the origin of the Janissaries. The

Qalandarite order is known to all from the "Calenders" of the _Thousand

and One Nights_. They separated from the Bakhtashites and are under

obligation of perpetual travelling. The Senussi (Senussia) were the last

order to appear, and are distinguished from the others by a severely

puritanic and reforming attitude and strict orthodoxy, without any

admixture of mystical slackness in faith or conduct. Each order is

distinguished by a peculiar garb. Candidates for admission have to pass

through a noviciate, more or less lengthy. First comes the _'ahd_, or

initial covenant, in which the neophyte or _mur[=i]d_, "seeker," repents

of his past sins and takes the sheikh of the order he enters as his

guide (_murshid_) for the future. He then enters upon a course of

instruction and discipline, called a "path" (_tar[=i]qa_), on which he

advances through diverse "stations" (_maq[=a]m[=a]t_) or "passes"

(_'aqab[=a]t_) of the spiritual life. There is a striking resemblance

here to the gnostic system, with its seven Archon-guarded gates. On

another side, it is plain that the sheikh, along with ordinary

instruction of the novice, also hypnotizes him and causes him to see a

series of visions, marking his penetration of the divine mystery. The

part that hypnosis and autohypnosis, conscious and unconscious, has

played here cannot easily be overestimated. The Mevlevites seem to have

the most severe noviciate. Their aspirant has to labour as a lay

servitor of the lowest rank for 1001 days--called the _k[=a]rr[=a]

kolak_, or "jackal"--before he can be received. For one day's failure he

must begin again from the beginning.

But besides these full members there is an enormous number of lay

adherents, like the tertiaries of the Franciscans. Thus, nearly every

religious man of the Turkish Moslem world is a lay member of one order

or another, under the duty of saying certain prayers daily. Certain

trades, too, affect certain orders. Most of the Egyptian Q[=a]dirites,

for example, are fishermen and, on festival days, carry as banners nets

of various colours. On this side, the orders bear a striking resemblance

to lodges of Freemasons and other friendly societies, and points of

direct contact have even been alleged between the more pantheistic and

antinomian orders, such as the Bakhtashite, and European Freemasonry. On

another side, just as the _dhikrs_ of the early ascetic mystics suggest

comparison with the class-meetings of the early Methodists, so these

orders are the nearest approach in Islam to the different churches of

Protestant Christendom. They are the only ecclesiastical organization

that Islam has ever known, but it is a multiform organization,

unclassified internally or externally. They differ thus from the Roman

monastic orders, in that they are independent and self-developing, each

going its own way in faith and practice, limited only by the universal

conscience (_ijm[=a]'_, "agreement": see MAHOMMEDAN LAW) of Islam.

Strange doctrines and moral defects may develop, but freedom is saved,

and the whole people of Islam can be reached and affected.

2. _Saints and the [S.][=u]f[=i] Hierarchy._--That an elaborate doctrine

of wonder-working saints should have grown up in Islam may, at first

sight, appear an extreme paradox. It can, however, be conditioned and

explained. First, Mahomet left undoubted loop-holes for a minor

inspiration, legitimate and illegitimate. Secondly, the [S.][=u]f[=i]s,

under various foreign influences, developed these to the fullest.

Thirdly, just as the Christian church has absorbed much of the mythology

of the supposed exterminated heathen religions into its cult of local

saints, so Islam, to an even higher degree, has been overlaid and almost

buried by the superstitions of the peoples to which it has gone. Their

religious and legal customs have completely overcome the direct commands

of the Koran, the traditions from Mahomet and even the "Agreement" of

the rest of the Moslem world (see MAHOMMEDAN LAW). The first step in

this, it is true, was taken by Mahomet himself when he accepted the

Meccan pilgrimage and the Black Stone. The worship of saints, therefore,

has appeared everywhere in Islam, with an absolute belief in their

miracles and in the value of their intercession, living or dead.

Further, there appeared very early in Islam a belief that there was

always in existence some individual in direct intercourse with God and

having the right and duty of teaching and ruling all mankind. This

individual might be visible or invisible; his right to rule continued.

This is the basis of the Ism[=a]'[=i]lite and Sh[=i]'ite positions (see

MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION and MAHOMMEDAN INSTITUTIONS). The [S.][=u]f[=i]s

applied this idea of divine right to the doctrine of saints, and

developed it into the [S.][=u]f[=i] hierarchy. This is a single, great,

invisible organization, forming a saintly board of administration, by

which the invisible government of the world is supposed to be carried

on. Its head is called the _Qu[t.]b_ (Axis); he is presumably the

greatest saint of the time, is chosen by God for the office and given

greater miraculous powers and rights of intercession than any other

saint enjoys. He wanders through the world, often invisible and always

unknown, performing the duties of his office. Under him there is an

elaborate organization of _wal[=i]s_, of different ranks and powers,

according to their sanctity and faith. The term _wal[=i]_ is applied to

a saint because of Kor. x. 63, "Ho! the _wal[=i]s_ of God; there is no

fear upon them, nor do they grieve," where _wal[=i]_ means "one who is

near," friend or favourite.

In the fraternities, then, all are dervishes, cloistered or lay; those

whose faith is so great that God has given them miraculous powers--and

there are many--are _wal[=i]s_; begging friars are _fakirs_. All forms

of life--solitary, monastic, secular, celibate, married, wandering,

stationary, ascetic, free--are open. Their theology is some form of

S[=u]fi'ism.

AUTHORITIES.--The bibliography of this subject is very large, and the

following only a selection:--(1) _On Dervishes._ In Egypt, Lane's

_Modern Egyptians_, chaps. x., xx., xxiv., xxv.; in Turkey, D'Ohsson,

_Tableau général de l'emp. othoman_, ii. (Paris, 1790); _Turkey in

Europe_ by "Odysseus" (London, 1900); in Persia, E. G. Browne, _A

Year among the Persians_ (1893), in Morocco, T. H. Weir, _Sheikhs of

Morocco_ (Edinburgh, 1904); B. Meakin, _The Moors_ (London, 1902),

chap. xix.; in Central Asia, all Vambéry's books of travel and

history. In general, Hughes, _Dict. of Islam_, s.v. "Faqir"; Depont

and Cappolani, _Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes_ (Alger, 1897);

J. P. Brown, _The Dervishes, or Oriental Spiritualism_ (London,

1868). (2) _On Saints._ I. Goldziher, _Muhammedanische Studien_, ii.

277 ff., and "De l'ascétisme aux premiers temps de l'Islam" in _Revue

de l'histoire des religions_, vol. xxxvii. pp. 134 ff.; Lane, _Modern

Egyptians_, chap. x.; _Arabian Nights_, chap. iii. note 63; Vollers

in _Zeitsch. d. morgenländ. Gesellsch._ xliii. 115 ff. (D. B. MA.)

DERWENT (Celtic _Dwr-gent_, clear water), the name of several English

rivers. (1) The Yorkshire Derwent collects the greater part of the

drainage of the North Yorkshire moors, rising in their eastern part. A

southern head-stream, however, rises in the Yorkshire Wolds near Filey,

little more than a mile from the North Sea, from which it is separated

by a morainic deposit, and thus flows in an inland direction. The early

course of the Derwent lies through a flat open valley between the North

Yorkshire moors and the Yorkshire Wolds, the upper part of which is

known as the Carrs, when the river follows an artificial drainage cut.

It receives numerous tributaries from the moors, then breaches the low

hills below Malton in a narrow picturesque valley, and debouches upon

the central plain of Yorkshire. Its direction, hitherto westerly and

south-westerly from the Carrs, now becomes southerly, and it flows

roughly parallel to the Ouse, which it joins near Barmby-on-the-Marsh,

in the level district between Selby and the head of the Humber estuary,

after a course, excluding minor sinuosities, of about 70 m. As a

tributary of the Ouse it is included in the Humber basin. It is tidal up

to Sutton-upon-Derwent, 15 m. from the junction with the Ouse, and is

locked up to Malton, but the navigation is little used. A canal leads

east from the tidal water to the small market town of Pocklington.